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{"work":{"id":16339795,"created_at":"2015-09-30T18:00:54.274-07:00","from_world_paper_id":142381625,"updated_at":"2025-02-01T12:34:48.841-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Springer","ai_title_tag":"Maya Lowland Politics: A Review of Variability","grobid_abstract":"This paper reviews recent archaeological research concerning Classic Maya lowland political systems (ca. A.D. 250-1000). It focuses specifically on (1) subsistence practices revealed through the analysis of prehistoric climate, available resources, agricultural technologies, and diet; (2) population distribution, density, and size revealed through the analysis of settlement practices and architectural function; (3) social differentiation and interaction revealed through the analysis of burial practices, diet and health, architecture, and production, consumption, and exchange patterns; and (4) ancient Maya political economy (how it was funded) revealed through the analysis of community organization, ritual activities, the Classic Maya collapse, and warfare. It finally ends with a brief discussion of the future of Maya archaeology. A key factor that recurs throughout this review is the noticeable amount of variability that existed-varied resources, subsistence strategies, settlement practices, and social and political systems. An understanding of this variability is the key to appreciate fully the Classic Maya. 211 0892-7537/99/06100-0211$16.00/0 © 1999 Plenum Publishing Corporation KEY WORDS: Maya lowlands; political organization; Classic period; Maya archaeology.","publication_date":"1999,,","publication_name":"Journal of world prehistory","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"42209514"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Classic lowland Maya political organization: A review","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [86976]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":42209514,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Classic lowland Maya political organization: A review”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/42209514/mini_magick20190218-30198-1pn9ej9.png?1550478884" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Classic lowland Maya political organization: A review</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="86976" href="https://illinois.academia.edu/LisaJLucero"><img alt="Profile image of Lisa J. Lucero" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/86976/11108556/128385538/s65_lisa_j..lucero.jpg" />Lisa J. Lucero</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">1999, Journal of world prehistory</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">53 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 16339795; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=16339795"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This paper reviews recent archaeological research concerning Classic Maya lowland political systems (ca. A.D. 250-1000). It focuses specifically on (1) subsistence practices revealed through the analysis of prehistoric climate, available resources, agricultural technologies, and diet; (2) population distribution, density, and size revealed through the analysis of settlement practices and architectural function; (3) social differentiation and interaction revealed through the analysis of burial practices, diet and health, architecture, and production, consumption, and exchange patterns; and (4) ancient Maya political economy (how it was funded) revealed through the analysis of community organization, ritual activities, the Classic Maya collapse, and warfare. It finally ends with a brief discussion of the future of Maya archaeology. A key factor that recurs throughout this review is the noticeable amount of variability that existed-varied resources, subsistence strategies, settlement practices, and social and political systems. An understanding of this variability is the key to appreciate fully the Classic Maya. 211 0892-7537/99/06100-0211$16.00/0 © 1999 Plenum Publishing Corporation KEY WORDS: Maya lowlands; political organization; Classic period; Maya archaeology.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":42209514,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/16339795/Classic_lowland_Maya_political_organization_A_review"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":42209514,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/16339795/Classic_lowland_Maya_political_organization_A_review"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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During its growth, Uxbenká underwent a transformation from a small farming community to a complex polity with many of the trappings of elite authority that characterize Classic Maya centers. It was one of the earliest complex polities to develop on the southeastern periphery of the Maya lowlands during the Early Classic Period (AD 300-600). The polity was founded upon earlier agricultural communities that are now known to extend back to at least AD 100. Starting after AD 200 the location of the original agricultural village (Group A) was leveled and reorganized to form a public monument garden and the center of political authority throughout much of the Classic Period (AD 400-800). In this article we present radiocarbon ages from well-defined stratigraphic contexts to establish a site chronology. Based on these data we suggest that by AD 450 Uxbenká was the center of a regional political system connected to some of the larger polities in the Maya world (e.g., Tikal). We argue that at this time Uxbenká underwent a significant change from a polity organized by a corporate inclusionary form of rulership to a more networked one marked by exclusionary authority vested in elites who privileged their ancestral relations and network interactions across the geopolitical landscape.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"FORMATION OF A COMPLEX POLITY ON THE EASTERN PERIPHERY OF THE MAYA LOWLANDS","attachmentId":6532470,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1067819/FORMATION_OF_A_COMPLEX_POLITY_ON_THE_EASTERN_PERIPHERY_OF_THE_MAYA_LOWLANDS","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1067819/FORMATION_OF_A_COMPLEX_POLITY_ON_THE_EASTERN_PERIPHERY_OF_THE_MAYA_LOWLANDS"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="34414255" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34414255/Review_Essay_Marken_and_Fitzsimmons_2015_Classic_Maya_Polities_of_the_Southern_Lowlands_Integration_Interaction_Dissolution_and_Kurnick_and_Baron_2016_Political_Strategies_of_Pre_Columbian_Mesoamerica_Cambridge_Archaeological_Journal">Review Essay: Marken and Fitzsimmons (2015), Classic Maya Polities of the Southern Lowlands: Integration, Interaction, Dissolution & Kurnick and Baron (2016), Political Strategies of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. 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Hansen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Origins of Maya States, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Recent archaeological investigations throughout the Maya lowlands have provided new data pertaining to the sophistication and complexity of early Maya "civilization." The resultant information , reviewed here in diachronic format and in synchronic contexts, provides an empirical foundation for conclusions and hypotheses that can be further investigated and tested.This chapter proposes that the first lowland Maya states began to emerge in the Middle Preclassic period (ca. 1000–400 BCE), perhaps jointly with thedevelopments at La Venta, and flourished during the Late Preclassic period (ca. 300 BCE–150 CE), led by developments in the Mirador Basin of northern Guatemala, and southern Campeche, Mexico. The resultant hypotheses derived from a series of multi-disciplinary investigations suggest: (1) The Preclassic lowland Maya developed one of the first states in Mesoamerica through a sequentially defined process that evolved into a four-tier hierarchy of settlement distribution and socio-political organization within a specific territorial area; (2) the origins of states in Mesoamerica, and in particular within the Mirador Basin, are found in the Middle Preclassic period, between ca. 1000 and 400 BCE, with more expansive states appearing by the latter part of the Middle Preclassic and the early Late Preclassic periods (ca. 400–200 BCE); (3) lowland Maya states were the result of autochthonous processes likely inspired and spurred by competitive ideologies and peer polity interactions, consistent with other models of political and economic evolution; (4) in a two-way process other Mesoamerican societies, including those on the Gulf and Pacific coasts and in the Mexican Highlands (see Chapters 3–5, this volume), provided important ingredients to contemporaneous Mesoamerican social and political identities which the lowland Maya adopted, adapted, and integrated in their social memory, while contributing some of their own innovations to other Mesoamerican societies in the process; (5) the economic, architectural, and ideological components of early lowland Maya society provided the cultural foundations for later Maya states in the Classic period.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cultural ; and Environmental Components of the First Maya States: A Perspective from the Central and Southern Maya 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introduction","attachmentId":55529177,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35658959/Socio_Political_Strategies_among_the_Maya_from_the_Classic_Period_to_the_Present_An_introduction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35658959/Socio_Political_Strategies_among_the_Maya_from_the_Classic_Period_to_the_Present_An_introduction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="35660257" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35660257/Socio_Political_Strategies_among_the_Maya_from_the_Classic_Period_to_the_Present">Socio-Political Strategies among the Maya from the Classic Period to the Present</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="801666" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RogelioValenciaRivera">Rogelio Valencia Rivera</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Socio-Political Strategies among the Maya from the Classic Period to the Present","attachmentId":55530643,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35660257/Socio_Political_Strategies_among_the_Maya_from_the_Classic_Period_to_the_Present","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35660257/Socio_Political_Strategies_among_the_Maya_from_the_Classic_Period_to_the_Present"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="86011266" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86011266/More_Than_Kin_and_King_Centralized_Political_Organization_among_the_Late_Classic_Maya">More Than Kin and King: Centralized Political Organization among the Late Classic Maya</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="228318896" href="https://independent.academia.edu/arlenchase3">arlen chase</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current Anthropology, 1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"More Than Kin and King: Centralized Political Organization among the Late Classic Maya","attachmentId":90557186,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86011266/More_Than_Kin_and_King_Centralized_Political_Organization_among_the_Late_Classic_Maya","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86011266/More_Than_Kin_and_King_Centralized_Political_Organization_among_the_Late_Classic_Maya"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="70020356" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70020356/%C5%A0prajc_I_et_al_Archaeological_landscape_settlement_dynamics_and_sociopolitical_organization_in_the_Chact%C3%BAn_area_of_the_central_Maya_Lowlands">Šprajc. I., et al., Archaeological landscape, settlement dynamics, and sociopolitical organization in the Chactún area of the central Maya Lowlands</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9107185" href="https://zrc-sazu.academia.edu/Ivan%C5%A0prajc">Ivan Šprajc</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLOS ONE, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Until recently, an extensive area in the central lowlands of the Yucatán peninsula was completely unexplored archaeologically. In 2013 and 2014, during initial surveys in the northern part of the uninhabited Calakmul Biosphere Reserve in eastern Campeche, Mexico, we located Chactún, Tamchén and Lagunita, three major Maya centers with some unexpected characteristics. Lidar data, acquired in 2016 for a larger area of 240 km2, revealed a thoroughly modified and undisturbed archaeological landscape with a remarkably large number of residential clusters and widespread modifications related to water management and agriculture. Substantial additional information was obtained through field surveys and test excavations in 2017 and 2018. While hydraulic and agricultural features and their potential for solving various archaeologically relevant questions were discussed in a previous publication, here we examine the characteristics of settlement patterns, architectural remains, sculpted monuments, and ceramic evidence. The early Middle Preclassic (early first millennium BCE) material collected in stratigraphic pits at Tamchén and another locale constitutes the earliest evidence of colonization known so far in a broader central lowland area. From then until the Late Classic period, which was followed by a dramatic demographic decline, the area under study witnessed relatively constant population growth and interacted with different parts of the Maya Lowlands. However, a number of specific and previously unknown cultural traits attest to a rather distinctive regional development, providing novel information about the extent of regional variation within the Maya culture. By analyzing settlement pattern characteristics, inscriptional data, the distribution of architectural volumes and some other features of the currently visible archaeological landscape, which largely reflects the Late Classic situation, we reconstruct several aspects of sociopolitical and territorial organization in that period, highlighting similarities with and differences from what has been evidenced in the neighboring Río Bec region and elsewhere in the Maya area.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Šprajc. I., et al., Archaeological landscape, settlement dynamics, and sociopolitical organization in the Chactún area of the central Maya Lowlands","attachmentId":79905529,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70020356/%C5%A0prajc_I_et_al_Archaeological_landscape_settlement_dynamics_and_sociopolitical_organization_in_the_Chact%C3%BAn_area_of_the_central_Maya_Lowlands","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70020356/%C5%A0prajc_I_et_al_Archaeological_landscape_settlement_dynamics_and_sociopolitical_organization_in_the_Chact%C3%BAn_area_of_the_central_Maya_Lowlands"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="6916336" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6916336/CLASSIC_MAYA_CERAMIC_TECHNOLOGY_AND_POLITICAL_DYNAMICS_IN_THE_CENTRAL_PETEN_LAKES_REGION_GUATEMALA">CLASSIC MAYA CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY AND POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN THE CENTRAL PETEN LAKES REGION, GUATEMALA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11646160" href="https://castleton.academia.edu/EllenMoriarty">Ellen Moriarty</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"CLASSIC MAYA CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY AND POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN THE CENTRAL PETEN LAKES REGION, GUATEMALA","attachmentId":33593104,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6916336/CLASSIC_MAYA_CERAMIC_TECHNOLOGY_AND_POLITICAL_DYNAMICS_IN_THE_CENTRAL_PETEN_LAKES_REGION_GUATEMALA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6916336/CLASSIC_MAYA_CERAMIC_TECHNOLOGY_AND_POLITICAL_DYNAMICS_IN_THE_CENTRAL_PETEN_LAKES_REGION_GUATEMALA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="37998262" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37998262/_Classic_Maya_Polities_of_the_Southern_Lowlands_A_Case_for_Holistic_Maya_Studies">"Classic Maya Polities of the Southern Lowlands": A Case for Holistic Maya Studies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53065147" href="https://uic.academia.edu/DimitriNesbittP%C3%A9rez">Dimitri Nesbitt Pérez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The topic of political organization is what Damien B. Marken and James L. Fitzsimmons write about in their 2015 book, "Classic Maya Polities of the Southern Lowlands:: integration, interaction, dissolution." Their understanding of the development of the Maya world parallels the shifts in archaeological studies regarding the civilization that expand Maya potential and understandings of their world. A critique of their work dually functions as a furthering of perspectives that redefine a people too often infantilized by their knowledge of time and math.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"Classic Maya Polities of the Southern Lowlands\": A Case for Holistic Maya Studies","attachmentId":58017693,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37998262/_Classic_Maya_Polities_of_the_Southern_Lowlands_A_Case_for_Holistic_Maya_Studies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37998262/_Classic_Maya_Polities_of_the_Southern_Lowlands_A_Case_for_Holistic_Maya_Studies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":42209514,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":42209514,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_42209514" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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href="https://essex.academia.edu/ToddLandman">Todd Landman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Studies Quarterly, 1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolution of Maya polities in the ancient Mesoamerican system","attachmentId":51220706,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/832327/Evolution_of_Maya_polities_in_the_ancient_Mesoamerican_system","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/832327/Evolution_of_Maya_polities_in_the_ancient_Mesoamerican_system"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View 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data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="5086697" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5086697/_2003e_Highland_Maya_Polities_of_the_Postclassic_Period">(2003e) Highland Maya Polities of the Postclassic Period</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4986708" href="https://ucsd.academia.edu/GeoffreyBraswell">Geoffrey Braswell</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"(2003e) Highland Maya Polities of the Postclassic Period","attachmentId":32303534,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5086697/_2003e_Highland_Maya_Polities_of_the_Postclassic_Period","alternativeTracking":true}"><span 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Braswell,2012.Sheffield:Equinox; ISBN978-1-908049-31-5 hardback £85 & $140; xiv +386 pp., 134 figs., 10 tables</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3596262" href="https://williams.academia.edu/AntoniaFoias">Antonia Foias</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Ancient Maya of Mexico: Reinterpreting the Past of the Northern Maya Lowlands, edited byGeoffrey E. 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