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<span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Evolutionary history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Adverse effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_botany_and_alkaloid_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_botany_and_alkaloid_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economic botany and alkaloid content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_botany_and_alkaloid_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Ephedra</i> (plant)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="علندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C4%B1l%C4%B1qotu" title="Acılıqotu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Acılıqotu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Хвойнік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хвойнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ефедра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ефедра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra" title="Ephedra – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ephedra" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efedra" title="Efedra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Efedra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra" title="Ephedra – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ephedra" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chvojn%C3%ADk" title="Chvojník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chvojník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledris" title="Ledris – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ledris" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meertr%C3%A4ubel" title="Meerträubel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Meerträubel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%82%CA%BCoh_azihii" title="Tłʼoh azihii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tłʼoh azihii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%86%CE%AD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Εφέδρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εφέδρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra" title="Ephedra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ephedra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra" title="Ephedra – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ephedra" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra" title="Ephedra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ephedra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%DA%A9_(%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="ارمک (سرده) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارمک (سرده)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra" title="Ephedra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ephedra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%99%A9%EC%86%8D" title="마황속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마황속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Էֆեդրա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էֆեդրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efedra" title="Efedra – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Efedra" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kositernica" title="Kositernica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kositernica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra" title="Ephedra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ephedra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Æхсад хал – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æхсад хал" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra" title="Ephedra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ephedra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9F" title="שרביטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שרביטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ცხენისმუხლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცხენისმუხლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Қылша – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қылша" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferda" title="Ferda – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ferda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Чекенде – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чекенде" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efedra" title="Efedra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Efedra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efedra" title="Efedra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Efedra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efedra" title="Efedra – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Efedra" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csik%C3%B3fark" title="Csikófark – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csikófark" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ефедра – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ефедра" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_(%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82)" title="എഫിഡ്ര (സസ്യം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എഫിഡ്ര (സസ്യം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="علندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="علندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Зээргэнэ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зээргэнэ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra" title="Ephedra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ephedra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A6%E5%B1%9E" title="マオウ属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マオウ属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra" title="Ephedra – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ephedra" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra" title="Ephedra – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ephedra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efedra" title="Efedra – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Efedra" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اومان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اومان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra" title="Ephedra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ephedra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra" title="Ephedra – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ephedra" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinku-pinku" title="Pinku-pinku – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pinku-pinku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Хвойник – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хвойник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Дьабара отоно – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьабара отоно" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra" title="Ephedra – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ephedra" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efedrat" title="Efedrat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Efedrat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efedrav%C3%A4xter" title="Efedraväxter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Efedraväxter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzum" title="Arzum – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Arzum" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efedra" title="Efedra – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Efedra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ефедра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ефедра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Ma_ho%C3%A0ng" title="Chi Ma hoàng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chi Ma hoàng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra" title="Ephedra – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ephedra" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the genus Ephedra, and the family Ephedraceae. For the use of the plant as a medicine, see <a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra (medicine)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Ephedra</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Aptian–Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:178.91076923077px; width:41.089230769231px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:178.91076923077px; width:41.089230769231px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:179.91076923077px; width:39.089230769231px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_ephedra_Ephedra_viridis_close.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Green_ephedra_Ephedra_viridis_close.jpg/220px-Green_ephedra_Ephedra_viridis_close.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Green_ephedra_Ephedra_viridis_close.jpg/330px-Green_ephedra_Ephedra_viridis_close.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Green_ephedra_Ephedra_viridis_close.jpg/440px-Green_ephedra_Ephedra_viridis_close.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="3350" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_viridis" title="Ephedra viridis">Ephedra viridis</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Ephedra" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnospermae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetopsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ephedraceae" title="Ephedraceae">Ephedrales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ephedraceae" title="Ephedraceae">Ephedraceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Ephedra</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kramer_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_distachya" title="Ephedra distachya">Ephedra distachya</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephedra_distribution.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing the range of Ephedra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ephedra_distribution.PNG/220px-Ephedra_distribution.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ephedra_distribution.PNG/330px-Ephedra_distribution.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ephedra_distribution.PNG/440px-Ephedra_distribution.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Global range of <i>Ephedra</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-liz10_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liz10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Alloephedra</i> <small>Tao JR et Yang Y., 2003.</small></li> <li><i>Chaetocladus</i> <small>Nelson 1866 nom. illeg.</small></li> <li><i>Liaoxia</i> <small>Cao et S.Q. Wu, 1996</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Ephedra</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperm</a> <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>. The various species of <i>Ephedra</i> are widespread in many arid regions of the world, ranging across southwestern North America, southern Europe, northern Africa, southwest and central Asia, northern China, and western South America.<sup id="cite_ref-liz10_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liz10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the only extant genus in its family, <a href="/wiki/Ephedraceae" title="Ephedraceae">Ephedraceae</a>, and order, Ephedrales, and one of the three living members of the division <a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a> alongside <i><a href="/wiki/Gnetum" title="Gnetum">Gnetum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Welwitschia" title="Welwitschia">Welwitschia</a>.</i> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climates" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate climates">temperate climates</a>, most <i>Ephedra</i> species grow on shores or in sandy soils with direct sun exposure. Common names in English include joint-pine, jointfir, Mormon-tea, or Brigham tea. The Chinese name for <i>Ephedra</i> species is <i>mahuang</i> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">麻黄</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">麻黃</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">máhuáng</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">ma-huang</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'hemp yellow'). <i>Ephedra</i> is the origin of the name of the stimulant <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</a>, which the plants contain in significant concentration. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephedra_fragilis2_ies_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ephedra_fragilis2_ies_2.jpg/220px-Ephedra_fragilis2_ies_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ephedra_fragilis2_ies_2.jpg/330px-Ephedra_fragilis2_ies_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ephedra_fragilis2_ies_2.jpg/440px-Ephedra_fragilis2_ies_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_fragilis" title="Ephedra fragilis">Ephedra fragilis</a></i> pollen cones</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephedra_distachya_(cones)_2011_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ephedra_distachya_%28cones%29_2011_2.jpg/220px-Ephedra_distachya_%28cones%29_2011_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ephedra_distachya_%28cones%29_2011_2.jpg/330px-Ephedra_distachya_%28cones%29_2011_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ephedra_distachya_%28cones%29_2011_2.jpg/440px-Ephedra_distachya_%28cones%29_2011_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_distachya" title="Ephedra distachya">Ephedra distachya</a></i>: ripe female cones with seeds</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephedra-ciliata-seed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ephedra-ciliata-seed.jpg/220px-Ephedra-ciliata-seed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ephedra-ciliata-seed.jpg/330px-Ephedra-ciliata-seed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ephedra-ciliata-seed.jpg/440px-Ephedra-ciliata-seed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_ciliata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra ciliata (page does not exist)">Ephedra ciliata</a></i> seed</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_(plant)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The family <a href="/wiki/Ephedraceae" title="Ephedraceae">Ephedraceae</a>, of which <i>Ephedra</i> is the only extant genus, are <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnosperms">gymnosperms</a>, and generally shrubs, sometimes clambering vines, and rarely, small trees. Members of the genus frequently spread by the use of <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-judd_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stems are green and photosynthetic.<sup id="cite_ref-apg_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaves are opposite or whorled. The scalelike leaves are fused into a sheath at the base and is often shed soon after development. There are no resin canals.<sup id="cite_ref-judd_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plants are mostly <a href="/wiki/Dioecy" title="Dioecy">dioecious</a>, with the pollen <a href="/wiki/Strobilus" title="Strobilus">strobili</a> in whorls of 1–10, each consisting of a series of decussate<sup id="cite_ref-vic_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bracts. The pollen is furrowed. The female strobili also occur in whorls, with bracts which fuse around a single ovule. Fleshy bracts are white (such as in <i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_frustillata" title="Ephedra frustillata">Ephedra frustillata</a></i>) or red. There are generally 1–2 yellow to dark brown seeds per strobilus.<sup id="cite_ref-judd_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_(plant)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genus <i>Ephedra</i> was first described in 1753 by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-gymno_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gymno-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-linn_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-linn2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linn2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> is <i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_distachya" title="Ephedra distachya">Ephedra distachya</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-linn_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family, Ephedraceae, was first described in 1829 by <a href="/wiki/Dumort." class="mw-redirect" title="Dumort.">Dumortier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gymno_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gymno-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dumort_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dumort-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_(plant)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest known members of the genus are from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a> around 125 million years ago, with records being known from the <a href="/wiki/Aptian" title="Aptian">Aptian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Albian" title="Albian">Albian</a> of Argentina,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portugal and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fossil record of <i>Ephedra</i> outside of pollen disappears after the Early Cretaceous.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolinder-2016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolinder-2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">Molecular clock</a> estimates have suggested that last common ancestor of living <i>Ephedra</i> species lived much more recently, during the <a href="/wiki/Rupelian" title="Rupelian">Early Oligocene</a> around 30 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, pollen modified from the ancestral condition of the genus with branched pseudosulci (grooves), which <a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">evolved in parallel</a> in the living North American and Asian lineages is known from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a>, suggesting that the last common ancestor is at least this old.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolinder-2016_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolinder-2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species">Species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_(plant)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Phylogeny of <i>Ephedra</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:400px"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_ochreata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra ochreata (page does not exist)">E. ochreata</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">section </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_pedunculata" title="Ephedra pedunculata">E. pedunculata</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_rupestris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra rupestris (page does not exist)">E. rupestris</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_nevadensis" title="Ephedra nevadensis">E. nevadensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_californica" title="Ephedra californica">E. californica</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_antisyphilitica" title="Ephedra antisyphilitica">E. antisyphilitica</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_frustillata" title="Ephedra frustillata">E. frustillata</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_torreyana" title="Ephedra torreyana">E. torreyana</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_aspera" title="Ephedra aspera">E. aspera</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_trifurca" title="Ephedra trifurca">E. trifurca</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><i>Asarca</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">section </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_breana" title="Ephedra breana">E. breana</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_boelckei" title="Ephedra boelckei">E. boelckei</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_milleri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra milleri (page does not exist)">E. milleri</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_chilensis" title="Ephedra chilensis">E. chilensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_triandra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra triandra (page does not exist)">E. triandra</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_tweedieana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra tweedieana (page does not exist)">E. tweedieana</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_andina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra andina (page does not exist)">E. andina</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_sinica" title="Ephedra sinica">E. sinica</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_regeliana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra regeliana (page does not exist)">E. regeliana</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_rituensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra rituensis (page does not exist)">E. rituensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_monosperma" title="Ephedra monosperma">E. monosperma</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_lomatolepis" title="Ephedra lomatolepis">E. lomatolepis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_sarcocarpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra sarcocarpa (page does not exist)">E. sarcocarpa</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_major&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra major (page does not exist)">E. major</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_strobilacea" title="Ephedra strobilacea">E. strobilacea</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_somalensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra somalensis (page does not exist)">E. somalensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">subsection </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_pachyclada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra pachyclada (page does not exist)">E. pachyclada</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i>Pachycladae</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">subsection </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_foeminea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra foeminea (page does not exist)">E. foeminea</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_campylopoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra campylopoda (page does not exist)">E. campylopoda</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_fragilis" title="Ephedra fragilis">E. fragilis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_foliata" title="Ephedra foliata">E. foliata</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_ciliata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra ciliata (page does not exist)">E. ciliata</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_alata" title="Ephedra alata">E. alata</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_aphylla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra aphylla (page does not exist)">E. aphylla</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_altissima" title="Ephedra altissima">E. altissima</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i>Scandentes</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">subsection </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_minuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra minuta (page does not exist)">E. minuta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_gerardiana" title="Ephedra gerardiana">E. gerardiana</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_viridis" title="Ephedra viridis">E. viridis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i>Minutae</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">subsection </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_likiangensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra likiangensis (page does not exist)">E. likiangensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_americana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra americana (page does not exist)">E. americana</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_equisetina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra equisetina (page does not exist)">E. equisetina</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_rhytidosperma" title="Ephedra rhytidosperma">E. rhytidosperma</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><i>Americanae</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">subsection </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_intermedia" title="Ephedra intermedia">E. intermedia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_przewalskii" title="Ephedra przewalskii">E. przewalskii</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_distachya" title="Ephedra distachya">E. distachya</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_procera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra procera (page does not exist)">E. procera</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i>Ephedra</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i>Ephedra</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>As of June 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_(plant)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">Plants of the World Online</a> accepted the following species:<sup id="cite_ref-POWO_328160-2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POWO_328160-2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_alata" title="Ephedra alata">Ephedra alata</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Decaisne" title="Joseph Decaisne">Decne.</a></small> – <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_altissima" title="Ephedra altissima">Ephedra altissima</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louiche_Desfontaines" title="René Louiche Desfontaines">Desf.</a> non-Bové (1834), non-Delile (1813), non-Buch (1828)</small> (High-climbing jointfir) – North Africa, <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_americana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra americana (page does not exist)">Ephedra americana</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Humb.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Bonpland" title="Aimé Bonpland">Bonpl.</a> <i>ex</i> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_von_Willdenow" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Ludwig von Willdenow">Willd.</a></small> – <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_antisyphilitica" title="Ephedra antisyphilitica">Ephedra antisyphilitica</a></i> <small>Berland <i>ex</i> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_von_Meyer" title="Carl Anton von Meyer">C.A.Mey.</a></small> – Clapweed, Erect Ephedra – <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_aphylla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra aphylla (page does not exist)">Ephedra aphylla</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l" title="Peter Forsskål">Forssk.</a></small> – eastern Mediterranean from <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_%C3%97_arenicola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra × arenicola (page does not exist)"><i>Ephedra</i> × <i>arenicola</i></a> <small><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carson_Cutler" title="Hugh Carson Cutler">H.C.Cutler</a></small> – <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> (hybrid, <i>E. cutleri</i> × <i>E. torreyana</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_aspera" title="Ephedra aspera">Ephedra aspera</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/George_Engelmann" title="George Engelmann">Engelm.</a> <i>ex</i> <a href="/wiki/Sereno_Watson" title="Sereno Watson">S.Watson</a></small> – Boundary Ephedra, Pitamoreal – Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, Chihuahua, <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_aurantiaca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra aurantiaca (page does not exist)">Ephedra aurantiaca</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Armen_Takhtajan" title="Armen Takhtajan">Takht.</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=M.G._Pachomova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M.G. Pachomova (page does not exist)">Pachom.</a></small> – <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_aurea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra aurea (page does not exist)">Ephedra aurea</a></i> <small>Brullo et al.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_boelckei" title="Ephedra boelckei">Ephedra boelckei</a></i> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_Antonio_Roig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fidel Antonio Roig (page does not exist)">F.A.Roig</a></small> – Argentina</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_botschantzevii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra botschantzevii (page does not exist)">Ephedra botschantzevii</a></i> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=M.G._Pachomova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M.G. Pachomova (page does not exist)">Pachom.</a></small> – Kazakhstan, <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a> region of Siberia</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_breana" title="Ephedra breana">Ephedra breana</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Amando_Philippi" title="Rodolfo Amando Philippi">Phil.</a></small> (frutilla de campo) – Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_brevifoliata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra brevifoliata (page does not exist)">Ephedra brevifoliata</a></i> <small>Ghahr.</small> – <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_californica" title="Ephedra californica">Ephedra californica</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Sereno_Watson" title="Sereno Watson">S.Watson</a></small> – California Ephedra, California Jointfir – California, western Arizona, Baja California</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_chengiae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra chengiae (page does not exist)">Ephedra chengiae</a></i> <small>Yang & Ferguson</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_chilensis" title="Ephedra chilensis">Ephedra chilensis</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Borivoj_Presl" title="Carl Borivoj Presl">C.Presl</a></small> – Pingo-pingo - Chile, Argentina</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_compacta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra compacta (page does not exist)">Ephedra compacta</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nelson_Rose" title="Joseph Nelson Rose">Rose</a></small> – widespread in much of Mexico</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_coryi" title="Ephedra coryi">Ephedra coryi</a></i> <small>E.L.Reed</small> (Cory's Ephedra) – Texas, New Mexico</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_cutleri" title="Ephedra cutleri">Ephedra cutleri</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hibbs_Peebles" title="Robert Hibbs Peebles">Peebles</a></small> – Navajo Ephedra, Cutler's Ephedra, Cutler Mormon-tea, Cutler's Jointfir – Colorado, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Wyoming</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_dahurica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra dahurica (page does not exist)">Ephedra dahurica</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Stepanovitch_Turczaninow" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolai Stepanovitch Turczaninow">Turcz.</a></small> – <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_dawuensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra dawuensis (page does not exist)">Ephedra dawuensis</a></i> <small>Y.Yang</small> – <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_distachya" title="Ephedra distachya">Ephedra distachya</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></small> – Joint-pine, Jointfir – southern Europe and central Asia from <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> to Kazakhstan</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_%C3%97_eleutherolepis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra × eleutherolepis (page does not exist)">Ephedra × eleutherolepis</a></i> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Alekseevich_Nikitin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Alekseevich Nikitin (page does not exist)">V.A.Nikitin</a></small> – <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> (hybrid <i>E. intermedia</i> × <i>E. strobilacea</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_equisetina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra equisetina (page does not exist)">Ephedra equisetina</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andrejewitsch_von_Bunge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Andrejewitsch von Bunge">Bunge</a></small> – Ma huang – Caucasus, Central Asia, Siberia, Mongolia, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_fasciculata" title="Ephedra fasciculata">Ephedra fasciculata</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Aven_Nelson" title="Aven Nelson">A.Nelson</a></small> – Arizona Ephedra, Arizona Jointfir, Desert Mormon-tea – Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_fedtschenkoae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra fedtschenkoae (page does not exist)">Ephedra fedtschenkoae</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Ove_Paulsen" title="Ove Paulsen">Paulsen</a></small> – Central Asia, Siberia, Mongolia, Xinjiang</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_foeminea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra foeminea (page does not exist)">Ephedra foeminea</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l" title="Peter Forsskål">Forssk.</a></small> – North Africa, Somalia, Balkans, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, Middle East; naturalized in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Barbara County">Santa Barbara County</a> of California</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_foliata" title="Ephedra foliata">Ephedra foliata</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Edmond_Boissier" title="Pierre Edmond Boissier">Boiss.</a> <i>ex</i> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_von_Meyer" title="Carl Anton von Meyer">C.A.Mey.</a></small> (Shrubby horsetail) – North Africa, Somalia, Middle East, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_fragilis" title="Ephedra fragilis">Ephedra fragilis</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louiche_Desfontaines" title="René Louiche Desfontaines">Desf.</a></small> (joint pine) – Mediterranean, Canary Islands, <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_frustillata" title="Ephedra frustillata">Ephedra frustillata</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/John_Miers_(botanist)" title="John Miers (botanist)">Miers</a></small> – Patagonian Ephedra – Chile, Argentina</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_funerea" title="Ephedra funerea">Ephedra funerea</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Vernon_Coville" title="Frederick Vernon Coville">Coville</a> & <a href="/wiki/C.V.Morton" class="mw-redirect" title="C.V.Morton">C.V.Morton</a></small> – Death Valley Ephedra, Death Valley Jointfir – California, Arizona, Nevada</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_gerardiana" title="Ephedra gerardiana">Ephedra gerardiana</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Wallich" title="Nathaniel Wallich">Wall.</a> <i>ex</i> Klotzsch & Garcke</small> – Gerard's Jointfir, Shan Ling Ma Huang – Himalayas, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, Siberia, Central Asia</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_gracilis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra gracilis (page does not exist)">Ephedra gracilis</a></i> <small>Phil. ex Stapf</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_holoptera" title="Ephedra holoptera">Ephedra holoptera</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Riedel" title="Ludwig Riedel">Riedl</a></small> – Iran</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_intermedia" title="Ephedra intermedia">Ephedra intermedia</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gustav_von_Schrenk" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Gustav von Schrenk">Schrenk</a> & <a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_von_Meyer" title="Carl Anton von Meyer">C.A.Mey.</a></small> (Zhong Ma Huang) – China, Siberia, Central Asia, Himalayas, Iran, Pakistan</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_kardangensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra kardangensis (page does not exist)">Ephedra kardangensis</a></i> <small>P.Sharma & P.L.Uniyal</small> – western Himalayas</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_khurikensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra khurikensis (page does not exist)">Ephedra khurikensis</a></i> <small>P.Sharma & P.L.Uniyal</small> – western Himalayas</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_laristanica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra laristanica (page does not exist)">Ephedra laristanica</a></i> <small>Assadi</small> – Iran</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_likiangensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra likiangensis (page does not exist)">Ephedra likiangensis</a></i> <small>Florin</small> – <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_lomatolepis" title="Ephedra lomatolepis">Ephedra lomatolepis</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gustav_von_Schrenk" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Gustav von Schrenk">Schrenk</a></small> – Kazakhstan, Tuva region of Siberia</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_major&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra major (page does not exist)">Ephedra major</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Thomas_Host" title="Nicolaus Thomas Host">Host</a></small> – Mediterranean, Middle East, Central Asia; from Canary Islands to Kashmir</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_milleri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra milleri (page does not exist)">Ephedra milleri</a></i> <small>Freitag & Maier-St.</small> – <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_minuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra minuta (page does not exist)">Ephedra minuta</a></i> <small>Florin</small> – Qinghai, Sichuan</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_monosperma" title="Ephedra monosperma">Ephedra monosperma</a></i> <small>J.G.Gmel. <i>ex</i> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_von_Meyer" title="Carl Anton von Meyer">C.A.Mey.</a></small> (dan zi ma huang) – Siberia, Mongolia, much of China including Tibet and Xinjiang</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_multiflora" title="Ephedra multiflora">Ephedra multiflora</a></i> <small>Phil. <i>ex</i> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stapf_(botanist)" title="Otto Stapf (botanist)">Stapf</a></small> – Chile, Argentina</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_nevadensis" title="Ephedra nevadensis">Ephedra nevadensis</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Sereno_Watson" title="Sereno Watson">S.Watson</a></small> – Nevada Ephedra, Nevada Jointfir, Nevada Mormon-tea – Baja California, California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_ochreata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra ochreata (page does not exist)">Ephedra ochreata</a></i> <small>Miers</small> – Argentina</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_oxyphylla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra oxyphylla (page does not exist)">Ephedra oxyphylla</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Harald_Udo_von_Riedl" title="Harald Udo von Riedl">Riedl</a></small> – <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_pachyclada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra pachyclada (page does not exist)">Ephedra pachyclada</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Edmond_Boissier" title="Pierre Edmond Boissier">Boiss.</a></small> – Middle East from Sinai and Yemen to Pakistan</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_pangiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra pangiensis (page does not exist)">Ephedra pangiensis</a></i> <small>Rita Singh & P.Sharma</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_pedunculata" title="Ephedra pedunculata">Ephedra pedunculata</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/George_Engelmann" title="George Engelmann">Engelm.</a> <i>ex</i> <a href="/wiki/Sereno_Watson" title="Sereno Watson">S.Watson</a></small> – Vine Ephedra, Vine Jointfir – Texas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, San Luis Potosí, Nuevo León, Zacatecas</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_pentandra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra pentandra (page does not exist)">Ephedra pentandra</a></i> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=M.G._Pachomova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M.G. Pachomova (page does not exist)">Pachom.</a></small> – Iran</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_procera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra procera (page does not exist)">Ephedra procera</a></i> <small>Fisch. & C.A.Mey.</small> − Iran, Caucasus</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_przewalskii" title="Ephedra przewalskii">Ephedra przewalskii</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Otto_Stapf_(botanist)" title="Otto Stapf (botanist)">Stapf</a></small> – Central Asia, Mongolia, Pakistan, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Tibet</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_pseudodistachya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra pseudodistachya (page does not exist)">Ephedra pseudodistachya</a></i> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=M.G._Pachomova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M.G. Pachomova (page does not exist)">Pachom.</a></small> – Siberia, Mongolia</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_regeliana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra regeliana (page does not exist)">Ephedra regeliana</a></i> <small>Florin</small> – Xi Zi Ma Huang – Central Asia, Siberia, Pakistan, Xinjiang</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_rhytidosperma" title="Ephedra rhytidosperma">Ephedra rhytidosperma</a></i> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=M.G._Pachomova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M.G. Pachomova (page does not exist)">Pachom.</a></small>, syn. <i>E. lepidosperma</i> <small>C.Y.Cheng</small> – Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Mongolia</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_rituensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra rituensis (page does not exist)">Ephedra rituensis</a></i> <small>Y.Yang, D.Z.Fu & G.H.Zhu</small> – Qinghai, Xinjiang, Tibet</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_rupestris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra rupestris (page does not exist)">Ephedra rupestris</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/George_Bentham" title="George Bentham">Benth.</a></small> – Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_sarcocarpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra sarcocarpa (page does not exist)">Ephedra sarcocarpa</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/James_Edward_Tierney_Aitchison" title="James Edward Tierney Aitchison">Aitch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/William_Botting_Hemsley" class="mw-redirect" title="William Botting Hemsley">Hemsl.</a></small> – Pakistan, Afghanistan</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_saxatilis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra saxatilis (page does not exist)">Ephedra saxatilis</a></i> <small>(Stapf) Royle ex Florin</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_sinica" title="Ephedra sinica">Ephedra sinica</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Otto_Stapf_(botanist)" title="Otto Stapf (botanist)">Stapf</a></small> – Cao Ma Huang, Chinese ephedra – Mongolia, Siberia, Primorye, Manchuria</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_somalensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra somalensis (page does not exist)">Ephedra somalensis</a></i> <small>Freitag & Maier-St.</small> – Somalia, Eritrea</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_stipitata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra stipitata (page does not exist)">Ephedra stipitata</a></i> <small>Biswas & Rita Singh</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_strobilacea" title="Ephedra strobilacea">Ephedra strobilacea</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andrejewitsch_von_Bunge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Andrejewitsch von Bunge">Bunge</a></small> – Iran, Central Asia</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_strongylensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra strongylensis (page does not exist)">Ephedra strongylensis</a></i> <small>Brullo et al.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_sumlingensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra sumlingensis (page does not exist)">Ephedra sumlingensis</a></i> <small>P.Sharma & P.L.Uniyal</small> – western Himalayas</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_tilhoana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra tilhoana (page does not exist)">Ephedra tilhoana</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Maire" title="René Maire">Maire</a></small> – <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_torreyana" title="Ephedra torreyana">Ephedra torreyana</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Sereno_Watson" title="Sereno Watson">S.Watson</a></small> – Torrey's Ephedra, Torrey's Jointfir, Torrey's Mormon-tea, Cañutillo – Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Chihuahua</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_transitoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra transitoria (page does not exist)">Ephedra transitoria</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Harald_Udo_von_Riedl" title="Harald Udo von Riedl">Riedl</a></small> – Iraq, Syria, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, Saudi Arabia</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_triandra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra triandra (page does not exist)">Ephedra triandra</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ren%C3%A9_Tulasne" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis René Tulasne">Tul.</a></small> − Bolivia, Argentina</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_trifurca" title="Ephedra trifurca">Ephedra trifurca</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/John_Torrey" title="John Torrey">Torrey</a> <i>ex</i> <a href="/wiki/Sereno_Watson" title="Sereno Watson">S.Watson</a></small> – Longleaf Ephedra, Longleaf Jointfir, Longleaf Mormon-tea, Popotilla, Teposote – California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Chihuahua, Sonora, Baja California</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_trifurcata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra trifurcata (page does not exist)">Ephedra trifurcata</a></i> <small>Zöllner</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_tweedieana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra tweedieana (page does not exist)">Ephedra tweedieana</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_von_Meyer" title="Carl Anton von Meyer">C.A.Mey.</a></small> – Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_viridis" title="Ephedra viridis">Ephedra viridis</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Vernon_Coville" title="Frederick Vernon Coville">Coville</a></small> – Green Ephedra, Green Mormon-tea – California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, Oregon</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_vvedenskyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra vvedenskyi (page does not exist)">Ephedra vvedenskyi</a></i> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=M.G._Pachomova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M.G. Pachomova (page does not exist)">Pachom.</a></small> – Iran, Caucasus, Turkmenistan</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_yangthangensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra yangthangensis (page does not exist)">Ephedra yangthangensis</a></i> <small>Prabha Sharma & Rita Singh</small> – Yangthang to Ka, Leo, Nako, Chango, Chulling, Sumdo, Hoorling and Lira of Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_(plant)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genus is found worldwide, in desert regions, but not in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-judd_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_(plant)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephedra_major_shrubs_near_the_gorge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ephedra_major_shrubs_near_the_gorge.jpg/220px-Ephedra_major_shrubs_near_the_gorge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ephedra_major_shrubs_near_the_gorge.jpg/330px-Ephedra_major_shrubs_near_the_gorge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ephedra_major_shrubs_near_the_gorge.jpg/440px-Ephedra_major_shrubs_near_the_gorge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Shrubs of <i>Ephedra major</i> in <a href="/wiki/Karvachar" class="mw-redirect" title="Karvachar">Karvachar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ephedraceae are adapted to extremely arid regions, growing often in high sunny habitats, and occur as high as 4000 m above sea level in both the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-judd_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They make up a significant part of the North American <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_Desert" title="Great Basin Desert">Great Basin</a> sage brush ecosystem. </p><p>Today, Ephedra plants are found no further south than 3°N in the Saharo-Arabian zone. However, researchers have discovered evidence of this drought-resistant plant living over 1,000 km further south at Oldupai Gorge around one million years ago, based on fossil pollen, preserved tap roots, and supporting indicators of arid conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_use">Human use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_(plant)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Human use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra (medicine)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Maou.jpg/170px-Maou.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Maou.jpg/255px-Maou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Maou.jpg/340px-Maou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Plant as used in Chinese herbology (<a href="/wiki/Crude_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude medicine">crude medicine</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Remains of a buried <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> found at <a href="/wiki/Shanidar_Cave" title="Shanidar Cave">Shanidar cave</a> in Iraqi Kurdistan, over 50,000 years old was found associated with <i>Ephedra</i> pollen among those of other plants. While some authors have suggested that these represent plant remains deliberately buried alongside the Neanderthal, other authors have suggested that natural agents like bees may have been responsible for the accumulation of pollen.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, archaeological remains of <i>Ephedra</i> dating back 15,000 years have been discovered at <a href="/wiki/Taforalt" title="Taforalt">Taforalt Cave</a> in Morocco. Fossil cones of <i>Ephedra</i> were found concentrated in the cemetery area, specifically within a human burial.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Ephedra</i> <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">pseudoephedrine</a> – constituents of <i>E. sinica</i> and other members of the genus – have <a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetic_amine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathomimetic amine">sympathomimetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">decongestant</a> qualities,<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have been used as <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplements</a>, mainly for <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nccih_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nccih-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drug ephedrine is used to prevent <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">low blood pressure</a> during <a href="/wiki/Spinal_anesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal anesthesia">spinal anesthesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, ephedra supplements were banned from the market in the early 21st century due to serious safety risks.<sup id="cite_ref-nccih_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nccih-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants of the genus <i>Ephedra</i>, including <i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_sinica" title="Ephedra sinica">E. sinica</a></i> and others, were used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a> for treating headache and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory infection">respiratory infections</a>, but there is no scientific evidence they are effective or safe for these purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-nccih_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nccih-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ephedra has also had a role as a precursor in the clandestine manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-precursor_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-precursor-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_(plant)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alkaloids obtained from the species of <i>Ephedra</i> used in herbal medicines, which are used to synthetically prepare <a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">pseudoephedrine</a> and ephedrine, can cause cardiovascular events.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These events have been associated with arrhythmias, palpitations, tachycardia and myocardial infarction.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a> consumption in combination with ephedrine has been reported to increase the risk of these cardiovascular events.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nccih_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nccih-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_botany_and_alkaloid_content">Economic botany and alkaloid content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_(plant)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economic botany and alkaloid content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest uses of <i>Ephedra</i> species (mahuang) for specific illnesses date back to 5000 BC. <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Isomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomers">isomers</a> were isolated in 1881 from <i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_distachya" title="Ephedra distachya">Ephedra distachya</a></i> and characterized by the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic chemist">organic chemist</a> <a href="/wiki/Nagai_Nagayoshi" title="Nagai Nagayoshi">Nagai Nagayoshi</a>. His work to access <i>Ephedra's</i> active ingredients to isolate a pure <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a> substance led to the systematic production of <a href="/wiki/Semi-synthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-synthetic">semi-synthetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Derivative_(chemistry)" title="Derivative (chemistry)">derivatives</a> thereof and is still relevant today. Three species, <i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_sinica" title="Ephedra sinica">Ephedra sinica</a></i>, <i>Ephedra vulgaris</i>, and to a lesser extent <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_equisetina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedra equisetina (page does not exist)">Ephedra equisetina</a></i>, are commercially grown in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> as a source for natural ephedrines and isomers for use in <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">pharmaceuticals</a>. <i>E. sinica</i> and <i>E. distachya</i> usually carry six <a href="/wiki/Optically_active" class="mw-redirect" title="Optically active">optically active</a> <a href="/wiki/Phenylethylamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenylethylamines">phenylethylamines</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">pseudoephedrine</a> with minor amounts of <a href="/wiki/Norephedrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norephedrine">norephedrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathine" title="Cathine">norpseudoephedrine</a> as well as the three <a href="/wiki/Methylated" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylated">methylated</a> analogs. Reliable information on the total alkaloid content of the crude drug is difficult to obtain. Based on <a href="/wiki/HPLC" class="mw-redirect" title="HPLC">HPLC</a> analyses in industrial settings, the concentrations of total alkaloids in dried <i>Herba Ephedra</i> ranged between 1 and 4%, and in some cases up to 6%.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a review of the <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloid</a> distribution in different species of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i>Ephedra</i> see Jian-fang Cui (1991).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other American and European species of <i>Ephedra</i>, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_nevadensis" title="Ephedra nevadensis">Ephedra nevadensis</a></i> (Nevada Mormon tea) have not been systematically assayed; based on unpublished field investigations, they contain very low levels (less than 0.1%) or none at all.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_(plant)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kramer-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kramer_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKramerGreenGötz1990" class="citation book cs1">Kramer KU, Green PS, Götz E (1990). Kramer KU, Green PS (eds.). <i>The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Vol. 1: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms</i>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">379–</span>381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3540517944" title="Special:BookSources/3540517944"><bdi>3540517944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Families+and+Genera+of+Vascular+Plants%2C+Vol.+1%3A+Pteridophytes+and+Gymnosperms&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E379-%3C%2Fspan%3E381&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=3540517944&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=KU&rft.au=Green%2C+PS&rft.au=G%C3%B6tz%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphedra+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liz10-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liz10_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-liz10_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=332845">Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-judd-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-judd_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-judd_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-judd_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-judd_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-judd_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuddCampbellKellogStevens2007" class="citation book cs1">Judd WS, Campbell CS, Kellog EA, Stevens PF, Donoghue MJ (2007). <i>Plant Systematics, a phylogenetic approach</i> (3rd. ed.). Sinauer associates, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Systematics%2C+a+phylogenetic+approach&rft.edition=3rd.&rft.pub=Sinauer+associates%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Walter+S.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Christopher+S.&rft.au=Kellog%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Peter+F.&rft.au=Donoghue%2C+Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphedra+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apg-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apg_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/">"Family "Ephedraceae"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Angiosperm Phylogeny Website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Website&rft.atitle=Family+%22Ephedraceae%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobot.org%2FMOBOT%2Fresearch%2FAPweb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphedra+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vic-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vic_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessina2014" class="citation web cs1">Messina A (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/15129edd-fd5c-420c-88ee-a98c9cab2b19">"VicFlora: Ephedraceae"</a>. Victoria, Australia: Royal Botanic Gardens Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VicFlora%3A+Ephedraceae.&rft.place=Victoria%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Royal+Botanic+Gardens+Foundation&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Messina&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au%2Fflora%2Ftaxon%2F15129edd-fd5c-420c-88ee-a98c9cab2b19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphedra+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gymno-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gymno_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gymno_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conifers.org/ep/Ephedraceae.php">The Gymnosperm database: <i>Ephedra</i>.</a> Retrieved 5 July 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linn-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linn_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linn_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1753" class="citation book cs1">Linnaeus C (1753). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://botanicus.org/page/359061"><i>Species Plantarum</i></a>. Vol. 2. p. 1040.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Species+Plantarum&rft.pages=1040&rft.date=1753&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbotanicus.org%2Fpage%2F359061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphedra+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linn2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-linn2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1754" class="citation book cs1">Linnaeus C (1754). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/651470"><i>Genera plantarum</i></a>. Vol. 5. p. 462.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genera+plantarum&rft.pages=462&rft.date=1754&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F651470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphedra+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dumort-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dumort_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumortier1829" class="citation book cs1">Dumortier BC (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idviewer/14540/9"><i>Analyse des familles des plantes, avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent</i></a>. Tournay: J. Casterman aîné. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analyse+des+familles+des+plantes%2C+avec+l%27indication+des+principaux+genres+qui+s%27y+rattachent&rft.place=Tournay&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=J.+Casterman+a%C3%AEn%C3%A9&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Dumortier&rft.aufirst=BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbibdigital.rjb.csic.es%2Fidviewer%2F14540%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphedra+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPueblaIglesiasGómezPrámparo2017" class="citation journal cs1">Puebla GG, Iglesias A, Gómez MA, Prámparo MB (November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10265-017-0953-1">"Fossil record of Ephedra in the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian), Argentina"</a>. <i>Journal of Plant Research</i>. <b>130</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">975–</span>988. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPlR..130..975P">2017JPlR..130..975P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10265-017-0953-1">10.1007/s10265-017-0953-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F59894">11336/59894</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28528483">28528483</a>. <a 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href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15084081">15084081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+AOAC+International&rft.atitle=Determination+of+ephedrine+alkaloids+in+botanicals+and+dietary+supplements+by+HPLC-UV%3A+collaborative+study&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2584348%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15084081&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaoac%2F87.1.1&rft.aulast=Roman&rft.aufirst=MC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2584348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphedra+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External 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class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ephedra" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ephedra">Ephedra</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ephedra+viridis"><i>Ephedra viridis</i> (Plants for a Future Database)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shen-nong.com/eng/herbal/index.html">Usage in Chinese Medicine </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nccih.nih.gov/health/ephedra">Ephedra fact sheet</a>, <a href="/wiki/NIH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIH">NIH</a> National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/ephedra--ma-huang/background/hrb-20059270">Ephedrea (Evidence and dosing)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922192100/http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/ephedra--ma-huang/background/hrb-20059270">Archived</a> 22 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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<dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaeplastida230" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-40px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Picozoa" title="Picozoa">Picozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Picomonas" class="mw-redirect" title="Picomonas">Picomonas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphis" title="Rhodelphis">Rhodelphidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphis" title="Rhodelphis">Rhodelphis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">Rhodophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(red algae)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanidiophyceae" title="Cyanidiophyceae">Cyanidiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteorhodophytina" title="Proteorhodophytina">Proteorhodophytina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porphyridiophyceae" title="Porphyridiophyceae">Porphyridiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylonematophyceae" title="Stylonematophyceae">Stylonematophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compsopogonophyceae" title="Compsopogonophyceae">Compsopogonophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodellophyceae" title="Rhodellophyceae">Rhodellophyceae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurhodophytina" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurhodophytina">Eurhodophytina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangiophyceae" title="Bangiophyceae">Bangiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florideophyceae" title="Florideophyceae">Florideophyceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucocystophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><i>incertae sedis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algospongia" title="Algospongia">Algospongia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sensu stricto; in the strict sense"><i>s.s.</i></span></a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a> &<br /> land plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prasinodermophyta21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasinoderma" title="Prasinoderma">Prasinodermophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmophyllophyceae" title="Palmophyllophyceae">Palmophyllophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Prasinophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamiellophyceae" title="Mamiellophyceae">Mamiellophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramimonadophyceae" title="Pyramimonadophyceae">Pyramimonadophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Chlorophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nephroselmidaceae" title="Nephroselmidaceae">Nephroselmidophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picocystis" title="Picocystis">Picocystophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropicophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloropicophyceae">Chloropicophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedinophyceae" title="Pedinophyceae">Pedinophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodendrales" title="Chlorodendrales">Chlorodendrophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC_clade" title="UTC clade">UTC clade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae">Ulvophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebouxiophyceae" title="Trebouxiophyceae">Trebouxiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyceae" title="Chlorophyceae">Chlorophyceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesostigmatophyceae" title="Mesostigmatophyceae">Mesostigmatophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorokybophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorokybophyceae">Chlorokybophyceae</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirotaenia" title="Spirotaenia">Spirotaenia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsormidiophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Klebsormidiophyceae">Klebsormidiophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phragmoplastophyta22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplastophyta" title="Phragmoplastophyta">Phragmoplastophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleochaetophyceae" title="Coleochaetophyceae">Coleochaetophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Anydrophyta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(land plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below↓)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div id="Embryophytes_or_Plantae_sensu_strictissimo1558" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">Embryophytes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="in the strictest sense"><i>sensu strictissimo</i></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bryophytes228" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(liverworts)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haplomitriopsida" title="Haplomitriopsida">Haplomitriopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiopsida" title="Marchantiopsida">Marchantiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungermanniopsida" title="Jungermanniopsida">Jungermanniopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(hornworts)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leiosporoceros" title="Leiosporoceros">Leiosporocerotopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Bryophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(mosses)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takakia" title="Takakia">Takakiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphagnopsida" title="Sphagnopsida">Sphagnopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreaeobryum" title="Andreaeobryum">Andreaeobryopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreaeaceae" title="Andreaeaceae">Andreaeopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipodium" title="Oedipodium">Oedipodiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraphidaceae" title="Tetraphidaceae">Tetraphidopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytrichaceae" title="Polytrichaceae">Polytrichopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryopsida" title="Bryopsida">Bryopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -55px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Polysporangiophyte" title="Polysporangiophyte">Polysporangiophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Protracheophytes*90" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span>Protracheophytes*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Horneophytopsida" title="Horneophytopsida">Horneophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Aglaophyton" title="Aglaophyton">Aglaophyton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a><br /><span class="nobold">(vascular plants)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Paratracheophytes*91" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span>Paratracheophytes*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooksoniopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooksoniopsida (page does not exist)">Cooksoniopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Rhyniophyte" title="Rhyniophyte">Rhyniopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaliales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaliales (page does not exist)">Renaliales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -40px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);">Eutracheophytes</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lycophytes14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Barinophyte" title="Barinophyte">Barinophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Zosterophyll" title="Zosterophyll">Zosterophyllopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida">Lycopodiopsida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lycopodiaceae" title="Lycopodiaceae">clubmosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selaginella" title="Selaginella">spikemosses</a> & <a href="/wiki/Isoetes" title="Isoetes">quillworts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -35px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euphyllophyte" title="Euphyllophyte">Euphyllophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Eophyllophyton" title="Eophyllophyton">Eophyllophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Trimerophytopsida" title="Trimerophytopsida">Trimerophytopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moniliformopses15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Moniliformopses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibykales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibykales (page does not exist)">Ibykales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Cladoxylopsida" title="Cladoxylopsida">Cladoxylopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Polypodiopsida</a> (ferns and <a href="/wiki/Equisetum" title="Equisetum">horsetails</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -30px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);">Lignophytes</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Progymnosperms*92" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span><a href="/wiki/Progymnosperm" title="Progymnosperm">Progymnosperms</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noeggerathiopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noeggerathiopsida (page does not exist)">Noeggerathiopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aneurophytopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aneurophytopsida (page does not exist)">Aneurophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeopteridopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeopteridopsida (page does not exist)">Archaeopteridopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopityales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protopityales (page does not exist)">Protopityales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a><br /><span class="nobold">(seed plants)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span><a href="/wiki/Pteridospermatophyta" title="Pteridospermatophyta">Pteridosperms</a><span class="nobold">*</span><br /><span class="nobold">(seed ferns)<br />and other extinct<br /> seed plant groups</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Bennettitales" title="Bennettitales">Bennettitales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Calamopityales" class="mw-redirect" title="Calamopityales">Calamopityales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Callistophytales" title="Callistophytales">Callistophytales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Caytoniales" title="Caytoniales">Caytoniales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Cordaitales" title="Cordaitales">Cordaitales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Corystospermaceae" title="Corystospermaceae">Corystospermales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Czekanowskiales" title="Czekanowskiales">Czekanowskiales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Gigantopteridales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantopteridales">Gigantopteridales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Glossopteridales" title="Glossopteridales">Glossopteridales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Lyginopteridales" title="Lyginopteridales">Lyginopteridopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Medullosales" title="Medullosales">Medullosales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Peltaspermales" title="Peltaspermales">Peltaspermopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Pentoxylales" title="Pentoxylales">Pentoxylopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petriellales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petriellales (page does not exist)">Petriellales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Acrogymnospermae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(living gymnosperms)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycadopsida (cycads)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoales (<i>Ginkgo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinopsida (conifers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiospermae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(flowering plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal angiosperms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Core angiosperms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> groups</li> <li>† = <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_plant_orders" title="List of plant orders">List of plant orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant#Current_definitions_of_Plantae" title="Plant">Current definitions of Plantae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Classification_of_Acrogymnospermae_(living_Gymnosperms)354" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;;background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template:Acrogymnospermae classification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template talk:Acrogymnospermae classification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acrogymnospermae classification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Classification_of_Acrogymnospermae_(living_Gymnosperms)354" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification of <a href="/wiki/Acrogymnospermae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrogymnospermae">Acrogymnospermae</a> (living <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperms</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>Supergroup <a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plant</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bryophyta" title="Template:Bryophyta">Bryophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Marchantiophyta" title="Template:Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fern_classification" title="Template:Fern classification">Polypodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template:Acrogymnospermae classification">Acrogymnospermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families">Angiospermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoidae" title="Ginkgoidae">Ginkgoidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ginkgoales14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoaceae" title="Ginkgoaceae">Ginkgoaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cycadidae" title="Cycadidae">Cycadidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cycadales13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cycadales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadales">Cycadales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cycadaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadaceae">Cycadaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cycas" title="Cycas">Cycas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zamiaceae" title="Zamiaceae">Zamiaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diooideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dioon" title="Dioon">Dioon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zamioideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrozamia" title="Macrozamia">Macrozamia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepidozamia" title="Lepidozamia">Lepidozamia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encephalartos" title="Encephalartos">Encephalartos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowenia" title="Bowenia">Bowenia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratozamia" title="Ceratozamia">Ceratozamia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stangeria" title="Stangeria">Stangeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zamia" title="Zamia">Zamia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microcycas" title="Microcycas">Microcycas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Pinidae" title="Pinidae">Pinidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gnetales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetales">Gnetales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ephedraceae" title="Ephedraceae">Ephedraceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ephedra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gnetaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetaceae">Gnetaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gnetum" title="Gnetum">Gnetum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welwitschiaceae" title="Welwitschiaceae">Welwitschiaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Welwitschia" title="Welwitschia">Welwitschia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinales" title="Pinales">Pinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pinaceae12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinaceae" title="Pinaceae">Pinaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abietoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudolarix" title="Pseudolarix">Pseudolarix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nothotsuga" title="Nothotsuga">Nothotsuga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga">Tsuga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keteleeria" title="Keteleeria">Keteleeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abies" class="mw-redirect" title="Abies">Abies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pinoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga" title="Pseudotsuga">Pseudotsuga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Larix" class="mw-redirect" title="Larix">Larix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cathaya" title="Cathaya">Cathaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea" class="mw-redirect" title="Picea">Picea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus">Pinus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Araucariales" class="mw-redirect" title="Araucariales">Araucariales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Araucariaceae" title="Araucariaceae">Araucariaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wollemia" title="Wollemia">Wollemia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Agathis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Araucaria" title="Araucaria">Araucaria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Podocarpaceae" title="Podocarpaceae">Podocarpaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phyllocladoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Halocarpus" title="Halocarpus">Halocarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pectinopitys" title="Pectinopitys">Pectinopitys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sundacarpus" title="Sundacarpus">Sundacarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prumnopitys" title="Prumnopitys">Prumnopitys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parasitaxus" title="Parasitaxus">Parasitaxus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lagarostrobos" title="Lagarostrobos">Lagarostrobos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manoao" title="Manoao">Manoao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepidothamnus" title="Lepidothamnus">Lepidothamnus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phyllocladus" title="Phyllocladus">Phyllocladus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Podocarpoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saxegothaea" title="Saxegothaea">Saxegothaea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microcachrys" title="Microcachrys">Microcachrys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pherosphaera" title="Pherosphaera">Pherosphaera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acmopyle" title="Acmopyle">Acmopyle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dacrycarpus" title="Dacrycarpus">Dacrycarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falcatifolium" title="Falcatifolium">Falcatifolium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium" title="Dacrydium">Dacrydium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Retrophyllum" title="Retrophyllum">Retrophyllum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afrocarpus" title="Afrocarpus">Afrocarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nageia" title="Nageia">Nageia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus" title="Podocarpus">Podocarpus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cupressales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupressales">Cupressales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sciadopityaceae" title="Sciadopityaceae">Sciadopityaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sciadopitys" title="Sciadopitys">Sciadopitys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taxaceae" title="Taxaceae">Taxaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cephalotaxeae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cephalotaxus" title="Cephalotaxus">Cephalotaxus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taxoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amentotaxus" title="Amentotaxus">Amentotaxus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torreya" title="Torreya">Torreya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austrotaxus" title="Austrotaxus">Austrotaxus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudotaxus" title="Pseudotaxus">Pseudotaxus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Taxus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cupressaceae" title="Cupressaceae">Cupressaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cunninghamioideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cunninghamioideae">Cunninghamioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cunninghamia" title="Cunninghamia">Cunninghamia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanioideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanioideae">Taiwanioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwania" title="Taiwania">Taiwania</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athrotaxidoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Athrotaxidoideae">Athrotaxidoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Athrotaxis" title="Athrotaxis">Athrotaxis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sequoioideae" title="Sequoioideae">Sequoioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Metasequoia" title="Metasequoia">Metasequoia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sequoiadendron" title="Sequoiadendron">Sequoiadendron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sequoia_(genus)" title="Sequoia (genus)">Sequoia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taxodioideae" title="Taxodioideae">Taxodioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptomeria" title="Cryptomeria">Cryptomeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glyptostrobus" title="Glyptostrobus">Glyptostrobus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxodium" title="Taxodium">Taxodium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Callitroideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Callitroideae">Callitroideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Papuacedrus" title="Papuacedrus">Papuacedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austrocedrus" title="Austrocedrus">Austrocedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pilgerodendron" title="Pilgerodendron">Pilgerodendron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Libocedrus" title="Libocedrus">Libocedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diselma" title="Diselma">Diselma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fitzroya" title="Fitzroya">Fitzroya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Widdringtonia" title="Widdringtonia">Widdringtonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neocallitropsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocallitropsis">Neocallitropsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callitris" title="Callitris">Callitris</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cupressoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupressoideae">Cupressoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Thujopsis" title="Thujopsis">Thujopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thuja" title="Thuja">Thuja</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chamaecyparis" title="Chamaecyparis">Chamaecyparis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraclinis" title="Tetraclinis">Tetraclinis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microbiota" title="Microbiota">Microbiota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platycladus" title="Platycladus">Platycladus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupressus" title="Cupressus">Cupressus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xanthocyparis" title="Xanthocyparis">Xanthocyparis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis" title="Hesperocyparis">Hesperocyparis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus" class="mw-redirect" title="Juniperus">Juniperus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers4287" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers4287" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Ephedra</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838000" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q838000">Q838000</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ephedra" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Ephedra">Ephedra</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/190540">190540</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/87576">87576</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8VXD7">8VXD7</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/108390">108390</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1EPEG">1EPEG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=111784">111784</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=111784">111784</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2653237">2653237</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=4296">4296</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/53881">53881</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/17270-1">17270-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1379530">1379530</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183496">183496</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3387">3387</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/42e11365-fa78-493f-9a49-5861cf944005">42e11365-fa78-493f-9a49-5861cf944005</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=673430">673430</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=251997">251997</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PPE: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/gnetopsida/ephedrales/ephedraceae/ephedra/genus-ephedra/">genus-ephedra</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/EPHED">EPHED</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A328160-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328160-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/40003896">40003896</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/676a7579-990b-40df-bc3a-2b500a2a750c">676a7579-990b-40df-bc3a-2b500a2a750c</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000013540">wfo-4000013540</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_(plant)&oldid=1272396703">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ephedra_(plant)&oldid=1272396703</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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