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George Washington in the American Revolution - Wikipedia
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<ul id="toc-New_York_and_New_Jersey_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Loss_of_New_York_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_New_York_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Loss of New York City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_New_York_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counterattack_in_New_Jersey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterattack_in_New_Jersey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Counterattack in New Jersey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counterattack_in_New_Jersey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philadelphia_and_Valley_Forge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philadelphia_and_Valley_Forge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Philadelphia and Valley Forge</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philadelphia_and_Valley_Forge-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philadelphia and Valley Forge subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philadelphia_and_Valley_Forge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_maneuvers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_maneuvers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Early maneuvers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_maneuvers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Philadelphia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Philadelphia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_southern_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>British southern strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_southern_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arnold's_treason" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arnold's_treason"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Arnold's treason</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arnold's_treason-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yorktown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yorktown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Yorktown</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Yorktown-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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<span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Espionage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Espionage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Espionage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Espionage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of George Washington's position in the American Revolution</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">George Washington in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Washingtoncongress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Washingtoncongress.jpg/220px-Washingtoncongress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Washingtoncongress.jpg/330px-Washingtoncongress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Washingtoncongress.jpg/440px-Washingtoncongress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1234" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%"><a href="/wiki/Currier_and_Ives" title="Currier and Ives">Currier and Ives</a> depiction of Washington accepting his <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> commission from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1732-02-22</span>)</span>February 22, 1732</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 14, 1799<span style="display:none">(1799-12-14)</span> (aged 67)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1775–1783</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">General & Commander in chief</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">Main Army</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification_of_Dorchester_Heights" title="Fortification of Dorchester Heights">Fortification of Dorchester Heights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Kip%27s_Bay" title="Landing at Kip's Bay">Landing at Kip's Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Battle of Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Plains" title="Battle of White Plains">Battle of White Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Battle of the Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Battle of Princeton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Clouds" title="Battle of the Clouds">Battle of the Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Battle of Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Marsh" title="Battle of White Marsh">Battle of White Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Armies" title="General of the Armies">General of the Armies</a> (posthumous promotion)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Other work</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (February 22, 1732  – December 14, 1799) commanded the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–1783). After serving as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1789 to 1797), he briefly was in charge of a new army in 1798. </p><p>Washington, despite his youth, played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">frontier wars against the French and Indians</a> in the 1750s and 1760s. He played the leading military role in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. When the war broke out with the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a> in April 1775, <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Congress</a> appointed him the first <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the new <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> on June 14. The task he took on was enormous, balancing regional demands, competition among his subordinates, morale among the rank and file, attempts by Congress to manage the army's affairs too closely, requests by state governors for support, and an endless need for resources with which to feed, clothe, equip, arm, and move the troops. He was not usually in command of the many <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">state militia units</a>. </p><p>In the early years of the war Washington was often in the middle of the action, first directing the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">siege of Boston</a> to its successful conclusion, but then <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">losing New York City and almost losing New Jersey</a> before winning surprising and decisive victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a> at the end of the 1776 campaign season. At the end of the year in both 1775 and 1776, he had to deal with expiring enlistments, since the Congress had only authorized the army's existence for single years. With the 1777 establishment of a more permanent army structure and the introduction of three-year enlistments, Washington built a reliable cohort of experienced troops, although hard currency and supplies of all types were difficult to come by. In 1777 Washington was again defeated in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">the defense of Philadelphia</a>, but sent critical support to <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Horatio Gates</a> that made the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">defeat of Burgoyne at Saratoga</a> possible. Following a difficult winter at <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">entry of France into the war</a> in 1778, Washington followed the British army as it withdrew from Philadelphia back to New York, and fought an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">ultimately inconclusive battle</a> at Monmouth Court House in New Jersey. </p><p>Washington's activities from late 1778 to 1780 were more diplomatic and organizational, as his army remained outside New York, watching Major General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(American_War_of_Independence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Clinton (American War of Independence)">Henry Clinton</a>'s army that occupied the city. Washington strategized with the French on how best to cooperate in actions against the British, leading to ultimately unsuccessful attempts to dislodge the British from <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island" title="Battle of Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah, Georgia</a>. His attention was also drawn to the frontier war, which prompted <a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">the 1779 Continental Army expedition</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">John Sullivan</a> into upstate New York. When Major General Clinton sent the turncoat Brigadier General Benedict Arnold to raid in Virginia, Washington began to detach elements of his army to face the growing threat there. The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Lord Cornwallis</a> in Virginia after <a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">campaigning in the south</a> presented Washington with an opportunity to strike a decisive blow. <a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Washington's army and the French army moved south to face Cornwallis</a>, and a cooperative French navy under <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">Admiral de Grasse</a> successfully <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">disrupted British attempts</a> to control of the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>, completing the entrapment of Cornwallis, who surrendered after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">siege of Yorktown</a> in October 1781. Although Yorktown marked the end of significant hostilities in North America, the British still occupied New York and other cities, so Washington had to maintain the army in the face of a bankrupt Congress and troops that were at times mutinous over conditions and pay. The army was formally disbanded after peace in 1783, and Washington <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_resignation_as_commander-in-chief" title="George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief">resigned his commission as commander-in-chief</a> on December 23, 1783. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_experience">Military experience</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Military experience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_George_Washington" title="Military career of George Washington">Military career of George Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_in_the_French_and_Indian_War" title="George Washington in the French and Indian War">George Washington in the French and Indian War</a></div> <p>Born into a well-to-do Virginia family near <a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia" title="Fredericksburg, Virginia">Fredericksburg</a> in 1732 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 1731], Washington was schooled locally until the age of 15. The early death of his father when he was 11 eliminated the possibility of schooling in England, and his mother rejected attempts to place him in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thanks to the connection by marriage of his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Washington_(1718%E2%80%931752)" title="Lawrence Washington (1718–1752)">Lawrence</a> to the wealthy Fairfax family, Washington was appointed surveyor of <a href="/wiki/Culpeper_County,_Virginia" title="Culpeper County, Virginia">Culpeper County</a> in 1749; he was just 17 years old. Washington's brother had purchased an interest in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Company" title="Ohio Company">Ohio Company</a>, a land acquisition and settlement company whose objective was the settlement of Virginia's frontier areas, including the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a>, territory north and west of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its investors also included Virginia's Royal Governor, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dinwiddie" title="Robert Dinwiddie">Robert Dinwiddie</a>, who appointed Washington a major in the provincial militia in February 1753.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortDuquesne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/FortDuquesne.jpg/220px-FortDuquesne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/FortDuquesne.jpg/330px-FortDuquesne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/FortDuquesne.jpg/440px-FortDuquesne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>Washington was in the vanguard of British forces that occupied <a href="/wiki/Fort_Duquesne" title="Fort Duquesne">Fort Duquesne</a>, recently abandoned by the French, in 1758.</figcaption></figure> <p>Washington <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_in_the_French_and_Indian_War" title="George Washington in the French and Indian War">played a key role</a> in the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, and then led the defense of Virginia between 1755 and 1758 as colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Regiment" title="Virginia Regiment">Virginia Regiment</a>. Although Washington never received a commission in the British Army, he gained valuable military, political, and leadership skills,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and received significant public exposure in the colonies and abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OM45_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OM45-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He closely observed British military tactics, gaining a keen insight into their strengths and weaknesses that proved invaluable during the Revolution. He demonstrated his toughness and courage in the most difficult situations, including disasters and retreats. He developed a command presence—given his size, strength, stamina, and bravery in battle, he appeared to soldiers to be a natural leader and they followed him without question.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington learned to organize, train, and drill, and discipline his companies and regiments. From his observations, readings and conversations with professional officers, he learned the basics of battlefield tactics, as well as a good understanding of problems of organization and logistics.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He gained an understanding of overall strategy, especially in locating strategic geographical points.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He developed a very negative idea of the value of militia, who seemed too unreliable, too undisciplined, and too short-term compared to regulars.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, his experience was limited to command of at most 1,000 men, and came only in remote frontier conditions that were far removed from the urban situations he faced during the Revolution at Boston, New York, Trenton and Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_resistance">Political resistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Washington_in_1772_at_age_40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/George_Washington_in_1772_at_age_40.jpg/220px-George_Washington_in_1772_at_age_40.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/George_Washington_in_1772_at_age_40.jpg/330px-George_Washington_in_1772_at_age_40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/George_Washington_in_1772_at_age_40.jpg/440px-George_Washington_in_1772_at_age_40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3016" /></a><figcaption>Washington in 1772</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 1758 Washington resigned his military commission, and spent the next 16 years as a wealthy Virginia plantation owner; as such he also served in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Burgesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia House of Burgesses">Virginia House of Burgesses</a>. Although he expressed opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">1765 Stamp Act</a>, the first direct tax on the colonies, he did not take a leading role in the growing colonial resistance until protests of the <a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend Acts</a> (enacted in 1767) became widespread. In May 1769, Washington introduced a proposal, drafted by his friend <a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">George Mason</a>, calling for Virginia to boycott British goods until the Acts were repealed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliament repealed the Townshend Acts in 1770, and, for Washington at least, the crisis had passed. However, Washington regarded the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a> in 1774 as "an Invasion of our Rights and Privileges".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1774, he chaired the meeting at which the "<a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Resolves" title="Fairfax Resolves">Fairfax Resolves</a>" were adopted, which called for, among other things, the convening of a <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>. In August, Washington attended the <a href="/wiki/First_Virginia_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="First Virginia Convention">First Virginia Convention</a>, where he was selected as a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As tensions rose in 1774, he assisted in the training of county militias in Virginia and organized enforcement of the boycott of British goods instituted by the Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_roles">Major roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Major roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General Washington, the Commander in Chief, assumed five main roles during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>First, he designed the overall strategy of the war, in cooperation with Congress. The goal was always independence. When France entered the war, he worked closely with the soldiers it sent—they were decisive in the great victory at Yorktown in 1781.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Second, he provided leadership of troops against the main British forces in 1775–1777 and again in 1781. He lost many of his battles, but he never surrendered his army during the war, and he continued to fight the British relentlessly until the war's end. Washington worked hard to develop a successful espionage system to detect British locations and plans. In 1778, he formed the <a href="/wiki/Culper_Ring" title="Culper Ring">Culper Ring</a> to spy on enemy movements in New York City. In 1780 it discovered <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> was a traitor.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British intelligence system was completely fooled in 1781, unaware that Washington and the French armies were moving from the Northeast to Yorktown, Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Third, he was charged selecting and guiding the generals. In June 1776, Congress made its first attempt at running the war effort with the committee known as "Board of War and Ordnance", succeeded by the Board of War in July 1777, a committee which eventually included members of the military.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The command structure of the armed forces was a hodgepodge of Congressional appointees (and Congress sometimes made those appointments without Washington's input) with state-appointments filling the lower ranks. The results of his general staff were mixed, as some of his favorites never mastered the art of command, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">John Sullivan</a>. Eventually, he found capable officers such as <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Nathanael Greene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Morgan" title="Daniel Morgan">Daniel Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> (chief of artillery), and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> (chief of staff). The American officers never equaled their opponents in tactics and maneuver, and they lost most of the pitched battles. The great successes at Boston (1776), <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a> (1777), and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a> (1781) came from trapping the British far from base with much larger numbers of troops.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fourth, he took charge of training the army and providing supplies, from food to gunpowder to tents. He recruited regulars and assigned Baron <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben</a>, a veteran of the Prussian general staff, to train them, who transformed Washington's army into a disciplined and effective force.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war effort and getting supplies to the troops were under the purview of Congress, but Washington pressured the Congress to provide the essentials. There was never nearly enough.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Washington's fifth and most important role in the war effort was the embodiment of armed resistance to the Crown, serving as the representative man of the Revolution. His long-term strategy was to maintain an army in the field at all times, and eventually this strategy worked. His enormous personal and political stature and his political skills kept Congress, the army, the French, the militias, and the states all pointed toward a common goal. Furthermore, he permanently established the principle of civilian supremacy in military affairs by voluntarily resigning his commission and disbanding his army when the war was won, rather than declaring himself monarch. He also helped to overcome the distrust of a standing army by his constant reiteration that well-disciplined professional soldiers counted for twice as much as poorly trained and led militias.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence">Intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_operations_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence operations in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence operations in the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <p>George Washington was a skilled manager of intelligence. He utilized agents behind enemy lines, recruited both Tory and Patriot sources, interrogated travelers for intelligence information, and launched scores of agents on both intelligence and counterintelligence missions. He was adept at deception operations and tradecraft and was a skilled propagandist. He also practiced sound operational security.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His main failure was missing all the signals in 1780 that <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> was increasingly disaffected and had Loyalist connections.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an intelligence manager, Washington insisted that the terms of an agent's employment and his instructions be precise and in writing. He emphasized his desire for receiving written, rather than verbal, reports. He demanded repeatedly that intelligence reports be expedited, reminding his officers of those bits of intelligence he had received which had become valueless because of delay in getting them to him. He also recognized the need for developing many different sources so that their reports could be cross-checked, and so that the compromise of one source would not cut off the flow of intelligence from an important area.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washington sought and obtained a "secret service fund" from the Continental Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He strongly wanted gold or silver. In accounting for the sums in his journals, he did not identify the recipients: "The names of persons who are employed within the Enemy's lines or who may fall within their power cannot be inserted." He instructed his generals to "leave no stone unturned, nor do not stick to expense" in gathering intelligence, and urged that those employed for intelligence purposes be those "upon whose firmness and fidelity we may safely rely."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boston">Boston</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Boston"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston campaign</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a> near Boston in April 1775, the colonies went to war. Washington appeared at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> in a military uniform, signaling that he was prepared for war.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress created the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> on June 14, 1775, and discussed who should lead it. Washington had the prestige, military experience, charisma and military bearing of a military leader and was known as a strong patriot; he was also popular in his home province. There was no other serious competition for the post, although Washington did nothing to actively pursue the appointment. Massachusetts delegate <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> nominated Washington, believing that appointing a southerner to lead what was then primarily an army of northerners would help unite the colonies. Washington reluctantly accepted, declaring "with the utmost sincerity, I do not think myself equal to the Command I [am] honored with."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_evacuation_of_Boston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_evacuation_of_Boston.jpg/220px-The_evacuation_of_Boston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_evacuation_of_Boston.jpg/330px-The_evacuation_of_Boston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_evacuation_of_Boston.jpg/440px-The_evacuation_of_Boston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>British forces evacuate the city at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">siege of Boston</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Washington assumed command of the colonial forces outside Boston on July 3, 1775, during the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">siege of Boston</a>, after stopping in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to begin organizing military companies for its defense.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first steps were to establish procedures and to weld what had begun as militia regiments into an effective fighting force.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was assisted in this effort by his adjutant, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Horatio Gates</a>, and Major General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a>, both of whom had significant experience serving in the British Army.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When inventory returns exposed a dangerous shortage of gunpowder, Washington asked for new sources. British arsenals were raided (including some in the West Indies) and some manufacturing was attempted; a barely adequate supply (about 2.5 million pounds) was obtained by the end of 1776, mostly from France.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In search of heavy weapons, he sent <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> on <a href="/wiki/Noble_train_of_artillery" title="Noble train of artillery">an expedition</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Ticonderoga</a> to retrieve cannons that <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">had been captured there</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He resisted repeated calls from Congress to launch attacks against the British in Boston, calling war councils that supported the decisions against such action.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a> was established in November 1775, Washington, without Congressional authorization, began arming a "secret navy" to prey on poorly protected British transports and supply ships.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Congress authorized an <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Canada_(1775)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Canada (1775)">invasion of Quebec</a>, believing <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">that province's</a> people would also rise against British military control, Washington reluctantly went along with it,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even authorizing <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> to <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold%27s_expedition_to_Quebec" title="Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec">lead a force</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a> to <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> through the wilderness of present-day <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the siege dragged on, the matter of expiring enlistments became a matter of serious concern.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington tried to convince Congress that enlistments longer than one year were necessary to build an effective fighting force, but he was rebuffed in this effort. The 1776 establishment of the Continental Army only had enlistment terms of one year, a matter that would again be a problem in late 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1776_Washington_Before_Boston_Comitia_Americana_Second_Restrike_(Baker-48G).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1776_Washington_Before_Boston_Comitia_Americana_Second_Restrike_%28Baker-48G%29.jpg/220px-1776_Washington_Before_Boston_Comitia_Americana_Second_Restrike_%28Baker-48G%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1776_Washington_Before_Boston_Comitia_Americana_Second_Restrike_%28Baker-48G%29.jpg/330px-1776_Washington_Before_Boston_Comitia_Americana_Second_Restrike_%28Baker-48G%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1776_Washington_Before_Boston_Comitia_Americana_Second_Restrike_%28Baker-48G%29.jpg/440px-1776_Washington_Before_Boston_Comitia_Americana_Second_Restrike_%28Baker-48G%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4632" data-file-height="2346" /></a><figcaption>Washington was awarded the first <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> in 1790 for his first victory of the war in Boston.</figcaption></figure> <p>Washington finally forced the British to withdraw from Boston by putting Henry Knox's artillery on <a href="/wiki/Fortification_of_Dorchester_Heights" title="Fortification of Dorchester Heights">Dorchester Heights</a> overlooking the city, and preparing in detail to attack the city from Cambridge if the British tried to assault the position.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(Massachusetts)" title="Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)">evacuated Boston</a> and sailed away, although Washington did not know they were headed for <a href="/wiki/City_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Halifax">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Believing they were headed for New York City (which was indeed Major General <a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe's</a> eventual destination), Washington rushed most of the army there.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_York_and_New_Jersey_Campaign">New York and New Jersey Campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New York and New Jersey Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a></div> <p>Washington's success in Boston was not repeated in New York. Congress insisted that he defend it and recognizing the city's importance as a naval base and gateway to the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>, Washington delegated the task of fortifying New York to Charles Lee in February 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The faltering military campaign in Quebec also led to calls for additional troops there, and Washington detached six regiments northward under <a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">John Sullivan</a> in April.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wider theaters of war had also introduced regional frictions into the army. Somewhat surprised that regional differences would be a problem, on August 1 he read a speech to the army, in which he threatened to punish "any officers or soldiers so lost to virtue and a love of their country" that might exacerbate the regional differences.<sup id="cite_ref-Flexner93_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flexner93-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mixing of forces from different regions also brought more widespread camp diseases, especially <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flexner93_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flexner93-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washington had to deal with his first major command controversy while in New York, which was partially a product of regional friction. New England troops serving in northern New York under General <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Philip Schuyler</a>, a scion of an old <a href="/wiki/Patroon" title="Patroon">patroon</a> family of New York, objected to his aristocratic style, and their Congressional representatives lobbied Washington to replace Schuyler with General Gates. Washington tried to resolve the issue by giving Gates command of the forces in Quebec, but the collapse of the Quebec expedition brought renewed complaints.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Gates' experience, Washington personally preferred Schuyler. To avoid a potentially messy situation, General Washington gave Schuyler overall command of the northern department, but assigned Gates as second in command with combat authority. The episode exposed Washington to Gates' desire for advancement, possibly at his expense, and to the latter's influence in Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loss_of_New_York_City">Loss of New York City</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Loss of New York City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kip%27s_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kip's Bay">Battle of Kip's Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Battle of Harlem Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Battle of Fort Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pell%27s_Point" title="Battle of Pell's Point">Battle of Pell's Point</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Plains" title="Battle of White Plains">Battle of White Plains</a></div> <p>General Howe's army, reinforced by thousands of additional troops from Europe and a fleet under the command of his brother, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a>, began arriving the entrance of <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a> (at <a href="/wiki/The_Narrows" title="The Narrows">the Narrows</a>), in early July, and made an unopposed landing on <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without intelligence about Howe's intentions, Washington was forced to divide his still poorly trained forces, principally between Manhattan and Long Island.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Howes, who were politically ambivalent about the conflict, had been authorized to act as peace commissioners, and attempted to establish contact with Washington.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, they refused to address their letters to "General George Washington", and his representatives refused to accept them.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retreat_from_long_island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Retreat_from_long_island.jpg/220px-Retreat_from_long_island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Retreat_from_long_island.jpg/330px-Retreat_from_long_island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Retreat_from_long_island.jpg/440px-Retreat_from_long_island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1465" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>Washington leads the retreat from Long Island</figcaption></figure> <p>In August, the British finally launched their <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaigns" class="mw-redirect" title="New York and New Jersey campaigns">campaign to capture New York City</a>. They first landed on Long Island in force, and flanked Washington's forward positions in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a>. Major General Howe refused to act on a significant tactical advantage that could have resulted in the capture of the remaining Continental troops on Long Island, but he chose instead to besiege the fortified positions to which they had retreated.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Washington has been criticized by many historians for sending additional troops to reinforce the redoubts on Long Island, it was clear to both Washington and the Howes that the Americans had successfully blocked the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> against major shipping by sinking ships in the channel, and that he was consequently not risking the entrapment of additional men.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the face of a siege he seemed certain to lose, Washington then decided to withdraw. In what some historians call one of his greatest military feats, he executed a nighttime withdrawal from Long Island across the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> to Manhattan to save those troops and <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-F1027_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F1027-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Howe brothers then paused to consolidate their position, and the admiral engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">fruitless peace conference</a> with Congressional representatives on September 11. Four days later the British <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Kip%27s_Bay" title="Landing at Kip's Bay">landed on Manhattan</a>, a bombardment from the river scattering inexperienced militia into a panicked retreat, and forcing Washington to retreat further.<sup id="cite_ref-F1027_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F1027-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Washington stopped the British advance up Manhattan <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">at Harlem Heights</a> on September 16, Howe again made a flanking maneuver, landing troops <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pell%27s_Point" title="Battle of Pell's Point">at Pell's Point</a> in a bid to cut off Washington's avenue of retreat. To defend against this move, Washington withdrew most of his army to <a href="/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York" title="White Plains, New York">White Plains</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Plains" title="Battle of White Plains">after a short battle</a> on October 28 he retreated further north. This isolated the remaining Continental Army troops in upper Manhattan, so Howe returned to Manhattan and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">captured</a> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Washington_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Washington (New York)">Fort Washington</a> in mid November, taking almost 3,000 prisoners. Four days later, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lee_Historic_Park" title="Fort Lee Historic Park">Fort Lee</a>, across the Hudson River from Fort Washington, was also taken. Washington brought much of his army across the Hudson into New Jersey, but was immediately forced to retreat by the aggressive British advance.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the campaign a general lack of organization, shortages of supplies, fatigue, sickness, and above all, lack of confidence in the American leadership resulted in a melting away of untrained regulars and frightened militia. Washington grumbled, "The honor of making a brave defense does not seem to be sufficient stimulus, when the success is very doubtful, and the falling into the Enemy's hands probable."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington was fortunate that General Howe was more focused on gaining control of New York than on destroying Washington's army.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howe's overly rigid adherence to his plans meant that he was unable to capitalize on the opportunities that arose during the campaign for a decisive action against Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counterattack_in_New_Jersey">Counterattack in New Jersey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Counterattack in New Jersey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze,_MMA-NYC,_1851.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg/200px-Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg/300px-Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg/400px-Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4313" data-file-height="2473" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_(1851_painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 painting)">Washington Crossing the Delaware</a>,</i> by <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Emanuel Leutze</a>, 1851</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Battle of the Assunpink Creek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Battle of Princeton</a></div> <p>After the loss of New York, Washington's army was in two pieces. One detachment remained north of New York to protect the Hudson River corridor, while Washington retreated across New Jersey into Pennsylvania, chased by Major General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spirits were low, popular support was wavering, and Congress had abandoned Philadelphia, fearing a British attack.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington ordered General Gates to bring troops from Fort Ticonderoga, and also ordered General Lee's troops, which he had left north of New York City, to join him.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lee, whose relationship with Washington was at times difficult, made excuses and only traveled as far as <a href="/wiki/Morristown,_New_Jersey" title="Morristown, New Jersey">Morristown, New Jersey</a>. When Lee strayed too far from his army on December 12, his exposed position was betrayed by Loyalists, and a British company led by Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Banastre_Tarleton" title="Banastre Tarleton">Banastre Tarleton</a> surrounded the inn where he was staying and took him prisoner. Lee's command was taken over by John Sullivan, who finished marching the army to Washington's camp across the river from <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The capture of Lee resulted an important point in negotiations between the sides concerning the treatment of prisoners. Since Lee had previously served in the British Army, he was treated as a <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">deserter</a>, and threatened with military punishments appropriate to that charge. Even though he and Lee did not get on well, Washington threatened to treat captured British officers in the same manner Lee and other high-profile prisoners were treated.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in an improvement in Lee's captivity, and he was eventually exchanged for <a href="/wiki/Richard_Prescott" title="Richard Prescott">Richard Prescott</a> in 1778.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the loss of troops due to desertion and expiring enlistments, Washington was heartened by a rise in militia enlistments in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These militia companies were active in circumscribing the furthest outposts of the British, limiting their ability to scout and forage.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Washington did not coordinate this resistance, he took advantage of it to organize an attack on an outpost of <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldier)" title="Hessian (soldier)">Hessians</a> in Trenton.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the night of December 25–26, 1776, Washington led his forces <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">across the Delaware River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">surprised the Hessian garrison</a> the following morning, capturing 1,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Washington_at_Princeton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/George_Washington_at_Princeton.jpg/100px-George_Washington_at_Princeton.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/George_Washington_at_Princeton.jpg/150px-George_Washington_at_Princeton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/George_Washington_at_Princeton.jpg/200px-George_Washington_at_Princeton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption><i>George Washington at Princeton</i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Willson_Peale" title="Charles Willson Peale">Charles Willson Peale</a>, 1779</figcaption></figure> <p>This action significantly boosted the army's morale, but it also brought Cornwallis out of New York. He reassembled an army of more than 6,000 men, and marched most of them against a position Washington had taken south of Trenton. Leaving a garrison of 1,200 at <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a>, Cornwallis then <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">attacked Washington's position</a> on January 2, 1777, and was three times repulsed before darkness set in.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the night Washington evacuated the position, masking his army's movements by instructing the camp guards to maintain the appearance of a much larger force.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington then circled around Cornwallis's position with the intention of attacking the Princeton garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 3, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Hugh Mercer</a>, leading the American advance guard, encountered British soldiers from Princeton under the command of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mawhood" title="Charles Mawhood">Charles Mawhood</a>. The British troops engaged Mercer and in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">the ensuing battle</a>, Mercer was mortally wounded. Washington sent reinforcements under General <a href="/wiki/John_Cadwalader_(general)" title="John Cadwalader (general)">John Cadwalader</a>, which were successful in driving Mawhood and the British from Princeton, with many of them fleeing to Cornwallis in Trenton. The British lost more than one quarter of their force in the battle, and American morale rose with the victory.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These unexpected victories drove the British back to the New York City area, and gave a dramatic boost to Revolutionary morale.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the winter, Washington, based in winter quarters at Morristown, loosely coordinated a low-level <a href="/wiki/Forage_War" title="Forage War">militia war</a> against British positions in New Jersey, combining the actions of New Jersey and Pennsylvania militia companies with careful use of Continental Army resources to harry and harass the British and German troops quartered in New Jersey.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washington's mixed performance in the 1776 campaigns had not led to significant criticism in Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferling125_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferling125-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before fleeing Philadelphia for <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore</a> in December, Congress granted Washington powers that have ever since been described as "dictatorial".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The successes in New Jersey nearly deified Washington in the eyes of some Congressmen, and the body became much more deferential to him as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Adams complained of the "superstitious veneration" that Washington was receiving.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferling125_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferling125-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington's performance also received international notice: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>, one of the greatest military minds, wrote that "the achievements of Washington [at Trenton and Princeton] were the most brilliant of any recorded in the history of military achievements."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French foreign minister, a strong supporter of the American cause, renewed the delivery of French supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philadelphia_and_Valley_Forge">Philadelphia and Valley Forge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Philadelphia and Valley Forge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga campaign</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_maneuvers">Early maneuvers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early maneuvers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1777, uncertain whether General Howe would move north toward Albany or south toward Philadelphia, Washington moved his army to the <a href="/wiki/Middlebrook_encampment" title="Middlebrook encampment">Middlebrook encampment</a> in New Jersey's <a href="/wiki/Watchung_Mountains" title="Watchung Mountains">Watchung Mountains</a>. When Howe then moved his army southwest from New Brunswick, Washington correctly interpreted this as a move to draw him out of his strong position, and refused to move. Only after Howe apparently retreated back toward the shore did Washington follow, but Howe's attempt to separate him from his mountain defenses was foiled in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Short_Hills" title="Battle of Short Hills">Battle of Short Hills</a> in late June.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howe, who had already decided to campaign against Philadelphia, then withdrew from New Jersey, embarked much of his army on ships in late July, and sailed away, leaving Washington mystified as to his destination.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen._Sir_William_Howe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gen._Sir_William_Howe.jpg/220px-Gen._Sir_William_Howe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gen._Sir_William_Howe.jpg/330px-Gen._Sir_William_Howe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gen._Sir_William_Howe.jpg/440px-Gen._Sir_William_Howe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>Major General <a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Washington's difficulty in discerning Howe's motives was due to the presence of a British army moving south from Quebec toward Fort Ticonderoga under the command of General <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a>. Howe's departure was in part prompted by the successful <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">capture of the fort</a> by Burgoyne in early July.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there had been an expectation on Burgoyne's part that Howe would support <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">his campaign</a> to gain control of the Hudson, Howe was to disappoint Burgoyne, with disastrous consequences to the British.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Washington learned of the abandonment of Ticonderoga (which he had been told by General <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Anthony Wayne</a> "can never be carried, without much loss of blood"),<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was shocked. Concerned that Howe was heading up the Hudson, he ordered three of his best officers northwards, Benedict Arnold,<sup id="cite_ref-Leckie,_p._387_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leckie,_p._387-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Benjamin Lincoln</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Morgan" title="Daniel Morgan">Daniel Morgan</a> and his corps of riflemen. He also sent 750 men from <a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Israel Putnam</a>'s forces north to assist General Gates with the defense of the Hudson.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washington had had some difficulty with General Arnold in the spring. Congress had adopted a per-state scheme for the promotion of general officers, which resulted in the promotion of several officers to <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">major general</a> ahead of other officers with more experience or seniority. Combined with the commissioning of foreign officers to high ranks, this had led to the resignation of <a href="/wiki/John_Stark" title="John Stark">John Stark</a>. Arnold, who had distinguished himself in the Canadian campaign, had also threatened to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington wrote to Congress on behalf of Arnold and other officers who were disgruntled by this promotion scheme, stating that "two or three other very good officers" might be lost because of it. Washington had also laid the seeds for conflict between Arnold and Gates when he gave Arnold command of forces in <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> in late 1776; because of this move Gates came to view Arnold as a competitor for advancement, and the previously positive relationship between Gates and Arnold cooled.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Arnold put aside his complaints when the news of Ticonderoga's fall arrived, and agreed to serve.<sup id="cite_ref-Leckie,_p._387_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leckie,_p._387-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congress, at the urging of its diplomatic representatives in Europe, had also issued military commissions to a number of European soldiers of fortune in early 1777. Two of those recommended by <a href="/wiki/Silas_Deane" title="Silas Deane">Silas Deane</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_marquis_de_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Conway" title="Thomas Conway">Thomas Conway</a>, would prove to be important in Washington's activities.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lafayette, just twenty years old, was at first told that Deane had exceeded his authority in offering him a major general's commission, but offered to volunteer in the army at his own expense.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington and Lafayette took an instant liking to one another when they met, and Lafayette became one of Washington's most trusted generals and confidants.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conway, on the other hand, did not think highly of Washington's leadership, and proved to be a source of trouble in the 1777 campaign season and its aftermath.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_Philadelphia">Fall of Philadelphia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fall of Philadelphia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Washington learned that Howe's fleet was sailing north in <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>, he hurried his army south of Philadelphia to defend the city against Howe's threat.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major General Howe turned Washington's flank at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a> on September 11, 1777, and marched unopposed into Philadelphia on September 26 after some further maneuvers. Washington's failure to defend the capital brought on a storm of criticism from Congress, which fled the city for <a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a>, and from other army officers. In part to silence his critics, Washington planned an elaborate assault on an exposed British base in <a href="/wiki/Germantown,_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Germantown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The October 4 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Battle of Germantown</a> failed in part due to the complexity of the assault, and the inexperience of the militia forces employed in it. Over 400 of Washington's men were captured, including Colonel <a href="/wiki/George_Mathews_(Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Mathews (Georgia)">George Mathews</a> and the entire <a href="/wiki/9th_Virginia_Regiment" title="9th Virginia Regiment">9th Virginia Regiment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It did not help that <a href="/wiki/Adam_Stephen" title="Adam Stephen">Adam Stephen</a>, leading one of the branches of the attack, was drunk, and broke from the agreed-upon plan of attack.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was court martialed and cashiered from the army. Historian Robert Leckie observes that the battle was a near thing, and that a small number of changes might have resulted in a decisive victory for Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_March_to_Valley_Forge_William_Trego.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_March_to_Valley_Forge_William_Trego.png/220px-The_March_to_Valley_Forge_William_Trego.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_March_to_Valley_Forge_William_Trego.png/330px-The_March_to_Valley_Forge_William_Trego.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_March_to_Valley_Forge_William_Trego.png/440px-The_March_to_Valley_Forge_William_Trego.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Washington's army as it marches toward <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, Burgoyne, out of reach from help from Howe, was trapped and forced to surrender his entire army on October 17, ten days after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bemis_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bemis Heights">Battle of Bemis Heights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victory made a hero of General Gates, who received the adulation of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this was taking place Washington presided from a distance over the loss of control of the Delaware River to the British, and marched his army to its winter quarters at <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a> in December.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington chose Valley Forge, over recommendations that he camp either closer or further from Philadelphia, because it was close enough to monitor British army movements, and protected rich farmlands to the west from the enemy's foraging expeditions.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valley_Forge">Valley Forge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Valley Forge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Washington's army stayed at Valley Forge for the next six months.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the winter, 2,500 men (out of 10,000) died from disease and exposure. The army's difficulties were exacerbated by a number of factors, including a quartermaster's department that had been badly mismanaged by one of Washington's political opponents, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a>, and the preference of farmers and merchants to sell their goods to the British for hard currency instead of the nearly worthless Continental currency.<sup id="cite_ref-L435_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L435-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Profiteers also sought to benefit at the army's expense, charging it 1,000 times what they charged civilians for the same goods. Congress authorized Washington to seize supplies needed for the army, but he was reluctant to use such authority, since it smacked of the tyranny the war was supposedly being fought over.<sup id="cite_ref-L435_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L435-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the winter he introduced a full-scale training program supervised by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">Baron von Steuben</a>, a veteran of the Prussian general staff. Despite the hardships the army suffered, this program was a remarkable success, and Washington's army emerged in the spring of 1778 a much more disciplined force.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washington himself had to face discontent at his leadership from a variety of sources. His loss of Philadelphia prompted some members of Congress to discuss removing him from command.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were prodded along by Washington's detractors in the military, who included Generals Gates, Mifflin, and Conway.<sup id="cite_ref-Chernow320_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chernow320-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gates in particular was viewed by Conway and Congressmen <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a> as a desirable replacement for Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there is no evidence of a formal conspiracy, the episode is known as the <a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a> because the scale of the discontent within the army was exposed by a critical letter from Conway to Gates, some of whose contents were relayed to Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington exposed the criticisms to Congress, and his supporters, within Congress and the army, rallied to support him.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gates eventually apologized for his role in the affair, and Conway resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington's position and authority were not seriously challenged again. Biographer Ron Chernow points out that Washington's handling of the episode demonstrated that he was "a consummate political infighter" who maintained his temper and dignity while his opponents schemed.<sup id="cite_ref-Chernow320_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chernow320-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_entry_into_the_war">French entry into the war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: French entry into the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The victory at Saratoga (and to some extent Washington's near success at Germantown) were influential in convincing France to enter the war openly as an <a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">American ally</a>. French entry into the war changed its dynamics, for the British were no longer sure of command of the seas and had to worry about an invasion of their home islands and other colonial territories across the globe. The British, now under the command of Major General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(American_War_of_Independence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Clinton (American War of Independence)">Henry Clinton</a>, evacuated Philadelphia in 1778 and returned to New York City, with Washington attacking them along the way at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a>; this was the last major battle in the north. Prior to the battle Washington gave command of the advance forces to Charles Lee, who had been exchanged earlier in the year. Lee, despite firm instructions from Washington, refused Lafayette's suggestion to launch an organized attack on the British rear, and then retreated when the British turned to face him. When Washington arrived at the head of the main army, he and Lee had an angry exchange of words, and Washington ordered Lee off the command. Washington, with his army's tactics and ability to execute improved by the training programs of the previous winter, was able to recover, and fought the British to a draw. Lee was court martialed and eventually dismissed from the army.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Washington_at_Monmouth,_06-28-1778_-_06-28-1778_-_NARA_-_532864_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/George_Washington_at_Monmouth%2C_06-28-1778_-_06-28-1778_-_NARA_-_532864_-_cropped.jpg/220px-George_Washington_at_Monmouth%2C_06-28-1778_-_06-28-1778_-_NARA_-_532864_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/George_Washington_at_Monmouth%2C_06-28-1778_-_06-28-1778_-_NARA_-_532864_-_cropped.jpg/330px-George_Washington_at_Monmouth%2C_06-28-1778_-_06-28-1778_-_NARA_-_532864_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/George_Washington_at_Monmouth%2C_06-28-1778_-_06-28-1778_-_NARA_-_532864_-_cropped.jpg/440px-George_Washington_at_Monmouth%2C_06-28-1778_-_06-28-1778_-_NARA_-_532864_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Washington at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Not long after Clinton's return to New York, a French fleet arrived off the North American coast.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington was involved in the discussion on how to best use this force, and an attack was planned against the British outpost at <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the presence of two of Washington's most reliable subordinates, Lafayette and Greene, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island" title="Battle of Rhode Island">the attempt at cooperation</a> was a dismal failure.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British and Indian forces organized and supported by Sir <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Haldimand" title="Frederick Haldimand">Frederick Haldimand</a> in Quebec began to <a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">raid frontier settlements</a> in 1778, and <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Savannah" title="Capture of Savannah">captured</a> late in the year.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the comparatively mild winter of 1778–1779, Washington and Congress discussed options for the 1779 campaign season. The possibility of a Franco-American campaign against Quebec, first proposed for 1778, had a number of adherents in Congress, and was actively supported by Lafayette in Washington's circle.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite known weaknesses in Quebec's provincial defenses, Washington was adamantly opposed to the idea, citing the lack of troops and supplies with which to conduct such an operation, the nation's fragile financial state, and French imperial ambitions to recover the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under pressure from Congress to answer the frontier raids, Washington countered with the proposal of a major expedition against the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>. This was approved, and in the summer of 1779 a sizable force under Major General <a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">John Sullivan</a> made <a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">a major expedition</a> into the northwestern frontier of New York in reprisal for the frontier raids.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition successfully drove the Iroquois out of New York, but otherwise had little effect on the frequency and severity of frontier raids.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WayneAtStonyPoint1779.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/WayneAtStonyPoint1779.jpg/220px-WayneAtStonyPoint1779.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/WayneAtStonyPoint1779.jpg/330px-WayneAtStonyPoint1779.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/WayneAtStonyPoint1779.jpg/440px-WayneAtStonyPoint1779.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Anthony Wayne</a> leading forces at the 1779 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Battle of Stony Point</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Washington's opponent in New York, however, was not inactive. Clinton engaged in a number of amphibious raids against coastal communities from <a href="/wiki/Tryon%27s_raid" title="Tryon's raid">Connecticut</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_raid" title="Chesapeake raid">Chesapeake Bay</a>, and probed at Washington's defenses in the Hudson River valley.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coming up the river in force, he captured the key outpost of <a href="/wiki/Stony_Point,_New_York" title="Stony Point, New York">Stony Point</a>, but advanced no further. When Clinton weakened the garrison there to provide men for raiding expeditions, Washington organized a counterstrike. General <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Anthony Wayne</a> led a force that, solely using the bayonet, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">recaptured Stony Point</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Americans chose not to hold the post, but the operation was a boost to American morale and a blow to British morale. American morale was dealt a blow later in the year, when the second major attempt at Franco-American cooperation, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">an attempt to retake Savannah</a>, failed with heavy casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_southern_strategy">British southern strategy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: British southern strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <p>The winter of 1779–80 was one of the coldest in recorded colonial history. New York Harbor froze over, and the winter camps of the Continental Army were deluged with snow, resulting in hardships exceeding those experienced at Valley Forge.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war was declining in popularity, and the inflationary issuance of paper currency by Congress and the states alike harmed the economy, and the ability to provision the army. The paper currency also hit the army's morale, since it was how the troops were paid.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress fixed the rate between paper and gold dollars at 40-to-1 in March 1780, but many merchants refused to accept the Continental currency at the official exchange rate. One Loyalist wrote, "Mock-money and mock-states shall melt away // And the mock troops disband for want of pay."<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirhenryclinton2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sirhenryclinton2.jpg/170px-Sirhenryclinton2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sirhenryclinton2.jpg/255px-Sirhenryclinton2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sirhenryclinton2.jpg/340px-Sirhenryclinton2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Major General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Henry Clinton</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The British in late 1779 embarked on a new strategy based on the assumption that most Southerners were Loyalists at heart. General Clinton withdrew the British garrison from Newport, and marshaled a force of more than 10,000 men that in the first half of 1780 successfully <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">besieged Charleston, South Carolina</a>. In June 1780, he captured over 5,000 Continental soldiers and militia in the single worst defeat of the war for the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington had at the end of March pessimistically dispatched several regiments troops southward from his army, hoping they might have some effect in what he saw as a looming disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also ordered troops stationed in Virginia and North Carolina south,<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these were either captured at Charleston, or scattered later at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waxhaws" title="Battle of Waxhaws">Waxhaws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a>. Camden saw the ignominious defeat of General Gates, who had been appointed to the southern command by Congress without Washington's advice or knowledge beforehand.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gates famously abandoned his army and retreated 180 miles (290 km) by horse after his battle lines were broken.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debacle ended Gates' career as a field officer,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he eluded formal inquiries into his behavior because of his political connections.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washington's army suffered from numerous problems in 1780: it was undermanned, underfunded, and underequipped.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of these shortcomings Washington resisted calls for major expeditions, preferring to remain focused on the principal British presence in New York. Knowledge of discontent within the ranks in New Jersey prompted the British in New York to make two attempts to reach the principal army base at Morristown. These attempts were defeated, with significant militia support, in battles at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield_(1780)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Springfield (1780)">Springfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arnold's_treason"><span id="Arnold.27s_treason"></span>Arnold's treason</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Arnold's treason"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British withdrew from Philadelphia, in June 1778, and Washington appointed Major General <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> as military commander of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian John Shy states: </p> <dl><dd>Washington then made one of the worst decisions of his career, appointing Arnold as military governor of the rich, politically divided city. No one could have been less qualified for the position. Arnold had amply demonstrated his tendency to become embroiled in disputes, as well as his lack of political sense. Above all, he needed tact, patience, and fairness in dealing with a people deeply marked by months of enemy occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>September 1780 brought a new shock to Washington. British Major <a href="/wiki/John_Andr%C3%A9" title="John André">John André</a> had been arrested outside New York, and papers he carried exposed treason by Arnold.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington greatly respected Arnold for his military skills, and with his serious injuries saw he was not ready for a combat command so he gave him a role in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his administration there, Arnold entertained lavishly in high society yet had made many political enemies. He married vivacious <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Shippen" title="Peggy Shippen">Peggy Shippen</a>, who had been courted by British Major André. After the wedding she kept in contact with André, who in 1779 became the head of British spy operations in New York City. Arnold in 1779 began secret negotiations with General Clinton. André was his contact, and Peggy passed the messages. Arnold pleaded with Washington, who appointed him commander of West Point, the major Patriot strong point in New York. He agreed to surrender it to the British for £20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arnold was alerted to André's arrest and escaped with only to spare. Everyone on both sides admired André and despised Arnold; Washington offered to exchange André for Arnold, but Clinton could not go that far. André was hanged as a spy, and Arnold became a brigadier general in the British Army.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington organized an attempt to kidnap Arnold from New York City; it was frustrated when Arnold was sent on a raiding expedition to Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yorktown">Yorktown</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Yorktown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_de_Yorktown_by_Auguste_Couder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bataille_de_Yorktown_by_Auguste_Couder.jpg/170px-Bataille_de_Yorktown_by_Auguste_Couder.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bataille_de_Yorktown_by_Auguste_Couder.jpg/255px-Bataille_de_Yorktown_by_Auguste_Couder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bataille_de_Yorktown_by_Auguste_Couder.jpg/340px-Bataille_de_Yorktown_by_Auguste_Couder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3437" data-file-height="2897" /></a><figcaption>Washington and the <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">Comte de Rochambeau</a> at Yorktown</figcaption></figure> <p>The early months of 1781 continued to be difficult for the American cause. Troops <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">mutinied in Pennsylvania</a>, inspiring troops in New Jersey to also do so. Washington was uninvolved in resolving the Pennsylvania troops' demands, but he sent troops under General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Howe_(Continental_Army_officer)" title="Robert Howe (Continental Army officer)">Robert Howe</a> that harshly put down the New Jersey mutiny, hanging two men.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Arnold's raiding expedition to Virginia was a notable success, ravaging the countryside and destroying military and economic infrastructure and supplies. He was ineffectually opposed by Virginia militia and Continental recruits under Baron von Steuben.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington ordered Lafayette and additional Continental troops south, and convinced French Admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ren%C3%A9_Dominique_Sochet,_Chevalier_Destouches" title="Charles René Dominique Sochet, Chevalier Destouches">Destouches</a> to send his Newport-based fleet to the Chesapeake. Destouches was however opposed by the British fleet of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Marriot_Arbuthnot" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriot Arbuthnot">Marriot Arbuthnot</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Henry" title="Battle of Cape Henry">Battle of Cape Henry</a> in March 1781, and was unable to gain entry to the bay. General Clinton thereafter sent more troops to Virginia under General <a href="/wiki/William_Phillips_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Phillips (British Army officer)">William Phillips</a>, who resumed raiding operations in central Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early months of 1781 the French foreign minister, the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Comte de Vergennes</a>, realized that the war, now being conducted on a global stage, could not last much longer without decisive action in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this end, the French army at Newport was ordered to join Washington's outside New York, and the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">Comte de Grasse</a>, commander of that year's West Indies fleet, was ordered to assist in operations in North America. France also gave six million <a href="/wiki/French_livre" title="French livre">livres</a> to the United States to assist in the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1781, Washington and the French army command met at <a href="/wiki/Wethersfield,_Connecticut" title="Wethersfield, Connecticut">Wethersfield, Connecticut</a>, after the French instructions arrived. They discussed options for joint operations, with Washington arguing for an assault on New York, and Rochambeau for operations in Virginia against General Phillips.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rochambeau agreed to bring his army to New York, and dispatches were sent to the West Indies outlining the options to de Grasse.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Cornwallis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/220px-Lord_Cornwallis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/330px-Lord_Cornwallis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/440px-Lord_Cornwallis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>General Clinton had turned over command of the southern army to General Cornwallis. After the defeat of Gates at Camden, he had nominally gained control over South Carolina, although there was significant militia skirmishing, led by partisan fighters like <a href="/wiki/Francis_Marion" title="Francis Marion">Francis Marion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sumter" title="Thomas Sumter">Thomas Sumter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornwallis then attempted to extend British authority into North Carolina, but one wing of his army was defeated in the October 1780 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Battle of Kings Mountain</a>, and another was defeated in the January 1781 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Battle of Cowpens</a>. Kings Mountain in particular proved a decisive blow to further attempts to recruit Loyalists, and force Cornwallis had been instructed to rely upon.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of Camden, Washington had selected Nathanael Greene to replace Gates at the head of the southern Continental forces, and Greene waged an effect partisan campaign against Cornwallis. When he finally reached sufficient strength, Greene offered Cornwallis open battle at <a href="/wiki/Hillsboro,_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillsboro, North Carolina">Hillsboro, North Carolina</a>, in March. Although he lost the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Battle of Guilford Court House</a>, Greene inflicted significant casualties on Cornwallis while retaining his own army intact.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornwallis moved to <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington, North Carolina</a>, to regroup, and then made the controversial decision to bring his army into Virginia, which he saw as the supply base for Greene's army.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joining with the army of Phillips, he maneuvered against the growing Continental presence led by Lafayette, while continuing to raid and destroy economic and military targets in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually his decision to enter Virginia reached Clinton, who was surprised at the move. After a series of confusing and sometimes contradictory suggestions, Clinton in late July issued firm orders to Cornwallis to establish a fortified deep-water port in Virginia. Cornwallis informed Clinton that he would do so at <a href="/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia" title="Yorktown, Virginia">Yorktown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_and_victory">Siege and victory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Siege and victory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a></div> <p>Admiral de Grasse received the dispatches of Washington and Rochambeau in mid-July. He immediately sent dispatches north indicating that he would be sailing for the Chesapeake Bay to assist in operations there.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Washington learned of this decision, he reluctantly abandoned the idea of attacking New York.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a brilliant but risky strategic move, he marched 6,000 soldiers from New York to Virginia, leaving the New York highlands only lightly defended.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington would in later years claim that early preparations to operate against New York were intended to deceive Clinton, but the documentary record of 1781 did not support him.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later operations, as the march got underway, did involve deliberate deception. As part of the march troops appeared to establish camps and other works on the west side of the Hudson, as if preparing for an attack on New York.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time Clinton saw through the deception, Washington had already crossed the Delaware.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Grasse sailed north with his entire fleet (28 <a href="/wiki/Ships_of_the_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Ships of the line">ships of the line</a>), while his British counterpart, <a href="/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" class="mw-redirect" title="George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Admiral Rodney</a> (not expecting de Grasse to take his entire fleet) sent only 15 ships in pursuit.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early September, while the French and Continental armies marched south, de Grasse and the British fleet (enlarged by the inclusion of ships from New York to 19 ships) met in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Battle of the Chesapeake</a>. The French victory was strategically vital, for it denied the British control of the Chesapeake and set the stage for the encirclement of Cornwallis at Yorktown.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/340px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/510px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/680px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1978" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis" title="Surrender of Lord Cornwallis">Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a>, 1820</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon his arrival at Yorktown Washington had command of 5,700 Continentals, 3,200 militia and 7,800 French regulars.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 28 the Franco-American army blockaded Yorktown, and began digging siege trenches on October 6. By the 9th guns had been emplaced on the first parallel, and began firing on the entrenched British camp. Work proceeded rapidly thereafter on the second parallel, only 300 yards (270 m) from the British defenses. On the 14th two outer redoubts of the British defenses were stormed, and the entirety of the British camp was with range of the French and American cannons. After a failed attempt to escape across the York River, Cornwallis opened negotiations on October 17. Two days later terms were agreed, and his 8,000 men paraded in surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the size of the contending forces, and the importance of the siege, there were only 260 allied and 550 British casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the American casualties was Washington's stepson and aide-de-camp <a href="/wiki/John_Parke_Custis" title="John Parke Custis">John Parke Custis</a>, who died of a camp disease during the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The disaster at Yorktown broke the morale of the governing class in London and paralyzed Britain's national will to make war. The war party in Britain lost control of Parliament, and the new government opened peace talks. These came to fruition in 1783 with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a>, in which Britain recognized American independence.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Waiting_for_peace">Waiting for peace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Waiting for peace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Yorktown, Washington's army returned to New York, while Rochambeau's remained in Virginia. Washington, concerned that Congress "may think our work too nearly closed", worked to make sure that the army would be prepared for a campaign in 1782.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although British ship movements caused Washington some concerns during the winter of 1781–2, he was able to enjoy relative comfort in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to his headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Newburgh,_New_York" title="Newburgh, New York">Newburgh, New York</a>, in March 1782, where he had to deal with greedy military supply contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The execution of militia officer <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Huddy" title="Joshua Huddy">Joshua Huddy</a> by Loyalists occasioned an exchange between Washington and Clinton, and led to the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Asgill_Affair" title="Asgill Affair">Asgill Affair</a>", after <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Asgill,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Asgill, 2nd Baronet">the officer</a> selected to be executed in retaliation for Huddy's hanging.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the onset of peace negotiations in the second half of 1782, Washington remained vigilant, treating with suspicion assertions on the part of General Clinton's replacement, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Sir Guy Carleton</a>, that he had suspended "all hostilities".<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To boost morale, Washington introduced the <a href="/wiki/Badge_of_Military_Merit" title="Badge of Military Merit">Badge of Military Merit</a>, to be awarded for "unusual gallantry" or "extraordinary fidelity and essential service". The badge, a purple-colored cloth in the shape of a heart, is a precursor to the modern American <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TreatyOfParisDraftLastPage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/TreatyOfParisDraftLastPage.jpg/220px-TreatyOfParisDraftLastPage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/TreatyOfParisDraftLastPage.jpg/330px-TreatyOfParisDraftLastPage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/TreatyOfParisDraftLastPage.jpg/440px-TreatyOfParisDraftLastPage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2113" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption>Page of draft peace treaty signed September 3, 1783</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1783, Washington continued to keep the army ready at Newburgh, although some of his officers <a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">made veiled threats</a> to Congress about long-overdue pay. Washington diffused this hint at mutiny with an address to the troops on March 15 recommending patience.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 26 he was informed that France and Spain had made peace with Britain, one of the last preconditions for a final peace.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter he was occupied with the logistics of prisoner exchanges, and pressed Congress to ensure soldiers being furloughed or discharged received at least some of their back pay.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington met with Carleton to discuss the Treaty of Paris, during which he pressed Carleton to support the return of <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">fugitive slaves</a> which had joined the British to their American enslavers. Carleton refused to budge and informed Washington, much to his chagrin, that the British had transported 6,000 formerly enslaved <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black people</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and he would refuse to support any effort by Americans to re-enslave their former property.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June, nearly 400 Continental Army soldiers in Pennsylvania <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">mutinied</a>, marching on Philadelphia and surrounding the State House where Congress sat. In response, Congress temporarily relocated to Princeton, and Washington dispatched troops south from New York. After action by Congress addressed their concerns, the mutineers returned to their posts.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> was signed on September 3, 1783. On November 25, the <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">British evacuated New York City</a>, and Washington and Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> took possession of the city, ending large-scale British occupation of American territory.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Britain continued to occupy frontier forts that had been ceded to the United States until the mid-1790s.)<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resignation_and_post-war_career">Resignation and post-war career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Resignation and post-war career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_George_Washington_Resigning_his_Commission.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/General_George_Washington_Resigning_his_Commission.jpg/300px-General_George_Washington_Resigning_his_Commission.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/General_George_Washington_Resigning_his_Commission.jpg/450px-General_George_Washington_Resigning_his_Commission.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/General_George_Washington_Resigning_his_Commission.jpg/600px-General_George_Washington_Resigning_his_Commission.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1962" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/General_George_Washington_Resigning_His_Commission" title="General George Washington Resigning His Commission">General George Washington Resigning His Commission</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Washington's contribution to victory in the war was not that of a great battlefield tactician. He has been characterized, according to historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Lengel" title="Edward G. Lengel">Edward G. Lengel</a>, in many different ways: "charismatic hero, master of guerrilla warfare, incompetent or infallible battlefield commander, strategic genius, nationalist visionary, fanatical micromanager, and lucky dog".<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he has frequently been said to engage in the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian strategy</a> of wearing his opponent down, the truth is more nuanced. On a number of occasions his subordinates convinced him to hold off on plans of attack they saw as rash.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington only really adopted a Fabian strategy between late 1776 and the middle of 1777, after losing New York City and seeing much of his army melt away. Trenton and Princeton were Fabian examples. By August 1777, however, Washington had rebuilt his strength and his confidence and stopped using raids and went for large-scale confrontations, as at Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth and Yorktown.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washington is often characterized as complaining about undisciplined militia forces, but he understood that they were a vital part of the nation's defenses, since <a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">regular army</a> troops could not be everywhere.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also at times critical of the mercenary spirit and "the dearth of public spirit" that often underlay difficulties in recruiting for the army.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Washington's important contributions as commander-in-chief was to establish the precedent that elected civilian officials, rather than military officers, possessed ultimate <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">authority over the military</a>. Throughout the war, he deferred to the authority of Congress and state officials, and he relinquished his considerable military power once the fighting was over. This principle was especially visible in his handling of the Newburgh conspiracy, and in his "Farewell Orders".<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter document was written at his final wartime headquarters, a house on the outskirts of Princeton owned by the widow Berrien (later to be called <a href="/wiki/Rockingham_(house)" title="Rockingham (house)">Rockingham</a>), but was sent to be read to the assembled troops at West Point on November 2.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Fraunces_Tavern" title="Fraunces Tavern">Fraunces Tavern</a> in New York City on December 4, he formally bade his officers farewell.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 23, 1783, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_resignation_as_commander-in-chief" title="George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief">Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> at <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>, and retired to his home at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington also became the first President General of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war Washington chaired the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> that drafted the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, and was then elected the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, serving two terms.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He briefly engaged in additional military service during <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">a threatened war with France</a> in 1798, and died in December 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is widely recognized as the "Father of his country".<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, a poll conducted by the British National Army Museum recognized Washington as "Britain's Greatest Military Enemy." He beat out <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk">Atatürk</a>, Irish independence hero <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_Washington_articles" title="List of George Washington articles">List of George Washington articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington%27s_Headquarters_during_the_Revolutionary_War" title="List of Washington's Headquarters during the Revolutionary War">List of Washington's Headquarters during the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_Washington" title="Bibliography of George Washington">Bibliography of George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haym_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Haym Solomon">Haym Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeman, pp. 1:1–199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chernow, ch. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeman, p. 1:268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chernow, ch. 8; Freeman and Harwell, pp. 135–139; Flexner (1974), pp. 32–36; Higginbotham (1985), ch. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Ellis, <i>His Excellency: George Washington</i> (2004), p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OM45-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OM45_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Meara, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, pp. 38,69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Higginbotham (1985), pp. 14–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengel, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Higginbotham (2004), pp. 22–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeman and Harwell, pp. 136–137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeman and Harwell, pp. 174–176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randall (1998), p. 262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferling (1998), p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengel, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferling (1998), p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Don Higginbotham, <i>George Washington and the American Military Tradition</i> (1985) ch 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Southall Freeman, <i>George Washington</i> (1952) 5:478-501.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus Cunliffe "George Washington's Generalship" in Billias, ed., <i>George Washington's Generals</i> pp 3-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Selig, <i>March to victory: Washington, Rochambeau, and the Yorktown Campaign of 1781</i> (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/books/rochambeau/index.html">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170513042629/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/rochambeau/index.html">Archived</a> 2017-05-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Rose, <i>Washington's Spies</i> (2006). pp 258–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward G. Lengel, <i>General George Washington: A Military Life</i> (2005) p 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Gardner_Bell2005" class="citation book cs1">William Gardner Bell (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xwyykzbi4pUC&pg=PA3"><i>Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff, 1775–2005: Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Army's Senior Officer</i></a>. Government Printing Office. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-087330-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-087330-0"><bdi>978-0-16-087330-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124232401/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xwyykzbi4pUC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commanding+Generals+and+Chiefs+of+Staff%2C+1775%E2%80%932005%3A+Portraits+%26+Biographical+Sketches+of+the+United+States+Army%27s+Senior+Officer&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-16-087330-0&rft.au=William+Gardner+Bell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXwyykzbi4pUC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas S. Freeman, and Richard Harwell, <i>Washington</i> (1968) p 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Higginbotham, <i>George Washington and the American Military Tradition</i> (1985) ch 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold Whitridge, "Baron von Steuben, Washington's Drillmaster." <i>History Today</i> (July 1976) 26#7 pp 429-36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Wayne Carp, <i>To Starve the Army at Pleasure: Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture, 1775–1783</i> (1990) p 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengel, <i>General George Washington</i> (2005) pp 365-71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/the-revolutionary-war/spying-and-espionage/george-washington-spymaster/">"George Washington, Spymaster" at <i>George Washington's Mount Vernon</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184504/https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/the-revolutionary-war/spying-and-espionage/george-washington-spymaster/">Archived</a> 2018-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ron Chernow, <i>Washington: A Life</i> (2010) pp 379-86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Rose, <i>Washington's Spies: The Story of America's First Spy Ring</i> (2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_E._Newton2015" class="citation book cs1">Michael E. Newton (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9GvpCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA384"><i>Alexander Hamilton: The Formative Years</i></a>. Eleftheria Publishing. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9826040-3-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9826040-3-8"><bdi>978-0-9826040-3-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+The+Formative+Years&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Eleftheria+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-9826040-3-8&rft.au=Michael+E.+Newton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9GvpCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency" class="citation book cs1">Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5lvMFrQr0LwC"><i>Intelligence in the War of Independence</i></a>. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligence+in+the+War+of+Independence&rft.pages=36&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5lvMFrQr0LwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengel, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, pp. 68–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengel, pp. 105–109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengel, p. 94, 109–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson1925" class="citation journal cs1">Stephenson, Orlando W (January 1925). "The Supply of Gunpowder in 1776". <i>American Historical Review</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 271–281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1836657">10.2307/1836657</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1836657">1836657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Supply+of+Gunpowder+in+1776&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=271-281&rft.date=1925-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1836657&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1836657%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Orlando+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCullough, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCullough, pp. 53, 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferling (2010), p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengel, p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengel, p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferling (2010), p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengel, p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flexner (1968), pp. 73–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCullough, pp. 91–105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, pp. 67–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengel, p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flexner93-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flexner93_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flexner93_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Flexner (1968), p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flexner (1968), p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flexner (1968), p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 83–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ketchum, pp. 103–104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 89–102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flexner (1968), p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F1027-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F1027_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F1027_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 102–107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 107–125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gruber, p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Billias, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, pp. 259–263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 138–142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, p. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, pp. 262–266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengel, p. 289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, p. 471</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 196–200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ketchum, pp. 228–230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, p. 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ketchum pp. 250–275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 209–307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ketchum p. 294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, p. 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, p. 268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, pp. 333–335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 354–382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferling125-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferling125_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferling125_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferling (2010), p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ketchum, p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferling (2010), p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, p. 333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, p. 335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, pp. 344–346</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, p. 346</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferling (2010), p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, p. 377</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Furneaux, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leckie,_p._387-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leckie,_p._387_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leckie,_p._387_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, p. 387</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randall (1990), pp. 331–336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, p. 386</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, p. 307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, p. 341</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferling (2010), p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, pp. 342–343</span> </li> 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316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chernow320-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chernow320_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chernow320_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chernow, p. 320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming, pp. 93–97, 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, p. 450</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, pp. 445–449</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chernow, pp. 317–320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming, p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, p. 451</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, pp. 467–489</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeman, p. 5:45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeman, pp. 5:50–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, p. 492</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeman, p. 5:52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, pp. 492–493</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferling (2010), pp. 169–171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferling (2010), pp. 186–188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferling (2010), p. 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, pp. 493–495</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferling (2010), p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferling (2010), p. 196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, p. 502</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, pp. 503–504</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, p. 504</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, p. 505</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie, p. 506</span> 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class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130821112926/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mgw3&fileName=mgw3b%2Fgwpage016.db&recNum=347">"George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741–1799: Series 3b Varick Transcripts"</a>. Library of Congress. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mgw3&fileName=mgw3b/gwpage016.db&recNum=347">the original</a> on August 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Washington+Papers+at+the+Library+of+Congress%2C+1741%E2%80%931799%3A+Series+3b+Varick+Transcripts&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dmgw3%26fileName%3Dmgw3b%2Fgwpage016.db%26recNum%3D347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chernow, p. 451</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chernow, pp. 455–457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFav8torwrp" class="citation web cs1">av8torwrp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org/soldiers-and-sailors-of-the-revolutionary-war/officers-represented-in-the-society-of-the-cincinnati/">"Officers represented in the Society of the Cincinnati"</a>. <i>The American Revolution Institute of the Society of the Cincinnati</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413005731/https://www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org/soldiers-and-sailors-of-the-revolutionary-war/officers-represented-in-the-society-of-the-cincinnati/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Revolution+Institute+of+the+Society+of+the+Cincinnati&rft.atitle=Officers+represented+in+the+Society+of+the+Cincinnati&rft.au=av8torwrp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanrevolutioninstitute.org%2Fsoldiers-and-sailors-of-the-revolutionary-war%2Fofficers-represented-in-the-society-of-the-cincinnati%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. Ferling (2010), chapters 3–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengel, pp. 360–364</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grizzard, pp. 105–107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2012/04/16/george-washington-voted-britains-greatest-military-enemy">"George Washington Voted Britain's Greatest Military Enemy | US News"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812052318/http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2012/04/16/george-washington-voted-britains-greatest-military-enemy">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Washington+Voted+Britain%27s+Greatest+Military+Enemy+%26%23124%3B+US+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs%2Fwashington-whispers%2F2012%2F04%2F16%2Fgeorge-washington-voted-britains-greatest-military-enemy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ul><li>Billias, George Athan, ed., <i>George Washington's Generals</i> (1964).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillias1969" class="citation book cs1">Billias, George Athan (1969). <i>George Washington's Opponents</i>. New York: William Morrow. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11709">11709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%27s+Opponents&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11709&rft.aulast=Billias&rft.aufirst=George+Athan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2004" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780471441564"><i>The Road to Valley Forge: How Washington Built the Army That Won the Revolution</i></a>. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-44156-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-44156-4"><bdi>978-0-471-44156-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/231991487">231991487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Valley+Forge%3A+How+Washington+Built+the+Army+That+Won+the+Revolution&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F231991487&rft.isbn=978-0-471-44156-4&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780471441564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernow2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Chernow, Ron</a> (2010). <i><a href="/wiki/Washington:_A_Life" title="Washington: A Life">Washington: A Life</a></i>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-266-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-266-7"><bdi>978-1-59420-266-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/535490473">535490473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F535490473&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-266-7&rft.aulast=Chernow&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Dull" class="citation book cs1">Dull, Jonathan R (1975). <i>The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy, 1774–1787</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06920-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06920-3"><bdi>978-0-691-06920-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1500030">1500030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Navy+and+American+Independence%3A+A+Study+of+Arms+and+Diplomacy%2C+1774%E2%80%931787&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1500030&rft.isbn=978-0-691-06920-3&rft.aulast=Dull&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Ellis" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph J. Ellis">Ellis, Joseph</a> (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/His_Excellency:_George_Washington" title="His Excellency: George Washington">His Excellency: George Washington</a></i>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3253-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3253-2"><bdi>978-1-4000-3253-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/398070302">398070302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=His+Excellency%3A+George+Washington&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F398070302&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-3253-2&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerling1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Ferling" title="John E. Ferling">Ferling, John E</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstofmenlife00ferl"><i>The First of Men: A Life of George Washington</i></a>. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-562-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-562-5"><bdi>978-0-87049-562-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/156898182">156898182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+of+Men%3A+A+Life+of+George+Washington&rft.place=Knoxville%2C+TN&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F156898182&rft.isbn=978-0-87049-562-5&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstofmenlife00ferl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> Biography from a leading scholar.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerling2010" class="citation book cs1">Ferling, John E (2010). <i>The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon</i>. New York: Bloomsbury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-095-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-095-9"><bdi>978-1-60819-095-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/462908150">462908150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ascent+of+George+Washington%3A+The+Hidden+Political+Genius+of+an+American+Icon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F462908150&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-095-9&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fischer" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hackett_Fischer" title="David Hackett Fischer">Fischer, David Hackett</a> (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_Crossing_(book)" title="Washington's Crossing (book)">Washington's Crossing</a></i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-518159-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-518159-X"><bdi>0-19-518159-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%27s+Crossing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-518159-X&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=David+Hackett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> Prize-winning military history focused on 1775–1776.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(historian)" title="Thomas Fleming (historian)">Fleming, Thomas</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/washingtonssecre00flem_0"><i>Washington's Secret War</i></a>. New York: Smithsonian Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-082962-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-082962-9"><bdi>978-0-06-082962-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/237047336">237047336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%27s+Secret+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Books&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F237047336&rft.isbn=978-0-06-082962-9&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwashingtonssecre00flem_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlexner1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Flexner" title="James Thomas Flexner">Flexner, James Thomas</a> (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgewashington00flex"><i>George Washington in the American Revolution (1775–1783)</i></a></span>. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/166632872">166632872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution+%281775%E2%80%931783%29&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F166632872&rft.aulast=Flexner&rft.aufirst=James+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgewashington00flex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> Second volume of Flexner's four-volume biography.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlexner1974" class="citation book cs1">Flexner, James Thomas (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/washington00jame"><i>Washington: The Indispensable Man</i></a></span>. Boston, MA: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/450725539">450725539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%3A+The+Indispensable+Man&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F450725539&rft.aulast=Flexner&rft.aufirst=James+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwashington00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> Single-volume condensation of Flexner's four-volume biography.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1948–1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_S._Freeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas S. Freeman">Freeman, Douglas S</a> (1948–1957). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgewashington0001free"><i>George Washington: A Biography</i></a></span>. New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/425613">425613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1948%2F1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F425613&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Douglas+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgewashington0001free&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> Seven volume scholarly biography, winner of the Pulitzer Prize. Volumes 3–5 cover the Revolutionary War period.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreemanHarwell,_Richard1968" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Douglas S; Harwell, Richard (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/washington00free"><i>Washington</i></a></span>. New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/426557">426557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F426557&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Douglas+S&rft.au=Harwell%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwashington00free&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> Abridgement of Freeman's multivolume biography.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Furneaux" class="citation book cs1">Furneaux, Rupert (1971). <i>The Battle of Saratoga</i>. New York: Stein and Day. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-1305-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-1305-0"><bdi>978-0-8128-1305-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/134959">134959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Saratoga&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F134959&rft.isbn=978-0-8128-1305-0&rft.aulast=Furneaux&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrizzard2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._Grizzard,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Frank E. Grizzard, Jr.">Grizzard, Frank E. Jr</a> (2005). <i>George! A Guide to All Things Washington</i>. Buena Vista and Charlottesville, VA: Mariner Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9768238-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9768238-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9768238-0-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/232006080">232006080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George%21+A+Guide+to+All+Things+Washington&rft.place=Buena+Vista+and+Charlottesville%2C+VA&rft.pub=Mariner+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F232006080&rft.isbn=978-0-9768238-0-3&rft.aulast=Grizzard&rft.aufirst=Frank+E.+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruber1972" class="citation book cs1">Gruber, Ira (1972). <i>The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution</i>. New York: Atheneum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1229-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1229-7"><bdi>978-0-8078-1229-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1464455">1464455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Howe+Brothers+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Atheneum+Press&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1464455&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-1229-7&rft.aulast=Gruber&rft.aufirst=Ira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigginbotham1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Don_Higginbotham" title="Don Higginbotham">Higginbotham, Don</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgewashington00higg"><i>George Washington and the American Military Tradition</i></a>. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-0786-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-0786-2"><bdi>978-0-8203-0786-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/489783125">489783125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington+and+the+American+Military+Tradition&rft.place=Athens%2C+GA&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F489783125&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-0786-2&rft.aulast=Higginbotham&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgewashington00higg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigginbotham2004" class="citation book cs1">Higginbotham, Don (2004). <i>George Washington: Uniting a Nation</i>. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2209-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2209-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-2209-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60832326">60832326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%3A+Uniting+a+Nation&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60832326&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-2209-1&rft.aulast=Higginbotham&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1878" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Henry Phelps (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cVAOAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn</i></a>. Brooklyn, NY: Long Island Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8496-8169-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8496-8169-2"><bdi>978-3-8496-8169-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/234710">234710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaign+of+1776+Around+New+York+and+Brooklyn&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+NY&rft.pub=Long+Island+Historical+Society&rft.date=1878&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F234710&rft.isbn=978-3-8496-8169-2&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Henry+Phelps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcVAOAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKetchum1973" class="citation book cs1">Ketchum, Richard M (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wintersoldiers00ketc"><i>The Winter Soldiers</i></a>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-05490-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-05490-4"><bdi>0-385-05490-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/640266">640266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Winter+Soldiers&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F640266&rft.isbn=0-385-05490-4&rft.aulast=Ketchum&rft.aufirst=Richard+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwintersoldiers00ketc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarrabee1964" class="citation book cs1">Larrabee, Harold A (1964). <i>Decision at the Chesapeake</i>. New York: Clarkson N. Potter. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/426234">426234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decision+at+the+Chesapeake&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Clarkson+N.+Potter&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F426234&rft.aulast=Larrabee&rft.aufirst=Harold+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Leckie" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Leckie_(author)" title="Robert Leckie (author)">Leckie, Robert</a> (1993). <i>George Washington's War: The Saga of the American Revolution</i>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092215-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092215-3"><bdi>978-0-06-092215-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29748139">29748139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%27s+War%3A+The+Saga+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29748139&rft.isbn=978-0-06-092215-3&rft.aulast=Leckie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLengel2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Lengel" title="Edward G. Lengel">Lengel, Edward</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalgeorgewas00leng"><i>General George Washington</i></a></span>. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6950-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6950-4"><bdi>978-0-8129-6950-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255642134">255642134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+George+Washington&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House+Trade+Paperbacks&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F255642134&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-6950-4&rft.aulast=Lengel&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralgeorgewas00leng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinder2005" class="citation book cs1">Linder, Bruce (2005). <i>Tidewater's Navy: an Illustrated History</i>. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-465-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-465-6"><bdi>978-1-59114-465-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60931416">60931416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tidewater%27s+Navy%3A+an+Illustrated+History&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60931416&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-465-6&rft.aulast=Linder&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Martin" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Kirby_Martin" title="James Kirby Martin">Martin, James Kirby</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/benedictarnoldre0000mart"><i>Benedict Arnold: Revolutionary Hero (An American Warrior Reconsidered)</i></a>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-5560-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-5560-7"><bdi>0-8147-5560-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36343341">36343341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benedict+Arnold%3A+Revolutionary+Hero+%28An+American+Warrior+Reconsidered%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36343341&rft.isbn=0-8147-5560-7&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=James+Kirby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbenedictarnoldre0000mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="McCullough" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">McCullough, David</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/1776_(book)" title="1776 (book)">1776</a></i>. Simon and Schuster Paperback. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-2672-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-2672-0"><bdi>0-7432-2672-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1776&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster+Paperback&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7432-2672-0&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> 386 pp. very well written overview of the year in America</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorelock2002" class="citation book cs1">Morelock, Jerry D (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q54NDbdVmJMC&pg=PA69">"Washington as Strategist"</a>. <i>Compound Warfare</i>. DIANE Publishing. pp. 53–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-1090-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-1090-4"><bdi>978-1-4289-1090-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428023452/https://books.google.com/books?id=q54NDbdVmJMC&pg=PA69">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Washington+as+Strategist&rft.btitle=Compound+Warfare&rft.pages=53-89&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4289-1090-4&rft.aulast=Morelock&rft.aufirst=Jerry+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq54NDbdVmJMC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_L._Nelson" title="James L. Nelson">Nelson, James</a> (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgewashington0000nels"><i>George Washington's Secret Navy</i></a></span>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-149389-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-149389-5"><bdi>978-0-07-149389-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%27s+Secret+Navy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-07-149389-5&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgewashington0000nels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Meara1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_O%27Meara" title="Walter O'Meara">O'Meara, Walter</a> (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gunsatforks0000omea"><i>Guns at the Forks</i></a></span>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21999143">21999143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guns+at+the+Forks&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21999143&rft.aulast=O%27Meara&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgunsatforks0000omea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Randall" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willard_Sterne_Randall" title="Willard Sterne Randall">Randall, Willard Sterne</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/benedictarnoldpa00rand_0"><i>Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor</i></a>. New York: William Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55710-034-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55710-034-4"><bdi>978-1-55710-034-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185605660">185605660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benedict+Arnold%3A+Patriot+and+Traitor&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185605660&rft.isbn=978-1-55710-034-4&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Willard+Sterne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbenedictarnoldpa00rand_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall1998" class="citation book cs1">Randall, Willard Sterne (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgewashington00will_1"><i>George Washington: A Life</i></a>. New York: Henry Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5992-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5992-2"><bdi>978-0-8050-5992-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40343114">40343114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40343114&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-5992-2&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Willard+Sterne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgewashington00will_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Schecter" class="citation book cs1">Schecter, Barton (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlefornewyork00sche"><i>The Battle for New York</i></a>. New York: Walker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1374-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-1374-2"><bdi>0-8027-1374-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50658296">50658296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+New+York&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Walker&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50658296&rft.isbn=0-8027-1374-2&rft.aulast=Schecter&rft.aufirst=Barton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattlefornewyork00sche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1952" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Christopher (1952). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warofrevolution00ward"><i>War of the Revolution</i></a></span>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/214962727">214962727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+of+the+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F214962727&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarofrevolution00ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickwire1970" class="citation book cs1">Wickwire, Franklin and Mary (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cornwallisameric00wick"><i>Cornwallis: The American Adventure</i></a></span>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62690">62690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornwallis%3A+The+American+Adventure&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62690&rft.aulast=Wickwire&rft.aufirst=Franklin+and+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcornwallisameric00wick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Billias, George Athan, ed., <i>George Washington's Generals</i> pp 3–21.</li> <li>Bill, Alfred Hoyt. <i>The Campaign of Princeton, 1776–1777</i> (1948).</li> <li>Bliven. Bruce, Jr. <i> Under the Guns: New York, 1775–1776</i> (1972).</li> <li>Bodle, Wayne. <i>The Valley Forge Winter: Civilians and Soldiers in War</i> (2002).</li> <li>Carp, E. Wayne. <i>To Starve the Army at Pleasure: Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture, 1775–1783.</i> (U of North Carolina Press, 1984).</li> <li>Cox, Caroline. <i>A Proper Sense of Honor: Service and Sacrifice in George Washington's Army</i> (2004)</li> <li>Dwyer, William M. <i>The Day is Ours! November 1776-January 1777:An Inside View of the Battles of Trenton and Princeton</i> (1983).</li> <li>Ferling, John. <i>Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence</i> (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/117312318/almost-a-miracle-the-american-victory-in-the-war">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140432/https://www.questia.com/library/117312318/almost-a-miracle-the-american-victory-in-the-war">Archived</a> 2018-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Flynn, Matthew J., and Stephen E. Grffin. <i>Washington and Napoleon: Leadership in the Age of Revolution</i> (Potomac Books, 2012).</li> <li>Freeman, Douglas Southall. <i>Washington</i> (1995) 896pp; Abridged version of his Pulitzer prize-winning seven volume Biography; vol 4-5-6 cover the war years. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Washington-Douglas-Southall-Freeman/dp/0684826372/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Higginbotham, Don. <i>George Washington and the American Military Tradition</i> (U of Georgia Press, 1987).</li> <li>Higginbotham, Don. "American Historians and the Military History of the American Revolution." <i>American Historical Review</i> 70.1 (1964): 18–34.</li> <li>Higginbotham, Don. "Essay Review: The Washington Theme in Recent Historical Literature." (1990): 423–437. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/viewFile/44589/44310">online</a></li> <li>Kwasny, Mark V. <i>Washington's Partisan War, 1775-1783</i> (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/100898981/washington-s-partisan-war-1775-1783">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141057/https://www.questia.com/library/100898981/washington-s-partisan-war-1775-1783">Archived</a> 2018-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Laver, Harry S. and Jeffrey J. Matthews, eds. <i>The Art of Command: Military Leadership from George Washington to Colin Powell</i> (2008) pp 11–32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/120079810/the-art-of-command-military-leadership-from-george">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143724/https://www.questia.com/library/120079810/the-art-of-command-military-leadership-from-george">Archived</a> 2018-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>McCullough, David. <i>1776</i> (2005)</li> <li>Neimeyer, Charles Patrick. <i>America Goes to War: A Social History of the Continental Army</i> (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg7q2">complete text online</a></li> <li>Orr III, Lt-Colonel Alan L. "George Washington: America's First Strategic Leader" (U.S. Army War College, 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a468988.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605092109/http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a468988.pdf">Archived</a> 2023-06-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Palmer, Dave Richard. <i>The Way of the Fox: American Strategy in the War for America, 1775-1783</i> (1975)</li> <li>Risch, Erna. <i>Supplying Washington's Army</i> (Center of Military History, 1981).</li> <li>Royster, Charles. <i>A Revolutionary People at War: The Continental Army and American Character, 1775-1783</i> (1979)</li> <li>Stillings, Kris J. "Washington and the Formulation of American Strategy for the War of Independence" (U.S. Marine Corps Staff and Command College, 2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA401347">online</a></li> <li>Whiteley, Emily Stone. <i>Washington and his Aides-de-Camp</i> (1936)</li> <li>Wright, Esmond. <i>Washington and the American Revolution</i> (1962), brief and scholarly.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Espionage">Espionage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Espionage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Harty, Jared B. "George Washington: Spymaster and General Who Saved the American Revolution" (Staff paper, No. ATZL-SWV. Army Command And General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, School Of Advanced Military Studies, 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA566174.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Kilmeade, Brian, and Don Yaeger. <i>George Washington's Secret Six: The Spy Ring that Saved the American Revolution</i> (Penguin, 2016).</li> <li>Mahoney, Harry Thayer, and Marjorie Locke Mahoney. <i>Gallantry in action: A biographic dictionary of espionage in the American revolutionary war</i> (University Press of America, 1999).</li> <li>Misencik, Paul R. <i>Sally Townsend, George Washington's Teenage Spy</i> (McFarland, 2015).</li> <li>O'Toole, George J.A. <i>Honorable Treachery: A History of US Intelligence, Espionage, and Covert Action from the American Revolution to the CIA</i> (2nd ed. 2014), ch 1–5.</li> <li>Rose, Alexander. <i>Washington's Spies: The Story of America's First Spy Ring</i> (2006), focuses on the Culper Ring.</li> <li>Van Doren, Carl. <i>Secret History of the American Revolution: An Account of the Conspiracies of Benedict Arnold and Numerous Others Drawn from the Secret Service</i> (1941) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofa00vand">online free</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_Washington" style="padding:3px"><table 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_Washington" title="Template:George Washington"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_Washington" title="Template talk:George Washington"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_Washington" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George Washington"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Washington" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">1st</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Senior Officer of the Army</a> (1798–1799)</li> <li>Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> (1775–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a> (1774)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_George_Washington" title="Military career of George Washington">Military career</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Revolutionary War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_George_Washington" title="Military career of George Washington">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_in_the_French_and_Indian_War" title="George Washington in the French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jumonville_Glen" title="Battle of Jumonville Glen">Jumonville Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Necessity" title="Battle of Fort Necessity">Battle of Fort Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Monongahela" title="Battle of the Monongahela">Battle of the Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_Expedition" title="Forbes Expedition">Forbes Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Washington in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Commander-in-chief, Continental Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_aides-de-camp" title="Washington's aides-de-camp">Aides-de-camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington%27s_Headquarters_during_the_Revolutionary_War" title="List of Washington's Headquarters during the Revolutionary War">Washington's headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_tent" title="George Washington's tent">office and sleeping tent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Delaware River crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Battle of the Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Battle of Princeton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Battle of Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Marsh" title="Battle of White Marsh">Battle of White Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battles of Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culper_Ring" title="Culper Ring">Culper Spy Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_letter" title="Newburgh letter">Newburgh letter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asgill_Affair" title="Asgill Affair">Asgill Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_resignation_as_commander-in-chief" title="George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief">Resignation as commander-in-chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badge_of_Military_Merit" title="Badge of Military Merit">Badge of Military Merit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Before_Boston_Medal" title="Washington Before Boston Medal">Washington Before Boston Medal</a></li> <li>Horses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_(horse)" title="Nelson (horse)">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueskin_(horse)" title="Blueskin (horse)">Blueskin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Other U.S.<br />founding events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Initiated, co-wrote, 1769 Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Resolves" title="Fairfax Resolves">Initiated, 1774 Fairfax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_in_Cases_of_Capture" title="Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture">Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">1785 Mount Vernon Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_political_evolution" title="George Washington's political evolution">George Washington's political evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">timeline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">1788–89 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="First inauguration of George Washington">First inauguration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Inaugural_Bible" title="George Washington Inaugural Bible">inaugural bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="Second inauguration of George Washington">Second inauguration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_reception_at_Trenton" title="George Washington's reception at Trenton">Reception at Trenton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._President_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. President (title)">Title of "Mr. President"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789" title="Judiciary Act of 1789">Judiciary Act of 1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_act_to_regulate_the_time_and_manner_of_administering_certain_oaths" title="An act to regulate the time and manner of administering certain oaths">Oath Administration Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonintercourse_Act" title="Nonintercourse Act">Nonintercourse Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Acts_of_1792" title="Militia Acts of 1792">Militia Acts of 1792</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1792" title="Coinage Act of 1792">Coinage Act of 1792</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act" title="Presidential Succession Act">Presidential Succession Act of 1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_cornerstone_laying" title="United States Capitol cornerstone laying">United States Capitol cornerstone laying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Neutrality" title="Proclamation of Neutrality">Proclamation of Neutrality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Act_of_1794" title="Neutrality Act of 1794">Neutrality Act of 1794</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinckney%27s_Treaty" title="Pinckney's Treaty">Pinckney's Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_of_1794" title="Slave Trade Act of 1794">Slave Trade Act of 1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Proclamation" title="National Thanksgiving Proclamation">Thanksgiving Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">Farewell Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="1790 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address 1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1791 State of the Union Address">1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1792 State of the Union Address">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1793_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1793 State of the Union Address">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1796 State of the Union Address">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington#Administration,_Cabinet_and_Supreme_Court_appointments" title="Presidency of George Washington">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_Washington" title="List of federal judges appointed by George Washington">Federal judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge_Supreme_Court_nominations" title="John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations">John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Views and<br />public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_W._Smith_National_Library_for_the_Study_of_George_Washington" title="Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington">Presidential library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Papers" title="The Washington Papers">The Washington Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_George_Washington" title="Religious views of George Washington">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Destroyer" title="Town Destroyer">Town Destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_George_Washington" title="Legacy of George Washington">Legacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington#Early_life_(1732–1753)" title="George Washington">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Birthplace_National_Monument" title="George Washington Birthplace National Monument">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry_Farm" title="Ferry Farm">Ferry Farm boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Fishery" title="George Washington's Fishery">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Gristmill" title="George Washington's Gristmill">Gristmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Rye_Whiskey" title="George Washington's Rye Whiskey">Whiskey distillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_(Alexandria,_Virginia)" title="Woodlawn (Alexandria, Virginia)">Woodlawn Plantation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longfellow_House%E2%80%93Washington%27s_Headquarters_National_Historic_Site" title="Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site">Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Mansion" title="Ford Mansion">Ford Mansion, Washington's headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_Headquarters_State_Historic_Site" title="Washington's Headquarters State Historic Site">Hasbrouck House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Osgood_House" title="Samuel Osgood House">First Presidential Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_House" title="Alexander Macomb House">Second Presidential Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Philadelphia)" title="President's House (Philadelphia)">President's House, Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germantown_White_House" title="Germantown White House">Germantown White House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Parke_Custis#Estate" title="Daniel Parke Custis">Custis estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_relations_with_the_Iroquois_Confederacy" title="George Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy">Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_Company" title="Potomac Company">Potomac Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_River_and_Kanawha_Canal" title="James River and Kanawha Canal">James River and Kanawha Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Road_Lottery" title="Mountain Road Lottery">Mountain Road Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanks_of_Congress" title="Thanks of Congress">Thanks of Congress</a></li> <li>President General of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_College" title="Washington College">Washington College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_Washington" title="Electoral history of George Washington">Electoral history of George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Post-presidency of George Washington">Post-presidency of George Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_George_Washington" title="List of memorials to George Washington">Memorials</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_George_Washington" title="Cultural depictions of George Washington">depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">The Apotheosis of Washington</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_State_Park" title="Washington Monument State Park">Washington Monument (Boonsboro, Maryland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_(Baltimore)" title="Washington Monument (Baltimore)">Washington Monument (Baltimore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Houdon)" title="Statue of George Washington (Houdon)"><i>George Washington</i> (Houdon)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(copy_of_bust_by_Houdon)" title="George Washington (copy of bust by Houdon)">plaster copy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Ceracchi)" title="George Washington (Ceracchi)"><i>George Washington</i> (Ceracchi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Canova)" title="George Washington (Canova)"><i>George Washington</i> (Canova)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Greenough)" title="George Washington (Greenough)"><i>George Washington</i> (Greenough)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Trumbull)" title="George Washington (Trumbull)"><i>George Washington</i> (Trumbull)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_the_Revolutionary_War_Door" title="George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door">George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_(1851_paintings)" title="Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings)">Washington Crossing the Delaware</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passage_of_the_Delaware" title="The Passage of the Delaware">The Passage of the Delaware</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/General_George_Washington_at_Trenton" title="General George Washington at Trenton">General George Washington at Trenton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_at_Verplanck%27s_Point" title="Washington at Verplanck's Point">Washington at Verplanck's Point</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/General_George_Washington_Resigning_His_Commission" title="General George Washington Resigning His Commission">General George Washington Resigning His Commission</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis" title="Surrender of Lord Cornwallis">Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenaeum_Portrait" title="Athenaeum Portrait">Unfinished portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_portrait" title="Lansdowne portrait">Lansdowne portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Family" title="The Washington Family">The Washington Family portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_at_Princeton" title="Washington at Princeton"><i>Washington at Princeton</i> paintings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_George_Washington_Taking_the_Salute_at_Trenton" title="Portrait of George Washington Taking the Salute at Trenton">George Washington Taking the Salute at Trenton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_to_Washington_on_April_21,_1789,_at_Trenton_on_his_way_to_New_York_to_Assume_the_Duties_of_the_Presidency_of_the_United_States" title="Reception to Washington on April 21, 1789, at Trenton on his way to New York to Assume the Duties of the Presidency of the United States">Reception at Trenton painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_George_Washington" title="List of statues of George Washington">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton_Battle_Monument" title="Trenton Battle Monument">Trenton Battle Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Battle_Monument" title="Princeton Battle Monument">Princeton Battle Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_View_(West)" title="Point of View (West)"><i>Point of View</i> sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_on_Horseback" title="George Washington on Horseback">George Washington on Horseback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Statue of George Washington (Austin, Texas)">Austin statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Bartholomew)" title="George Washington (Bartholomew)">Baltimore statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Boston)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Mexico_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of George Washington (Mexico City)">Mexico City statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Morristown,_New_Jersey)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Morristown, New Jersey)">Morristown statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Newark)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Newark)">Newark statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(New_York_City)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (New York City)">New York City statue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Wall_Street)" title="Statue of George Washington (Wall Street)">Wall Street statue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Paris)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Paris)">Paris statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Perth_Amboy,_New_Jersey)" title="Statue of George Washington (Perth Amboy, New Jersey)">Perth Amboy statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Bailly)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington (Bailly)">Philadelphia statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Statue of George Washington (Portland, Oregon)">Portland statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Washington_Circle)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)">Washington, D.C. statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_(West_Point)" title="Washington Monument (West Point)">West Point monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Masonic_National_Memorial" title="George Washington Masonic National Memorial">Washington Masonic National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Parkway" title="George Washington Memorial Parkway">George Washington Memorial Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge" title="George Washington Bridge">George Washington Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_Jefferson_National_Forests" title="George Washington and Jefferson National Forests">Washington and Jefferson National Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Park" title="Washington Square Park">Washington Square Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Arch" title="Washington Square Arch">Arch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Franklin_Issues" title="Washington–Franklin Issues">Washington–Franklin Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Bicentennial_stamps_of_1932" title="Washington Bicentennial stamps of 1932">1932 bicentennial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency#George_Washington" title="List of presidents of the United States on currency">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_quarter" title="Washington quarter">Washington quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_State_Quarters" class="mw-redirect" title="50 State Quarters">50 State Quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_and_United_States_Territories_quarters" title="District of Columbia and United States Territories quarters">D.C. and territories quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful_quarters" title="America the Beautiful quarters">America the Beautiful quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Women_quarters" title="American Women quarters">American Women quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_Instructing_Youth" title="History Instructing Youth">History Instructing Youth dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_one-dollar_bill" title="United States one-dollar bill">Washington dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_dollar" title="Lafayette dollar">Lafayette dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful_silver_bullion_coins" title="America the Beautiful silver bullion coins">Silver bullion coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_nickel" title="Washington nickel">Washington nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_half_eagle" title="George Washington half eagle">Washington half eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_250th_Anniversary_half_dollar" title="George Washington 250th Anniversary half dollar">250th Anniversary half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Anniversary_coins" title="Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins">Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington" title="Mount Washington">Mount Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_George_Washington" title="Cultural depictions of George Washington">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(miniseries)" title="George Washington (miniseries)"><i>George Washington</i> (1984 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_II:_The_Forging_of_a_Nation" title="George Washington II: The Forging of a Nation">1986 sequel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)"><i>A More Perfect Union</i> (1989 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crossing_(2000_film)" title="The Crossing (2000 film)"><i>The Crossing</i> (2000 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Fight_to_Be_Free" title="We Fight to Be Free"><i>We Fight to Be Free</i> (2006 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn:_Washington%27s_Spies" title="Turn: Washington's Spies"><i>Turn: Washington's Spies</i> (2014–2017 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_that_Made_America" title="The War that Made America"><i>The War that Made America</i> (2006 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(miniseries)" title="Washington (miniseries)"><i>Washington</i> (2020 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)"><i>Hamilton</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(2020_film)" title="Hamilton (2020 film)">film</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_Washington" title="Bibliography of George Washington">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_Washington_articles" title="List of George Washington articles">List of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Washington_family" title="Coat of arms of the Washington family">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Locke_Weems#The_cherry-tree_anecdote" title="Mason Locke Weems">Cherry-tree anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Farm#Washington_at_River_Farm" title="River Farm">River Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_Crossing" title="Washington's Crossing">Washington's Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Rochambeau_Revolutionary_Route" title="Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route">Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_House_(Barbados)" title="George Washington House (Barbados)">1751 Barbados trip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:George_Washington" title="Category:George Washington">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Armies" title="General of the Armies">General of the Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Foxhound" title="American Foxhound">American Foxhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross_flag" title="Betsy Ross flag">Betsy Ross flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Ladies%27_Association" title="Mount Vernon Ladies' Association">Mount Vernon Ladies' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Mansion_replicas" title="Mount Vernon Mansion replicas">Mount Vernon replicas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Building" title="George Washington Memorial Building">George Washington Memorial Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_theft_of_George_Washington%27s_skull" title="Attempted theft of George Washington's skull">Attempted theft of Washington's skull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Washington_family" title="Washington family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington">Martha Washington</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parke_Custis" title="John Parke Custis">John Parke Custis</a> (stepson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Parke_Custis" title="George Washington Parke Custis">George Washington Parke Custis</a> (step-grandson, adopted son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Parke_Custis_Lewis" title="Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis">Eleanor Parke Custis</a> (step-granddaughter, adopted daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Washington" title="Augustine Washington">Augustine Washington</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ball_Washington" title="Mary Ball Washington">Mary Ball Washington</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Washington_(1718%E2%80%931752)" title="Lawrence Washington (1718–1752)">Lawrence Washington</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Washington_Jr." title="Augustine Washington Jr.">Augustine Washington Jr.</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Washington_Lewis" title="Elizabeth Washington Lewis">Elizabeth Washington Lewis</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Washington" title="Samuel Washington">Samuel Washington</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Augustine_Washington" title="John Augustine Washington">John A. Washington</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Washington" title="Charles Washington">Charles Washington</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Washington_(1659%E2%80%931698)" title="Lawrence Washington (1659–1698)">Lawrence Washington</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Gale" title="Mildred Gale">Mildred Gale</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Washington" title="John Washington">John Washington</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reade_(colonial_governor)" title="George Reade (colonial governor)">George Reade</a> (2nd great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Bushrod Washington</a> (nephew)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slaves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_enslaved_people_of_Mount_Vernon" title="List of enslaved people of Mount Vernon">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_(slave)" title="Betty (slave)">Betty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Branham" title="Caroline Branham">Caroline Branham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Costin" title="William Costin">William Costin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Johnson_(Mount_Vernon)" title="Sarah Johnson (Mount Vernon)">Sarah Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oney_Judge" class="mw-redirect" title="Oney Judge">Oney Judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_(valet)" title="William Lee (valet)">William Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_Posey" title="Hercules Posey">Hercules Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Sheels" title="Christopher Sheels">Christopher Sheels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Squash" title="Deborah Squash">Deborah Squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Washington" title="Harry Washington">Harry Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_Washington" title="Category:George Washington">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Continental_Army_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Army" title="Template:Continental Army"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_Army" title="Template talk:Continental Army"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_Army" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental Army"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Continental_Army_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Continental_Army" title="Departments of the Continental Army">Departments</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Continental_Army_units" title="List of Continental Army units">Units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Line" title="Connecticut Line">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Line" title="Georgia Line">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Line" title="Maryland Line">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Line" title="Massachusetts Line">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Line" title="New Hampshire Line">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Line" title="New Jersey Line">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Line" title="New York Line">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Line" title="North Carolina Line">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line" title="Pennsylvania Line">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Line" title="Rhode Island Line">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Line" title="South Carolina Line">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Line" title="Virginia Line">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By year</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Continental_Army_units_(1775)" title="List of Continental Army units (1775)">1775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Continental_Army_units_(1776)" title="List of Continental Army units (1776)">1776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Continental_Army_units_(1777%E2%80%931784)" title="List of Continental Army units (1777–1784)"> 1777–1784</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extra</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extra_Continental_regiments_and_Additional_Continental_regiments" title="Extra Continental regiments and Additional Continental regiments">Extra Continental regiments and Additional Continental regiments</a></li> <li>Other units <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Regiment" title="1st Canadian Regiment">1st Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Regiment" title="2nd Canadian Regiment">2nd Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottendorf%27s_Corps" title="Ottendorf's Corps">Ottendorf's Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_militia_units_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="List of United States militia units in the American Revolutionary War">Militia units that participated alongside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cavalry Units <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Continental_Light_Dragoons" title="1st Continental Light Dragoons">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Continental_Light_Dragoons" title="2nd Continental Light Dragoons">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Continental_Light_Dragoons" title="3rd Continental Light Dragoons">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Continental_Light_Dragoons" title="4th Continental Light Dragoons">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand%27s_Legion" title="Armand's Legion">Armand's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski%27s_Legion" title="Pulaski's Legion">Pulaski's</a></li></ul></li> <li>Artillery Regiments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Artillery_Regiment" title="Continental Artillery Regiment">Knox's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Continental_Artillery_Regiment" title="1st Continental Artillery Regiment">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Continental_Artillery_Regiment" title="2nd Continental Artillery Regiment">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Continental_Artillery_Regiment" title="3rd Continental Artillery Regiment">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Continental_Artillery_Regiment" title="4th Continental Artillery Regiment">4th</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Line Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompton_Mutiny" title="Pompton Mutiny">Pompton Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Regulations_for_the_Order_and_Discipline_of_the_Troops_of_the_United_States" title="Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States">Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States</a></i> (1779)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_War" title="Board of War">Board of War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Washington in the American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Revolutionary_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolutionary_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(sentiment)" title="Spirit of '76 (sentiment)">Spirit of '76</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Royalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_ministry" title="Bute ministry">Bute ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related British<br />Acts of Parliament</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> up i.p.o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committees of safety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Colonies</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army#Early_British_Empire" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#European_allies_of_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">European allies of King George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Hortalez et Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#American_and_European_supporters_of_Congress" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German supporters of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and<br />theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochry%27s_Defeat" title="Lochry's Defeat">Lochry's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#"First_Salute"" title="Sint Eustatius">"First Salute"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Entry of France into war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement <span class="nobold">(by <br />colony or location)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Rebel colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut#The_American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Revolution:_1775–1815" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution#Revolutionary_era_1775-1790" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Loyal colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#17th_and_18th_centuries" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser of Lovat">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Knyphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" title="George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">Claghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Duportail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">de Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_du_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" title="Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">de Guichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Luzerne" title="Anne-César de La Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Suffren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)">The <i>Turtle</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Dogs in the American Revolutionary War">Dogs in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of films about the American Revolution">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution">television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_and_musicals_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution">theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">Minor holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Children of the American Revolution">Children of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Revolution" title="Sons of the Revolution">Sons of the Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐sdm5c 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