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aria-controls="toc-Definition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distinction_from_sunnah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinction_from_sunnah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Distinction from <span><i>sunnah</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinction_from_sunnah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinction_from_other_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinction_from_other_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Distinction from other literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinction_from_other_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hadith_compilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hadith_compilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hadith compilation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hadith_compilation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hadith compilation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hadith_compilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-prophetic_hadith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-prophetic_hadith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Non-prophetic hadith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-prophetic_hadith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact,_typology_and_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact,_typology_and_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impact, typology and components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact,_typology_and_components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact, typology and components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact,_typology_and_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hadith_literature_by_branch_or_denomination_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hadith_literature_by_branch_or_denomination_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hadith literature by branch or denomination of Islam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hadith_literature_by_branch_or_denomination_of_Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hadith literature by branch or denomination of Islam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hadith_literature_by_branch_or_denomination_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sunni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Shia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ibadi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ibadi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ibadi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ibadi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History,_tradition_and_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History,_tradition_and_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History, tradition and usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History,_tradition_and_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History, tradition and usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History,_tradition_and_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia_and_Sunni_textual_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia_and_Sunni_textual_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Shia and Sunni textual traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia_and_Sunni_textual_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extent_and_nature_in_the_Sunni_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extent_and_nature_in_the_Sunni_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Extent and nature in the Sunni tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extent_and_nature_in_the_Sunni_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extent_and_nature_in_the_Shia_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extent_and_nature_in_the_Shia_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Extent and nature in the Shia tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extent_and_nature_in_the_Shia_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Modern usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Western scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies_and_authentication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies_and_authentication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Studies and authentication</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Studies_and_authentication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Studies and authentication subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Studies_and_authentication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographical_evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographical_evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Biographical evaluation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographical_evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scale_of_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scale_of_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Scale of transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scale_of_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analyzing_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analyzing_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Analyzing text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analyzing_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology:_admissible_and_inadmissible_hadiths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology:_admissible_and_inadmissible_hadiths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Terminology: admissible and inadmissible hadiths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology:_admissible_and_inadmissible_hadiths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Online</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hadith</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 108 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadih" title="Hadih – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Hadih" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadit" title="Hadit – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hadit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hadith" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%80%E1%8B%B2%E1%88%B5" title="ሀዲስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሀዲስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A" title="الحديث النبوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحديث النبوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B" title="হাদিছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হাদিছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4adiz" title="Ḥadiz – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ḥadiz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99dis" title="Hədis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hədis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB" title="حدیث – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حدیث" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="হাদিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাদিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8ng-h%C3%B9n" title="Sèng-hùn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sèng-hùn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%99%D2%99%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Хәҙис – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хәҙис" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81" title="Хадзіс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хадзіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hadith" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Хадис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хадис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadis" title="Hadis – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hadis" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hadith" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadit" title="Hadit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hadit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had%C3%ADth" title="Hadíth – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hadíth" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hadith" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hadith" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hadith" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%99%DE%A6%DE%8B%DE%A9%DE%98%DE%B0" title="ޙަދީޘް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޙަދީޘް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A8ad%C4%ABth" title="Ḩadīth – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ḩadīth" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B8" title="Χαντίθ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαντίθ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiz" title="Hadiz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hadiz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadito" title="Hadito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hadito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hadith" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB" title="حدیث – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حدیث" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had%C3%AEth" title="Hadîth – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hadîth" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hadith" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hadith" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B8" title="હદીસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હદીસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4" title="하디스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하디스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadisi" title="Hadisi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hadisi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Հադիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հադիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8" title="हदीस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हदीस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadis" title="Hadis – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hadis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadis" title="Hadis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hadis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had%C3%AD%C3%B0a" title="Hadíða – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hadíða" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4ad%C4%ABth" title="Ḥadīth – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ḥadīth" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA%27" title="חדית' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חדית'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadis" title="Kadis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kadis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰადისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰადისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%AB" title="حدیٖث – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="حدیٖث" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Хадис – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хадис" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadithi_za_Mtume_Muhammad" title="Hadithi za Mtume Muhammad – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hadithi za Mtume Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hed%C3%AEs" title="Hedîs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hedîs" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Хадис – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хадис" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadit" title="Hadit – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hadit" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had%C4%ABts" title="Hadīts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hadīts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadisai" title="Hadisai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hadisai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hadith" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4ad%C4%ABth" title="Ḥadīth – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ḥadīth" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had%C3%ADsz" title="Hadísz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hadísz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadita" title="Hadita – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hadita" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹദീഥ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹദീഥ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A6adit" title="Ħadit – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ħadit" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5" title="हादिथ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हादिथ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%89" title="حديث نبوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حديث نبوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadis" title="Hadis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hadis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadis" title="Hadis – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hadis" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%BA" title="ဟဒီးဆ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟဒီးဆ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hadith" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ハディース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハディース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Хьадис – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хьадис" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hadith" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had%C3%ADth" title="Hadíth – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hadíth" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadit" title="Hadit – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hadit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadis" title="Hadis – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hadis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EF%BB%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8" title="ਹਦੀਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਦੀਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB" title="حدیث – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حدیث" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB" title="حديث – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="حديث" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hadith" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadis" title="Hadis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hadis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1dice" title="Hádice – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hádice" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1dis" title="Hádis – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Hádis" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadis" title="Hadis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hadis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadis" title="Hadis – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Hadis" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Хадис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хадис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadithi" title="Hadithi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hadithi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hadith" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB" title="حديث – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حديث" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xadiis" title="Xadiis – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xadiis" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%95" title="فەرموودە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەرموودە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Хадис – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хадис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadis" title="Hadis – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hadis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadis" title="Hadis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hadis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hadith" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hadith" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hadith" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹதீஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹதீஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Хәдис – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хәдис" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="హదీసులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హదీసులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A9" title="หะดีษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หะดีษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Ҳадис – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳадис" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadis" title="Hadis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hadis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4dis" title="Hädis – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Hädis" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Хадис – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хадис" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB" title="حدیث – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حدیث" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%AF%D9%89%D8%B3" title="ھەدىس – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھەدىس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hadith" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A8%93" title="聖訓 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="聖訓" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%AE%AD" title="圣训 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣训" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A8%93" title="聖訓 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖訓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedis" title="Hedis – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hedis" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A8%93" title="聖訓 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聖訓" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadits" title="Hadits – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Hadits" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hadith_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hadith (disambiguation)">Hadith (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hadit" title="Hadit">Hadit</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibnhanbal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ibnhanbal.jpg/250px-Ibnhanbal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ibnhanbal.jpg/375px-Ibnhanbal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ibnhanbal.jpg/500px-Ibnhanbal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ibn Hanbal's</a> Islamic legal writings (<a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>), produced October 879</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hadith</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حديث</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥadīṯ</i></span>) or <b>athar</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أثر</span>, <span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><i>ʾaṯar</i></i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">remnant</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>  or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">effect</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-SiH_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiH-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a form of Islamic <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> containing the sayings, actions, and approvals of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> as relayed through a sequentially corroborated chain of narrators (multiple linkages of attested individuals who heard and repeated the hadith, from which the source of the hadith can be traced).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compilations of hadith were aggregated into distinct collections by Islamic scholars (known as <a href="/wiki/Muhaddith" title="Muhaddith">Muhaddiths</a>) in the centuries after Muhammad's death. Hadith are widely respected in mainstream Muslim thought and are central to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Law">Islamic law</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hadith" title="Category:Hadith">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hadith</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadith1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hadith1.png/150px-Hadith1.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hadith1.png/225px-Hadith1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Hadith1.png 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="234" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;text-align:center; background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">Hadith studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_sciences" title="Hadith sciences">Hadith sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology" title="Hadith terminology">Terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahih_hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih hadith">Sahih hadith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_Hadith" title="Categories of Hadith">Types <span style="font-size:85%;">(categories)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_evaluation" title="Biographical evaluation">Biographical evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musannaf" title="Musannaf">Musannaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musnads" class="mw-redirect" title="Musnads">Musnad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isra%CA%BCiliyyat" title="Israʼiliyyat">Israʼiliyyat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;text-align:center; background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hadith_collections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hadith collections">Collections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#d6e7ff; text-align:center; padding:2px 1px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="background:#e2eeff;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub Al-Sittah</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">("The Six Books")</span></span></div></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:120%;"> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صحيح البخاري</span></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:120%;"> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صحيح مسلم</span></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sunan_Abi_Dawud" title="Sunan Abi Dawud">Sunan Abi Dawud</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:120%;"> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سنن أبي داود</span></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sunan_al-Tirmidhi" title="Sunan al-Tirmidhi">Sunan al-Tirmidhi</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:120%;"> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سنن الترمذي</span></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sunan_al-Nasa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan al-Nasa'i">Sunan al-Nasa'i</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:120%;"> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سنن النسائي</span></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sunan_ibn_Majah" title="Sunan ibn Majah">Sunan ibn Majah</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:120%;"> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سنن ابن ماجه</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="col" style="background:#e2eeff; padding:0.4em;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Others</div></th><th scope="col" style="background:#e2eeff; padding:0.4em;;width:30%"></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Adab_al-Mufrad" title="Al-Adab al-Mufrad">Al-Adab al-Mufrad</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Jami_al-Kamil" title="Al-Jami al-Kamil">Al-Jami al-Kamil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Kanz_al-Ummal" title="Kanz al-Ummal">Kanz al-Ummal</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Athar" title="Kitab al-Athar">Kitab al-Athar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Majma_al-Zawa%27id" title="Majma al-Zawa'id">Majma al-Zawa'id</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27jam_al-Awsat" title="Al-Mu'jam al-Awsat">Mu'jam al-Awsat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27jam_al-Kabeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mu'jam al-Kabeer">Mu'jam al-Kabeer</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27jam_al-Saghir" title="Al-Mu'jam al-Saghir">Mu'jam al-Saghir</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Musannaf_Abd_al-Razzaq" title="Musannaf Abd al-Razzaq">Musannaf Abd al-Razzaq</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Musannaf_Ibn_Abi_Shaybah" title="Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah">Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Musnad_Abu_Awanah" title="Musnad Abu Awanah">Musnad Abu Awanah</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Musnad_Abu_Hanifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Musnad Abu Hanifa">Musnad Abu Hanifa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Musnad_Abu_Ya%27la" class="mw-redirect" title="Musnad Abu Ya'la">Musnad Abu Ya'la</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Musnad_Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Musnad_al-Bazzar" title="Musnad al-Bazzar">Musnad_al-Bazzar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Musnad_al-Shafi%27i" title="Musnad al-Shafi'i">Musnad al-Shafi'i</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Musnad_al-Siraj" title="Musnad al-Siraj">Musnad al-Siraj</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Musnad_al-Firdous" title="Musnad al-Firdous">Musnad al-Firdous</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Musnad_al-Tayalisi" title="Musnad al-Tayalisi">Musnad al-Tayalisi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Musnad_Humaidi" title="Musnad Humaidi">Musnad Humaidi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Musnad_Ishaq_ibn_Rahwayh" title="Musnad Ishaq ibn Rahwayh">Musnad Ishaq ibn Rahwayh</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustadrak_ala_al-Sahihayn" title="Al-Mustadrak ala al-Sahihayn">Mustadrak ala al-Sahihayn</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Muwatta_Imam_Malik" title="Muwatta Imam Malik">Muwatta Imam Malik</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Ibn_Hibban" title="Sahih Ibn Hibban">Sahih Ibn Hibban</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Ibn_Khuzaymah" title="Sahih Ibn Khuzaymah">Sahih Ibn Khuzaymah</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Sahifah_Hammam_ibn_Munabbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahifah Hammam ibn Munabbih">Sahifah Hammam ibn Munabbih</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Shama%27il_al-Muhammadiyya" title="Shama'il al-Muhammadiyya">Shama'il al-Muhammadiyya</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Sunan_al-Bayhaqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan al-Bayhaqi">Sunan al-Kubra Bayhaqi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Sunan_al-Wusta" title="Al-Sunan al-Wusta">Sunan al-Wusta Bayhaqi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Sunan_al-Daraqutni" title="Sunan al-Daraqutni">Sunan al-Daraqutni</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Sunan_al-Darimi" title="Sunan al-Darimi">Sunan al-Darimi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/As-Sunan_al-Kubra" title="As-Sunan al-Kubra">Sunan Nasa'i al-Kubra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Sunan_Sa%27id_ibn_Mansur" title="Sunan Sa'id ibn Mansur">Sunan Sa'id ibn Mansur</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Shu%27ab_al-Iman" title="Shu'ab al-Iman">Shu'ab al-Iman</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/Tahdhib_al-Athar" title="Tahdhib al-Athar">Tahdhib al-Athar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td style="width:30%"> <a href="/wiki/At-Targhib_wat-Tarhib" title="At-Targhib wat-Tarhib">Targhib wal Tarhib</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#d6e7ff; text-align:center; padding:2px 1px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="background:#e2eeff;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Books" title="The Four Books">Al-Kutub Al-Arb'ah</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">("The Four Books")</span></span></div></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Kafi" title="Kitab al-Kafi">Kitab al-Kafi</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:120%;"> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الكتاب الكافي</span></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Man_La_Yahduruhu_al-Faqih" title="Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih">Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih</a></div></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:120%;"> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">من لا يحضره الفقيه</span></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tahdhib_al-Ahkam" title="Tahdhib al-Ahkam">Tahdhib al-Ahkam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:120%;"> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تهذیب الاحکام</span></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Istibsar" title="Al-Istibsar">Al-Istibsar</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:120%;"> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الاستبصار</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="col" style="background:#d6e7ff; padding:0.4em;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Others</div></th><th scope="col" style="background:#d6e7ff; padding:0.4em;;width:30%"></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Al-Wafi" title="Al-Wafi">Al-Wafi</a></td><td style="width:30%"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Wasa%27il_al-Shia" title="Wasa'il al-Shia">Wasa'il al-Shia</a></td><td style="width:30%"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustadrak_al-wasa%27il&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustadrak al-wasa'il (page does not exist)">Mustadrak al-wasa'il</a></td><td style="width:30%"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Bihar_al-Anwar" title="Bihar al-Anwar">Bihar al-Anwar</a></td><td style="width:30%"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Nahj_al-Balagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahj al-Balagha">Nahj al-Balagha</a></td><td style="width:30%"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Sulaym_ibn_Qays" title="The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays">The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays</a></td><td style="width:30%"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Al-Sahifa_al-Sajjadiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya">Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya</a></td><td style="width:30%"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Risalah_al-Huquq" class="mw-redirect" title="Risalah al-Huquq">Risalah al-Huquq</a></td><td style="width:30%"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Sahifah_of_al-Ridha" title="Sahifah of al-Ridha">Sahifah of al-Ridha</a></td><td style="width:30%"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah" title="Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah">Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah</a></td><td style="width:30%"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Da%27a%27im_al-Islam" title="Da'a'im al-Islam">Da'a'im al-Islam</a></td><td style="width:30%"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Uyoun_Akhbar_Al-Ridha" title="Uyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha">Uyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha</a></td><td style="width:30%"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Reality_of_Certainty" title="Reality of Certainty">Haqq al-Yaqeen</a></td><td style="width:30%"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Essence_of_Life_(book)" title="Essence of Life (book)">Ain Al-Hayat</a></td><td style="width:30%"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghadir" title="Al-Ghadir">Al-Ghadir</a></td><td style="width:30%"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#d6e7ff; text-align:center; padding:2px 1px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jami_Sahih" title="Jami Sahih">Jami Sahih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartib_al-Musnad" title="Tartib al-Musnad">Tartib al-Musnad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border: 0;"> <ul><li><small><small><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> - Books also revered by <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></small></small></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;text-align:center; background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_al-Hadith" title="Sheikh al-Hadith">Sheikh al-Hadith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Hadith" title="Category:Hadith">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hadith" title="Template:Hadith"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hadith" title="Template talk:Hadith"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hadith" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hadith"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥadīth</i></span> is the Arabic word for things like a report or an account (of an event).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20093_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20093-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Modarresi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modarresi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 471">: 471 </span></sup> For many, the authority of hadith is a source for religious and moral guidance known as <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>, which ranks second only to that of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a><sup id="cite_ref-EB_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which Muslims hold to be the word of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> revealed to Muhammad). While the number of verses pertaining to law in the Quran is relatively small, hadith are considered by many to give direction on everything from details of religious obligations (such as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></span> or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></span>, ablutions<sup id="cite_ref-GotRMZK1975:203_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GotRMZK1975:203-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">salat</a></i></span> prayer), to the correct forms of salutations<sup id="cite_ref-GotRMZK1975:168_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GotRMZK1975:168-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the importance of benevolence to slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-GotRMZK1975:229_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GotRMZK1975:229-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus for many, the "great bulk" of the rules of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> are derived from hadith, rather than the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-Forte-1978-2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forte-1978-2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among scholars of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> the term hadith may include not only the words, advice, practices, etc. of Muhammad, but also those of his <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">companions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EIMW-2004-285_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIMW-2004-285-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, hadith are the embodiment of the sunnah, the words and actions of Muhammad and his family, the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">The Twelve Imams</a> and Muhammad's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fatimah</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Intro-hadith-vii_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intro-hadith-vii-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Muhammad" title="Category:Muhammad">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Life</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Mecca" title="Muhammad in Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">Hijrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Medina" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad in Medina">Medina</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_after_the_occupation_of_Mecca" title="Muhammad after the occupation of Mecca">After Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Farewell_Sermon" title="Farewell Sermon">Farewell Sermon</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_early_Islamic_history" title="Timeline of early Islamic history">Milestones and records</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Career</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Muhammad" title="Military career of Muhammad">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_career_of_Muhammad" title="Diplomatic career of Muhammad">Diplomatic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Muhammad" title="Miracles of Muhammad">Miracles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_first_revelation" title="Muhammad's first revelation">First revelation</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Isra and Mi'raj</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Splitting_of_the_Moon" title="Splitting of the Moon">Splitting of the Moon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_views_on_Jews" title="Muhammad's views on Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_views_on_Christians" title="Muhammad's views on Christians">Christians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_views_on_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's views on Muhammad">Judaism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Criticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saqifah" class="mw-redirect" title="Saqifah">Saqifah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pen_and_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pen and paper">Hadith of the pen and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Praise</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salawat" title="Salawat">Salawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naat" class="mw-redirect" title="Naat">Naat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Possessions_of_Muhammad" title="Possessions of Muhammad">Possessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_of_Muhammad" title="Relics of Muhammad">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Muhammad" title="Seal of Muhammad">Seal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History of Islam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/16px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/24px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/31px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="background:white; padding:0 5px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muhammad" title="Template:Muhammad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muhammad" title="Template talk:Muhammad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muhammad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muhammad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Unlike the Quran, not all Muslims believe that all hadith accounts are divine revelation; in fact, scholars have thoroughly examined hadith to sort them into accuracy categories ever since the early period following the Prophet Muhammad's death. Different collections of hadīth would come to differentiate the different branches of the Islamic faith.<sup id="cite_ref-JACBMM2014:8_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JACBMM2014:8-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A minority of Muslims believe that Islamic guidance should be based on the <a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quran only</a>, thus rejecting the authority of hadith; some further claim that many hadiths are fabrications (<a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigrapha</a>) created in the 8th and 9th centuries AD, and which are falsely attributed to Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-Aisha_Y._Musa_2013_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aisha_Y._Musa_2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neal_Robinson_2013_pp._85-89_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neal_Robinson_2013_pp._85-89-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, some sects of the <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a> also rejected the hadiths, while <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilites" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazilites">Mu'tazilites</a> rejected the hadiths as the basis for Islamic law, while at the same time accepting the Sunnah and <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lulu.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lulu.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because some hadith contain questionable and ambiguous statements, the authentication of hadith became a major <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">field of study</a> in Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-IatW-Lewis-44_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IatW-Lewis-44-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its classic form a hadith consists of two parts—the chain of narrators who have transmitted the report (the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">isnad</i></span>), and the main text of the report (the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">matn</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20094_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20094-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20096-7_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20096-7-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H-EoI_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-EoI-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual hadith are classified by Muslim clerics and jurists into categories such as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sahih</i></span> ("authentic"), <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">hasan</i></span> ("good"), or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">da'if</i></span> ("weak").<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, different groups and different scholars may classify a hadith differently. Historically, some hadiths deemed to be unreliable were still used by Sunni jurists for non-core areas of law.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western scholars are generally skeptical of the value of hadith for understanding the true historical Muhammad, even those considered <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sahih</i></span> by Muslim scholars, due to their first recording centuries after Muhammad's life, the unverifiability of the claimed chains of transmission, and the widespread creation of fraudulent hadiths. Western scholars instead see hadith as more valuable for recording later developments in Islamic theology.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Arabic, the noun <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥadīth</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حديث</span></span>  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ħæˈdiːθ]</a></span>) means "report", "account", or "narrative".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its Arabic plural is <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">aḥādīth</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أحاديث</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ʔæħæːˈdiːθ]</a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20093_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20093-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Hadith</i> also refers to the speech of a person.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Islamic terminology, according to Juan Campo, the term <i>hadith</i> refers to reports of statements or actions of Muhammad, or of his tacit approval or criticism of something said or done in his presence.<sup id="cite_ref-H-EoI_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-EoI-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Classical hadith specialist <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani" title="Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani">Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani</a> says that the intended meaning of <i>hadith</i> in religious tradition is something attributed to Muhammad but that is not found in the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-fath_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fath-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholar <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Patricia Crone</a> includes reports by others than Muhammad in her definition of hadith: "short reports (sometimes just a line or two) recording what an early figure, such as a <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companion of the prophet</a> or Muhammad himself, said or did on a particular occasion, preceded by a chain of transmitters". However, she adds that "nowadays, hadith almost always means hadith from Muhammad himself."<sup id="cite_ref-Crone-wdwakaM-2008_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crone-wdwakaM-2008-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, according to the Shia Islam Ahlul Bayt Digital Library Project, "... when there is no clear Qur'anic statement, nor is there a Hadith upon which Muslim schools have agreed. ... Shi'a ... refer to Ahlul-Bayt [the family of Muhammad] to derive the Sunnah of the Prophet"—implying that while hadith is limited to the "Traditions" of Muhammad, the Shi'a Sunna draws on the sayings, etc. of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ahlul-Bayt</i></span> i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia)">Imams</a> of Shi'a Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-ABDLP-sunna_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABDLP-sunna-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinction_from_sunnah">Distinction from <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sunnah</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distinction from sunnah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a></i></span> is also used in reference to a normative custom of Muhammad or the early <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H-EoI_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-EoI-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Joseph Schacht</a> describes hadith as providing "the documentation" of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sunnah</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-3_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another source (Joseph A. Islam) distinguishes between the two saying: </p> <blockquote><p>Whereas the 'Hadith' is an oral communication that is allegedly derived from the Prophet or his teachings, the 'Sunna' (quite literally: mode of life, behaviour or example) signifies the prevailing customs of a particular community or people. ... A 'Sunna' is a practice which has been passed on by a community from generation to generation en masse, whereas the hadith are reports collected by later compilers often centuries removed from the source. ... A practice which is contained within the Hadith may well be regarded as Sunna, but it is not necessary that a Sunna would have a supporting hadith sanctioning it.<sup id="cite_ref-JAI_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAI-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some sources (<a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Khaled Abou El Fadl</a>) limit hadith to verbal reports, with the deeds of Muhammad and reports about his <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">companions</a> being part of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sunnah</i></span>, but not hadith.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC-abu-al-fadl_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-abu-al-fadl-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinction_from_other_literature">Distinction from other literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distinction from other literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Categories_of_Hadith" title="Categories of Hadith">Categories of Hadith</a></div> <p>Islamic literary classifications similar to hadith (but not <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sunnah</i></span>) are <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">maghazi</i></span> and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">sira</a></i></span>. They differ from hadith in that they are organized "relatively chronologically" rather than by subject. </p> <ul><li><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sīrat</i></span> (literally "way of going" or "conduct"), biographies of Muhammad, written since the middle of the eighth century. Similar writings called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">maghazi</i></span> (literally "raid") preceded the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sīrat</i></span> literature, focusing on military actions of Muhammad, but also included non-military aspects of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-pierce-17-18_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pierce-17-18-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, there is overlap in the meaning of the terms, although <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">maghazi</i></span> suggests military aspects rather than general biographical ones.</li></ul> <p>Other "traditions" of Islam related to hadith include: </p> <ul><li><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Khabar</i></span> (literally news, information, pl. <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">akhbar</i></span>) may be used as a synonym for hadith, but some scholars use it to refer to traditions about Muhammad's <a href="/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">companions</a> and their successors from the <a href="/wiki/Tabi%27un" title="Tabi'un">following generation</a>, in contrast to hadith as defined as traditions about Muhammad himself. Another definition (by Ibn Warraq) describes them as "discrete anecdotes or reports" from early Islam which "include simple statements, utterances of authoritative scholars, saints, or statesmen, reports of events, and stories about historical events all varying in length from one line to several pages."<sup id="cite_ref-IWSoMatRoI2000:66_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IWSoMatRoI2000:66-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Conversely, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">athar</i></span> (trace, remnant) usually refers to traditions about the companions and successors, though sometimes connotes traditions about Muhammad.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hadith_compilation">Hadith compilation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hadith compilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hadith literature in use today is based on spoken reports in circulation after the death of Muhammad. Hadith were not promptly written down during Muhammad's lifetime or immediately after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20093_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20093-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hadith were <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">evaluated</a> orally to written and gathered into large collections during the 8th and 9th centuries, generations after Muhammad's death, after the end of the era of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>, over 1,000 km (600 mi) from where Muhammad lived. </p><p>"Many thousands of times" more numerous than the verses of the Quran,<sup id="cite_ref-JACBMM2014:94_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JACBMM2014:94-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hadith have been described as resembling layers surrounding the "core" of Islamic beliefs (the Quran). Well-known, widely accepted hadith make up the narrow inner layer, with a hadith becoming less reliable and accepted with each layer stretching outward.<sup id="cite_ref-JACBMM2014:8_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JACBMM2014:8-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reports of Muhammad's (and sometimes his companions') behavior collected by hadith compilers include details of ritual religious practice such as the five <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">salat</a></i></span> (obligatory Islamic prayers) that are not found in the Quran, as well as everyday behavior such as table manners,<sup id="cite_ref-GotRMZK1975:100_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GotRMZK1975:100-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dress,<sup id="cite_ref-GotRMZK1975:117-122_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GotRMZK1975:117-122-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and posture.<sup id="cite_ref-GotRMZK1975:7_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GotRMZK1975:7-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hadith are also regarded by Muslims as important tools for understanding things mentioned in the Quran but not explained, a source for <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a></i></span> (commentaries written on the Quran). </p><p>Some important elements, which are today taken to be a long-held part of Islamic practice and belief are not mentioned in the Quran, but are reported in hadiths.<sup id="cite_ref-JACBMM2014:18_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JACBMM2014:18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, Muslims usually maintain that hadiths are a necessary requirement for the true and proper practice of Islam, as it gives Muslims the nuanced details of Islamic practice and belief in areas where the Quran is silent. An example is the obligatory prayers, which are commanded in the Quran, but explained in hadith. </p><p>Details of the prescribed movements and words of the prayer (known as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rak%27a" title="Rak'a">rak'a</a></i></span>) and how many times they are to be performed, are found in hadith. However, hadiths differ on these details and consequently <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">salat</i></span> is performed differently by different hadithist Islamic sects.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quranists, on the other hand, believe that if the Quran is silent on some matter, it is because God did not hold its detail to be of consequence; and that some hadith contradict the Quran, proving that some hadith are a source of corruption and not a complement to the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-Tschalaer-2017-31_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tschalaer-2017-31-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-prophetic_hadith">Non-prophetic hadith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Non-prophetic hadith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Joseph Schacht</a> quotes a hadith of Muhammad that is used "to justify reference" in Islamic law to the <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">companions of Muhammad</a> as religious authorities—"My companions are like lodestars."<sup id="cite_ref-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-19_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-19-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tr-III-57,148_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tr-III-57,148-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Schacht, (and other scholars)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DWBRTMIT1996:7_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:7-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the very first generations after the death of Muhammad, use of hadith from <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Sahabah</a></i></span> ("companions" of Muhammad) and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tabi%27un" title="Tabi'un">Tabi'un</a></i></span> ("successors" of the companions) "was the rule", while use of hadith of Muhammad himself by Muslims was "the exception".<sup id="cite_ref-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-3_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schacht credits <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a>—founder of the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> school of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a></i></span> (or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Madh%27hab" class="mw-redirect" title="Madh'hab">madh'hab</a></i></span>)—with establishing the principle of the using the hadith of Muhammad for Islamic law, and emphasizing the inferiority of hadith of anyone else, saying hadiths: </p> <blockquote><p>"... from other persons are of no account in the face of a tradition from the Prophet, whether they confirm or contradict it; if the other persons had been aware of the tradition from the Prophet, they would have followed it".<sup id="cite_ref-Schacht-OoMJ-1959_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tr-III-intro_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tr-III-intro-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This led to "the almost complete neglect" of traditions from the Companions and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-4_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-4-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Collections of hadith sometimes mix those of Muhammad with the reports of others. <a href="/wiki/Muwatta_Imam_Malik" title="Muwatta Imam Malik">Muwatta Imam Malik</a> is usually described as "the earliest written collection of hadith" but sayings of Muhammad are "blended with the sayings of the companions",<sup id="cite_ref-Intro-hadith-59_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intro-hadith-59-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (822 hadith from Muhammad and 898 from others, according to the count of one edition).<sup id="cite_ref-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-22_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-22-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Introduction to Hadith</i> by Abd al-Hadi al-Fadli, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitab Ali</i></span> is referred to as "the first hadith book of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></span> (family of Muhammad) to be written on the authority of the Prophet".<sup id="cite_ref-Intro-hadith-62_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intro-hadith-62-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the acts, statements or approvals of Muhammad are called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">"Marfu hadith"</i></span>, while those of companions are called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">"mawquf</i></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">(موقوف)</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">hadith"</i></span>, and those of <a href="/wiki/Tabi%27un" title="Tabi'un">Tabi'un</a> are called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">"maqtu'</i></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">(مقطوع)</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">hadith"</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact,_typology_and_components"><span id="Impact.2C_typology_and_components"></span>Impact, typology and components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Impact, typology and components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact">Impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hadith had a profound and controversial influence on <i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a></i> (commentaries of the Quran). The earliest commentary of the Quran known as <a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Ibn_Abbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafsir Ibn Abbas">Tafsir Ibn Abbas</a> is sometimes attributed to the companion Ibn Abbas. </p><p>The hadith were used the form the basis of <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a></i> (the religious law system forming part of the Islamic tradition), and <i><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a></i> (Islamic jurisprudence). The hadith are at the root of why there is no single <i>fiqh</i> system, but rather a collection of parallel systems within Islam. </p><p>Much of the early Islamic history available today is also based on the hadith, although it has been challenged for its lack of basis in primary source material and the internal contradictions of available secondary material.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hadith have been called by American-<a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_A._C._Brown" title="Jonathan A. C. Brown">Jonathan A. C. Brown</a> as "the backbone" of Islamic civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-JACBMM2014:6_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JACBMM2014:6-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Sacred_hadith"></span> Hadith may be <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith_Qudse" title="Hadith Qudse">hadith qudsi</a></i> (sacred hadith)—which some Muslims regard as the words of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—or <i>hadith sharif</i> (noble hadith), which are Muhammad's own utterances.<sup id="cite_ref-Glasse-159_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glasse-159-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to as-Sayyid ash-Sharif al-Jurjani, the hadith qudsi differ from the Quran in that the former are "expressed in Muhammad's words", whereas the latter are the "<a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">direct words of God</a>". A <i>hadith qudsi</i> need not be a <i>sahih</i> (sound hadith), but may be <i>da'if</i> or even <i>mawdu'</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of a <i>hadith qudsi</i> is the hadith of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hurairah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hurairah">Abu Hurairah</a> who said that Muhammad said: </p> <blockquote><p>When God decreed the Creation He pledged Himself by writing in His book which is laid down with Him: My mercy prevails over My wrath.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="Need secondary source confirming that this is a hadith qudsi (November 2015)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the Shia school of thought, there are two fundamental viewpoints of hadith: The <a href="/wiki/Usuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Usuli">Usuli</a> view and the <a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a> view. The Usuli scholars emphasize the importance of scientific examination of hadiths through <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a> while the Akhbari scholars consider all hadiths from the four Shia books as authentic .<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two major aspects of a hadith are the text of the report (the <i>matn</i>), which contains the actual narrative, and the chain of narrators (the <i>isnad</i>), which documents the route by which the report has been transmitted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20094_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20094-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H-EoI_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-EoI-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The isnad was an effort to document that a hadith actually came from Muhammad, and Muslim scholars from the eighth century to the present have never ceased to repeat the mantra "The isnad is part of the religion—if not for the isnad, whoever wanted could say whatever they wanted."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20094_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20094-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>isnad</i> literally means "support", and it is so named because hadith specialists rely on it to determine the <a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology" title="Hadith terminology">authenticity or weakness of a hadith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>isnad</i> consists of a chronological list of the narrators, each mentioning the one from whom they heard the hadith, until mentioning the originator of the <i>matn</i> along with the <i>matn</i> itself. </p><p>The first people to hear hadith were the companions who preserved it and then conveyed it to those after them. Then the generation following them received it, thus conveying it to those after them and so on. So a companion would say, "I heard the Prophet say such and such." The Follower would then say, "I heard a companion say, 'I heard the Prophet.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" The one after him would then say, "I heard someone say, 'I heard a Companion say, 'I heard the Prophet ...''" and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hadith_literature_by_branch_or_denomination_of_Islam">Hadith literature by branch or denomination of Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hadith literature by branch or denomination of Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different branches of Islam refer to different collections of hadith, although the same incident may be found in hadith from different collections. In general, the difference between Shi'a and Sunni collections is that Shia give preference to hadiths attributed to Muhammad's family and close companions (<i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i>), while Sunnis do not consider family lineage in evaluating hadith and sunnah narrated by any of twelve thousand companions of Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunni">Sunni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sunni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the Sunni branch of Islam, the canonical hadith collections are <i><a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">the six books</a></i>, of which <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a> generally have the highest status. The other books of hadith are <a href="/wiki/Sunan_Abu_Dawood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan Abu Dawood">Sunan Abu Dawood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jami%27_al-Tirmidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jami' al-Tirmidhi">Jami' al-Tirmidhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Sunan_al-Sughra" title="Al-Sunan al-Sughra">Al-Sunan al-Sughra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunan_ibn_Majah" title="Sunan ibn Majah">Sunan ibn Majah</a>. However the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Malikis</a>, one of the four Sunni "schools of thought" (<i><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhabs</a></i>), traditionally reject Sunan ibn Majah and assert the canonical status of <a href="/wiki/Muwatta_Imam_Malik" title="Muwatta Imam Malik">Muwatta Imam Malik</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shia">Shia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Shia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> Shi'a branch of Islam, the canonical hadith collections are <i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Books" title="The Four Books">the Four Books</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Kafi" title="Kitab al-Kafi">Kitab al-Kafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Man_la_yahduruhu_al-Faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih">Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahdhib_al-Ahkam" title="Tahdhib al-Ahkam">Tahdhib al-Ahkam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Istibsar" title="Al-Istibsar">Al-Istibsar</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Ismaili</a> shia sects use the <a href="/wiki/Da%27a%27im_al-Islam" title="Da'a'im al-Islam">Da'a'im al-Islam</a> as their hadith collection.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ibadi">Ibadi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ibadi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> branch of Islam, the main canonical collection is the <a href="/wiki/Tartib_al-Musnad" title="Tartib al-Musnad">Tartib al-Musnad</a>. This is an expansion of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Jami_Sahih" title="Jami Sahih">Jami Sahih</a> collection, which retains canonical status in its own right.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Some minor groups, collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Quranists" class="mw-redirect" title="Quranists">Quranists</a>, reject the authority of the hadith collections altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-Aisha_Y._Musa_2013_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aisha_Y._Musa_2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neal_Robinson_2013_pp._85-89_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neal_Robinson_2013_pp._85-89-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History,_tradition_and_usage"><span id="History.2C_tradition_and_usage"></span>History, tradition and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History, tradition and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This assertion re Muslim historians citing Uthman on hadith <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hadith" title="Special:EditPage/Hadith">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this assertion re Muslim historians citing Uthman on hadith. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hadith%22">"Hadith"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hadith%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hadith%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hadith%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hadith%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hadith%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Traditions of the life of Muhammad and the early history of Islam were passed down mostly orally for more than a hundred years after Muhammad's death in AD 632. Muslim historians say that <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">Uthman ibn Affan</a> (the third <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">khalifa (caliph)</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>, or third successor of Muhammad, who had formerly been Muhammad's secretary), is generally credited with urging Muslims to record the hadith just as Muhammad had suggested that some of his followers to write down his words and actions.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uthman's labours were cut short by his assassination, at the hands of aggrieved soldiers, in 656. No direct sources survive directly from this period so we are dependent on what later writers tell us about this period.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to British historian of Arab world Alfred Guillaume, it is "certain" that "several small collections" of hadith were "assembled in Umayyad times."<sup id="cite_ref-Guillaume-1954-89_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillaume-1954-89-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Islamic law, the use of hadith as it is understood today (hadith of Muhammad with documentation, isnads, etc.) came gradually. According to scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Joseph Schacht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Goldziher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignaz Goldziher">Ignaz Goldziher</a>, and Daniel W. Brown, early schools of Islamic jurisprudence<sup id="cite_ref-DWBRTMIT1996:11_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:11-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used the rulings of the <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Prophet's Companions</a>, the rulings of the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliphs</a>, and practices that “had gained general acceptance among the jurists of that school”. On his deathbed, Caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> instructed Muslims to seek guidance from the Quran, the early Muslims (<i><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">muhajirun</a></i>) who emigrated to Medina with Muhammad, the Medina residents who welcomed and supported the <i><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">muhajirun</a></i> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">ansar</a></i>) and the people of the desert.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the scholars Harald Motzki and Daniel W. Brown the earliest Islamic legal reasonings that have come down to us were "virtually hadith-free", but gradually, over the course of second century <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">A.H.</a> "the infiltration and incorporation of Prophetic hadiths into Islamic jurisprudence" took place.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DWBRTMIT1996:12_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:12-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was Abū ʿAbdullāh Muhammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī (150-204 AH), known as <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">al-Shafi'i</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DWBRTMIT1996:7_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:7-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who emphasized the final authority of a hadith of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, so that even the Quran was "to be interpreted in the light of traditions (i.e. hadith), and not vice versa."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forte-1978-13_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forte-1978-13-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While traditionally the Qur'an has traditionally been considered superior in authority to the sunna, Al-Shafi'i "forcefully argued" that the sunna was "on equal footing with the Quran", (according to scholar Daniel Brown) for (as Al-Shafi'i put it) “the command of the Prophet is the command of God.”<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DWBRTMIT1996:8_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:8-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:205px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PERF_No._732.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PERF_No._732.jpg/215px-PERF_No._732.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PERF_No._732.jpg/323px-PERF_No._732.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PERF_No._732.jpg/430px-PERF_No._732.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="766" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:205px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PERF_No._731.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/PERF_No._731.jpg/215px-PERF_No._731.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/PERF_No._731.jpg/323px-PERF_No._731.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/PERF_No._731.jpg/430px-PERF_No._731.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="763" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">PERF No. 731, the earliest manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Malik_Ibn_Anas" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik Ibn Anas">Mālik's</a> Muwaṭṭaʾ, dated to his own time. Recto (left) has the contents of Bāb al-Targib fī-Sadaqah, 795 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>In 851 the rationalist <a href="/wiki/Mu%60tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu`tazila">Mu`tazila</a> school of thought fell out of favor in the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Mu`tazila, for whom the "judge of truth ... was human reason,"<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had clashed with traditionists who looked to the literal meaning of the Quran and hadith for truth. While the Quran had been officially compiled and approved, hadiths had not. One result was the number of hadiths began "multiplying in suspiciously direct correlation to their utility" to the quoter of the hadith (<a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies#Muhaddith_as_school_of_thought" title="Hadith studies">Traditionists</a> quoted hadith warning against listening to human opinion instead of Sharia; <a href="/wiki/Hanafite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafite">Hanafites</a> quoted a hadith stating that "In my community there will rise a man called Abu Hanifa [the Hanafite founder] who will be its guiding light". In fact one agreed upon hadith warned that, "There will be forgers, liars who will bring you hadiths which neither you nor your forefathers have heard, Beware of them."<sup id="cite_ref-Goldziher-1967-127_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldziher-1967-127-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition the number of hadith grew enormously. While <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a> had attributed just 1720 statements or deeds to the Muhammad, it was no longer unusual to find people who had collected a hundred times that number of hadith.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:258px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PERF_No._665.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/PERF_No._665.jpg/212px-PERF_No._665.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/PERF_No._665.jpg/318px-PERF_No._665.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/PERF_No._665.jpg/424px-PERF_No._665.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="975" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:258px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PERFNo._666.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/PERFNo._666.jpg/218px-PERFNo._666.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/PERFNo._666.jpg/327px-PERFNo._666.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/PERFNo._666.jpg/436px-PERFNo._666.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="952" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">PERF No. 665: The earliest extant manuscript of The Sirah Of Prophet Muḥammad by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a>. This manuscript is believed to be transmitted by students of Ibn Hishām (d. 218 AH /834 CE), perhaps soon after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Faced with a huge corpus of miscellaneous traditions supporting different views on a wide variety of controversial matters—some of them flatly contradicting each other—Islamic scholars of the Abbasid period sought to authenticate hadith. Scholars had to decide which hadith were to be trusted as authentic and which had been fabricated for political or theological purposes. To do this, they used a number of techniques which Muslims now call the <a href="/wiki/Hadith_sciences" title="Hadith sciences">science of hadith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest surviving hadith manuscripts were copied on papyrus. A long scroll collects traditions transmitted by the scholar and qadi 'Abd Allāh ibn Lahīʻa (d. 790).<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>Ḥadīth Dāwūd</i> (<i>History of David</i>), attributed to <a href="/wiki/Wahb_ibn_Munabbih" title="Wahb ibn Munabbih">Wahb ibn Munabbih</a>, survives in a manuscript dated 844.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A collection of hadiths dedicated to invocations to God, attributed to a certain Khālid ibn Yazīd, is dated 880–881.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A consistent fragment of the <i>Jāmiʿ</i> of the Egyptian Maliki jurist 'Abd Allāh ibn Wahb (d. 813) is finally dated to 889.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shia_and_Sunni_textual_traditions">Shia and Sunni textual traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Shia and Sunni textual traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revealed Books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Day of Resurrection</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></i> (<i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hadith</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a></i>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir"><i>Tafsir</i> (exegesis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah"><i>Aqidah</i> (creed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya"><i>Qisas al-Anbiya</i> ("Stories of the Prophets")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a> (Poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i> (jurisprudence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i> (law)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; 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padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam" title="Template:Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam" title="Template talk:Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sunni and Shia hadith collections differ because scholars from the two traditions differ as to the reliability of the narrators and transmitters. Narrators who sided with <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, in the disputes over leadership that followed the death of Muhammad, are considered unreliable by the Shia; narrations attributed to <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> and the family of Muhammad, and to their supporters, are preferred. Sunni scholars put trust in narrators such as <a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a>, whom Shia reject. Differences in hadith collections have contributed to differences in worship practices and shari'a law and have hardened the dividing line between the two traditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extent_and_nature_in_the_Sunni_tradition">Extent and nature in the Sunni tradition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Extent and nature in the Sunni tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Sunni tradition, the number of such texts is somewhere between seven and thirteen thousand,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the number of <i>hadiths</i> is far greater because several <i>isnad</i> sharing the same text are each counted as individual hadith. If, say, ten companions record a text reporting a single incident in the life of Muhammad, hadith scholars can count this as ten hadiths. Thus, Musnad Ahmad, for example, has over 30,000 hadiths—but this count includes texts that are repeated in order to record slight variations within the text or within the chains of narrations. Identifying the narrators of the various texts, comparing their narrations of the same texts to identify both the soundest reporting of a text and the reporters who are most sound in their reporting occupied experts of hadith throughout the 2nd century. In the 3rd century of Islam (from 225/840 to about 275/889),<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology#Ṣaḥīḥ" title="Hadith terminology">hadith experts</a> composed brief works recording a selection of about two- to five-thousand such texts which they felt to have been most soundly documented or most widely referred to in the Muslim scholarly community.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 4th and 5th century saw these six works being commented on quite widely. This auxiliary literature has contributed to making their study the place of departure for any serious study of hadith. In addition, Bukhari and Muslim in particular, claimed that they were collecting only the soundest of sound hadiths. These later scholars tested their claims and agreed to them, so that today, they are considered the most reliable collections of hadith.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toward the end of the 5th century, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qaisarani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Qaisarani">Ibn al-Qaisarani</a> formally standardized the Sunni canon into <a href="/wiki/Al-Kutub_al-Sittah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kutub al-Sittah">six pivotal works</a>, a delineation which remains to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the centuries, several different categories of collections have emerged. Some are more general, such as the <i>muṣannaf</i>, the <i>muʿjam</i>, and the <i>jāmiʿ</i>, and some more specific, characterized either by the subjects covered, such as the <i>sunan</i> (restricted to legal-liturgical traditions), or by<i>their</i>s composition, such as the <a href="/wiki/Forty_hadith" title="Forty hadith"><i>arbaʿīniyyāt</i></a> (collections of forty hadiths).<sup id="cite_ref-siddiqi_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siddiqi-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extent_and_nature_in_the_Shia_tradition">Extent and nature in the Shia tradition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Extent and nature in the Shia tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shi'a Muslims seldom if ever use the <a href="/wiki/Six_major_hadith_collections" class="mw-redirect" title="Six major hadith collections">six major hadith collections</a> followed by the Sunnis because they do not trust many of the Sunni narrators and transmitters. They have their own extensive hadith literature. The best-known hadith collections are <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Books" title="The Four Books">The Four Books</a>, which were compiled by three authors who are known as the 'Three Muhammads'.<sup id="cite_ref-Momen,_Moojan_1985,_p.174_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Momen,_Moojan_1985,_p.174-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Four Books are: <i>Kitab al-Kafi</i> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ya%27qub_al-Kulayni" title="Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni">Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni</a> al-Razi (329 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>), <i>Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih</i> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_al-Saduq" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh al-Saduq">Muhammad ibn Babuya</a> and <i>Al-Tahdhib</i> and <i>Al-Istibsar</i> both by <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Muhammad Tusi</a>. Shi'a clerics also make use of extensive collections and commentaries by later authors. </p><p>Unlike Sunnis, the majority of Shia do not consider any of their hadith collections to be sahih (authentic) in their entirety. Therefore, each individual hadith in a specific collection must be investigated separately to determine its authenticity. The Akhbari school, however, considers all the hadith from the four books to be authentic.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The importance of hadith in the Shia school of thought is well documented. This can be captured by Ali ibn Abi Talib, cousin of Muhammad, when he narrated that "Whoever of our Shia (followers) knows our <a href="/wiki/Shariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shariah">Shariah</a> and takes out the weak of our followers from the darkness of ignorance to the light of knowledge (Hadith) which we (Ahl al-Bayt) have gifted to them, he on the day of judgement will come with a crown on his head. It will shine among the people gathered on the plain of resurrection."<sup id="cite_ref-Kafi2013_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kafi2013-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Askari" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan al-Askari">Hassan al-Askari</a>, a descendant of Muhammad, gave support to this narration, stating "Whoever he had taken out in the worldly life from the darkness of ignorance can hold to his light to be taken out of the darkness of the plain of resurrection to the garden (paradise). Then all those whomever he had taught in the worldly life anything of goodness, or had opened from his heart a lock of ignorance or had removed his doubts will come out."<sup id="cite_ref-Kafi2013_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kafi2013-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding the importance of maintaining accuracy in recording hadith, it has been documented that <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a>, the great-grandson of Muhammad, has said that "Holding back in a doubtful issue is better than entering destruction. Your not narrating a Hadith is better than you narrating a Hadith in which you have not studied thoroughly. On every truth, there is a reality. Above every right thing, there is a light. Whatever agrees with the book of Allah you must take it and whatever disagrees you must leave it alone."<sup id="cite_ref-Kafi2013_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kafi2013-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> Al-Baqir also emphasized the selfless devotion of Ahl al-Bayt to preserving the traditions of Muhammad through his conversation with <a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Abd_Allah" title="Jabir ibn Abd Allah">Jabir ibn Abd Allah</a>, an old companion of Muhammad. He (Al-Baqir) said, "Oh Jabir, had we spoken to you from our opinions and desires, we would be counted among those who are destroyed. We speak to you of the hadith which we treasure from the Messenger of Allah, Oh Allah grant compensation to Muhammad and his family worthy of their services to your cause, just as they treasure their gold and silver."<sup id="cite_ref-Kafi2013_110-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kafi2013-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, it has been narrated that <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>, the son of al-Baqir, has said the following regarding hadith: "You must write it down; you will not memorize until you write it down."<sup id="cite_ref-Kafi2013_110-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kafi2013-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forty_hadith_nawawi_taught_by_Sheikh_Usama_al_Azhari_in_Sultan_Hassan_Mosque.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Forty_hadith_nawawi_taught_by_Sheikh_Usama_al_Azhari_in_Sultan_Hassan_Mosque.JPG/220px-Forty_hadith_nawawi_taught_by_Sheikh_Usama_al_Azhari_in_Sultan_Hassan_Mosque.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Forty_hadith_nawawi_taught_by_Sheikh_Usama_al_Azhari_in_Sultan_Hassan_Mosque.JPG/330px-Forty_hadith_nawawi_taught_by_Sheikh_Usama_al_Azhari_in_Sultan_Hassan_Mosque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Forty_hadith_nawawi_taught_by_Sheikh_Usama_al_Azhari_in_Sultan_Hassan_Mosque.JPG/440px-Forty_hadith_nawawi_taught_by_Sheikh_Usama_al_Azhari_in_Sultan_Hassan_Mosque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imam_Nawawi%27s_Forty_Hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Nawawi's Forty Hadith">Imam Nawawi's Forty Hadith</a> taught in the <a href="/wiki/Mosque-Madrassa_of_Sultan_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan">Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan</a> in Cairo, Egypt</figcaption></figure> <p>Hadith as an Interpretation of the Holy Quran: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Move not your tongue with it, to hasten with recitation of it. Indeed, upon Us is its collection and its recitation. So when We have recited it, then follow its recitation. Then upon Us is Interpretation. Surah Al Qiyamah, verse 16–19.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The mainstream sects consider hadith to be essential supplements to, and clarifications of, the Quran, Islam's holy book, as well as for clarifying issues pertaining to Islamic jurisprudence. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Salah" title="Ibn al-Salah">Ibn al-Salah</a>, a hadith specialist, described the relationship between hadith and other aspects of the religion by saying: "It is the science most pervasive in respect to the other sciences in their various branches, in particular to jurisprudence being the most important of them."<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The intended meaning of 'other sciences' here are those pertaining to religion," explains Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, "Quranic exegesis, hadith, and jurisprudence. The <a href="/wiki/Hadith_sciences" title="Hadith sciences">science of hadith</a> became the most pervasive due to the need displayed by each of these three sciences. The need hadith has of its science is apparent. As for Quranic <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a>, then the preferred manner of explaining the speech of God is by means of what has been accepted as a statement of Muhammad. The one looking to this is in need of distinguishing the acceptable from the unacceptable. Regarding jurisprudence, then the jurist is in need of citing as an evidence the acceptable to the exception of the later, something only possible utilizing the science of hadith."<sup id="cite_ref-Nukat_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nukat-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_scholarship">Western scholarship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Western scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Western scholarly criticism of hadith began in colonial India in the mid 19th century with the works of <a href="/wiki/Aloys_Sprenger" title="Aloys Sprenger">Aloys Sprenger</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Muir" title="William Muir">William Muir</a>. These works were generally critical of the reliability of hadith, suggesting that traditional Muslim scholarship was incapable of determining the authenticity of hadith, and that the hadith tradition had been corrupted by widespread fabrication of fraudulent hadith. The late 19th century work of <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Goldziher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignaz Goldziher">Ignaz Goldziher</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Muhammedanische_Studien" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammedanische Studien">Muhammedanische Studien</a></i> (<i>Muslim Studies</i>), is considered seminal in the field of Western hadith studies. Goldziher took the same critical approach as Sprenger and Muir, suggesting that many hadith showed anachronistic elements indicating that they were not authentic, and that the many contradictory hadith made the value of the entire corpus questionable. The work of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Joseph Schacht</a> in the 1950s sought to obtain a critical understanding of the chains of transmission of particular hadith, focusing on the convergence of transmission chains of particular hadith back to a single "common link" from who all later sources ultimately obtained the hadith, who Schacht considered to be the likely true author of the hadith, which could allow dating of when particular hadith began circulating. This method is widely influential in Western hadith scholarship, though has received criticism from some scholars. Some modern scholars have contested Schacht's assertion that the "common links" were likely forgers of the hadith, instead suggesting that they were avid collectors of hadiths, though their arguments for this have been criticised by other scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studies_and_authentication">Studies and authentication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Studies and authentication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">Hadith studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith_sciences" title="Hadith sciences">Hadith sciences</a></div> <p>Authenticity of a hadith is primarily verified by its chain of transmission (<i>isnad</i>). Because a chain of transmission can be a forgery, the status of authenticity given by Muslim scholars are not generally accepted by Orientalists or historians, who largely consider hadith to be unverifiable. <a href="/wiki/Ign%C3%A1c_Goldziher" title="Ignác Goldziher">Ignác Goldziher</a> demonstrated that several hadiths do not fit the time of Muhammad chronologically and content-wise.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As a result, Orientalists generally regard hadiths as having little value in understanding the life and times of the historical Muhammad but are instead valuable for understanding later theological developments in the Muslim community.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>, "In the early Islamic centuries there could be no better way of promoting a cause, an opinion, or a faction than to cite an appropriate action or utterance of the Prophet."<sup id="cite_ref-EMHME-80_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMHME-80-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To fight these forgeries, the elaborate tradition of <a href="/wiki/Hadith_sciences" title="Hadith sciences">hadith sciences</a> was devised<sup id="cite_ref-EMHME-80_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMHME-80-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to authenticate hadith known as <i>ilm al jarh</i> or <i>ilm al dirayah<sup id="cite_ref-EMHME-80_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMHME-80-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i><sup id="cite_ref-50-Nasr_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50-Nasr-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hadith science use a number of methods of evaluation developed by early Muslim scholars in determining the veracity of reports attributed to Muhammad. This is achieved by: </p> <ul><li>the individual narrators involved in its transmission,</li> <li>the scale of the report's transmission,</li> <li>analyzing the text of the report, and</li> <li>the routes through which the report was transmitted.</li></ul> <p>Based on these criteria, various classifications of hadith have been developed. The earliest comprehensive work in hadith science was <a href="/wiki/Ramahurmuzi" title="Ramahurmuzi">Abu Muhammad al-Ramahurmuzi's</a> <i>al-Muhaddith al-Fasil</i>, while another significant work was <a href="/wiki/Hakim_al-Nishaburi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakim al-Nishaburi">al-Hakim al-Naysaburi</a>'s <i>Ma‘rifat ‘ulum al-hadith</i>. Ibn al-Salah's <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_the_Science_of_Hadith" title="Introduction to the Science of Hadith"><i>ʻUlum al-hadith</i></a> is considered the standard classical reference on hadith science.<sup id="cite_ref-H-EoI_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-EoI-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some schools of Hadith methodology apply as many as sixteen separate tests.<sup id="cite_ref-Shafi_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shafi-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographical_evaluation">Biographical evaluation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Biographical evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biographical_evaluation" title="Biographical evaluation">Biographical evaluation</a></div> <p>Biographical analysis (<i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_evaluation" title="Biographical evaluation">‘ilm al-rijāl</a></i>, lit. "science of people", also "science of <i>Asma Al-Rijal</i> or <i>‘ilm al-jarḥ wa al-taʻdīl</i> ("science of discrediting and accrediting"), in which details about the transmitter are scrutinized. This includes analyzing their date and place of birth; familial connections; teachers and students; religiosity; moral behaviour; literary output; their travels; as well as their date of death. Based upon these criteria, the reliability (<i>thiqāt</i>) of the transmitter is assessed. It is also determined whether the individual was actually able to transmit the report, which is deduced from their contemporaneity and geographical proximity with the other transmitters in the chain.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shafi_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shafi-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of biographical dictionaries include: <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Maqdisi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi">Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Kamal_fi_Asma%27_al-Rijal" title="Al-Kamal fi Asma' al-Rijal">Al-Kamal fi Asma' al-Rijal</a></i>, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani's <i>Tahdhīb al-Tahdhīb</i> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">al-Dhahabi</a>'s <i>Tadhkirat al-huffaz</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scale_of_transmission">Scale of transmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Scale of transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hadith on matters of importance needed to come through a number of independent chains,<sup id="cite_ref-Shafi_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shafi-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was known as the scale of transmission. Reports that passed through many reliable transmitters in many <i>isnad</i> up until their collection and transcription are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology#Mutawatir" title="Hadith terminology">mutawātir</a></i>. These reports are considered the most authoritative as they pass through so many different routes that collusion between all of the transmitters becomes an impossibility. Reports not meeting this standard are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology#Ahaad" title="Hadith terminology">aahad</a></i>, and are of several different types.<sup id="cite_ref-H-EoI_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-EoI-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analyzing_text">Analyzing text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Analyzing text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Muhammad Shafi, Hadith whose isnad has been scrutinized then have their text or <i>matn</i> examined for: </p> <ul><li>contradiction of the Quran;<sup id="cite_ref-Shafi_120-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shafi-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>contradiction of reliable hadith;<sup id="cite_ref-Shafi_120-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shafi-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>making sense, being logical;<sup id="cite_ref-Shafi_120-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shafi-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>being a report about the importance of an individual (or individuals) which is transmitted only through their supporters or family, and which is not supported by reports from other independent channels.<sup id="cite_ref-Shafi_120-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shafi-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology:_admissible_and_inadmissible_hadiths">Terminology: admissible and inadmissible hadiths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Terminology: admissible and inadmissible hadiths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology" title="Hadith terminology">Hadith terminology</a></div> <p>Having been evaluated, hadith may be categorized. Two categories are: </p> <ul><li><i>ṣaḥīḥ</i> (sound, authentic),</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology#Ḍaʻīf" title="Hadith terminology">ḍaʿīf</a></i> (weak)</li></ul> <p>Other classifications include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology#Ḥasan" title="Hadith terminology">ḥasan</a></i> (good), which refers to an otherwise <i>ṣaḥīḥ</i> report suffering from minor deficiency, or a weak report strengthened due to numerous other corroborating reports;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology#Mawḍūʻ" title="Hadith terminology">mawḍūʿ</a></i> (fabricated),</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology#Munkar" title="Hadith terminology">munkar</a></i> (denounced) which is a report that is rejected due to the presence of an unreliable transmitter contradicting another more reliable narrator.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Both <i>sahīh</i> and <i>hasan</i> reports are considered acceptable for usage in Islamic legal discourse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Hadith">Criticism of Hadith</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Goldziher" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldziher">Goldziher</a></div> <p>The major points of intra-Muslim criticism of the hadith literature is based in questions regarding its authenticity.<sup id="cite_ref-wael_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wael-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Muslim criticism of hadith is also based on theological and philosophical Islamic grounds of argument and critique. </p><p>Historically, some sects of the <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a> rejected the Hadith. There were some who opposed even the writing down of the Hadith itself for fear that it would compete, or even replace the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilites" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazilites">Mu'tazilites</a> also rejected the hadiths as the basis for Islamic law, while at the same time accepting the Sunnah and <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">ijma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lulu.com_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lulu.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Mu'tazilites, the basic argument for rejecting the hadiths was that "since its essence is transmission by individuals, [it] cannot be a sure avenue of our knowledge about the Prophetic teaching unlike the Qur'an about whose transmission there is a universal unanimity among Muslims".<sup id="cite_ref-Lulu.com_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lulu.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With regard to clarity, Imam <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Ridha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali al-Ridha">Ali al-Ridha</a> has narrated that "In our Hadith there are Mutashabih (unclear ones) like those in al-Quran as well as Muhkam (clear ones) like those of al-Quran. You must refer the unclear ones to the clear ones."<sup id="cite_ref-Kafi2013_110-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kafi2013-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> </p><p>Muslim scholars have a long history of questioning the hadith literature throughout Islamic history. Western academics also became active in the field later (in <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">Hadith studies</a>), starting in 1890, but much more often since 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Muslim critics of hadith even go so far as to completely reject them as the basic texts of Islam and instead adhere to the movement called <a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a>. Quranists argue that the Quran itself does not contain an invitation to accept hadith as a second theological source alongside the Quran. The expression "to obey God and the Messenger", which occurs among others in 3:132 or 4:69, is understood to mean that one follows the Messenger whose task it was to convey the Quran by following the Quran alone. Muhammad is, so to speak, a mediator from God to people through the Quran alone and not through hadith, according to Quranists.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">modernist Muslims</a> and Qur'anists believe that the problems in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> come partly from the traditional elements of the hadith and seek to reject those teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the most prominent Muslim critics of hadith in modern times are the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Rashad_Khalifa" title="Rashad Khalifa">Rashad Khalifa</a>, who became known as the "discoverer" of the <a href="/wiki/Quran_code" title="Quran code">Quran code</a> (Code 19), the Malaysian <a href="/wiki/Kassim_Ahmad" title="Kassim Ahmad">Kassim Ahmad</a> and the American-Turkish <a href="/wiki/Edip_Y%C3%BCksel" title="Edip Yüksel">Edip Yüksel</a> (Quranism).<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western scholars, notably Ignaz Goldziher and Joseph Schacht among others, have criticised traditional <a href="/wiki/Hadith_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith science">hadith sciences</a> as being almost entirely focused on scrutinizing the chain of transmittors (<i>isnad</i>) rather than the actual contents of the hadith (<i>matn</i>), and that scrutiny of <i>isnad</i> cannot determine the authenticity of a hadith.<sup id="cite_ref-[183]-Coulson_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-[183]-Coulson-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-[Schacht-1950_163]_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-[Schacht-1950_163]-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Western scholars suspect that there was widespread fabrication of hadith (either entirely or by the misattribution of the views of early Muslim religious and legal thinkers to Muhammad) in the early centuries of Islam to support certain theological and legal positions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to fabrication, it is possible for the meaning of a hadith to have greatly drifted from its original telling through the different interpretations and biases of its varying transmitters, even if the chain of transmission is authentic.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some hadith may genuinely originate from firsthand observation of Muhammad (particularly personal traits that were not of theological interest, like his fondness for <a href="/wiki/Tharid" title="Tharid">tharid</a> and sweets), Western scholars suggest that it is extraordinarily difficult if not impossible to determine which hadith accurately reflect the historical Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hadith scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mustafa_Azmi" title="Muhammad Mustafa Azmi">Muhammad Mustafa Azmi</a> has disputed the claims made by Western scholars about the reliability of traditional hadith criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-[Azmi-1996_154]_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-[Azmi-1996_154]-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_Hadith" title="Categories of Hadith">Categories of Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Criticism of hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">Hadith studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology" title="Hadith terminology">Hadith terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Islamic honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fatwas" title="List of fatwas">List of fatwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hadith_authors_and_commentators" title="List of hadith authors and commentators">List of hadith authors and commentators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hadith_collections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hadith collections">List of hadith collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Prophetic biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Sacred tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The plural form of hadith in Arabic is <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">aḥādīth</i></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أحاديث</span></span>, <span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>aḥādīth</i></i></span> but <i>hadith</i> will be used instead in this article.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حديث</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥadīṯ</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Arabic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ħadiːθ]</a></span>; <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> <b><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">aḥādīth</i></span></b>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أحاديث</span></span>, <span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><i>ʾaḥādīṯ</i></i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20093_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20093-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Arabic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ʔaħaːdiːθ]</a></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">talk</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>  or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">discourse</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muslims have come to blows over differences in the proper ritual movement in <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">salat</i></span> prayer. In the 18th century, a man was "almost beaten to death" in the great mosque of Delhi for raising his hands during salat in the manner that revivalist preacher/scholar <a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a> had advocated.<sup id="cite_ref-JACBMM2014:65_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JACBMM2014:65-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victim's assailants supported the doctrine of traditionalists of Hanafi <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">fiqh</i></span> which held that one's hands should be raised only once during the ritual prayer, while Waliullah held that <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">madhhab</i></span> schools of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">fiqh</i></span> had ignored authentic hadith which made clear hands should be raised over ears multiple times during the praying of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">salat</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The full systems of Islamic theology and law are not derived primarily from the Quran. Muhammad's sunna was a second but far more detailed living scripture, and later Muslim scholars would thus often refer to Muhammad as 'The Possessor of Two Revelations'".<sup id="cite_ref-JACBMM2014:18_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JACBMM2014:18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the references and discussion by Abdul Fattah Abu Ghuddah <i>Thalathatu rasa'il fi ulum al-hadith; risalat abi dawud ila ahl makkata fi wasf sunanihi</i>, pg 36, footnote. Beirut: <i>Maktaba al-Matbu'at al-Islamiyah</i>: 2nd ed 1426/2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The earliest book, Bukhari's Sahih was composed by 225/840 since he states that he spent sixteen years composing it (<i>Hady al-Sari</i>, introduction to <i>Fath al-Bari</i>, p. 489, Lahore: <i>Dar Nashr al-Kutub al-Islamiya</i>, 1981/1401) and also that he showed it to Yahya ibn Ma'in<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who died in 233. Nasa'i, the last to die of the authors of the six books, died in 303/915. He probably completed this work a few decades before his death: by 275 or so.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Counting multiple narrations of the same texts as a single text, the number of hadiths each author has recorded roughly as follows: Bukhari (as in Zabidi's <i>Mukhtasar</i> of Bukhari's book) 2134, Muslim (as in Mundhiri's <i>Mukhtasar</i> of Muslim's book) 2200, Tirmidhi 4000, Abu Dawud 4000, Nasa'i 4800, Ibn Majah 4300. There is considerable overlap amongst the six books so that Ibn al-Athir's <i>Jami' al-Usul</i>, which gathers together the hadiths texts of all six books deleting repeated texts, has about 9500 hadiths.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-hadith" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=hadith">"hadith"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=hadith&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dhadith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Hadith">"Hadith"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hadith&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FHadith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20093-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20093_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20093_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20093_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20093_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2009">Brown 2009</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SiH-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SiH_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzami1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mustafa_Azmi" title="Muhammad Mustafa Azmi">Azami, Muhammad Mustafa</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qblMCwAAQBAJ&q=hadith+athar&pg=PA3"><i>Studies in Hadith Methodology and Literature</i></a>. American Trust Publications. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89259-011-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89259-011-7"><bdi>978-0-89259-011-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Hadith+Methodology+and+Literature&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=American+Trust+Publications&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-89259-011-7&rft.aulast=Azami&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqblMCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhadith%2Bathar%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProject2018" class="citation web cs1">Project, The Qarawiyyin (21 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qarawiyyinproject.co/2018/12/21/the-evolution-of-the-hadith-science/">"The evolution of the Hadith science"</a>. <i>The Qarawiyyin Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Qarawiyyin+Project&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+the+Hadith+science&rft.date=2018-12-21&rft.aulast=Project&rft.aufirst=The+Qarawiyyin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqarawiyyinproject.co%2F2018%2F12%2F21%2Fthe-evolution-of-the-hadith-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HansWehrEnglishArabicDctionarySearchableFormat">"Hans Wehr English&Arabic Dictionary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hans+Wehr+English%26Arabic+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHansWehrEnglishArabicDctionarySearchableFormat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modarresi-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Modarresi_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Modarresi" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Taqi_al-Modarresi" title="Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi">Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi</a> (26 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163247/http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf"><i>The Laws of Islam</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Enlight Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0994240989" title="Special:BookSources/978-0994240989"><bdi>978-0994240989</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soerenkern.com/pdfs/islam/IslamicLawTheImpactofJosephSchacht.pdf">"Islamic Law; the impact of Joseph Schacht"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review</i>. <b>1</b>: 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Loyola+of+Los+Angeles+International+and+Comparative+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Islamic+Law%3B+the+impact+of+Joseph+Schacht&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Forte&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soerenkern.com%2Fpdfs%2Fislam%2FIslamicLawTheImpactofJosephSchacht.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JACBMM2014:18-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JACBMM2014:18_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JACBMM2014:18_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#JACBMM2014">J.A.C. Brown, <i>Misquoting Muhammad</i>, 2014</a>: p.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIMW-2004-285-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EIMW-2004-285_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotzki2004" class="citation book cs1">Motzki, Harald (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World.1</i>. Thmpson Gale. p. 285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+Muslim+World.1&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Thmpson+Gale&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Motzki&rft.aufirst=Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Bukhari2003" class="citation book cs1">Al-Bukhari, Imam (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9E4egv4lKEC"><i>Moral Teachings of Islam: Prophetic Traditions from Al-Adab Al-mufrad By Muḥammad ibn Ismāʻīl Bukhārī</i></a>. Rowman Altamira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780759104174" title="Special:BookSources/9780759104174"><bdi>9780759104174</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Teachings+of+Islam%3A+Prophetic+Traditions+from+Al-Adab+Al-mufrad+By+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+Ism%C4%81%CA%BB%C4%ABl+Bukh%C4%81r%C4%AB&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780759104174&rft.aulast=Al-Bukhari&rft.aufirst=Imam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ9E4egv4lKEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intro-hadith-vii-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Intro-hadith-vii_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Fadli2011" class="citation book cs1">al-Fadli, Abd al-Hadi (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E-muq9pi0zUC&q=shia+hadith"><i>Introduction to Hadith</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: ICAS Press. p. vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904063476" title="Special:BookSources/9781904063476"><bdi>9781904063476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Hadith&rft.place=London&rft.pages=vii&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ICAS+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781904063476&rft.aulast=al-Fadli&rft.aufirst=Abd+al-Hadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE-muq9pi0zUC%26q%3Dshia%2Bhadith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JACBMM2014:8-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JACBMM2014:8_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JACBMM2014:8_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#JACBMM2014">J.A.C. Brown, <i>Misquoting Muhammad</i>, 2014</a>: p.8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aisha_Y._Musa_2013-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aisha_Y._Musa_2013_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aisha_Y._Musa_2013_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aisha Y. Musa, The Qur’anists, Florida International University, accessed May 22, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neal_Robinson_2013_pp._85-89-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neal_Robinson_2013_pp._85-89_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neal_Robinson_2013_pp._85-89_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Neal Robinson (2013), Islam: A Concise Introduction, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0878402243" title="Special:BookSources/978-0878402243">978-0878402243</a>, Chapter 7, pp. 85-89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSindima2017" class="citation book cs1">Sindima, Harvey J. 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Infobase. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438126968" title="Special:BookSources/9781438126968"><bdi>9781438126968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hadith&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781438126968&rft.aulast=Campo&rft.aufirst=Juan+Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZbyz_Hr-eIC%26q%3Dencyclopedia%2Bislam%2Bhadith%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Future of Muslim Civilisation by Ziauddin Sardar, 1979, page 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2011" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Jonathan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156851910x517056">"Even If It's Not True It's True: Using Unreliable Hadīths in Sunni Islam"</a>. <i>Islamic Law and Society</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 1–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156851910x517056">10.1163/156851910x517056</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0928-9380">0928-9380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Law+and+Society&rft.atitle=Even+If+It%27s+Not+True+It%27s+True%3A+Using+Unreliable+Had%C4%ABths+in+Sunni+Islam&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-52&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156851910x517056&rft.issn=0928-9380&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F156851910x517056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2020" class="citation cs2">Brown, Daniel W. 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(ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118638477.ch2">"Western Hadith Studies"</a>, <i>The Wiley Blackwell Concise Companion to the Hadith</i> (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 39–56, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118638477.ch2">10.1002/9781118638477.ch2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-63851-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-63851-4"><bdi>978-1-118-63851-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Concise+Companion+to+the+Hadith&rft.atitle=Western+Hadith+Studies&rft.pages=39-56&rft.date=2020-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118638477.ch2&rft.isbn=978-1-118-63851-4&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118638477.ch2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=203,ll=567,ls=0,la=796,sg=286,ha=128,br=219,pr=40,aan=125,mgf=199,vi=111,kz=400,mr=146,mn=240,uqw=319,umr=239,ums=186,umj=151,ulq=533,uqa=90,uqq=64">"Mawrid Reader"</a>. <i>ejtaal.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ejtaal.net&rft.atitle=Mawrid+Reader&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejtaal.net%2Faa%2F%23hw4%3D203%2Cll%3D567%2Cls%3D0%2Cla%3D796%2Csg%3D286%2Cha%3D128%2Cbr%3D219%2Cpr%3D40%2Caan%3D125%2Cmgf%3D199%2Cvi%3D111%2Ckz%3D400%2Cmr%3D146%2Cmn%3D240%2Cuqw%3D319%2Cumr%3D239%2Cums%3D186%2Cumj%3D151%2Culq%3D533%2Cuqa%3D90%2Cuqq%3D64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>al-Kuliyat</i> by Abu al-Baqa’ al-Kafawi, p. 370; Mu'assasah l-Risalah. This last phrase is quoted by al-Qasimi in <i>Qawaid al-Tahdith</i>, p. 61; Dar al-Nafais.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lisan al-Arab</i>, by Ibn Manthour, vol. 2, p. 350; Dar al-Hadith edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fath-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fath_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Asqalani2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">al-Asqalani, Ahmad ibn 'Ali (2000). <i>Fath al-Bari</i> (in Arabic). Vol. 1. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Democracy&rft.atitle=What+do+we+actually+know+about+Muhammad%3F&rft.date=2008-06-10&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Ffaith-europe_islam%2FMuhammad_3866.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2020">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABDLP-sunna-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABDLP-sunna_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/shiite-encyclopedia-ahlul-bayt-dilp-team/major-difference-between-shia-and-sunni">"The Major Difference Between the Shi'a and the Sunni"</a>. <i>Ahlul Bayt Digital Library Project</i>. 12 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Harvard University Press. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674737075" title="Special:BookSources/9780674737075"><bdi>9780674737075</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twelve+Infallible+Men&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780674737075&rft.aulast=Pierce&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJjS6CwAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddifference%2Bbetween%2Bsira%2Band%2Bbiography%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IWSoMatRoI2000:66-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IWSoMatRoI2000:66_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#IWSoMatRoI2000">Ibn Warraq, "Studies on Muhammad and the Rise of Islam", 2000</a>: p.66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JACBMM2014:94-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JACBMM2014:94_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#JACBMM2014">J.A.C. Brown, <i>Misquoting Muhammad</i>, 2014</a>: p.94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GotRMZK1975:100-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GotRMZK1975:100_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GotRMZK1975">An-Nawawi, <i>Riyadh As-Salihin</i>, 1975</a>: chapter 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GotRMZK1975:117-122-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GotRMZK1975:117-122_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GotRMZK1975">An-Nawawi, <i>Riyadh As-Salihin</i>, 1975</a>: chapters 117-122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GotRMZK1975:7-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GotRMZK1975:7_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GotRMZK1975">An-Nawawi, <i>Riyadh As-Salihin</i>, 1975</a>: chapters 127,128,310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JACBMM2014:65-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JACBMM2014:65_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#JACBMM2014">J.A.C. Brown, <i>Misquoting Muhammad</i>, 2014</a>: p.65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_HibbanAbu_Khuzaimah_Ansari2015" class="citation web cs1">Abu Hibban; Abu Khuzaimah Ansari (28 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahlulhadeeth.wordpress.com/2015/05/28/shaikh-shah-waliullahs-dehlawis-1176h-inclination-in-fiqh-and-his-hanafiyyah-al-allamah-shaikh-muhammad-ismaeel-salafi-1378h/">"Shaikh Shah Waliullahs Dehlawi's (1176H) Inclination in Fiqh and his Hanafiyyah – al-Allamah Shaikh Muhammad Ismaeel Salafi (1378H)"</a>. <i>ahl ul hadeeth</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ahl+ul+hadeeth&rft.atitle=Shaikh+Shah+Waliullahs+Dehlawi%27s+%281176H%29+Inclination+in+Fiqh+and+his+Hanafiyyah+%E2%80%93+al-Allamah+Shaikh+Muhammad+Ismaeel+Salafi+%281378H%29&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft.au=Abu+Hibban&rft.au=Abu+Khuzaimah+Ansari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahlulhadeeth.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F05%2F28%2Fshaikh-shah-waliullahs-dehlawis-1176h-inclination-in-fiqh-and-his-hanafiyyah-al-allamah-shaikh-muhammad-ismaeel-salafi-1378h%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tschalaer-2017-31-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tschalaer-2017-31_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTschalaer2017" class="citation book cs1">Tschalaer, Mengia Hong (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vYnDwAAQBAJ&q=quranists+are+a+minority+of+muslims&pg=PA31"><i>Muslim Women's Quest for Justice: Gender, Law and Activism in India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108225724" title="Special:BookSources/9781108225724"><bdi>9781108225724</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Women%27s+Quest+for+Justice%3A+Gender%2C+Law+and+Activism+in+India&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781108225724&rft.aulast=Tschalaer&rft.aufirst=Mengia+Hong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2vYnDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dquranists%2Bare%2Ba%2Bminority%2Bof%2Bmuslims%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-19-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-19_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchacht1959" class="citation book cs1">Schacht, Joseph (1959) [1950]. <i>The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Muhammadan+Jurisprudence&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Schacht&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tr-III-57,148-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tr-III-57,148_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafi'i" class="citation book cs1">Shafi'i. "Kitab Ikhtilaf Malid wal-Shafi'i, 57, 148". <i>Kitab al-Umm vol. vii</i>. p. 248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kitab+Ikhtilaf+Malid+wal-Shafi%27i%2C+57%2C+148&rft.btitle=Kitab+al-Umm+vol.+vii&rft.pages=248&rft.au=Shafi%27i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddadHajj_Gibril" class="citation web cs1">Haddad, GF; Hajj Gibril. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livingislam.org/compst_e.html">"The Hadith: "My Companions Are Like The Stars"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>living islam</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=living+islam&rft.atitle=The+Hadith%3A+%22My+Companions+Are+Like+The+Stars%22&rft.aulast=Haddad&rft.aufirst=GF&rft.au=Hajj+Gibril&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livingislam.org%2Fcompst_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ignaz Goldziher, <i>The Zahiris: Their Doctrine and their History</i>, trans and ed. Wolfgang Behn (Leiden, 1971), 20 ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:7-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DWBRTMIT1996:7_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DWBRTMIT1996:7_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#DWBRTMIT1996">Brown, <i>Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought</i>, 1996</a>: p.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schacht-OoMJ-1959_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchacht1959" class="citation book cs1">Schacht, Joseph (1959) [1950]. <i>The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Muhammadan+Jurisprudence&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Schacht&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tr-III-intro-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tr-III-intro_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafi'i" class="citation book cs1">Shafi'i. "Introduction. Kitab Ikhtilaf Malid wal-Shafi'i". <i>Kitab al-Umm vol. vii</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction.+Kitab+Ikhtilaf+Malid+wal-Shafi%27i&rft.btitle=Kitab+al-Umm+vol.+vii&rft.au=Shafi%27i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-4-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-4_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchacht1959" class="citation book cs1">Schacht, Joseph (1959) [1950]. <i>The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Muhammadan+Jurisprudence&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Schacht&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intro-hadith-59-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Intro-hadith-59_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Fadli2011" class="citation book cs1">al-Fadli, Abd al-Hadi (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E-muq9pi0zUC&q=shia+hadith"><i>Introduction to Hadith</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: ICAS Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904063476" title="Special:BookSources/9781904063476"><bdi>9781904063476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Hadith&rft.place=London&rft.pages=59&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ICAS+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781904063476&rft.aulast=al-Fadli&rft.aufirst=Abd+al-Hadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE-muq9pi0zUC%26q%3Dshia%2Bhadith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-22-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schacht-OoMJ-1959-22_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchacht1959" class="citation book cs1">Schacht, Joseph (1959) [1950]. <i>The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Muhammadan+Jurisprudence&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Schacht&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZurqani_(d.11221310" class="citation book cs1">Zurqani (d.1122 (1310). <i>Commentary on Malik's Muwatta', 4 vols</i>. Vol. i. Cairo. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+Malik%27s+Muwatta%27%2C+4+vols&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1310&rft.au=Zurqani+%28d.1122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intro-hadith-62-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Intro-hadith-62_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Fadli2011" class="citation book cs1">al-Fadli, Abd al-Hadi (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E-muq9pi0zUC&q=shia+hadith"><i>Introduction to Hadith</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: ICAS Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904063476" title="Special:BookSources/9781904063476"><bdi>9781904063476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Hadith&rft.place=London&rft.pages=62&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ICAS+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781904063476&rft.aulast=al-Fadli&rft.aufirst=Abd+al-Hadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE-muq9pi0zUC%26q%3Dshia%2Bhadith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayeed2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sayeed, Asma (20 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hadith#ref351492">"Hadith"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Britannica Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hadith&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2023-10-20&rft.aulast=Sayeed&rft.aufirst=Asma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FHadith%23ref351492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JACBMM2014:6-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JACBMM2014:6_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#JACBMM2014">J.A.C. Brown, <i>Misquoting Muhammad</i>, 2014</a>: p.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham, William A. (1977). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl6skqM6aP8C">Divine Word and Prophetic Word in Early Islam: A Reconsideration of the Sources, with Special Reference to the Divine Saying or Hadith Qudsi</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110803593" title="Special:BookSources/3110803593">3110803593</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glasse-159-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glasse-159_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasse2001" class="citation book cs1">Glasse, Cyril (2001) [1989]. <i>The New Encyclopedia of Islam</i>. Altamira. p. 159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Altamira&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Glasse&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aslamna.info/hadith_qudsi.html">"Qu'est-ce que le hadith Qudsi ?"</a>. <i>aslamna.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aslamna.info&rft.atitle=Qu%27est-ce+que+le+hadith+Qudsi+%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aslamna.info%2Fhadith_qudsi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Related by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari" title="Muhammad al-Bukhari">al-Bukhari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_al-Hajjaj" title="Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj">Muslim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasa%27i" title="Al-Nasa'i">an-Nasa'i</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Majah" title="Ibn Majah">Ibn Majah</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Kulayni2015" class="citation book cs1">al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya'qub (2015). <i>Al-Kafi</i> (Volume 6 ed.). New York: Islamic Seminary Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780991430864" title="Special:BookSources/9780991430864"><bdi>9780991430864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Kafi&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Volume+6&rft.pub=Islamic+Seminary+Incorporated&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780991430864&rft.aulast=al-Kulayni&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+ibn+Ya%27qub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tadrib al-Rawi</i>, vol. 1, pp. 39–41 with abridgement.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ilm al-Rijal wa Ahimiyatih</i>, by Mualami, p. 16, Dar al-Rayah.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/subdivisions/sunnishia_1.shtml">"Religions. Sunni and Shi'a"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Religions.+Sunni+and+Shi%27a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fsubdivisions%2Fsunnishia_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">^ Tirmidhi, "‘Ilm," 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">^ Collected in the Musnad of Ahmad (10\15-6\ 6510 and also nos. 6930, 7017 and 1720), Sunan Abu Dawud (Mukhtasar Sunan Abi Dawud (5\246\3499) and elsewhere.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roman, provincial and Islamic law, Patricia Crone, p2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guillaume-1954-89-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guillaume-1954-89_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillaume1954" class="citation book cs1">Guillaume, Alfred (1954). <i>Islam</i> (2nd (Revised) ed.). Penguin. p. 89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam&rft.pages=89&rft.edition=2nd+%28Revised%29&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Guillaume&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140135553" title="Special:BookSources/0140135553">0140135553</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:11-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWBRTMIT1996:11_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#DWBRTMIT1996">Brown, <i>Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought</i>, 1996</a>: p.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Sa’d, <i>Tabaqat</i>, III/1, 243. Cf G.H.A. Juynboll, <i>Muslim Traditions: Studies in Chronology, Provenance and Authorship of Early Hadith</i> (Cambridge, 1983; Juynboll, G.H.A., “Some New Ideas on the Development of Sunna as a Technical Term in Early Islam”, ‘’Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam’’ 10 (1987): p.108, cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1996" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Daniel W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/116836545/Rethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown"><i>Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521570770" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521570770"><bdi>978-0521570770</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+tradition+in+modern+Islamic+thought&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0521570770&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F116836545%2FRethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotzki1991" class="citation journal cs1">Motzki, Harald (1991). "The Musannaf of Abd al-Razzaq al-San'ani as a Source of Authentic Ahadith of the First Century A.H.". <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>50</b>: 21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F373461">10.1086/373461</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162187154">162187154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Musannaf+of+Abd+al-Razzaq+al-San%27ani+as+a+Source+of+Authentic+Ahadith+of+the+First+Century+A.H.&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F373461&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162187154%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Motzki&rft.aufirst=Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:12-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWBRTMIT1996:12_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#DWBRTMIT1996">Brown, <i>Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought</i>, 1996</a>: p.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Schacht, <i>The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence</i> (Oxford, 1950, repre. 1964) esp. 6-20 and 133-137): Ignaz Goldziher, <i>The Zahiris: Their Doctrine and their History</i>, trans and ed. Wolfgang Behn (Leiden, 1971), 20 ff...)]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. SCHACHT, <i>An Introduction to Islamic Law</i> (1964), supra note 5, at 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forte-1978-13-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forte-1978-13_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForte1978" class="citation journal cs1">Forte, David F. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soerenkern.com/pdfs/islam/IslamicLawTheImpactofJosephSchacht.pdf">"Islamic Law; the impact of Joseph Schacht"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Loyola Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review</i>. <b>1</b>: 13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Loyola+Los+Angeles+International+and+Comparative+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Islamic+Law%3B+the+impact+of+Joseph+Schacht&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Forte&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soerenkern.com%2Fpdfs%2Fislam%2FIslamicLawTheImpactofJosephSchacht.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">al-Shafii ‘’Kitab al-Risala’’, ed. Muhammad Shakir (Cairo, 1940), 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:8-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWBRTMIT1996:8_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#DWBRTMIT1996">Brown, <i>Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought</i>, 1996</a>: p.8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Abbott, <i>Studies In Arabic Literary Papyri: Qur'anic Commentary And Tradition</i>, 1967, Volume II, University of Chicago Press: Chicago (USA), p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamic-awareness.org/hadith/perf731">"PERF No. 731: The Earliest Manuscript Of Malik's Muwatta' Dated To His Own Time"</a>. <i>www.islamic-awareness.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.islamic-awareness.org&rft.atitle=PERF+No.+731%3A+The+Earliest+Manuscript+Of+Malik%27s+Muwatta%27+Dated+To+His+Own+Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamic-awareness.org%2Fhadith%2Fperf731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2013" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Matthew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mutazila.net/"><i>Mu'tazila - use of reason in Islamic theology</i></a>. Amazon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mu%27tazila+-+use+of+reason+in+Islamic+theology&rft.pub=Amazon&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mutazila.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldziher-1967-127-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldziher-1967-127_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldziher1967" class="citation book cs1">Goldziher, Ignác (1967). <i>Muslim Studies, Vol. 1</i>. SUNY Press. p. 127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Studies%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Goldziher&rft.aufirst=Ign%C3%A1c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873952340" title="Special:BookSources/0873952340">0873952340</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamic-awareness.org/hadith/perf665">"PERF No. 665: The Earliest Extant Manuscript Of The Sirah Of Prophet Muhammad By Ibn Hisham"</a>. <i>www.islamic-awareness.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.islamic-awareness.org&rft.atitle=PERF+No.+665%3A+The+Earliest+Extant+Manuscript+Of+The+Sirah+Of+Prophet+Muhammad+By+Ibn+Hisham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamic-awareness.org%2Fhadith%2Fperf665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Abbott, Studies In Arabic Literary Papyri: Historical Texts, 1957, Volume I, University of Chicago Press: Chicago (USA), p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Islam – the Straight Path, John Eposito, p.81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhouryLahiahLahīʻah1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Khoury, Raif Georges; Lahiah, Abd Allah Ibn; Lahīʻah, ʻAbd Allāh Ibn (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uFdPklB61kIC"><i><span></span>'Abd Allah ibn Lahi'a (97-174/715-790)</i></a> (in French). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02578-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02578-2"><bdi>978-3-447-02578-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Abd+Allah+ibn+Lahi%27a+%2897-174%2F715-790%29&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3-447-02578-2&rft.aulast=Khoury&rft.aufirst=Raif+Georges&rft.au=Lahiah%2C+Abd+Allah+Ibn&rft.au=Lah%C4%AB%CA%BBah%2C+%CA%BBAbd+All%C4%81h+Ibn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuFdPklB61kIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunabbihKhoury1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Munabbih, Wahb ibn; Khoury, Raif Georges (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kmiRyAEACAAJ"><i>Wahb b. Munabbih</i></a> (in German). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01469-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01469-4"><bdi>978-3-447-01469-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wahb+b.+Munabbih&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-3-447-01469-4&rft.aulast=Munabbih&rft.aufirst=Wahb+ibn&rft.au=Khoury%2C+Raif+Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkmiRyAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillier2022" class="citation book cs1">Tillier, Mathieu (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1343008841"><i>Supplier Dieu dans l'Égypte toulounide : Le florilège de l'invocation d'après Ḫālid b. Yazīd (IIIe/IXe siècle)</i></a>. Naïm Vanthieghem. Leiden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-52180-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-52180-3"><bdi>978-90-04-52180-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1343008841">1343008841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supplier+Dieu+dans+l%27%C3%89gypte+toulounide+%3A+Le+floril%C3%A8ge+de+l%27invocation+d%27apr%C3%A8s+%E1%B8%AA%C4%81lid+b.+Yaz%C4%ABd+%28IIIe%2FIXe+si%C3%A8cle%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1343008841&rft.isbn=978-90-04-52180-3&rft.aulast=Tillier&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1343008841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid-Weill1939–1948" class="citation book cs1">David-Weill, Jean (1939–1948). <i>Le Djâmiʻ dʹIbn Wahb</i>. Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Dj%C3%A2mi%CA%BB+d%CA%B9Ibn+Wahb&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&rft.date=1939%2F1948&rft.aulast=David-Weill&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<i>Hady al-Sari</i>, introduction to <i>Fath al-Bari</i>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah</i>, p. 160 Dar al-Ma’aarif edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ign%C3%A1c_Goldziher" title="Ignác Goldziher">Ignác Goldziher</a>, <i>Muslim Studies</i>, vol. 2, p. 240. <a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a>, 1889-1890. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-202-30778-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-202-30778-6">0-202-30778-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott C. Lucas, <i>Constructive Critics, Ḥadīth Literature, and the Articulation of Sunnī Islam</i>, p. 106. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan" title="Ibn Khallikan">Ibn Khallikan</a>'s Biographical Dictionary, translated by <a href="/wiki/William_McGuckin_de_Slane" title="William McGuckin de Slane">William McGuckin de Slane</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Sold by <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Library_of_Belgium" title="Royal Library of Belgium">Royal Library of Belgium</a>. Vol. 3, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-siddiqi-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-siddiqi_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad Zubayr Siddiqi, <i>Hadith Literature</i>, Cambridge, Islamic Texts Society, 1993, edited and revised by Abdal Hakim Murad.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Momen,_Moojan_1985,_p.174-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Momen,_Moojan_1985,_p.174_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Momen, Moojan, <i>Introduction to Shi'i Islam</i>, Yale University Press, 1985, p.174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_A._Shomali2003" class="citation book cs1">Mohammad A. Shomali (2003). <i>Shi'i Islam: Origins, Faith and Practices</i> (reprint ed.). ICAS Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904063117" title="Special:BookSources/9781904063117"><bdi>9781904063117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27i+Islam%3A+Origins%2C+Faith+and+Practices&rft.pages=35&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=ICAS+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781904063117&rft.au=Mohammad+A.+Shomali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kafi2013-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kafi2013_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kafi2013_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kafi2013_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kafi2013_110-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kafi2013_110-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kafi2013_110-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFibn_Ya’qub_al-Kulayni2013" class="citation book cs1">ibn Ya’qub al-Kulayni, Abu Ja’far Muhammad (February 2013). <i>Kitab al-Kafi</i> (eBook ed.). New York: The Islamic Seminary Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9890016-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9890016-2-5"><bdi>978-0-9890016-2-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitab+al-Kafi&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=eBook&rft.pub=The+Islamic+Seminary+Inc.&rft.date=2013-02&rft.isbn=978-0-9890016-2-5&rft.aulast=ibn+Ya%E2%80%99qub+al-Kulayni&rft.aufirst=Abu+Ja%E2%80%99far+Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qurano.com/en/75-al-qiyama/2/">"Surah Al-Qiyamah | 2 of 4 | al-Q̈iyamah | Chapter: 75 - Quran O"</a>. <i>qurano.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qurano.com&rft.atitle=Surah+Al-Qiyamah+%7C+2+of+4+%7C+al-Q%CC%88iyamah+%7C+Chapter%3A+75+-+Quran+O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqurano.com%2Fen%2F75-al-qiyama%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ulum al-Hadith</i> by Ibn al-Salah, p. 5, Dar al-Fikr, with the verification of Nur al-Din al-‘Itr.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nukat-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nukat_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Hajar, Ahmad. <i>al-Nukat ala Kitab ibn al-Salah</i>, vol. 1, p. 90. Maktabah al-Furqan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchacht1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, Joseph</a> (1960). <i>Problems of Modern Islamic Legislation</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1595112">10.2307/1595112</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595112">1595112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+of+Modern+Islamic+Legislation&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1595112&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1595112%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schacht&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldziher1890" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ign%C3%A1c_Goldziher" title="Ignác Goldziher">Goldziher, Ignaz</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://real.mtak.hu/125956/1/GI_Muhammedanische_Studien_708_058_Vol_2.pdf"><i>Muhammedanische studien</i></a> [<i>Muslim studies</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammedanische+studien&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Goldziher&rft.aufirst=Ignaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freal.mtak.hu%2F125956%2F1%2FGI_Muhammedanische_Studien_708_058_Vol_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoodhoo" class="citation book cs1">Boodhoo, FK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/62314653/The_Impact_of_Western_Criticisms_of_Hadith_on_Muslim_Scholarships_and_the_Proposals_for_Reform20200309-17459-xyldga.pdf"><i>The Impact of Western Criticisms of Hadith on Muslim Scholarship</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 4, 5. <q>Among the various works published on the subject by Western scholars, two major works stood out and became the basis of future Western studies on hadith. The first one was "Muhammedanische Studien" (Muslim Studies) by Ignaz Goldziher in 1889 and 1890, and the second was "The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence" by Joseph Schacht published in 1950. Goldziher adopted a critical and historical-analytical approach to the study of hadith (Alshehri 2014). According to him there was no scientific guarantee to support the proposition that hadith reflected the actual words, action or consent of the Prophet. His studies on the subject led him to conclude that the bulk of hadith in existence was nothing more than the result of socio-religious growth that occurred in early Muslim society. According to Goldziher (1971) ,"hadith will not serve as a document for the history of the infancy of Islam, but rather as a reflection of the tendencies which appeared in the community during the mature ages of its development." Among the issues that led Goldziher to such conclusion was the fact that there were fewer hadith during the early stages of Islam compared to the later eras, and there were fewer narrations attributed to the senior companions as compared to the younger ones. Since a large portion of the traditions originated after the death of the Prophet and the companions, he concluded that there was an early large-scale fabrication of hadith by later generations to fulfil the legal need of the growing Muslim society and to fill in legal gaps which the Quran was not able to do (Goldziher 1973).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Western+Criticisms+of+Hadith+on+Muslim+Scholarship&rft.pages=4%2C+5&rft.aulast=Boodhoo&rft.aufirst=FK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fdownload%2F62314653%2FThe_Impact_of_Western_Criticisms_of_Hadith_on_Muslim_Scholarships_and_the_Proposals_for_Reform20200309-17459-xyldga.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lutz Berger "Islamische Theologie", Facultas Verlags- und Buchhandels AG 2010 isbn 978-3-8252-3303-7 p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EMHME-80-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EMHME-80_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMHME-80_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMHME-80_118-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2011" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tGzsn4snUyEC&q=hadith+bernard+lewis&pg=PA80"><i>The End of Modern History in the Middle East</i></a>. Hoover Institution Press. pp. 79–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817912963" title="Special:BookSources/9780817912963"><bdi>9780817912963</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Modern+History+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=79-80&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780817912963&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtGzsn4snUyEC%26q%3Dhadith%2Bbernard%2Blewis%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50-Nasr-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50-Nasr_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasr, S.H. <i>Ideals and Realities of Islam</i>, 1966, p.80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shafi-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shafi_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shafi_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shafi_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shafi_120-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shafi_120-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shafi_120-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shafi_120-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafi" class="citation web cs1">Shafi, Mohammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191101075824/http://www.daralislam.org/portals/0/Publications/TheHADITHHowitwasCollectedandCompiled.pdf">"The HADITH - How it was Collected and Compiled"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dar al-Islam</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daralislam.org/portals/0/Publications/TheHADITHHowitwasCollectedandCompiled.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dar+al-Islam&rft.atitle=The+HADITH+-+How+it+was+Collected+and+Compiled&rft.aulast=Shafi&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daralislam.org%2Fportals%2F0%2FPublications%2FTheHADITHHowitwasCollectedandCompiled.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berg (2000) p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li>Robinson (2003) pp. 69–70;</li> <li>Lucas (2004) p. 15</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li>"Hadith," <i>Encyclopedia of Islam Online</i>;</li> <li>"Hadith," <i>Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world</i>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-wael-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wael_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Hallaq1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">B. Hallaq, Wael (1999). "The Authenticity of Prophetic Ḥadîth: A Pseudo-Problem". <i>Studia Islamica</i>. 89 (1999) (89): 75–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1596086">10.2307/1596086</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1596086">1596086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Islamica&rft.atitle=The+Authenticity+of+Prophetic+%E1%B8%A4ad%C3%AEth%3A+A+Pseudo-Problem&rft.volume=89+%281999%29&rft.issue=89&rft.pages=75-90&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1596086&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1596086%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=B.+Hallaq&rft.aufirst=Wael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Western scholarship section in <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Criticism of hadith</a> re: Ignatz Goldziher, Josef Schacht, Patricia Crone, John Esposito, and Reza Aslan in particular.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alrahman.de/die-erfundene-religion-und-die-koranische-religion-kapitel-27-was-bedeutet-gehorcht-dem-gesandten/">"DeRudKR - Kap. 27: Was bedeutet 'Gehorcht dem Gesandten'?"</a>. <i>Alrahman</i> (in German). 6 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alrahman&rft.atitle=DeRudKR+-+Kap.+27%3A+Was+bedeutet+%27Gehorcht+dem+Gesandten%27%3F&rft.date=2006-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alrahman.de%2Fdie-erfundene-religion-und-die-koranische-religion-kapitel-27-was-bedeutet-gehorcht-dem-gesandten%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Rashad_Khalifa2001" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dr Rashad Khalifa (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z-jNDwAAQBAJ"><i>Quran, Hadith and Islam</i></a> (in German), Dr. Rashad Khalifa Ph.D.<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quran%2C+Hadith+and+Islam&rft.pub=Dr.+Rashad+Khalifa+Ph.D.&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Dr+Rashad+Khalifa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz-jNDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://listverse.com/2016/04/08/10-forgotten-sects-of-major-world-religions/">"10 Forgotten Sects of Major Religions"</a>. 8 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+Forgotten+Sects+of+Major+Religions&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flistverse.com%2F2016%2F04%2F08%2F10-forgotten-sects-of-major-world-religions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musa: <i>Ḥadīth as scripture</i>. 2008, S. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-[183]-Coulson-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-[183]-Coulson_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N.J. Coulson, "European Criticism of Hadith Literature, in <i>Cambridge History of Arabic Literature: Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period</i>, editor A.F.L. Beeston et al. (Cambridge, 1983) "[the authentication of hadith] was confined to a careful examination of the chain of transmitters who narrated the report and not report itself. 'Provided the chain was uninterrupted and its individual links deemed trustworthy persons, the Hadith was accepted as binding law. There could, by the terms of the religious faith itself, be no questioning of the content of the report; for this was the substance of divine revelation and therefore not susceptible to any form of legal or historical criticism"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-[Schacht-1950_163]-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-[Schacht-1950_163]_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchacht1950" class="citation book cs1">Schacht, Joseph (1950). <i>The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence</i>. Oxford: Clarendon. p. 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Muhammadan+Jurisprudence&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Schacht&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyland2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hoyland, Robert (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00395.x">"Writing the Biography of the Prophet Muhammad: Problems and Solutions"</a>. <i>History Compass</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 581–602. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2007.00395.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00395.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1478-0542">1478-0542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=Writing+the+Biography+of+the+Prophet+Muhammad%3A+Problems+and+Solutions&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=581-602&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2007.00395.x&rft.issn=1478-0542&rft.aulast=Hoyland&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcompass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2007.00395.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGörke2020" class="citation cs2">Görke, Andreas (2 January 2020), Brown, Daniel W. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118638477.ch4">"Muhammad"</a>, <i>The Wiley Blackwell Concise Companion to the Hadith</i> (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 75–90, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118638477.ch4">10.1002/9781118638477.ch4</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-63851-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-63851-4"><bdi>978-1-118-63851-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Concise+Companion+to+the+Hadith&rft.atitle=Muhammad&rft.pages=75-90&rft.date=2020-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118638477.ch4&rft.isbn=978-1-118-63851-4&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6rke&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118638477.ch4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-[Azmi-1996_154]-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-[Azmi-1996_154]_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzmi1996" class="citation book cs1">Azmi, Muhammad Mustafa (1996). <i>On Schacht's Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence</i>. Islamic Texts Society. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Schacht%27s+Origins+of+Muhammadan+Jurisprudence&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Islamic+Texts+Society&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Azmi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Mustafa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg2000" class="citation book cs1">Berg, H. (2000). <i>The development of exegesis in early Islam: the authenticity of Muslim literature from the formative period</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1224-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1224-0"><bdi>0-7007-1224-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+development+of+exegesis+in+early+Islam%3A+the+authenticity+of+Muslim+literature+from+the+formative+period&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7007-1224-0&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="DWBRTMIT1996" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Daniel W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/116836545/Rethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown"><i>Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521570778" title="Special:BookSources/0521570778"><bdi>0521570778</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+tradition+in+modern+Islamic+thought&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0521570778&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F116836545%2FRethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_A.C._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan A.C. Brown">Brown, Jonathan A. C.</a> (2004). "Criticism of the Proto-Hadith Canon: Al-daraqutni's Adjustment of the <i>Sahihayn</i>". <i>Journal of Islamic Studies</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 1–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjis%2F15.1.1">10.1093/jis/15.1.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Criticism+of+the+Proto-Hadith+Canon%3A+Al-daraqutni%27s+Adjustment+of+the+Sahihayn&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-37&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjis%2F15.1.1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2007" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Jonathan A.C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islaambooks.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/the-canonization-of-al-bukhari-and-muslim-by-jonathan-brown.pdf"><i>The Canonization of al-Bukhārī and Muslim</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004158399" title="Special:BookSources/9789004158399"><bdi>9789004158399</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canonization+of+al-Bukh%C4%81r%C4%AB+and+Muslim&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789004158399&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+A.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislaambooks.files.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F10%2Fthe-canonization-of-al-bukhari-and-muslim-by-jonathan-brown.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_A.C._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan A.C. Brown">Brown, Jonathan A.C.</a> (2009). <i>Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World </i>(Foundations of Islam)<i><span></span></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851686636" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851686636"><bdi>978-1851686636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadith%3A+Muhammad%27s+Legacy+in+the+Medieval+and+Modern+World+%28Foundations+of+Islam%29&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1851686636&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+A.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="JACBMM2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_A.C._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan A.C. Brown">Brown, Jonathan A.C.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/misquoting-muhammad-pbuh/misquoting-muhammad-pbuh_djvu.txt"><i>Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780744209" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780744209"><bdi>978-1780744209</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misquoting+Muhammad%3A+The+Challenge+and+Choices+of+Interpreting+the+Prophet%27s+Legacy&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1780744209&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+A.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmisquoting-muhammad-pbuh%2Fmisquoting-muhammad-pbuh_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallaq1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hallaq, Wael B. (1999). "The Authenticity of Prophetic Ḥadîth: A Pseudo-Problem". <i>Studia Islamica</i> (89): 75–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1596086">10.2307/1596086</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0585-5292">0585-5292</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1596086">1596086</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170916710">170916710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Islamica&rft.atitle=The+Authenticity+of+Prophetic+%E1%B8%A4ad%C3%AEth%3A+A+Pseudo-Problem&rft.issue=89&rft.pages=75-90&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0585-5292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170916710%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1596086%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1596086&rft.aulast=Hallaq&rft.aufirst=Wael+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="IWSoMatRoI2000" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Warraq, ed. (2000). "1. Studies on Muhammad and the Rise of Islam". <i>The Quest for the Historical Muhammad</i>. Prometheus. pp. 15–88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Studies+on+Muhammad+and+the+Rise+of+Islam&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Historical+Muhammad&rft.pages=15-88&rft.pub=Prometheus&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2004" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, S. (2004). <i>Constructive Critics, Hadith Literature, and the Articulation of Sunni Islam</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13319-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13319-4"><bdi>90-04-13319-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructive+Critics%2C+Hadith+Literature%2C+and+the+Articulation+of+Sunni+Islam&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-13319-4&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="GotRMZK1975" class="citation book cs1">Muhyi ad-Din Abu Zakariyya Yahya bin Sharaf an-Nawawi (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/GardensOfTheRighteous/Gardens%20of%20the%20Righteous_djvu.txt"><i>Riyadh as-Salihin</i></a> [<i>Gardens of the Righteous</i>]. Mauhammad Zafulla Khan, translator. New York: Olive Branch Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riyadh+as-Salihin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Olive+Branch+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Muhyi+ad-Din+Abu+Zakariyya+Yahya+bin+Sharaf+an-Nawawi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FGardensOfTheRighteous%2FGardens%2520of%2520the%2520Righteous_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2003" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, C. F. (2003). <i>Islamic Historiography</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62936-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-62936-5"><bdi>0-521-62936-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Historiography&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-62936-5&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=C.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson,_J." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Robson, J. "Hadith". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">C.E. Bosworth</a>; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a> Online</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-3912">1573-3912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hadith&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+Online&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.issn=1573-3912&rft.au=Robson%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schacht, Joseph (1950). The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenturk2005" class="citation book cs1">Senturk, Recep (2005). <i>Narrative Social Structure: Anatomy of the Hadith Transmission Network, 610-1505</i>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804752077" title="Special:BookSources/9780804752077"><bdi>9780804752077</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+Social+Structure%3A+Anatomy+of+the+Hadith+Transmission+Network%2C+610-1505&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780804752077&rft.aulast=Senturk&rft.aufirst=Recep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwarup1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ram_Swarup" title="Ram Swarup">Swarup, Ram</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010085154/http://freelyreceive.net/metalogos/files/hadith.html"><i>Understanding Islam through Hadis</i></a>. New Delhi: Voice of India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185990736" title="Special:BookSources/9788185990736"><bdi>9788185990736</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freelyreceive.net/metalogos/files/hadith.html">the original</a> on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Islam+through+Hadis&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Voice+of+India&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9788185990736&rft.aulast=Swarup&rft.aufirst=Ram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreelyreceive.net%2Fmetalogos%2Ffiles%2Fhadith.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>[Saeed, Abu Hayyan, Hadiths Rejection .. What are the facts ? (December 17, 2023). Available at SSRN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=4666920">https://ssrn.com/abstract=4666920</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4666920">http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4666920</a>]</li> <li>Encyclopedia of Sahih Al-Bukhari by Arabic Virtual Translation Center (New York 2019, Barnes & Noble <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780359672653" title="Special:BookSources/9780359672653">9780359672653</a>)</li> <li>English Translation of over 60,000 Basic Ahadith Books from Ahl Al-Bayt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hubeali.com/">Online Shia Islamic Articles, Books, Khutbat, Calendar, Duas</a> ( including Bihar ul Anwaar)</li> <li><i>1000 Qudsi Hadiths: An Encyclopedia of Divine Sayings</i>; New York: Arabic Virtual Translation Center; (2012) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4700-2994-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4700-2994-4">978-1-4700-2994-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauthier_H.A._Joynboll_(PhD)2013" class="citation book cs1">Gauthier H.A. Joynboll (PhD) (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EncyclopediaOfCanonicalHadith/page/n685"><i>Encyclopedia of Canonical Hadith</i></a>. London and Boston: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. p. 839. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004156746.i-804">10.1163/ej.9789004156746.i-804</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004156746" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004156746"><bdi>978-9004156746</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/315870438">315870438</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20181122222436/https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopediaOfCanonicalHadith/Encyclopedia%20of%20Canonical%20Hadith_djvu.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2018 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">archive.org</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Canonical+Hadith&rft.place=London+and+Boston&rft.pages=839&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F315870438&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004156746.i-804&rft.isbn=978-9004156746&rft.au=Gauthier+H.A.+Joynboll+%28PhD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FEncyclopediaOfCanonicalHadith%2Fpage%2Fn685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2002" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, S. (2002). <i>The Arts of Hadith Compilation and Criticism</i>. University of Chicago. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62284281">62284281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arts+of+Hadith+Compilation+and+Criticism&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62284281&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Musa, A. Y. <i>Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on The Authority Of Prophetic Traditions in Islam</i>, New York: Palgrave, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-230-60535-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-230-60535-4">0-230-60535-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Donner" title="Fred Donner">Fred M. Donner</a>, <i>Narratives of Islamic Origins</i> (1998)</li> <li>Tottoli, Roberto, "Hadith", in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I, pp. 231–236.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online">Online</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Online"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hadith">Hadith Islam</a>, in <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>, by Albert Kenneth Cragg, Gloria Lotha, Marco Sampaolo, Matt Stefon, Noah Tesch and Adam Zeidan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seekeveryday.com/jumma-mubarak-hadees-in-urdu-hadith-on-jumuah-friday-with-images/">Hadith by Topics and advice of PBUH</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222182540/https://quotescrowd.com/hadith-by-topics-and-advice-of-pbuh-hadees-nabvi-in-urdu/">Archived</a> 22 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wasail-al-shia.net">Wasa'il al-Shia</a> A Comprehensive Treasury Of Islamic Jurisprudential Hadith.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadith&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 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style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sunni_hadith_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sunni_hadith_literature" title="Template:Sunni hadith literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sunni_hadith_literature" title="Template talk:Sunni hadith literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sunni_hadith_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sunni hadith literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sunni_hadith_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">hadith</a> literature</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Tirmidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih al-Tirmidhi">Sahih al-Tirmidhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Sunan_al-Sughra" title="Al-Sunan al-Sughra">Sunan an-Nasa'i al-Sughra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Abu_Dawood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan Abu Dawood">Sunan Abu Dawood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunan_ibn_Majah" title="Sunan ibn Majah">Sunan ibn Majah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Sahih</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Muwatta_Imam_Malik" title="Muwatta Imam Malik">Al-Muwatta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_Ibn_Khuzaymah" title="Sahih Ibn Khuzaymah">Sahih Ibn Khuzaymah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_Ibn_Hibban" title="Sahih Ibn Hibban">Sahih Ibn Hibbaan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustadrak_alaa_al-Sahihain" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain">Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musnad_Abu_Awaanah" class="mw-redirect" title="Musnad Abu Awaanah">Sahih Abi Awaanah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Sunan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunan_al-Darimi" title="Sunan al-Darimi">Sunan al-Darimi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunan_al-Kubra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan al-Kubra">Sunan al-Kubra lil an-Nasa'i</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunan_al-Daraqutni" title="Sunan al-Daraqutni">Sunan al-Daraqutni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunan_al-Kubra_lil_Behaqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan al-Kubra lil Behaqi">Sunan al-Kubra lil Bayhaqi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Adab_al-Mufrad" title="Al-Adab al-Mufrad">Al-Adab al-Mufrad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shama%27il_Muhammadiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shama'il Muhammadiyah">Shama'il Muhammadiyah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuab_ul_Iman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuab ul Iman">Shuab ul Iman</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sahifah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sahifah_Hammam_ibn_Munabbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahifah Hammam ibn Munabbih">Sahifah Hammam ibn Munabbih</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musannaf</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitaab-ul-Aathaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitaab-ul-Aathaar">Kitaab-ul-Aathaar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musannaf_of_Abd_al-Razzaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Musannaf of Abd al-Razzaq">Musannaf Abd al-Razzaq</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musannaf_Ibn_Abi_Shaybah" title="Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah">Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musnad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Musnad_Imam_ul_A%E2%80%99zam" class="mw-redirect" title="Musnad Imam ul A’zam">Musnad Imam ul A’zam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musnad_al-Tayalisi" title="Musnad al-Tayalisi">Musnad al-Tayalisi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musnad_al-Shafi%27i" title="Musnad al-Shafi'i">Musnad al-Shafi'i</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musnad_Ishaq_Ibn_Rahwayh" class="mw-redirect" title="Musnad Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh">Musnad Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musnad_Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musnad_Humaidi" title="Musnad Humaidi">Musnad Humaidi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tahdhib_al-Athar" title="Tahdhib al-Athar">Tahdhib al-Athar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musnad_al-Bazzar" title="Musnad al-Bazzar">Musnad al-Bazzar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%60la_al-Musali" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ya`la al-Musali">Musnad Abu Ya'la</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musnad_al-Siraj" title="Musnad al-Siraj">Musnad al-Siraj</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27jam_al-Kabir_(Al-Tabarani)" title="Al-Mu'jam al-Kabir (Al-Tabarani)">Al-Mu'jam al-Kabir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27jam_al-Awsat" title="Al-Mu'jam al-Awsat">Al-Mu'jam al-Awsat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27jam_as-Saghir" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mu'jam as-Saghir">Al-Mu'jam as-Saghir</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Masabih_al-Sunnah" title="Masabih al-Sunnah">Masabih al-Sunnah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musnad_al-Firdous" title="Musnad al-Firdous">Musnad al-Firdous</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mishkat_al-Masabih" title="Mishkat al-Masabih">Mishkat al-Masabih</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gardens_of_the_Righteous" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gardens of the Righteous">Riyad as-Salihin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Majma_al-Zawa%27id" title="Majma al-Zawa'id">Majma al-Zawa'id</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bulugh_al-Maram" title="Bulugh al-Maram">Bulugh al-Maram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanz_al-Ummal" title="Kanz al-Ummal">Kanz al-Ummal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/At-Targhib_wat-Tarhib" title="At-Targhib wat-Tarhib">At-Targhib wat-Tarhib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Jami%27_as-Saghir" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jami' as-Saghir">Al-Jami' as-Saghir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Jami%27_as-Saghir#Al-Jami'_al-Kabir" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jami' as-Saghir">Al-Jami' al-Kabir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Jami_al-Kamil" title="Al-Jami al-Kamil">Al-Jami al-Kamil</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih hadith">Sahih</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology#The_musnad_format_of_hadith_collection" title="Hadith terminology">Musnad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudu" class="mw-redirect" title="Maudu">Maudhu (fabricated)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musannaf" title="Musannaf">Musannaf</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fath_al-Bari" title="Fath al-Bari">Fath al-Bari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umdat_al-Qari" class="mw-redirect" title="Umdat al-Qari">Umdat al-Qari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irshad_al-Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Irshad al-Sari">Irshad al-Sari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al_Minhaj_bi_Sharh_Sahih_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Minhaj bi Sharh Sahih Muslim">Al Minhaj bi Sharh Sahih Muslim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Nawawi%27s_Forty_Hadith" title="Al-Nawawi's Forty Hadith">Sharah Arbaeen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mishkat_al-Masabih#Explanations" title="Mishkat al-Masabih">Mirqat al Mafatih Sharh Mishkat al-masabih</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology" title="Hadith terminology">Terminology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">study</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Conflicting_Narrations" title="The Interpretation of Conflicting Narrations">Tawil Mukhtalif al-Hadith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Great_Collection_of_Fabricated_Traditions" title="A Great Collection of Fabricated Traditions">Mawdu'at al-Kubra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_the_Science_of_Hadith" title="Introduction to the Science of Hadith">Muqaddimah ibn al-Salah fi 'Ulum al-Hadith</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biographical_evaluation#Collections_of_narrator_biographies" title="Biographical evaluation">Biographical evaluation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_History" title="The Great History">al-Tarikh al-Kabir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d#Kitāb_aṭ-ṭabaqāt_al-kabīr" title="Ibn Sa'd">Kitab at-Tabaqat al-Kabir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mizan_al-Itidal" title="Mizan al-Itidal">Mizan al-Itidal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lisan_al-Mizan" title="Lisan al-Mizan">Lisan al-Mizan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Kamal_fi_Asma%27_al-Rijal" title="Al-Kamal fi Asma' al-Rijal">Al-Kamal fi Asma' al-Rijal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shia_hadith_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shia_hadith_literature" title="Template:Shia hadith literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shia_hadith_literature" title="Template talk:Shia hadith literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shia_hadith_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shia hadith literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shia_hadith_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">hadith</a> literature</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Books" title="The Four Books">Kutub Al-Arb'ah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Kafi" title="Kitab al-Kafi">Kitab al-Kafi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_La_Yahduruhu_al-Faqih" title="Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih">Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tahdhib_al-Ahkam" title="Tahdhib al-Ahkam">Tahdhib al-Ahkam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Istibsar" title="Al-Istibsar">Al-Istibsar</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other primary hadith collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nahj_al-Balagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahj al-Balagha">Nahj al-Balagha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Sahifa_al-Sajjadiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya">Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Risalah_al-Huquq" class="mw-redirect" title="Risalah al-Huquq">Risalah al-Huquq</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sahifah_of_al-Ridha" title="Sahifah of al-Ridha">Sahifah of al-Ridha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah" title="Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah">Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uyoun_Akhbar_Al-Ridha" title="Uyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha">Uyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Da%27a%27im_al-Islam" title="Da'a'im al-Islam">Da'a'im al-Islam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Sulaym_ibn_Qays" title="The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays">The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Ghayba_(al-Nu%27mani)" title="Kitab al-Ghayba (al-Nu'mani)">al-Ghayba (al-Nu'mani)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Ghayba_(al-Tusi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitab al-Ghayba (al-Tusi)">al-Ghayba (al-Tusi)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuhaf_al-Uqul" title="Tuhaf al-Uqul">Tuhaf al-Uqul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khasais_of_Al_Aemmah" title="Khasais of Al Aemmah">Khasais of Al Aemmah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamil_al-Ziyarat" title="Kamil al-Ziyarat">Kamil al-Ziyarat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al_Saqib_Fi_al-Man%C3%A2qib" title="Al Saqib Fi al-Manâqib">Al Saqib Fi al-Manâqib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basa%27ir_ad-Darajat" title="Basa'ir ad-Darajat">Basa'ir ad-Darajat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Amali_(of_Shaykh_Saduq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq)">Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Amali_(of_Shaykh_Mufid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amali (of Shaykh Mufid)">Al-Amali (of Shaykh Mufid)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Khisal" title="Al-Khisal">Al-Khisal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Al-Qummi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafsir Al-Qummi">Tafsir Al-Qummi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Ayyashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafsir Ayyashi">Tafsir Ayyashi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Furat_Kufi" title="Tafsir Furat Kufi">Tafsir Furat Kufi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary books of Hadith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Wafi" title="Al-Wafi">Al-Wafi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bihar_al-Anwar" title="Bihar al-Anwar">Bihar al-Anwar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Was%C4%81%27il_al-Sh%C4%AB%CA%BFa" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasā'il al-Shīʿa">Wasā'il al-Shīʿa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nahj-al_fe%E1%B9%A3%C4%81%E1%B8%A5a" title="Nahj-al feṣāḥa">Nahj-al feṣāḥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Ihtijaj" title="Al-Ihtijaj">Al-Ihtijaj</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghurar_al-Hikam_wa_Durar_al-Kalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim">Ghurar al-Hikam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reality_of_Certainty" title="Reality of Certainty">Haqq al-Yaqeen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Essence_of_Life_(book)" title="Essence of Life (book)">Ain Al-Hayat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghadir" title="Al-Ghadir">Al-Ghadir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mafatih_al-Janan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mafatih al-Janan">Mafatih al-Janan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muntahi_al-Amal" title="Muntahi al-Amal">Muntahi al-Amal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biographical_evaluation" title="Biographical evaluation">Biographical evaluation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ekhtiyar_Ma%27refat_Al-Rijal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekhtiyar Ma'refat Al-Rijal">Ekhtiyar Ma'refat Al-Rijal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qamus_al-Rijal_(book)" title="Qamus al-Rijal (book)">Qamus al-Rijal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Depictions_of_Muhammad" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Depictions_of_Muhammad" title="Template:Depictions of Muhammad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Depictions_of_Muhammad" title="Template talk:Depictions of Muhammad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Depictions_of_Muhammad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Depictions of Muhammad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Depictions_of_Muhammad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Muhammad" title="Depictions of Muhammad">Depictions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">Aniconism in Islam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hadith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hadith_collections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hadith collections">collections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Vilks_Muhammad_drawings_controversy" title="Lars Vilks Muhammad drawings controversy">Lars Vilks drawings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everybody_Draw_Mohammed_Day" title="Everybody Draw Mohammed Day">Everybody Draw Mohammed Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Satanic Verses controversy"><i>The Satanic Verses</i> controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Ghazi_Beji_and_Jabeur_Mejri" title="Trial of Ghazi Beji and Jabeur Mejri">Trial of Ghazi Beji and Jabeur Mejri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Idomeneo_controversy" title="2006 Idomeneo controversy">2006 <i>Idomeneo</i> controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy"><i>Jyllands-Posten</i> <br />cartoons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descriptions_of_the_Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptions of the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons">Descriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_that_reprinted_Jyllands-Posten%27s_Muhammad_cartoons" title="List of newspapers that reprinted Jyllands-Posten's Muhammad cartoons">Reprints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinions_on_the_Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="Opinions on the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy">Opinions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="Timeline of the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkari-Laban_dossier" title="Akkari-Laban dossier">Akkari-Laban dossier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Islamist_demonstration_outside_the_Embassy_of_Denmark_in_London" title="2006 Islamist demonstration outside the Embassy of Denmark in London">Protest outside the Danish embassy in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Danish_embassy_bombing_in_Islamabad" title="2008 Danish embassy bombing in Islamabad">Bombing of Danish embassy in Islamabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo" title="Charlie Hebdo">Charlie Hebdo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting" title="Charlie Hebdo shooting">2015 shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Paris_stabbing_attack" title="2020 Paris stabbing attack">2020 stabbing attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_issue_No._1011" title="Charlie Hebdo issue No. 1011">Issue No. 1011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_issue_No._1178" title="Charlie Hebdo issue No. 1178">Issue No. 1178</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_Charlie" title="Je suis Charlie">Je suis Charlie</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Biographies_of_Muhammad_(Category)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_biographies_of_Muhammad" title="List of biographies of Muhammad">Biographies <br /> of Muhammad</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Category:Biographies_of_Muhammad" title="Category:Biographies of Muhammad">Category</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah Rasul Allah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shama%27il_Muhammadiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shama'il Muhammadiyah">Shama'il Muhammadiyah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sirat-un-Nabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirat-un-Nabi">Sirat-un-Nabi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sira_Al-Nabawiyya_(Ibn_Kathir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya (Ibn Kathir)"><i>Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya</i> (Ibn Kathir)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Bidaya_wa%27l-Nihaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya">Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Khasais-ul-Kubra" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khasais-ul-Kubra">Al-Khasais-ul-Kubra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siyer-i_Nebi" title="Siyer-i Nebi">Siyer-i Nebi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marzban-nama" title="Marzban-nama">Marzban-nama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Safiur_Rahman_Mubarakpuri" title="Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri">Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad:_A_Biography_of_the_Prophet" title="Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet">Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad:_A_Prophet_for_Our_Time" title="Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time">Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad:_His_Life_Based_on_the_Earliest_Sources" title="Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources">Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_(book)" title="Muhammad (book)"><i>Muhammad</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at_Mecca" title="Muhammad at Mecca">Muhammad at Mecca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at_Medina" title="Muhammad at Medina">Muhammad at Medina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_biographies_of_Muhammad" title="Latin biographies of Muhammad">Latin biographies of Muhammad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Stormfield%27s_Visit_to_Heaven" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven">Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falnama" title="Falnama">Falnama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)"><i>Inferno</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izhar_ul-Haqq" title="Izhar ul-Haqq">Izhar ul-Haqq</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahomet_(play)" title="Mahomet (play)">Mahomet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad:_The_%22Banned%22_Images" title="Muhammad: The "Banned" Images">Muhammad: The "Banned" Images</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rangila_Rasul" title="Rangila Rasul">Rangila Rasul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seeing_Islam_as_Others_Saw_It" title="Seeing Islam as Others Saw It">Seeing Islam as Others Saw It</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_100:_A_Ranking_of_the_Most_Influential_Persons_in_History" title="The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History">The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cartoons_that_Shook_the_World" title="The Cartoons that Shook the World">The Cartoons that Shook the World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewel_of_Medina" title="The Jewel of Medina">The Jewel of Medina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Quest_for_the_Historical_Muhammad_(Ibn_Warraq)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Quest for the Historical Muhammad (Ibn Warraq)">The Quest for the Historical Muhammad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Truth_About_Muhammad" title="The Truth About Muhammad">The Truth About Muhammad</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_film" title="Muhammad in film">Films</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Muhammad" title="Category:Films about Muhammad">Category</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad:_Legacy_of_a_Prophet" title="Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet">Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad:_The_Last_Prophet" title="Muhammad: The Last Prophet">Muhammad: The Last Prophet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Message_(1976_film)" title="The Message (1976 film)">The Message</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islam:_Empire_of_Faith" title="Islam: Empire of Faith">Islam: Empire of Faith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Innocence_of_Muslims" title="Innocence of Muslims">Innocence of Muslims</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islam:_What_the_West_Needs_to_Know" title="Islam: What the West Needs to Know">Islam: What the West Needs to Know</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fetih_1453" title="Fetih 1453">Fetih 1453</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad:_The_Messenger_of_God_(film)" title="Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)">Muhammad: The Messenger of God</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilal:_A_New_Breed_of_Hero" title="Bilal: A New Breed of Hero">Bilal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad:_The_Final_Legacy" title="Muhammad: The Final Legacy">Muhammad: The Final Legacy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Muhammad" title="The Life of Muhammad">The Life of Muhammad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islam:_The_Untold_Story" title="Islam: The Untold Story">Islam: The Untold Story</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omar_(TV_series)" title="Omar (TV series)">Omar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khaybar_(TV_series)" title="Khaybar (TV series)">Khaybar</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Super_Best_Friends" title="Super Best Friends">Super Best Friends</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Wars_Part_I" title="Cartoon Wars Part I">Cartoon Wars Part I</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Wars_Part_II" title="Cartoon Wars Part II">Cartoon Wars Part II</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/200_(South_Park)" title="200 (South Park)">200</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/201_(South_Park)" title="201 (South Park)">201</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quraish_(video_game)" title="Quraish (video game)"><i>Quraish</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Massacre_(video_game)" title="Muslim Massacre (video game)">Muslim Massacre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faith_Fighter" title="Faith Fighter">Faith Fighter</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_depictions_of_Muhammad" title="Category:Cultural depictions of Muhammad">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Depictions_of_Muhammad" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Depictions of Muhammad">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_texts_(List)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_books" title="Template:Religious books"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_books" title="Template talk:Religious books"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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title="Avesta">Avesta</a> (Zoroastrian)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></i> (Taoist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a> (Buddhist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> (Judaism, Christianity) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> (Judaism) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Torah</a> (Samaritanism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a> (Roman Catholicism, Eastern Christianity)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> (Christianity)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> (Hinduism)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> (Roman polytheism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> (Gnosticism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (Judaism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> (Greek polytheism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> (Hinduism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Enneads" class="mw-redirect" title="The Enneads">Enneads</a> (Neoplatonism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> (Eastern Christianity)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> (Hinduism) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puya_(Meitei_texts)" title="Puya (Meitei texts)">Puya</a> (Sanamahism)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> (Islam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a> (Shinto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_hymns" title="Ambrosian hymns">Ambrosian Hymnal</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hadith</a> (Islam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Luther's Large Catechism</a> (Lutheranism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a> (Protestantism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism" title="Heidelberg Catechism">Heidelberg Catechism</a> (Protestantism)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> (Anglicanism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catechism" title="Roman Catechism">Roman Catechism</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> (Mormonism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofudesaki" title="Ofudesaki">Ofudesaki</a> (Tenrikyo)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas" title="Kitáb-i-Aqdas">Kitáb-i-Aqdas</a></i> (Baha'i)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya" title="Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya">Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya</a> (Ahmadiyya)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_AL_vel_Legis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber AL vel Legis">Liber AL vel Legis</a></i> (Thelemite)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Shadows" title="Book of Shadows">Book of Shadows</a> (Wiccan)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dianetics:_The_Modern_Science_of_Mental_Health" title="Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health">Dianetics</a></i> (Scientologist)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Bible" title="The Satanic Bible">The Satanic Bible</a></i> (Satanist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniocracy" title="Geniocracy">Geniocracy</a> (Raelian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234343#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234343#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/175363519">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ḥadīṯ"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1153832267">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85058192">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008332t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008332t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563051">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hadíthy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120633&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545831205171">Israel</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545832205171">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027806081">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hadis">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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