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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lenin_era:_1917–1922" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lenin_era:_1917–1922"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Lenin era: 1917–1922 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lenin_era:_1917–1922-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interregnum:_1922–1930" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interregnum:_1922–1930"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Interregnum: 1922–1930 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interregnum:_1922–1930-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_and_war_period:_1930–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_and_war_period:_1930–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Interwar and war period: 1930–1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_and_war_period:_1930–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Stalin_to_Khrushchev's_fall:_1945–1964" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Stalin_to_Khrushchev's_fall:_1945–1964"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 From Stalin to Khrushchev's fall: 1945–1964 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Stalin_to_Khrushchev's_fall:_1945–1964-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brezhnev_era:_1964–1982" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brezhnev_era:_1964–1982"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Brezhnev era: 1964–1982 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brezhnev_era:_1964–1982-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andropov–Chernenko_interregnum:_1982–1985" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andropov–Chernenko_interregnum:_1982–1985"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Andropov–Chernenko interregnum: 1982–1985 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andropov–Chernenko_interregnum:_1982–1985-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gorbachev_era:_1985–1991" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gorbachev_era:_1985–1991"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Gorbachev era: 1985–1991 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gorbachev_era:_1985–1991-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duties_and_responsibilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duties_and_responsibilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Duties and responsibilities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Duties_and_responsibilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Duties and responsibilities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Duties_and_responsibilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apparatus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apparatus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Apparatus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apparatus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Commissions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Control_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Control_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Central Control Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Control_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Departments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Departments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Departments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Departments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_Secretary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_Secretary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 General Secretary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_Secretary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orgburo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orgburo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Orgburo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orgburo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_education_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_education_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.6 Party education system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_education_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politburo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politburo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.7 Politburo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politburo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pravda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pravda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.8 Pravda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pravda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretariat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretariat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.9 Secretariat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretariat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Physical location </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" > 40 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="اللجنة المركزية للحزب الشيوعي السوفيتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللجنة المركزية للحزب الشيوعي السوفيتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovet_%C4%B0ttifaq%C4%B1_Kommunist_Partiyas%C4%B1_M%C9%99rk%C9%99zi_Komit%C9%99si" title="Sovet İttifaqı Kommunist Partiyası Mərkəzi Komitəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sovet İttifaqı Kommunist Partiyası Mərkəzi Komitəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1_%D2%AE%D2%99%D3%99%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B" title="КПСС Үҙәк Комитеты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="КПСС Үҙәк Комитеты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1" title="Цэнтральны камітэт КПСС – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цэнтральны камітэт КПСС" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%9A_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1" title="ЦК КПСС – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="ЦК КПСС" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%9A_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1" title="ЦК на КПСС – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ЦК на КПСС" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A8_Central_del_Partit_Comunista_de_la_Uni%C3%B3_Sovi%C3%A8tica" title="Comitè Central del Partit Comunista de la Unió Soviètica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comitè Central del Partit Comunista de la Unió Soviètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C5%99edn%C3%AD_v%C3%BDbor_Komunistick%C3%A9_strany_Sov%C4%9Btsk%C3%A9ho_svazu" title="Ústřední výbor Komunistické strany Sovětského svazu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ústřední výbor Komunistické strany Sovětského svazu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZK_der_KPdSU" title="ZK der KPdSU – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ZK der KPdSU" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLKP_Keskkomitee" title="NLKP Keskkomitee – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="NLKP Keskkomitee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Κεντρική Επιτροπή του Κομμουνιστικού Κόμματος της Σοβιετικής Ένωσης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κεντρική Επιτροπή του Κομμουνιστικού Κόμματος της Σοβιετικής Ένωσης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Central_del_Partido_Comunista_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Comité Central del Partido Comunista de la Unión Soviética – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comité Central del Partido Comunista de la Unión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centra_Komitato_de_la_Komunista_Partio_de_Sovetunio" title="Centra Komitato de la Komunista Partio de Sovetunio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Centra Komitato de la Komunista Partio de Sovetunio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobietar_Batasuneko_Alderdi_Komunistaren_Batzorde_Zentrala" title="Sobietar Batasuneko Alderdi Komunistaren Batzorde Zentrala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sobietar Batasuneko Alderdi Komunistaren Batzorde Zentrala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="کمیته مرکزی حزب کمونیست اتحاد شوروی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمیته مرکزی حزب کمونیست اتحاد شوروی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_central_du_Parti_communiste_de_l%27Union_sovi%C3%A9tique" title="Comité central du Parti communiste de l'Union soviétique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Comité central du Parti communiste de l'Union soviétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Central_do_Partido_Comunista_da_Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Comité Central do Partido Comunista da Unión Soviética – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Comité Central do Partido Comunista da Unión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A0%A8_%EA%B3%B5%EC%82%B0%EB%8B%B9_%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99%EC%9C%84%EC%9B%90%ED%9A%8C" title="소련 공산당 중앙위원회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소련 공산당 중앙위원회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5_(%D4%BD%D5%84%D4%BF%D4%BF)" title="Կենտրոնական կոմիտե (ԽՄԿԿ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենտրոնական կոմիտե (ԽՄԿԿ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komite_Sentral_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Komite Sentral Partai Komunis Uni Soviet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komite Sentral Partai Komunis Uni Soviet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitato_Centrale_del_PCUS" title="Comitato Centrale del PCUS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comitato Centrale del PCUS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1-%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%9A" title="КПСС-ни АК – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="КПСС-ни АК" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%99%E1%83%9E_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%99" title="სკკპ ცკ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სკკპ ცკ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%9F_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="КОКП орталық комитеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="КОКП орталық комитеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSKP_Centr%C4%81l%C4%81_komiteja" title="PSKP Centrālā komiteja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="PSKP Centrālā komiteja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSKP_Centro_komitetas" title="TSKP Centro komitetas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="TSKP Centro komitetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%9E_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%99" title="სრკპ ცკ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სრკპ ცკ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%89" title="اللجنه المركزيه للحزب الشيوعى السوفيتى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اللجنه المركزيه للحزب الشيوعى السوفيتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centraal_Comit%C3%A9_van_de_Communistische_Partij_van_de_Sovjet-Unie" title="Centraal Comité van de Communistische Partij van de Sovjet-Unie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Centraal Comité van de Communistische Partij van de Sovjet-Unie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E4%BC%9A" title="ソビエト連邦共産党中央委員会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソビエト連邦共産党中央委員会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitet_Centralny_Komunistycznej_Partii_Zwi%C4%85zku_Radzieckiego" title="Komitet Centralny Komunistycznej Partii Związku Radzieckiego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komitet Centralny Komunistycznej Partii Związku Radzieckiego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%AA_Central_do_Partido_Comunista_da_Uni%C3%A3o_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Comitê Central do Partido Comunista da União Soviética – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comitê Central do Partido Comunista da União Soviética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitetul_Central_al_Partidului_Comunist_al_Uniunii_Sovietice" title="Comitetul Central al Partidului Comunist al Uniunii Sovietice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comitetul Central al Partidului Comunist al Uniunii Sovietice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1" title="Центральный комитет КПСС – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Центральный комитет КПСС" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Централни комитет Комунистичке партије Совјетског Савеза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Централни комитет Комунистичке партије Совјетског Савеза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%9A%D0%A4_%D2%AE%D0%9A" title="СБКФ ҮК – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="СБКФ ҮК" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovyetler_Birli%C4%9Fi_Kom%C3%BCnist_Partisi_Merkez_Komitesi" title="Sovyetler Birliği Komünist Partisi Merkez Komitesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sovyetler Birliği Komünist Partisi Merkez Komitesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Центральний Комітет Комуністичної партії Радянського Союзу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Центральний Комітет Комуністичної партії Радянського Союзу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ch%E1%BA%A5p_h%C3%A0nh_Trung_%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_C%E1%BB%99ng_s%E1%BA%A3n_Li%C3%AAn_X%C3%B4" title="Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Liên Xô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Liên Xô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联共产党中央委员会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苏联共产党中央委员会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Центральный комитет Коммунистической партии Советского Союза</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg/200px-%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg/300px-%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg/400px-%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="271" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1922-1953)(first)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1985-1991) (last)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elected by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Responsible to </th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Child organs</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissions_of_the_Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissions of the Central Committee">Central Committee Commissions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee Departments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seats</th><td class="infobox-data">Varied</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Meeting place</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Soviet_1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Supreme_Soviet_1982.jpg/220px-Supreme_Soviet_1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Supreme_Soviet_1982.jpg/330px-Supreme_Soviet_1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Supreme_Soviet_1982.jpg/440px-Supreme_Soviet_1982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="728" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data label"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Kremlin_Palace" title="Grand Kremlin Palace">Grand Kremlin Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union<a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Central_committee" title="Central committee">highest organ</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> between <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">two congresses</a>. According to party statutes, the committee directed all party and governmental activities. The Party Congress elected its members. During <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s leadership of the Communist Party, the Central Committee functioned as the highest party authority between Congresses. However, in the following decades, the de facto most powerful decision-making body would oscillate back and forth between the Central Committee and the Political Bureau or <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a> (and, under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a>). Some committee delegates objected to the re-establishment of the Politburo in 1919, and in response, the Politburo became organizationally responsible to the Central Committee. Subsequently, the Central Committee members could participate in Politburo sessions with a consultative voice, but could not vote unless they were members. Following Lenin's death in January 1924, Stalin gradually increased his power in the Communist Party through the office of <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Central Committee</a>, the leading Secretary of the Secretariat. With Stalin's takeover, the role of the Central Committee was eclipsed by the Politburo, which consisted of a small clique of loyal Stalinists. By the time of Stalin's death in 1953, the Central Committee had become largely a symbolic organ that was responsible to the Politburo, and not the other way around. The death of Stalin revitalised the Central Committee, and it became an important institution during the power struggle to succeed Stalin. Following <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>'s accession to power, the Central Committee still played a leading role; it overturned the Politburo's decision to remove Khrushchev from office in 1957. In 1964 the Central Committee ousted Khrushchev from power and elected <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> as First Secretary. The Central Committee was an important organ in the beginning of Brezhnev's rule, but lost effective power to the Politburo. From then on, until the era of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (General Secretary from 1985 to 1991), the Central Committee played a minor role in the running of the party and state – the Politburo once again operated as the highest political organ in the Soviet Union. For the majority of Central Committee's history, plenums were held in the meeting chamber of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_the_Union" title="Soviet of the Union">Soviet of the Union</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Kremlin_Palace" title="Grand Kremlin Palace">Grand Kremlin Palace</a>. The offices of the administrative staff of the Central Committee were located in the 4th building of <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Square" title="Staraya Square">Staraya Square</a> in Moscow, in what is now the Russian <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Administration_of_Russia" title="Presidential Administration of Russia">Presidential Administration</a> Building. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_Staraya_Square_4_by_Vladimir_Sherwood_Jr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiki_Staraya_Square_4_by_Vladimir_Sherwood_Jr.jpg/220px-Wiki_Staraya_Square_4_by_Vladimir_Sherwood_Jr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiki_Staraya_Square_4_by_Vladimir_Sherwood_Jr.jpg/330px-Wiki_Staraya_Square_4_by_Vladimir_Sherwood_Jr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiki_Staraya_Square_4_by_Vladimir_Sherwood_Jr.jpg/440px-Wiki_Staraya_Square_4_by_Vladimir_Sherwood_Jr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>CPSU Central Committee staff headquarters in 1920s-1991, current Administration of the President of Russia at <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Square" title="Staraya Square">Staraya Square</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background:_1898–1917">Background: 1898–1917</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background: 1898–1917">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a></div> At the <a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">founding congress</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> (the predecessor of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union) <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> was able to gain enough support for the establishment of an all-powerful central organ at the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">next congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesson197819-5">[4]</a> This central organ was to become the Central Committee, and it had the rights to decide all party issues, with the exception of local ones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesson197819-5">[4]</a> The group which supported the establishment of a Central Committee at the 2nd Congress called themselves the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>, and the losers (the minority) were given the name <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> by their own leader, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Martov" title="Julius Martov">Julius Martov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000156–158-6">[5]</a> The Central Committee would contain three members, and would supervise the editorial board of <a href="/wiki/Iskra" title="Iskra">Iskra</a>, the party newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000156–158-6">[5]</a> The first members of the Central Committee were <a href="/wiki/Gleb_Krzhizhanovsky" title="Gleb Krzhizhanovsky">Gleb Krzhizhanovsky</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Lengnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Lengnik (page does not exist)">Friedrich Lengnik</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Noskov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Noskov (page does not exist)">Vladimir Noskov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000156–158-6">[5]</a> Throughout its history, the party and the Central Committee were riven by factional infighting and repression by government authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000162,_279,_293,_302–304-7">[6]</a> Lenin was able to persuade the Central Committee, after a long and heated discussion, to initiate the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000162,_279,_293,_302–304-7">[6]</a> The majority of the members had been skeptical of initiating the revolution so early, and it was Lenin who was able to persuade them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000162,_279,_293,_302–304-7">[6]</a> The motion to carry out a revolution in October 1917 was passed with 10 in favour, and two against by the Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000162,_279,_293,_302–304-7">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lenin_era:_1917–1922">Lenin era: 1917–1922</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lenin era: 1917–1922">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">  </td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Leadership</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of the Soviet Union">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Council of the Soviet Union">State Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidential Council of the Soviet Union">Presidential Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union">Central Executive Committee</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_the_Union" title="Soviet of the Union">Soviet of the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_Nationalities" title="Soviet of Nationalities">Soviet of Nationalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union#Chairmen_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1989–1990)" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1989 Soviet Union legislative election">1989 Legislative election</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Governance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_names_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Official names of the Soviet Union">Official names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1924 Soviet Constitution">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Soviet Constitution">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Soviet Constitution">1977</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ministries of the Soviet Union">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Committee of the Soviet Union">State Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">Cabinets</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premiership</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_Affairs_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Administrator of Affairs of the Soviet Union">Administrator of Affairs</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Court_(Soviet_Union)" title="People's Court (Soviet Union)">People's Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurator_General_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Procurator General of the Soviet Union">Procurator General</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Ideology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_goods_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Consumer goods in the Soviet Union">Consumer goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union">Five-Year Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">Kosygin reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">Material balance planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a 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system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet Empire</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Politics of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Politics of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Central Committee, according to Lenin, was to be the supreme authority of the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA21_21]-8">[7]</a> Long before he joined forces with Lenin and became the Soviet military leader, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> had once criticised this view, stating "our rules represent 'organisational nonconfidence' of the party toward its parts, that is, supervision over all local, district, national and other organisations ... the organisation of the party takes place of the party itself; the Central Committee takes the place of the organisation; and finally the dictator takes the place of the Central Committee."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA25_25]-9">[8]</a> During the first years in power, under Lenin's rule, the Central Committee was the key decision-making body in both practice and theory, and decisions were made through majority votes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA96_96]-10">[9]</a> For example, the Central Committee voted for or against signing a peace treaty with the Germans between 1917 and 1918 during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>; the majority voted in favour of peace when Trotsky backed down in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA96_96]-10">[9]</a> The result of the vote was the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA96_96]-10">[9]</a> During the heated debates in the Central Committee about a possible peace with the Germans, Lenin did not have a majority; both Trotsky and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a> had more support for their own position than Lenin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA96_96–97]-11">[10]</a> Only when Lenin sought a coalition with Trotsky and others, were negotiations with the Germans voted through with a simple majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA96_96–97]-11">[10]</a> Criticism of other officials was allowed during these meetings, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Radek" title="Karl Radek">Karl Radek</a> said to Lenin (criticising his position of supporting peace with the Germans), "If there were five hundred courageous men in Petrograd, we would put you in prison."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA97_97]-12">[11]</a> The decision to negotiate peace with the Germans was only reached when Lenin threatened to resign, which in turn led to a temporary coalition between Lenin's supporters and those of Trotsky and others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA97_97]-12">[11]</a> No sanctions were invoked on the opposition in the Central Committee following the decision.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA97_97]-12">[11]</a> The system had many faults, and opposition to Lenin and what many saw as his excessive centralisation policies came to the leadership's attention during the <a href="/wiki/8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th Party Congress</a> (March 1919) and the <a href="/wiki/9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th Party Congress</a> (March 1920).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA97_97–98]-13">[12]</a> At the 9th Party Congress the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Centralists" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Centralists">Democratic Centralists</a>, an opposition faction within the party, accused Lenin and his associates, of creating a Central Committee in which a "small handful of party oligarchs ... was banning those who hold deviant views."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA98_98]-14">[13]</a> Several delegates to the Congress were quite specific in the criticism, one of them accusing Lenin and his associates of making the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> a place of exile for opponents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA98_98]-14">[13]</a> Lenin reply was evasive, he conceded that faults had been made, but noted that if such policies had in fact been carried out the criticism of him during the 9th Party Congress could not have occurred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA98_98]-14">[13]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th Party Congress</a> (March 1921) Lenin condemned the <a href="/wiki/Workers_Opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers Opposition">Workers Opposition</a>, a faction within the Communist Party, for deviating from <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA101_101]-15">[14]</a> Lenin did state that factionalism was allowed, but only allowed before and during Party Congresses when the different sides needed to win votes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA100_100–101]-16">[15]</a> Several Central Committee members, who were members of the Workers Opposition, offered their resignation to Lenin but their resignations were not accepted, and they were instead asked to submit to party discipline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA100_100–101]-16">[15]</a> The 10th Party Congress also introduced a <a href="/wiki/Ban_on_factions_in_the_Russian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban on factions in the Russian Communist Party">ban on factionalism</a> within the Communist Party; however, what Lenin considered to be 'platforms', such as the Democratic Centralists and the Workers Opposition, were allowed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA101_101]-15">[14]</a> Factions, in Lenin's mind, were groups within the Communist Party who subverted party discipline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA101_101]-15">[14]</a> Despite the ban on factionalism, the Workers' Opposition continued its open agitation against the policies of the Central Committee, and before the <a href="/wiki/11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th Party Congress</a> (March 1922) the Workers' Opposition made an ill-conceived bid to win support for their position in the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA102_102]-17">[16]</a> The Comintern, not unexpectedly, supported the position of the Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA102_102]-17">[16]</a> During the 11th Party Congress <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shliapnikov" title="Alexander Shliapnikov">Alexander Shliapnikov</a>, the leader of the Workers' Opposition, claimed that certain individuals from the Central Committee had threatened him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA102_102–103]-18">[17]</a> Lenin's reply was evasive, but he stated that party discipline needed to be strengthened during "a retreat" – the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a> was introduced at the 10th Party Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA102_102–103]-18">[17]</a> The 11th Party Congress would prove to be the last congress chaired by Lenin, he suffered one stroke in May 1922, was paralysed by a second in December later that year, was removed from public life in March 1923 and died on 21 January 1924.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA103_103]-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interregnum:_1922–1930">Interregnum: 1922–1930</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interregnum: 1922–1930">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotksky--russianbolshevik00rossuoft.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Trotksky--russianbolshevik00rossuoft.png/220px-Trotksky--russianbolshevik00rossuoft.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Trotksky--russianbolshevik00rossuoft.png/330px-Trotksky--russianbolshevik00rossuoft.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Trotksky--russianbolshevik00rossuoft.png/440px-Trotksky--russianbolshevik00rossuoft.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption>Trotsky was one of the main contenders for leadership following Lenin's death.</figcaption></figure> When Lenin died, the Soviet leadership was uncertain how the building of the new, socialist society should proceed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA110_110]-20">[19]</a> Some supported extending the NEP, as Lenin had suggested late in his life, or ending it and replacing it with a <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a>, a position Lenin held when he initiated NEP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA110_110]-20">[19]</a> Following Lenin's forced departure due to ill health, a power struggle began, which involved <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tomsky" title="Mikhail Tomsky">Mikhail Tomsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA111_111]-21">[20]</a> Of these, Trotsky was the most notable one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA111_111]-21">[20]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">testament</a>, Lenin referred to Trotsky's "exceptional abilities", adding "personally he is perhaps the most able man in the present central committee."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA111_111]-21">[20]</a> Trotsky did face a problem however: he had previously disagreed with Lenin on several matters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA111_111–112]-22">[21]</a> He was also of <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA112_112]-23">[22]</a> Stalin, the second major contender, and future leader of the Soviet Union, was the least known, and he was not a popular figure with the masses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA112_112]-23">[22]</a> Even though he was a <a href="/wiki/Georgian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian people">Georgian</a>, and he opposed Georgian nationalism, he talked like a <a href="/wiki/Slavophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavophile">Slavophile</a>, which was an advantage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA114_114]-24">[23]</a> The Communist Party was his institutional base; he was the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a> – another advantage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA114_114]-24">[23]</a> But there was a problem; Stalin was known for his brutality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA114_114]-24">[23]</a> As one Party faithful put it, "A savage man ... a bloody man. You have to have swords like him in a revolution but I don't like that fact, nor like him."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA114_114]-24">[23]</a> In his testament, Lenin said of Stalin:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA115_115]-25">[24]</a> <blockquote> Stalin is too rude, and this fault, fully tolerable in our midst and in the relations among us Communists, becomes intolerable in the office of General Secretary. Therefore I propose to the comrades that they devise a way of shifting Stalin from this position and appointing to it another man who in all other respects falls on the other side of the scale from Comrade Stalin, namely, more tolerant, more loyal, more polite and considerate of comrades, less capricious and so forth. </blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Inner-party democracy</a> became an important topic following Lenin's health leave; Trotsky and Zinoviev were its main backers, but Zinoviev later changed his position when he aligned himself with Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA121_121]-26">[25]</a> Trotsky and Rykov tried to reorganise the party in early 1923, by debureaucratising it, however, in this they failed, and Stalin managed to enlarge the Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA121_121]-26">[25]</a> This was opposed by certain leading party members and a week later; the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Forty-Six" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of the Forty-Six">Declaration of the Forty-Six</a> was issued, which condemned Stalin's centralisation policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA122_122]-27">[26]</a> The declaration stated that the Politburo, <a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a> and the Secretariat was taking complete control over the party, and it was these bodies which elected the delegates to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Party Congresses</a> – in effect making the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a>, the Party Congress, a tool of the Soviet leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA122_122]-27">[26]</a> On this issue, Trotsky said, "as this regime becomes consolidated <a href="/wiki/Iron_Law_of_Oligarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Law of Oligarchy">all affairs are concentrated in the hands of a small group</a>, sometimes only of a secretary who appoints, removes, gives the instructions, inflicts the penalties, etc."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA122_122]-27">[26]</a> In many ways Trotsky's argument was valid, but he was overlooking the changes, which were taking place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA122_122–123]-28">[27]</a> Under Lenin the party ruled through the government, for instance, the only political office held by Lenin was <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a>, but following Lenin's health the party took control of government activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA122_122–123]-28">[27]</a> The system before Lenin was forced to leave was similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary systems</a> where the party cabinet, and not the party leadership, were the actual leaders of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA122_122–123]-28">[27]</a> It was the power of the center which disturbed Trotsky and his followers. If the Soviet leadership had the power to appoint regional officials, they had the indirect power to elect the delegates of the Party Congresses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA131_131]-29">[28]</a> Trotsky accused the delegates of the <a href="/wiki/12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th Party Congress</a> (17–25 April 1923) of being indirectly elected by the center, citing that 55.1% of the voting delegates at the congress were full-time members, at the previous congress only 24.8% of the voting-delegates were full-members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA131_131]-29">[28]</a> He had cause for alarm, because as <a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a> noted in his memoirs, Stalin strived to prevent as many pro-Trotsky officials as possible being elected as congress delegates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA131_131]-29">[28]</a> Trotsky's views went unheeded until 1923, when the Politburo announced a resolution where it reaffirmed party democracy, and even declared the possibility of ending the appointment powers of the center.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA132_132]-30">[29]</a> This was not enough for Trotsky, and he wrote an article in <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a> where he condemned the Soviet leadership and the powers of the center.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA132_132]-30">[29]</a> Zinoviev, Stalin and other members of the Soviet leadership then accused him of <a href="/wiki/Ban_on_factions_in_the_Russian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban on factions in the Russian Communist Party">factionalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA133_133]-31">[30]</a> Trotsky was not elected as a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/13th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th Party Congress</a> (23–31 May 1924).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA133_133]-31">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg/220px-15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg/330px-15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg/440px-15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption>The victors of the <a href="/wiki/15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th Congress</a>; Rykov (left), <a href="/wiki/Mykola_Skrypnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Mykola Skrypnik">Mykola Skrypnik</a> (center) and Stalin (right)</figcaption></figure> Following the 13th Congress, another power struggle with a different focus began; this time socio-economic policies were the prime motivators for the struggle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA133_133]-31">[30]</a> Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev supported rapid industrialisation and a <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a>, while Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky supported keeping the NEP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA132_134]-32">[31]</a> Stalin, in contrast to the others, has often been viewed as standing alone; as <a href="/wiki/Jerry_F._Hough" title="Jerry F. Hough">Jerry F. Hough</a> explained, he has often been viewed as "a cynical <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavellian</a> interested only in power."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA132_134]-32">[31]</a> None of the leading figures of that era were rigid in economic policy, and all of them had supported the NEP previously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA135_135]-33">[32]</a> With the good harvests in 1922, several problems arose, especially the role of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>. While agriculture had recovered substantially, the heavy industrial sector was still in recession, and had barely recovered from the pre-war levels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA135_135]-33">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gosplan" title="Gosplan">State Planning Commission</a> (Gosplan) supported giving <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a> to heavy industries, while the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Finance (Soviet Union)">People's Commissariat for Finance</a> opposed this, citing major <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> as their reason.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA135_135]-33">[32]</a> Trotsky was the only one in the Politburo who supported Gosplan in its feud with the Commissariat for Finance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA135_135]-33">[32]</a> In 1925, Stalin began moving against Zinoviev and Kamenev.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA140_140]-34">[33]</a> The appointment of Rykov as chairman of the Council of People's Commissars was a de facto demotion of Kamenev.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA140_140]-34">[33]</a> Kamenev was acting chairman of the Council of People's Commissars in Lenin's absence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA140_140]-34">[33]</a> To make matters worse, Stalin began espousing his policy of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">socialism in one country</a> – a policy often viewed, wrongly, as an attack on Trotsky, when it was really aimed at Zinoviev.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA140_140]-34">[33]</a> Zinoviev, from his position as chairman of the executive committee of the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Communist International</a> (Comintern), opposed Stalin's policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA140_140]-34">[33]</a> Zinoviev began attacking Stalin within a matter of months, while Trotsky began attacking Stalin for this stance in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA140_140]-34">[33]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th Party Congress</a> (18–31 December 1925) Kamenev and Zinoviev were forced into the same position that Trotsky had been forced into previously; they proclaimed that the center was usurping power from the regional branches, and that Stalin was a danger to inner-party democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA141_141]-35">[34]</a> The Congress became divided between two factions, between the one supporting Stalin, and those who supported Kamenev and Zinoviev.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA141_141]-35">[34]</a> The Leningrad delegation, which supported Zinoviev, shouted "Long live the Central Committee of our party".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA141_141]-35">[34]</a> Even so, Kamenev and Zinoviev were crushed at the congress, and 559 voted in favour of the Soviet leadership and only 65 against.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA141_141]-35">[34]</a> The newly elected Central Committee demoted Kamenev to a non-voting member of the Politburo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA141_141]-35">[34]</a> In April 1926 Zinoviev was removed from the Politburo and in December, Trotsky lost his membership too.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA141_141]-35">[34]</a> All of them retained their seats in the Central Committee until October 1927.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA142_142]-36">[35]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th Party Congress</a> (2–19 December 1927) the <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a> was crushed; none of its members were elected to the Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA142_142]-36">[35]</a> From then on Stalin was the undisputed leader of the Soviet Union, and other leading officials, such as Bukharin, Tomsky, and Rykov were considerably weakened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA142_142–143]-37">[36]</a> The Central Committee which was elected at the <a href="/wiki/16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th Party Congress</a> (26 June – 13 July 1930) removed Tomsky and Rykov.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA142_142–143]-37">[36]</a> Rykov also lost the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a> chairmanship, from the Politburo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA142_142–143]-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_and_war_period:_1930–1945">Interwar and war period: 1930–1945</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interwar and war period: 1930–1945">edit</a>]</div> From 1934 to 1953, three congresses were held (a breach of the party rule which stated that a congress must be convened every third year), one <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conference_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">conference</a> and 23 Central Committee meetings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis197944-38">[37]</a> This is in deep contrast to the Lenin era (1917–1924), when six Congresses were held, five conferences and 69 meetings of the Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis197944-38">[37]</a> The Politburo did not convene once between 1950, when <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Voznesensky" title="Nikolai Voznesensky">Nikolai Voznesensky</a> was killed, and 1953.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis197944-38">[37]</a> In 1952, at the <a href="/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th Party Congress</a> (5–14 October 1952) the Politburo was abolished and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis197944-38">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stalin_portrait_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Stalin_portrait_1937.jpg/220px-Stalin_portrait_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Stalin_portrait_1937.jpg/330px-Stalin_portrait_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Stalin_portrait_1937.jpg/440px-Stalin_portrait_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Stalin on 1937 portrait. Under his rule the Central Committee lost effective control over <a href="/wiki/Policymaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Policymaking">policymaking</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1930 the Central Committee departments were reorganised, because the Secretariat had lost control over the economy, because of the <a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">First Five-Year Plan</a>, and needed more party personnel to supervise the economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20054-39">[38]</a> Prior to 1930, Central Committee departments focused on major components of "political work".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20054-39">[38]</a> During Stalin's rule they were specialised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20054-39">[38]</a> The departments supervised local party officials and ministerial branches within their particular sphere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20054-39">[38]</a> Four years later, in 1934, new Central Committee departments were established which were independent from the Department for Personnel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20054-39">[38]</a> Stalin's emphasis on the importance of political and economic work led to another wave of reorganisation of the Central Committee departments in the late-1930s and 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20054–5-40">[39]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th Party Congress</a> (10–21 March 1939) the department specializing in industry was abolished and replaced by a division focusing on personnel management, ideology and verification fulfillment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20054–5-40">[39]</a> At the <a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolshevik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolshevik) (page does not exist)">18th Party Conference</a> (15–20 February 1941) it was concluded that the abolition of the Central Committee Department on Industry had led to the neglect of industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20055-41">[40]</a> Because of this, specialised secretaries became responsible for industry and transport from the center down to the city level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20055-41">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th Party Congress</a> (26 January – 10 February 1934) has gone down in history as the Congress of Victors, because of the success of the First-Five Year Plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty198712-42">[41]</a> During it several delegates formed an anti-Stalin bloc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty198712-42">[41]</a> Several delegates discussed the possibility of either removing or reducing Stalin's powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty198712-42">[41]</a> Not all conflicts were below the surface, and <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Ordzhonikidze" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigory Ordzhonikidze">Grigory Ordzhonikidze</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Heavy_Industry_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Heavy Industry (Soviet Union)">People's Commissar for Heavy Industry</a> openly disputed with <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>, the chairman of the Council of the People's Commissars, about the rate of economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty198712-42">[41]</a> The dispute between Ordzhonikidze and Molotov, who represented the Soviet leadership, was settled by the establishment of a Congress Commission, which consisted of Stalin, Molotov, Ordzhonikidze, other Politburo members and certain economic experts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty198716-43">[42]</a> They eventually reached an agreement, and the planned target for economic growth in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Five-Year_Plan_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Five-Year Plan (Soviet Union)">Second Five-Year Plan</a> was reduced from 19% to 16.5%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty198716-43">[42]</a> The tone of the 17th Party Congress was different from its predecessors; several old oppositionists became delegates, and were re-elected to the Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty198717-44">[43]</a> For instance, Bukharin, Zinoviev, <a href="/wiki/Yevgeni_Preobrazhensky" title="Yevgeni Preobrazhensky">Yevgeni Preobrazhensky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Pyatakov" title="Georgy Pyatakov">Georgy Pyatakov</a> were all <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(Soviet)" title="Rehabilitation (Soviet)">rehabilitated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty198717-44">[43]</a> All of them spoke at the congress, even if most of them were interrupted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty198717-44">[43]</a> The Congress was split between two dominant factions, radicals (mostly Stalinists) and moderates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty198717-44">[43]</a> Several groups were established before the congress, which either opposed the Stalinist leadership (the <a href="/wiki/Ryutin_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryutin Affair">Ryutin Group</a>) or opposed socio-economic policies of the Stalinist leadership (the <a href="/wiki/Left-Right_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-Right bloc">Syrtsov–Lominadze Group</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eismont%E2%80%93Tolmachev_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eismont–Tolmachev Group (page does not exist)">Eismont–Tolmachev Group</a> and the group headed by <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Petrovich_Smirnov" title="Aleksandr Petrovich Smirnov">Alexander Petrovich Smirnov</a> amongst others).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty198720-45">[44]</a> Politicians, who had previously opposed the Stalinist leadership, could be rehabilitated if they renounced their former beliefs and began supporting Stalin's rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty198720-45">[44]</a> However, the leadership was not opening up; Kamenev and Zinoviev were arrested in 1932 (or in the beginning of 1933), and set free in 1934, and then rearrested in 1935, accused of being part of an assassination plot which killed <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kirov" title="Sergei Kirov">Sergei Kirov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty198720-45">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugenio_Preobrazhenski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Eugenio_Preobrazhenski.jpg/220px-Eugenio_Preobrazhenski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Eugenio_Preobrazhenski.jpg/330px-Eugenio_Preobrazhenski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Eugenio_Preobrazhenski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Preobrazhensky (pictured) was a leading figure of the Central Committee in the 1920s, but was killed during the Purge</figcaption></figure> The majority of the Central Committee members elected at the 17th Party Congress were killed during, or shortly after, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> when <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a> headed the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrish19969-46">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Kaminsky" title="Grigory Kaminsky">Grigory Kaminsky</a>, at a Central Committee meeting, spoke against the Great Purge, and shortly after was arrested and killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrish19962-47">[46]</a> In short, during the Great Purge, the Central Committee was liquidated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogovin2009174-48">[47]</a> Stalin managed to liquidate the Central Committee with the committee's own consent, as Molotov once put it "This gradually occurred. Seventy expelled 10–15 persons, then 60 expelled 15 ... In essence this led to a situation where a minority of this majority remained within the Central Committee ... Such was the gradual but rather rapid process of clearing the way."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogovin2009173-49">[48]</a> Several members were expelled from the Central Committee through voting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogovin2009174-48">[47]</a> Of the 139 members elected to the Central Committee at the 17th Congress, 98 people were killed in the period 1936–40.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogovin2009176-50">[49]</a> In this period the Central Committee decreased in size; a 78 percent decrease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogovin2009176-50">[49]</a> By the 18th Congress there were only 31 members of the Central Committee, and of these only two were reelected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogovin2009176–177-51">[50]</a> Many of the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">Moscow Trials</a> were not rehabilitated until 1988.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogovin2009177-52">[51]</a> Under Khrushchev, an investigation into the matter concluded that the Central Committee had lost its ruling function under Stalin; from 1929 onwards all decisions in the Central Committee were taken unanimously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogovin2009178–179-53">[52]</a> In other words, the Central Committee was too weak to protect itself from Stalin and his hangmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogovin2009178–179-53">[52]</a> Stalin had managed to turn Lenin's hierarchical model on its head; under Lenin the Party Congress and the Central Committee were the highest decision-making organs, under Stalin the Politburo, Secretariat and the Orgburo became the most important decision-making bodies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogovin2009178–179-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Stalin_to_Khrushchev's_fall:_1945–1964">From Stalin to Khrushchev's fall: 1945–1964</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: From Stalin to Khrushchev's fall: 1945–1964">edit</a>]</div> In the post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> period, Stalin ruled the Soviet Union through the post of <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers (Soviet Union)">Council of Ministers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20055-41">[40]</a> The powers of the Secretariat decreased during this period, and only one member of the Secretariat, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, was a member of the Presidium (the Politburo).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20055-41">[40]</a> The frequency of Central Committee meetings decreased sharply under Stalin, but increased again following his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA459_459]-54">[53]</a> After Khrushchev's consolidation of power, the number of Central Committee meetings decreased yet again, but it increased during his later rule, and together with the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a>, the Central Committee voted to remove Khrushchev as First Secretary in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA459_459]-54">[53]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/150px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/225px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/300px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>Malenkov succeeded Stalin as chairman of the Council of Ministers, but failed to take total control over the party machinery</figcaption></figure> When Stalin died on 5 March 1953, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">deputy chairman</a> of the Council of Ministers succeeded him as chairman and as the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> leading figure of the Presidium (the renamed Politburo). A power struggle between Malenkov and Khrushchev began, and on 14 March Malenkov was forced to resign from the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldWiener2012104-55">[54]</a> The official explanation for his resignation was "to grant the request of chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers G. M. Malenkov to be released from the duties of the Party Central Committee".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997117-56">[55]</a> Malenkov's resignation made Khrushchev the senior member within the Secretariat, and made him powerful enough to set the agenda of the Presidium meetings alongside Malenkov.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997117-56">[55]</a> Khrushchev was able to consolidate his powers within the party machine after Malenkov's resignation, but Malenkov remained the de facto leading figure of the Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldWiener2012105-57">[56]</a> Together with Malenkov's and Khrushchev's accession of power, another figure, <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a> was also contending for power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997117-56">[55]</a> The three formed a short-lived <a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">Troika</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997117-56">[55]</a> which lasted until Khrushchev and Malenkov betrayed Beria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997119–120-58">[57]</a> Beria, an ethnic Georgian, was the Presidium member for internal security affairs, and he was a strong supporter for minority rights[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and even supported reuniting <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> to establish a strong, and neutral Germany between the capitalist and socialist nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997119–120-58">[57]</a> It was Beria, through an official pronouncement by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> (MVD) and not by the Central Committee or the Council of Ministers, who renounced the <a href="/wiki/Doctor%27s_Plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor's Plot">Doctor's Plot</a> as a fraud.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997118-59">[58]</a> Beria was no easy man to defeat, and his ethnicisation policies (that a local or republican leaders had to have ethnic origins, and speak the language of the given area) proved to be a tool to strengthen the MVD's grip on local party organs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997120-60">[59]</a> Khrushchev and Malenkov, who had begun receiving information which stated that the MVD had begun spying on party officials, started to act in the spring of 1953.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997120-60">[59]</a> Beria was defeated at the next Presidium plenums by a majority against him, and not long after, Khrushchev and Malenkov started to plan Beria's fall from power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997121-61">[60]</a> However, this was no easy task, as Beria was able to inspire fear in his colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997121-61">[60]</a> In Khrushchev's and Malenkov's first discussion with <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a>, Voroshilov did not want anything to do with it, because he feared "Beria's ears".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997121-61">[60]</a> However, Khrushchev and Malenkov were able to gather enough support for Beria's ouster, but only when a rumour of a potential coup led by Beria began to take hold within the party leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997121-61">[60]</a> Afraid of the power Beria held, Khrushchev and Malenkov were prepared for a potential civil war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997121–122-62">[61]</a> This did not happen, and Beria was forced to resign from all his party posts on 26 June, and was later executed on 23 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997121–122-62">[61]</a> Beria's fall also led to criticism of Stalin; the party leadership accused Beria of using Stalin, a sick and old man, to force his own will on the Soviet Union during Stalin's last days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997124-63">[62]</a> This criticism, and much more, led party and state newspapers to launch more general criticism of Stalin and the Stalin era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997123-64">[63]</a> A party history pamphlet went so far as to state that the party needed to eliminate "the incorrect, un-<a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> interpretation of the role of the individual in history, which is expressed in propaganda by the idealist theory of the <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a>, which is alien to Marxism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997124-63">[62]</a> Beria's downfall led to the collapse of his "empire"; the powers of the MVD was curtailed, and the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> was established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997124-63">[62]</a> Malenkov, while losing his secretaryship, was still chairman of the Council of Ministers, and remained so until 1955.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldWiener2012105-57">[56]</a> He initiated a policy of strengthening the <a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ministries of the Soviet Union">central ministries</a>, while at the same time ensuing <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> policies, one example being to establish a savings of 20.2 billion <a href="/wiki/Ruble" title="Ruble">rubles</a> for Soviet taxpayers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997125-65">[64]</a> In contrast, Khrushchev tried to strengthen the central party apparatus by focusing on the Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997125-65">[64]</a> The Central Committee had not played a notable role in Soviet politics since <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>'s downfall in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997125-65">[64]</a> Stalin weakened the powers of the Central Committee by a mixture of repression and organisational restructuring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997125-65">[64]</a> Khrushchev also called for the Party's role to supervise local organs, economic endeavors and central government activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997125-65">[64]</a> In September 1953, the Central Committee bestowed Khrushchev with the title of First Secretary, which made his seniority in the Central Committee official.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997130-66">[65]</a> With new acquired powers, Khrushchev was able to appoint associates to the leadership in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavia</a> (modern Moldova), while Malenkov, in contrast, was able to appoint an associate to leadership only in <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Moscow_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party">Moscow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997130-66">[65]</a> Under Khrushchev the local party leadership in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (Russian SFSR) witnessed the largest turnover in provincial leaders since the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>; two out of three provincial leaders were replaced in 1953 alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997130-66">[65]</a> Malenkov was assured an identical policy in government institutions; the most notable change being the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pervukhin" title="Mikhail Pervukhin">Mikhail Pervukhin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tevosian" title="Ivan Tevosian">Ivan Tevosian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maksim_Saburov" title="Maksim Saburov">Maksim Saburov</a> to the Deputy Chairmanship of the Council of Ministers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997130-66">[65]</a> During the height of the Malenkov–Khrushchev struggle, Khrushchev actively fought for improvements in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture of the Soviet Union">Soviet agriculture</a> and the strengthening of the role of the Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997134-67">[66]</a> Khrushchev tried to revitalise the Central Committee by hosting several discussions on agriculture at the Central Committee plenums.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997134-67">[66]</a> While no other Presidium members were enthusiastic for such an approach, Khrushchev held several Central Committee meetings from February to March 1954 to discuss agriculture alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997134-67">[66]</a> By doing this, Khrushchev was acknowledging a long forgotten fact; the Presidium, the Secretariat and he himself were responsible to the Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997134-67">[66]</a> Khrushchev could have gone the other way, since some people were already calling for decreasing the Central Committee's role to "cadres and propaganda alone".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997134-67">[66]</a> A further change was democratisation at the top of the party hierarchy, as Voroshilov noted at a Presidium meeting in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997138-68">[67]</a> By August 1954 Malenkov's role as de facto head of government was over; <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a> began signing Council of Ministers decrees (a right beholden to the chairman) and the Presidium gave in to Khrushchev's wishes to replace Malenkov.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997139-69">[68]</a> Malenkov was called of <a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">revisionism</a> because of his wishes to prioritise <a href="/wiki/Consumer_goods_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Consumer goods in the Soviet Union">light industry</a> over <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997141-70">[69]</a> At the same time, Malenkov was accused of being involved in the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad Affair">Leningrad Affair</a> which led to the deaths of innocent party officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997141-70">[69]</a> At the Central Committee plenum of 25 January 1955, Khrushchev accused Malenkov of ideological deviations at the same level as former, anti-<a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> Bukharin and <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Rykov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexey Rykov">Alexey Rykov</a> of the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997141-70">[69]</a> Malenkov spoke twice to the plenum, but it failed to alter his position, and on 8 March 1955 he was forced to resign from his post as chairman of the Council of Ministers; he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a>, a protege of Khrushchev dating back to the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997141-70">[69]</a> Malenkov still remained a powerful figure, and he retained his seat in the Presidium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997141-70">[69]</a> The anti-Khrushchev minority in the Presidium was augmented by those opposed to Khrushchev's proposals to decentralize authority over industry, which struck at the heart of Malenkov's power base.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997176–183-71">[70]</a> During the first half of 1957, Malenkov, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a> worked to quietly build support to dismiss Khrushchev.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997176–183-71">[70]</a> At an 18 June Presidium meeting at which two Khrushchev supporters were absent, the plotters moved that Bulganin, who had joined the scheme, take the chair, and proposed other moves which would effectively demote Khrushchev and put themselves in control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997176–183-71">[70]</a> Khrushchev objected on the grounds that not all Presidium members had been notified, an objection which would have been quickly dismissed had Khrushchev not held firm control over the military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997176–183-71">[70]</a> As word leaked of the power struggle, members of the Central Committee, which Khrushchev controlled, streamed to Moscow, many flown there aboard military planes, and demanded to be admitted to the meeting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997176–183-71">[70]</a> While they were not admitted, there were soon enough Central Committee members in Moscow to call an emergency Party Congress, which effectively forced the leadership to allow a Central Committee plenum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997176–183-71">[70]</a> At that meeting, the three main conspirators were dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Party_Group" title="Anti-Party Group">Anti-Party Group</a>, accused of factionalism and complicity in Stalin's crimes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997176–183-71">[70]</a> The three were expelled from the Central Committee and Presidium, as was former Foreign Minister and Khrushchev client <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shepilov" title="Dmitri Shepilov">Dmitri Shepilov</a> who joined them in the plot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997176–183-71">[70]</a> Molotov was sent as Ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a>; the others were sent to head industrial facilities and institutes far from Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997176–183-71">[70]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Party Congress</a> Khrushchev, in his speech "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Personality_Cult_and_its_Consequences" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Personality Cult and its Consequences">On the Personality Cult and its Consequences</a>", stated that Stalin, the Stalinist <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a> and Stalinist repression had deformed true <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist legality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThatcher201113-72">[71]</a> The party became synonymous with a person, not the people – the true nature of the party had become deformed under Stalin, and needed to be revitalised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThatcher201113-72">[71]</a> These points, and more, were used against him, when Khrushchev was forced to resign from all his posts in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThatcher201113-72">[71]</a> Khrushchev had begun to initiate <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotistic</a> policies, initiated policies without the consent of either the Presidium or the Central Committee, a cult of personality had developed and, in general, Khrushchev had developed several characteristics which he himself criticised Stalin of having at the 20th Party Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThatcher201114-73">[72]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/21st_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="21st Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">21st Party Congress</a> Khrushchev boldly declared that Leninist legality had been reestablished, when in reality, he himself was beginning to following some of the same policies, albeit not at the same level, as Stalin had.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThatcher201114-73">[72]</a> On 14 October 1964 the Central Committee, alongside the Presidium, made it clear that Khrushchev himself did not fit the model of a "Leninist leader", and he was forced to resign from all his post, and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> as First Secretary and <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a> as chairman of the Council of Ministers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThatcher201114-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brezhnev_era:_1964–1982">Brezhnev era: 1964–1982</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Brezhnev era: 1964–1982">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Secretary_Brezhnev_-_NARA_-_194524_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/General_Secretary_Brezhnev_-_NARA_-_194524_cropped.jpg/220px-General_Secretary_Brezhnev_-_NARA_-_194524_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/General_Secretary_Brezhnev_-_NARA_-_194524_cropped.jpg/330px-General_Secretary_Brezhnev_-_NARA_-_194524_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/General_Secretary_Brezhnev_-_NARA_-_194524_cropped.jpg/440px-General_Secretary_Brezhnev_-_NARA_-_194524_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Brezhnev was able to succeed Khrushchev because a majority in the Central Committee voted in favour of removing Khrushchev from office as both first secretary and chairman of the Council of Ministers</figcaption></figure> Before initiating the <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">palace coup</a> against Khrushchev, Brezhnev had talked to several Central Committee members, and had a list which contained all of the Central Committee members who supported ousting Khrushchev.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200210-74">[73]</a> Brezhnev phoned Khrushchev, and asked him to meet him in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200210-74">[73]</a> There, a convened Central Committee voted Khrushchev out of office, both as first secretary of the Central Committee and <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers (Soviet Union)">Council of Ministers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200210-74">[73]</a> At the beginning, Brezhnev's principal rival was <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a>, a member of the Secretariat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200212-75">[74]</a> Podgorny was later "promoted" to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Chairmanship</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Andrei Kirilenko</a> replaced him as secretary in charge of personnel policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200212-75">[74]</a> At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shelepin" title="Alexander Shelepin">Alexander Shelepin</a>, another rival, was replaced as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Party-State_Control_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Party-State Control Commission">Party-State Control Commission</a> and lost his post as <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">deputy chairman</a> of the Council of Ministers. Shelepin was given a further blow when he was removed from the Secretariat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200212-75">[74]</a> The number of Central Committee meetings rose again during Brezhnev's early tenure as elected First Secretary,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA459_459]-54">[53]</a> but the number of meetings and their duration steadily decreased during Brezhnev's rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA459_461]-76">[75]</a> Before Stalin's consolidation of power, the Central Committee featured open debate, where even leading officials could be criticised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA462_462]-77">[76]</a> This did not occur during the Brezhnev era, and Politburo officials rarely participated in its meetings; from 1966 to 1976, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a>, Podgorny and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a> attended a Central Committee meeting once; it was in 1973 to ratify the Soviet Union's treaty with <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA462_462]-77">[76]</a> No Politburo or Secretariat members during the Brezhnev era were speakers during Central Committee meetings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA462_462]-77">[76]</a> The speaker at the Central Committee meeting which elected the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers (Soviet Union)">Council of Ministers</a> (the Government) and the Politburo was never listed during the Brezhnev era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA462_462]-77">[76]</a> Because the average duration of a Central Committee meeting decreased, and fewer meetings were held, many Central Committee members were unable to speak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA462_462–463]-78">[77]</a> Some members consulted the leadership beforehand, to ask to speak during meetings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA462_462–463]-78">[77]</a> During the May 1966 Central Committee plenum, Brezhnev openly complained that only one member had asked him personally to be allowed to speak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA462_462–463]-78">[77]</a> The majority of speakers at Central Committee plenums were high-standing officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA462_462–463]-78">[77]</a> By 1971, Brezhnev had succeeded in becoming first amongst equals in the Politburo and the Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowlahElliott1997147-79">[78]</a> Six years later, Brezhnev had succeeded in filling the majority of the Central Committee with Brezhnevites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowlahElliott1997147-79">[78]</a> But as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_M.E._Volten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter M.E. Volten (page does not exist)">Peter M.E. Volten</a> noted, "the relationship between the general secretary and the central committee remained mutually vulnerable and mutually dependent."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowlahElliott1997147-79">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">collective leadership</a> of the Brezhnev era emphasised the stability of cadres in the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowlahElliott1997147-79">[78]</a> Because of this, the survival ratio of full members of the Central Committee increased gradually during the era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowlahElliott1997147-79">[78]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd Congress</a> (29 March – 8 April 1966) the survival ratio was 79.4 percent, it decreased to 76.5 percent at the <a href="/wiki/24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th Congress</a> (30 March – 9 April 1971), increased to 83.4 percent at the <a href="/wiki/25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th Congress</a> (24 February – 5 March 1976) and at its peak, at the <a href="/wiki/26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th Congress</a> (23 February – 3 March 1981), it reached 89 percent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowlahElliott1997147-79">[78]</a> Because the size of the Central Committee expanded, the majority of members were either in their first or second term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowlahElliott1997148-80">[79]</a> It expanded to 195 in 1966, 141 in 1971, 287 in 1976 and 319 in 1981; of these, new membership consisted of 37, 30 and 28 percent respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowlahElliott1997148-80">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andropov–Chernenko_interregnum:_1982–1985">Andropov–Chernenko interregnum: 1982–1985</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Andropov–Chernenko interregnum: 1982–1985">edit</a>]</div> Andropov was elected the party's General Secretary on 12 November 1982 by a decision of the Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell199090-81">[80]</a> The Central Committee meeting was held less than 24 hours after the announcement of <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and funeral of Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev's death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell199090-81">[80]</a> A.R. Judson Mitchell claims that the Central Committee meeting which elected Andropov as General Secretary, was little more than a <a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp_(politics)" title="Rubber stamp (politics)">rubber stamp</a> meeting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell199090-81">[80]</a> Andropov was in a good position to take over the control of the party apparatus; three big system hierarchs, Brezhnev, Kosygin and Suslov had all died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell199091-82">[81]</a> A fourth, Kirilenko, was forced into retirement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell199091-82">[81]</a> At the Central Committee meeting of 22 November 1982, Kirilenko lost his membership in the Politburo (after a decision within the Politburo itself), and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ryzhkov" title="Nikolai Ryzhkov">Nikolai Ryzhkov</a>, the deputy chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Gosplan" title="Gosplan">State Planning Committee</a>, was elected to the Secretariat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell199092-83">[82]</a> Ryzhkov became the Head of the Economic Department of the Central Committee, and became the leading Central Committee member on matters regarding economic planning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell199092-83">[82]</a> Shortly afterwards, Ryzhkov, after replacing <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dolgikh" title="Vladimir Dolgikh">Vladimir Dolgikh</a>, began to oversee the civilian economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell199092-83">[82]</a> At the 14–15 June 1983 Central Committee meeting, <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vitaly Vorotnikov</a> was elected as a candidate member of the Politburo, <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Romanov" title="Grigory Romanov">Grigory Romanov</a> was elected to the Secretariat and five members of the Central Committee were given full membership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell199097-84">[83]</a> The election of Romanov in the Secretariat, weakened Chernenko's control considerably.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell199097-84">[83]</a> Later, <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Ligachev" class="mw-redirect" title="Yegor Ligachev">Yegor Ligachev</a> was appointed as Head of the Party Organisational Work Department of the Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell199098-85">[84]</a> Certain Brezhnev appointees were kept, such as <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chebrikov" title="Viktor Chebrikov">Viktor Chebrikov</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Savinkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Savinkin (page does not exist)">Nikolai Savinkin</a>. With these appointments, Andropov effectively wielded the powers of the <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">nomenklatura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell199099-86">[85]</a> Even so, by the time he had succeeded in dominating the Central Committee, Andropov fell ill. He was unable to attend the annual parade celebrating the victory of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990100–101-87">[86]</a> Chernenko, the official second-ranking secretary, competed for power with <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990100–101-87">[86]</a> The meetings of the Central Committee and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union</a> were postponed to the last possible moment because of Andropov's health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990100–101-87">[86]</a> Changes continued however, and the Andropov appointees continued Andropov's course of introducing new blood into the Central Committee and Party apparatus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990100–101-87">[86]</a> Vorotnikov and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Mikhail Solomentsev</a> were given full membership in the Politburo, Chebrikov was elected a candidate member of the Politburo and Ligachev became a member of the Secretariat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990100–101-87">[86]</a> Chernenko's position began to look precarious; Gorbachev was getting stronger by the day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990100–101-87">[86]</a> Four days after Andropov's death, on 9 February 1984, Chernenko was elected as the party's General Secretary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990118-88">[87]</a> Chernenko was elected as a compromise candidate by the Politburo; the Central Committee could never have accepted another candidate, considering that the majority of the Central Committee members were old Brezhnev appointees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990118–119-89">[88]</a> The Politburo could not, despite its powers, elect a General Secretary not supported by the Central Committee. Even so, several leading Politburo members supported Chernenko, such as <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Nikolai Tikhonov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Grishin" title="Viktor Grishin">Viktor Grishin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990118–119-89">[88]</a> To make matters worse for Chernenko, he did not have control over the Politburo; both <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitriy_Ustinov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitriy Ustinov">Dmitriy Ustinov</a> were both very independent politically, and the Politburo still contained several leading Andropov protégés, such as Gorbachev, Vorotnikov, Solomontsev and <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990118–119-89">[88]</a> Chernenko never got complete control over the Central Committee and Party apparatus; while Andropov never succeeded in removing the majority of Brezhnev appointees in the Central Committee, he had succeeding in dividing the Central Committee along factional lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990119–220-90">[89]</a> In this confusion, Chernenko was never able to become a strong leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990119–220-90">[89]</a> For example, Gorbachev quickly became the party's <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> Second Secretary, even though Chernenko did not support him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990119–220-90">[89]</a> The distribution of power within the Central Committee turned Chernenko into little more than a figurehead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990121-91">[90]</a> In contrast to previous general secretaries, Chernenko did not control the Cadre Department of the Central Committee, making Chernenko's position considerably weaker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990122-92">[91]</a> However, Chernenko did strengthen his position considerably at the beginning of 1985, not long before his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990127–128-93">[92]</a> Chernenko died on 10 March 1985, and the Central Committee appointed Gorbachev General Secretary on 11 March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990130–131-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gorbachev_era:_1985–1991">Gorbachev era: 1985–1991</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gorbachev era: 1985–1991">edit</a>]</div> Gorbachev's election as General Secretary was the quickest in Soviet history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199684-95">[94]</a> The Politburo recommended Gorbachev to the Central Committee, and the Central Committee approved him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199684-95">[94]</a> The Politburo meeting, which elected Gorbachev to the General Secretaryship, did not include such members as <a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Konayev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinmukhamed Konayev">Dinmukhamed Konayev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vitaly Vorotnikov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199685-96">[95]</a> Of these three, Konayev and Shcherbytsky were Brezhnevites, and Vorotnikov, while not supporting Gorbachev, took it for granted that Gorbachev would succeed Chernenko.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199685-96">[95]</a> It is conceivable, according to historian <a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a>, that Konayev and Shcherbytsky would rather have voted in favour of <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Grishin" title="Viktor Grishin">Viktor Grishin</a> as General Secretary, than Gorbachev.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199685-96">[95]</a> At the same meeting, Grishin was asked to chair the commission responsible for Chernenko's funeral; Grishin turned down the offer, claiming that Gorbachev was closer to Chernenko than he was.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199685-96">[95]</a> By doing this, he practically signaled his support for Gorbachev's accession to the General Secretaryship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199685-96">[95]</a> Andrei Gromyko, the longtime foreign minister, proposed Gorbachev as a candidate for the General Secretaryship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199686–87-97">[96]</a> The Politburo and the Central Committee elected Gorbachev as General Secretary unanimously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199687-98">[97]</a> Ryzhkov, in retrospect, claimed that the Soviet system had "created, nursed and formed" Gorbachev, but that "long ago Gorbachev had internally rebelled against the native System."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199687-98">[97]</a> In the same vein, Gorbachev's adviser <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrey_Grachev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrey Grachev (page does not exist)">Andrey Grachev</a>, noted that he was a "genetic error of the system."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199687-98">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5957_souvenir_sheet_(19th_Communist_Party_Conference._State_Kremlin_Palace,_Troitskaya_Tower,_Lenin_(by_Andreev),_hammer_and_sickle_and_laurel_branch).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5957_souvenir_sheet_%2819th_Communist_Party_Conference._State_Kremlin_Palace%2C_Troitskaya_Tower%2C_Lenin_%28by_Andreev%29%2C_hammer_and_sickle_and_laurel_branch%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5957_souvenir_sheet_%2819th_Communist_Party_Conference._State_Kremlin_Palace%2C_Troitskaya_Tower%2C_Lenin_%28by_Andreev%29%2C_hammer_and_sickle_and_laurel_branch%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5957_souvenir_sheet_%2819th_Communist_Party_Conference._State_Kremlin_Palace%2C_Troitskaya_Tower%2C_Lenin_%28by_Andreev%29%2C_hammer_and_sickle_and_laurel_branch%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="1581" /></a><figcaption>A stamp promoting the <a href="/wiki/19th_Conference_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th Party Conference</a></figcaption></figure> Gorbachev's policy of <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> (literally openness) meant the gradual democratisation of the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA94_94]-99">[98]</a> Because of this, the role of the Central Committee was strengthened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA94_94]-99">[98]</a> Several old <a href="/wiki/Apparatchik" title="Apparatchik">apparatchiks</a> lost their seats to more open-minded officials during the Gorbachev era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA96_96]-100">[99]</a> The plan was to make the Central Committee an organ where discussion took place; and in this Gorbachev succeeded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA96_96]-100">[99]</a> By 1988, several people demanded reform within the Communist Party itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite199339-101">[100]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/19th_Conference_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th Conference</a>, the first party conference held since 1941, several delegates asked for the introduction of term limits, and an end to appointments of officials, and to introduce multi-candidate elections within the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite199339-101">[100]</a> Some called for a maximum of two term-periods in each party body, including the Central Committee, others supported <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>'s policy of compulsory turnover rules, which had been ended by the Brezhnev leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite199339-101">[100]</a> Other people called for the General Secretary to either be elected by the people, or a "kind of party referendum".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite199339-101">[100]</a> There was also talk about introducing age limits, and decentralising, and weakening the party's bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite199339-101">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">nomenklatura system</a> came under attack; several delegates asked why the leading party members had rights to a better life, at least materially, and why the leadership was more-or-less untouchable, as they had been under <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>, even if their incompetence was clear to everyone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite199339–40-102">[101]</a> Others complained that the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet working class</a> was given too large a role in party organisation; scientific personnel and other white-collar employees were legally discriminated against.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite199339–40-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duties_and_responsibilities">Duties and responsibilities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Duties and responsibilities">edit</a>]</div> The Central Committee was a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet collectivism">collective organ</a> elected at the annual <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">party congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA455_455]-103">[102]</a> It was mandated to meet at least twice a year to act as the party's supreme organ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA455_455]-103">[102]</a> Over the years, membership in the Central Committee increased; in 1934 there were 71 full members, in 1976 there were 287 full members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA455_455–456]-104">[103]</a> Central Committee members were elected to the seats because of the offices they held, not their personal merit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA458_458]-105">[104]</a> Because of this, the Central Committee was commonly considered an indicator for <a href="/wiki/Sovietologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovietologist">Sovietologists</a> to study the strength of the different institutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA458_458]-105">[104]</a> The Politburo was elected by and reported to the Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidR5zx54LB-A4CpgPA25_25–26]-106">[105]</a> Besides the Politburo the Central Committee also elected the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> leader of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidR5zx54LB-A4CpgPA25_25–26]-106">[105]</a> In 1919–1952 the <a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a> was also elected in the same manner as the Politburo and the Secretariat by the plenums of the Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidR5zx54LB-A4CpgPA25_25–26]-106">[105]</a> In between Central Committee plenums, the Politburo and the Secretariat was legally empowered to make decisions on its behalf.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidR5zx54LB-A4CpgPA25_25–26]-106">[105]</a> The Central Committee (or the Politburo and/or Secretariat in its behalf) could issue nationwide decisions; decisions on behalf of the party were transmitted from the top to the bottom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidR5zx54LB-A4CpgPA27_27]-107">[106]</a> Under Lenin the Central Committee functioned like the Politburo did during the post-Stalin era, as the party's leading collective organ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA93_93]-108">[107]</a> However, as the membership in the Central Committee steadily increased, its role was eclipsed by the Politburo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA93_93]-108">[107]</a> Between congresses the Central Committee functioned as the Soviet leadership's source for legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA93_93]-108">[107]</a> The decline in the Central Committee's standing began in the 1920s, and it was reduced to a compliant body of the Party leadership during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA93_93]-108">[107]</a> According to party rules, the Central Committee was to convene at least twice a year to discuss political matters (but not matters relating to military policy).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA94_94]-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Elections">edit</a>]</div> Delegates at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Party Congresses</a> elected the members of the Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA451_451]-109">[108]</a> Nevertheless, there were no competitions for the seats of the Central Committee. The Soviet leadership decided beforehand who would be nominated to the Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA452_452]-110">[109]</a> In the Brezhnev era, for instance, delegates at Party Congresses lost the power to vote in secret against candidates endorsed by the leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA452_452]-110">[109]</a> For instance, at the congresses in 1962 and 1971, the delegates elected the Central Committee unanimously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA452_452]-110">[109]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Vincent_Daniels" title="Robert Vincent Daniels">Robert Vincent Daniels</a> the Central Committee was instead an assembly of representatives than an assembly of individuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA453_453]-111">[110]</a> The election of members often had "an automatic character"; members were elected to represent various institutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA453_453]-111">[110]</a> While Jerry F. Hough agrees with Daniels's analysis, he states that other factors must be included; for example, an official with a bad relationship with the General Secretary would not be elected to the Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA453_453]-111">[110]</a> The view that the Politburo nominated the members of the Central Committee is also controversial, considering the fact that each new Central Committee were, in most cases, filled with supporters of the General Secretary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA453_453]-111">[110]</a> If the Politburo indeed nominated members and candidates of the Central Committee, various factions would have arisen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA453_453]-111">[110]</a> While the Politburo theory states indirectly that the Party Congress is a non-important process, another theory, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular-flow-of-power_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circular-flow-of-power theory (page does not exist)">circular-flow-of-power theory</a> assumed that the General Secretary was able to build a power base among the party's regional secretaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA454_454]-112">[111]</a> These secretaries, in turn, would elect delegates who supported the General Secretary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA454_454]-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apparatus">Apparatus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Apparatus">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commissions">Commissions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Commissions">edit</a>]</div> At the <a href="/wiki/19th_Conference_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th Conference</a>, the first since 1941, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> called for the establishment of Commissions of the Central Committee to allow Central Committee members more leeway in actual policy implementation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200553-113">[112]</a> On 30 September 1988, a Central Committee Resolution established six Commissions, all of which were led either by Politburo members or Secretaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200553-113">[112]</a> The Commission on International Affairs was led by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nikolaevich_Yakovlev" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev">Alexander Yakovlev</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Ligachev" class="mw-redirect" title="Yegor Ligachev">Yegor Ligachev</a> led the Commission on Agriculture; <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Razumovsky" title="Georgy Razumovsky">Georgy Razumovsky</a> led the Commission on Party Building and Personnel; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vadim_Medvedev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vadim Medvedev (page does not exist)">Vadim Medvedev</a> became head of the Commission on Ideology; the Commission of Socio-economic Questions was led by <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Slyunkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Slyunkov">Nikolay Slyunkov</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chebrikov" title="Viktor Chebrikov">Viktor Chebrikov</a> became the head of the Commission on Legal Affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200553-113">[112]</a> The establishment of these commissions was explained in different ways, but Gorbachev later claimed that they were established to end the power struggle between Yakovlev and Ligachev on cultural and ideological matters, without forcing Ligachev out of politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200553-113">[112]</a> Ligachev, on the other hand, claimed that the commissions were established to weaken the prestige and power of the Secretariat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200553-113">[112]</a> The number of meetings held by the Secretariat, following the establishments of the commissions, decreased drastically, before the body was revitalised following the <a href="/wiki/28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th Party Congress</a> (2 July 1990 – 13 July 1990) (see <a href="#Secretariat">"Secretariat" section</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200553-113">[112]</a> The commissions did not convene until early 1989, but some commission heads were given responsibilities immediately.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200554-114">[113]</a> For instance, Medvedev was tasked with creating "a new definition of socialism", a task which would prove impossible once Gorbachev became an enthusiastic supporter of some <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> policies and thinking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200554-114">[113]</a> Medvedev eventually concluded that the party still upheld <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, but would have to accept some <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois policies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200554-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Control_Commission">Central Control Commission</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Central Control Commission">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></div> The Party Control Commission (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Комиссия партийного контроля при ЦК КПСС (КПК)) was responsible for, in the words of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Party constitution</a>, "... a) to oversee the implementation of decisions of the Party and the CPSU (b), b) investigate those responsible for violating party discipline, and c) to prosecute violations of party ethics."<a href="#cite_note-GSECC-115">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th Party Congress</a>, held in 1939, recognised that the central task of the Control Commission would be to enhance the control of the Party control.<a href="#cite_note-GSECC-115">[114]</a> The congress decided that the Control Commission would be, from then on, elected by the Central Committee in the immediate aftermath of the Congress, instead of being elected by the congress itself.<a href="#cite_note-GSECC-115">[114]</a> Changes were also made to the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-GSECC-115">[114]</a> It stated that the "Control Commission a) oversaw the implementation of the directives of the CPSU, (b) and the Soviet-economic agencies and party organisations; c) examined the work of local party organisations, d) investigate those responsible for abusing party discipline and the Party constitution".<a href="#cite_note-GSECC-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Departments">Departments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Departments">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Departments of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Departments of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></div> The leader of a department was usually given the titles "head" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: zaveduiuschchii),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA417_417–418]-116">[115]</a> but in practice the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a> had a major say in the running of the departments; for example, five of eleven secretaries headed their own departments in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA418_418]-117">[116]</a> But normally specific secretaries were given supervising duties over one or more departments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA418_418]-117">[116]</a> Each department established its own cells, which specialised in one or more fields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA420_420]-118">[117]</a> These cells were called sections. By 1979, there were between 150 and 175 sections, of these only a few were known by name outside the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA420_420]-118">[117]</a> An example of a department is, for instance, the Land Cultivation section of the Agriculture Department or the Africa section of the International Department.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA420_420]-118">[117]</a> As with the departments, a section was headed by an office named head.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA421_421]-119">[118]</a> The official name for a departmental staff member was instructor (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: instruktor).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA422_422]-120">[119]</a> During the Gorbachev era, a variety of departments made up the Central Committee apparatus.<a href="#cite_note-CCdepLC-121">[120]</a> The Party Building and Cadre Work Department assigned party personnel in the <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">nomenklatura</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-CCdepLC-121">[120]</a> The State and Legal Department supervised the armed forces, <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the trade unions, and the Procuracy.<a href="#cite_note-CCdepLC-121">[120]</a> Before 1989 the Central Committee had several departments, but several were abolished in that year.<a href="#cite_note-CCdepLC-121">[120]</a> Among these departments there was a Central Committee Department responsible for the economy as a whole, one for machine building, and one for the chemical industry, and so on.<a href="#cite_note-CCdepLC-121">[120]</a> The party abolished these departments in an effort to remove itself from the day-to-day management of the economy in favor of government bodies and a greater role for the market, as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> process.<a href="#cite_note-CCdepLC-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_Secretary">General Secretary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: General Secretary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_359290_Mikhail_Gorbachev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/RIAN_archive_359290_Mikhail_Gorbachev.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_359290_Mikhail_Gorbachev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/RIAN_archive_359290_Mikhail_Gorbachev.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_359290_Mikhail_Gorbachev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/RIAN_archive_359290_Mikhail_Gorbachev.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_359290_Mikhail_Gorbachev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2968" /></a><figcaption>Gorbachev, the last General Secretary of the Central Committee, as seen during the <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a> in 1986</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></div> The post of General Secretary was established under the name Technical Secretary in April 1917, and was first held by <a href="/wiki/Elena_Stasova" title="Elena Stasova">Elena Stasova</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements1997140-122">[121]</a> Originally, in its first two incarnations, the office performed mostly secretarial work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA126_126]-123">[122]</a> The post of Responsible Secretary was then established in 1919 to perform administrative work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA126_126]-123">[122]</a> The post of General Secretary was established in 1922, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> was elected its first officeholder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA142_142–146]-124">[123]</a> The General Secretary, as a post, was a purely administrative and disciplinary position, whose role was to do no more than determine party membership composition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA142_142–146]-124">[123]</a> Stalin used the principles of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a> to transform his office into that of party leader, and later leader of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA142_142–146]-124">[123]</a> In 1934, the <a href="/wiki/17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th Party Congress</a> did not elect a General Secretary and Stalin was an ordinary secretary until his death in 1953, although he remained the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> leader without diminishing his own authority.<a href="#cite_note-Izvestia_CC_CPSU-125">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> reestablished the office on 14 September 1953 under the name First Secretary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERa'anan200669-126">[125]</a> In 1957 he was nearly removed from office by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Party_Group" title="Anti-Party Group">Anti-Party Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a>, a leading member of the Anti-Party Group, worried that the powers of the First Secretary were virtually unlimited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERa'anan200669-126">[125]</a> Khrushchev was removed as leader on 14 October 1964, and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009378-127">[126]</a> At first there was no clear leader of the <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">collective leadership</a> with Brezhnev and Premier <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a> ruling as equals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009403-128">[127]</a> However, by the 1970s Brezhnev's influence exceeded that of Kosygin's and he was able to retain this support by avoiding any radical reforms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylis198998–99,_and_104-129">[128]</a> The powers and functions of the General Secretary were limited by the collective leadership during Brezhnev's,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylis198998–99,_and_104-129">[128]</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a>'s tenures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylis198998-130">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, elected in 1985, ruled the Soviet Union through the office of the General Secretary until 1990, when the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> voted to remove <a href="/wiki/Article_6_of_the_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution">Article 6</a> from the <a href="/wiki/1977_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Soviet Constitution">1977 Soviet Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKort2010394-131">[130]</a> This meant that the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> lost its position as the "leading and guiding force of the Soviet society" and the powers of the General Secretary were drastically curtailed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKort2010394-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orgburo">Orgburo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Orgburo">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></div> The Organisational Bureau, usually abbreviated Orgburo, was an executive party organ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill200281-132">[131]</a> The Central Committee organised the Orgburo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill200281-132">[131]</a> Under Lenin, the Orgburo met at least three times a week, and it was obliged to report to the Central Committee every second week.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill200281-132">[131]</a> The Orgburo directed all organisational tasks of the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill200281-132">[131]</a> In the words of Lenin, "the Orgburo allocates forces, while the Politburo decides policy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill200281-132">[131]</a> In theory, the Orgburo decided all policies relating to administrative and personnel related issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill200281-132">[131]</a> Decisions reached by the Orgburo would in turn be implemented by the Secretariat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill200281-132">[131]</a> The Secretariat could formulate and decide policies on party administration and personnel if all Orgburo members agreed with the decision.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill200281-132">[131]</a> The Politburo frequently meddled in the affairs of the Orgburo, and became active in deciding administrative and personnel policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill200281-132">[131]</a> Even so, the Orgburo remained an independent organ during Lenin's time, even if the Politburo could veto its resolutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill200281-132">[131]</a> The Orgburo was an active and dynamic organ, and was in practice responsible for personnel selection for high-level posts; personnel selection for unimportant posts or lower-tier posts were the unofficial responsibility of the Secretariat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill200282-133">[132]</a> However, the Orgburo was gradually eclipsed by the Secretariat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill200283-134">[133]</a> The Orgburo was abolished in 1952 at the <a href="/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th Party Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHosking1993315-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Party_education_system">Party education system</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Party education system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_History_of_the_Party_(Ukraine)" title="Institute of History of the Party (Ukraine)">Institute of History of the Party (Ukraine)</a></div> The Academy of Social Sciences (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Акаде́мия общественных нау́к, abbreviated ASS) was established on 2 August 1946 (and headquartered in Moscow) as an institution for higher education.<a href="#cite_note-GSEASS-136">[135]</a> It educated future Party and government officials, as well as university professors, scientists and writers.<a href="#cite_note-GSEASS-136">[135]</a> The education was based upon the worldview of the Communist Party and <a href="/wiki/State_ideology_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="State ideology of the Soviet Union">its ideology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GSEASS-136">[135]</a> It took three years for a student to graduate.<a href="#cite_note-GSEASS-136">[135]</a> Students could earn doctoral degrees in social sciences.<a href="#cite_note-GSEASS-136">[135]</a> The rector of the academy was also the chairman of the academy's Scientific Council.<a href="#cite_note-GSEASS-136">[135]</a> The ASS oversaw the propaganda system alongside the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Marxism–Leninism">Institute of Marxism–Leninism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemington198891-137">[136]</a> By the 1980s, the Academy of Social Sciences was responsible for the activities of the party schools,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemington198834-138">[137]</a> and became the leading organ in the Soviet education system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemington198835-139">[138]</a> The Higher Party School (Russian: Высшая партийная школа, abbreviated HPS (Russian: ВПШ)) was the organ responsible for teaching cadres in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-GSEHPS-140">[139]</a> It was the successor of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a> which was established in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-GSEHPS-140">[139]</a> The HPS itself was established in 1939 as the Moscow Higher Party School, and it offered its students a two-year training course for becoming a Party official.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews1983185-141">[140]</a> It was reorganised in 1956 to that it could offer more specialised ideological training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews1983185-141">[140]</a> In 1956 the school in Moscow was opened for students from <a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">socialist countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews1983185-141">[140]</a> The Moscow Higher Party School was the party school with the highest standing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews1983185-141">[140]</a> The school itself had eleven faculties until a Central Committee resolution in 1972 which demanded a shake-up in the curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews1983186-142">[141]</a> The first regional (schools outside <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>) Higher Party School was established in 1946<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews1983186-142">[141]</a> By the early 1950s there existed 70 Higher Party Schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews1983186-142">[141]</a> During the reorganisation drive of 1956, Khrushchev closed-down thirteen of them, reclassified 29 of them as inter-republican and inter-oblast schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews1983186-142">[141]</a> The HPS carried out the ideological and theoretical training and retraining of the Party and government officials.<a href="#cite_note-GSEHPS-140">[139]</a> Courses included the history of the Communist Party, Marxist–Leninist philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_communism" title="Scientific communism">scientific communism</a>, political economy of Party-building, the international communist movement, workers and the national liberation movements, the Soviet economy, agricultural economics, public law and Soviet development, journalism and literature, Russian and foreign languages among others.<a href="#cite_note-GSEHPS-140">[139]</a> To study at the Higher Party School Party members had to have a higher education.<a href="#cite_note-GSEHPS-140">[139]</a> Admission of students was conducted on the recommendation of the Central Committee of the Union republics, territorial and regional committees of the party.<a href="#cite_note-GSEHPS-140">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1931._%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C._%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/1931._%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C._%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/220px-1931._%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C._%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/1931._%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C._%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/330px-1931._%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C._%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/1931._%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C._%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/440px-1931._%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C._%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>The Institute of Lenin at Soviet square, in 1931</figcaption></figure> The Institute of Marxism–Leninism (Russian: Институт марксизма-ленинизма, abbreviated IML (Russian: ИМЛ)) was responsible for doctrinal scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemington198834-138">[137]</a> Alongside the Academy of Social Sciences, the IML was responsible for overseeing the propaganda system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemington198891-137">[136]</a> The IML was established by a merger of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Marx%E2%80%93Engels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Marx–Engels (page does not exist)">Institute of Marx–Engels</a> (Russian: Институт К. Маркса и Ф. Энгельса) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Lenin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Lenin (page does not exist)">Institute of Lenin</a> (Russian: Институт Ленина) in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-GSEIML-143">[142]</a> It was a research institute which collected and preserved the documents of the writings of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> and Lenin.<a href="#cite_note-GSEIML-143">[142]</a> It published their works, wrote biographies, collected and stored documents on the prominent figures of the party, collected and published the magazine Questions on Party History.<a href="#cite_note-GSEIML-143">[142]</a> It also published monographs and collected documents related to Marxism–Leninism, the history of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, Party affairs, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_communism" title="Scientific communism">scientific communism</a> and history of the international communist movement.<a href="#cite_note-GSEIML-143">[142]</a> A resolution of the Central Committee on 25 June 1968 provided the IML with the right to guide affiliate organisations – the Institute of History of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the union republics, the Leningrad Regional Committee, the Museum of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the Central Museum of Vladimir.<a href="#cite_note-GSEIML-143">[142]</a> Lenin and other affiliate organisastions, the coordination of all research in the field of historical-party science, observation of the publication of scientific papers and works of art and literature about the life and work of the classics of Marxism–Leninism, to provide scientific guidance on the subject of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bolshevik">old Bolsheviks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GSEIML-143">[142]</a> In 1972 the IML was divided into 9 departments which focused on; the works of Marx and Engels, the works of Lenin, the history of party-building, scientific communism, the history of the international communist movement, coordination branches of research, the Central Party Archive, the Party Library, the Museum of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.<a href="#cite_note-GSEIML-143">[142]</a> The Institute of Social Sciences (Russian: Институт общественных наук) was established in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> Its principal function was to educate foreign Communists from socialist countries and from <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> countries with socialist orientations. The institute came under the jurisdiction of the International Department of the Central Committee under Gorbachev. There was a significant minority within the institute who wished for, or believed in political reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199620-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Politburo">Politburo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Politburo">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execute_346_Politburo_passes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Execute_346_Politburo_passes.jpg/220px-Execute_346_Politburo_passes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Execute_346_Politburo_passes.jpg/330px-Execute_346_Politburo_passes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Execute_346_Politburo_passes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>Excerpt of protocol of Politburo meeting of 17 January 1940, noting the decision to put 457 persons on trial and to execute 346 of them with the rest (111) being sent to the GULAG</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></div> When <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Yakov Sverdlov</a> died on 19 March 1919, the party lost its leading organiser.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA125_125]-146">[145]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th Party Congress</a> (18–23 March 1919) the Central Committee was instructed to establish the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Political Bureau</a> (Politburo), the <a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Organisational Bureau</a> (Orgburo) and the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a>, which was to consist of one Responsible Secretary (later renamed to General Secretary). Originally, the Politburo was composed of 5 (full) members; its first members were <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Krestinsky" title="Nikolay Krestinsky">Nikolay Krestinsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA125_125]-146">[145]</a> There were three other (candidate) members; these were <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA125_125]-146">[145]</a> At the beginning, the Politburo was charged with solving immediate problems – it became the top-policy organ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA125_125]-146">[145]</a> Certain delegates of the 8th Party Congress raised objections to the establishment of the Politburo, claiming that its establishment would turn Central Committee members into second-class officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA125_125]-146">[145]</a> In response, the Politburo was ordered to deliver reports to the Central Committee, and Central Committee members were given the right to attend Politburo sessions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA125_125]-146">[145]</a> At the sessions, Central Committee members could participate with a consultative voice, but could not vote on matters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA125_125]-146">[145]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jerry_F._Hough" title="Jerry F. Hough">Jerry F. Hough</a> the Politburo in the post-Lenin period, played the role of the Soviet cabinet, and the Central Committee as the parliament to which it was responsible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA362_362]-147">[146]</a> Under Stalin the Politburo did not meet often as a collective unit, but was still an important body – many of Stalin's closet protégés were members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA466_466]-148">[147]</a> Membership in the Politburo gradually increased in the era from Lenin until Brezhnev, partly because of Stalin's centralisation of power in the Politburo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA466_466]-148">[147]</a> The Politburo was renamed in 1952 to the Presidium, and kept that name until 1966.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA466_466]-148">[147]</a> According to Brezhnev, the Politburo met at least once a week, usually on Thursdays.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA471_471]-149">[148]</a> A normal session would last between three and six hours. In between the <a href="/wiki/24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th Party Congress</a> (30 March – 9 April 1971) and the <a href="/wiki/25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th Party Congress</a> (24 February – 5 March 1976), the Politburo convened, at least officially, 215 times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA471_471]-149">[148]</a> According to Brezhnev, the Politburo decides on "the most important and urgent questions of internal and foreign policy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA471_471]-149">[148]</a> The Politburo exercised both executive and legislative powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuskey199272-150">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pravda">Pravda</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pravda">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a> (translates to The Truth) was a leading <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> in the Soviet Union and an organ of the Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemington1988106-151">[150]</a> The Organisational Department of the Central Committee was the only organ empowered to relieve Pravda editors from their duties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenoe2004202-152">[151]</a> Pravda was at the beginning a project begun by members of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party">Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain200637-153">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> was approached about the possibility of running the new paper because of his previous work in Kyivan Thought, a Ukrainian paper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain200637-153">[152]</a> The first issue was published on 3 October 1908.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain200637-153">[152]</a> The paper was originally published in <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lvov</a>, but until the publication of the sixth issue in November 1909, the whole operation was moved to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain200637-153">[152]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, sales of Pravda were curtailed by <a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a>, the government run newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenez198545-154">[153]</a> At the time, the average reading figure for Pravda was 130,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenez198545-154">[153]</a> This Pravda (the one headquartered in Vienna) published its last issue in 1912, and was succeeded by a new newspaper, also called Pravda, headquartered in St. Petersburg the same year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain200627-155">[154]</a> This newspaper was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolsheviks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain200627-155">[154]</a> The paper's main goal was to promote Marxist–Leninist philosophy and expose the lies of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GSEPravda-156">[155]</a> In 1975 the paper reached a circulation of 10.6 million people.<a href="#cite_note-GSEPravda-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secretariat">Secretariat</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Secretariat">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></div> The Secretariat headed the CPSU's central apparatus and was solely responsible for the development and implementation of party policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty198726-157">[156]</a> It was legally empowered to take over the duties and functions of the Central Committee when it was not in plenum (did not hold a meeting).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty198726-157">[156]</a> Many members of the Secretariat concurrently held a seat in the Politburo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA430_430]-158">[157]</a> According to a Soviet textbook on party procedures, the Secretariat's role was that of "leadership of current work, chiefly in the realm of personnel selection and in the organisation of the verification of fulfillment [of party-state decisions]".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA430_430]-158">[157]</a> "Selections of personnel" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: podbor kadrov) in this instance means the maintenance of general standards and the criteria for selecting various personnel. "Verification of fulfillment" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: proverka ispolneniia) of party and state decisions meant that the Secretariat instructed other bodies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA432_432]-159">[158]</a> The Secretariat controlled, or had a major say in, the running of <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Departments of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee departments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA418_418]-117">[116]</a> The members of the Secretariat, the secretaries, supervised Central Committee departments, or headed them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA418_418]-117">[116]</a> However, there were exceptions such as <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Andrei Kirilenko</a> who supervised other secretaries on top of their individual responsibilities over Soviet policy (foreign relations and ideological affairs in the case of Suslov; personnel selection and the economy in the case of Kirilenko).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA418_418]-117">[116]</a> While the General Secretary formally headed the Secretariat, his responsibilities not only as the leader of the party but the entire Soviet state left him little opportunity to chair its sessions let alone provide detailed oversight of its work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHough199784-160">[159]</a> This led to the creation of a <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> Deputy General Secretary<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA418_418]-117">[116]</a> otherwise known as a "Second Secretary" who was responsible for the day-to-day running of the Secretariat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1989180–181-161">[160]</a> The powers of the Secretariat were weakened under <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, and the Central Committee Commissions took over the functions of the Secretariat in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1996185-162">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Ligachev" class="mw-redirect" title="Yegor Ligachev">Yegor Ligachev</a>, a Secretariat member, noted that these changes completely destroyed the Secretariat's hold on power, and made the body almost superfluous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1996185-162">[161]</a> Because of this, the Secretariat, until 1990, barely met.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1996185-162">[161]</a> However, none of these Commissions were as powerful as the Secretariat had been.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1996185-162">[161]</a> The Secretariat was revitalised at the <a href="/wiki/28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th Party Congress</a> (2 July 1990 – 13 July 1990). A newly established office, the Deputy General Secretary, became the official Director of the Secretariat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2005121-163">[162]</a> Gorbachev chaired the first post-Congress session, but after that <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ivashko" title="Vladimir Ivashko">Vladimir Ivashko</a>, the Deputy General Secretary, chaired its meetings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2005121-163">[162]</a> Though the Secretariat was revitalised, it never regained the authority it held in the pre-Gorbachev days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2005121-163">[162]</a> The Secretariat's authority was strengthened within the limits of the institutions and political rules, which had been introduced under Gorbachev – a return to the old-days was impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2005121-163">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_location">Physical location</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Physical location">edit</a>]</div> The Central Committee had its offices on the <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Square" title="Staraya Square">Staraya Square</a> in Moscow. There were over a dozen buildings in that area, known as the "party town", that the Central Committee controlled. There was a three-story restaurant, buffets, travel bureau, a post office, bookstore, a cinema and a sports center. They employed about 1,500 people in the 1920s, and about 3,000 in 1988.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union is commemorated in several Soviet jokes. One of such jokes recalled the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> on 20 April 2011 answering a question of one of parliamentary about introducing own regulatory policies for the Internet,<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> who said following using one of the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Yerevan_jokes" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Yerevan jokes">Radio Yerevan jokes</a>, "Do you know as a joke how there were asking and answering about what the difference is between Tseka (Ce-Ka) and <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a>? Tseka tsks (in Russia it is a sound that requests silence), and Cheka chiks (snips)." Later Putin added, "so, it is that we do not intend to chik anyone".<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bednota" title="Bednota">Bednota</a> – daily newspaper for peasants from March 1918 to January 1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Organisation of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_of_the_Bolshevik_Party" title="Hymn of the Bolshevik Party">Hymn of the Bolshevik Party</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes </h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Центральный комитет Коммунистической партии Советского Союза – ЦК КПСС, Tsentralniy Komitet Kommunistitcheskoi Partii Sovetskogo Soyuza – TsK KPSS </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/spravka/20170127/1486447586.html">"Пленум ЦК КПСС 27-28 января 1987 года"</a>. ria.ru. MIA "Russia Today". 27 January 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ria.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC+%D0%A6%D0%9A+%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1+27-28+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+1987+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.date=2017-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2Fspravka%2F20170127%2F1486447586.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sun.tsu.ru/mminfo/2012/000024359/1964/1964_038.pdf">"Красное Знамя"</a> (PDF). sun.tsu.ru. Body of the Tomsk Regional Committee of the CPSU and the Regional Soviet. Retrieved 10 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sun.tsu.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsun.tsu.ru%2Fmminfo%2F2012%2F000024359%2F1964%2F1964_038.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaksimenkov2012" class="citation web cs1">Maksimenkov, Leonid (12 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2062599">"Ivan Denisovich in the Kremlin"</a>. kommersant.ru. AO Kommersant. Retrieved 10 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kommersant.ru&rft.atitle=Ivan+Denisovich+in+the+Kremlin&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.aulast=Maksimenkov&rft.aufirst=Leonid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F2062599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesson197819-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesson197819_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesson197819_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWesson1978">Wesson 1978</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000156–158-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000156–158_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000156–158_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000156–158_6-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, pp. 156–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000162,_279,_293,_302–304-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000162,_279,_293,_302–304_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000162,_279,_293,_302–304_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000162,_279,_293,_302–304_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000162,_279,_293,_302–304_7-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, pp. 162, 279, 293, 302–304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA21_21]-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA21_21]_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA21">21</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA25_25]-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA25_25]_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA25">25</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA96_96]-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA96_96]_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA96_96]_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA96_96]_10-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA96">96</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA96_96–97]-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA96_96–97]_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA96_96–97]_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA96">96–97</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA97_97]-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA97_97]_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA97_97]_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA97_97]_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA97">97</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA97_97–98]-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA97_97–98]_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA97">97–98</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA98_98]-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA98_98]_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA98_98]_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA98_98]_14-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA98">98</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA101_101]-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA101_101]_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA101_101]_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA101_101]_15-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA101">101</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA100_100–101]-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA100_100–101]_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA100_100–101]_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA100">100–101</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA102_102]-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA102_102]_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA102_102]_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA102">102</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA102_102–103]-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA102_102–103]_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA102_102–103]_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA102">102–103</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA103_103]-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA103_103]_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA103">103</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA110_110]-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA110_110]_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA110_110]_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA110">110</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA111_111]-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA111_111]_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA111_111]_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA111_111]_21-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA111">111</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA111_111–112]-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA111_111–112]_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA111">111–112</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA112_112]-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA112_112]_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA112_112]_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA112">112</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA114_114]-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA114_114]_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA114_114]_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA114_114]_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA114_114]_24-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA114">114</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA115_115]-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA115_115]_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA115">115</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA121_121]-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA121_121]_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA121_121]_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA121">121</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA122_122]-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA122_122]_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA122_122]_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA122_122]_27-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA122">122</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA122_122–123]-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA122_122–123]_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA122_122–123]_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA122_122–123]_28-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA122">122–123</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA131_131]-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA131_131]_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA131_131]_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA131_131]_29-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA131">131</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA132_132]-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA132_132]_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA132_132]_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA132">132</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA133_133]-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA133_133]_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA133_133]_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA133_133]_31-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA133">133</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA132_134]-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA132_134]_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA132_134]_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA132">134</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA135_135]-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA135_135]_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA135_135]_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA135_135]_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA135_135]_33-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA135">135</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA140_140]-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA140_140]_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA140_140]_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA140_140]_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA140_140]_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA140_140]_34-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA140_140]_34-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA140">140</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA141_141]-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA141_141]_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA141_141]_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA141_141]_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA141_141]_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA141_141]_35-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA141_141]_35-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA141">141</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA142_142]-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA142_142]_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA142_142]_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA142">142</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA142_142–143]-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA142_142–143]_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA142_142–143]_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA142_142–143]_37-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA142">142–143</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis197944-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis197944_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis197944_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis197944_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis197944_38-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurtis1979">Curtis 1979</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20054-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris20054_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris20054_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris20054_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris20054_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris20054_39-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2005">Harris 2005</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20054–5-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris20054–5_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris20054–5_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2005">Harris 2005</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20055-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris20055_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris20055_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris20055_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris20055_41-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2005">Harris 2005</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty198712-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetty198712_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetty198712_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetty198712_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetty198712_42-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGetty1987">Getty 1987</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty198716-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetty198716_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetty198716_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGetty1987">Getty 1987</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty198717-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetty198717_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetty198717_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetty198717_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetty198717_44-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGetty1987">Getty 1987</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty198720-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetty198720_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetty198720_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetty198720_45-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGetty1987">Getty 1987</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrish19969-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrish19969_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParrish1996">Parrish 1996</a>, p. 9. </li> <li 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogovin2009177_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogovin2009">Rogovin 2009</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogovin2009178–179-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogovin2009178–179_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogovin2009178–179_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogovin2009178–179_53-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogovin2009">Rogovin 2009</a>, pp. 178–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA459_459]-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA459_459]_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA459_459]_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA459_459]_54-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA459">459</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldWiener2012104-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnoldWiener2012104_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArnoldWiener2012">Arnold & Wiener 2012</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997117-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997117_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997117_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997117_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997117_56-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFTompson1997">Tompson 1997</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldWiener2012105-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnoldWiener2012105_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnoldWiener2012105_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFArnoldWiener2012">Arnold & Wiener 2012</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997119–120-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997119–120_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997119–120_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTompson1997">Tompson 1997</a>, pp. 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997118-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997118_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTompson1997">Tompson 1997</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997120-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997120_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997120_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTompson1997">Tompson 1997</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997121-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997121_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997121_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997121_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997121_61-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFTompson1997">Tompson 1997</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997121–122-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997121–122_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997121–122_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTompson1997">Tompson 1997</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997124-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997124_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997124_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997124_63-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTompson1997">Tompson 1997</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997123-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997123_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTompson1997">Tompson 1997</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997125-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997125_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997125_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997125_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997125_65-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997125_65-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFTompson1997">Tompson 1997</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997130-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997130_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997130_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997130_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997130_66-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFTompson1997">Tompson 1997</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997134-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997134_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997134_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997134_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997134_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997134_67-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFTompson1997">Tompson 1997</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997138-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997138_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTompson1997">Tompson 1997</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997139-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997139_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTompson1997">Tompson 1997</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997141-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997141_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997141_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997141_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997141_70-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997141_70-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFTompson1997">Tompson 1997</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997176–183-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997176–183_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997176–183_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997176–183_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997176–183_71-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997176–183_71-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997176–183_71-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997176–183_71-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997176–183_71-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1997176–183_71-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFTompson1997">Tompson 1997</a>, pp. 176–183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThatcher201113-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThatcher201113_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThatcher201113_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThatcher201113_72-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFThatcher2011">Thatcher 2011</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThatcher201114-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThatcher201114_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThatcher201114_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThatcher201114_73-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFThatcher2011">Thatcher 2011</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200210-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200210_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200210_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200210_74-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaconSandle2002">Bacon & Sandle 2002</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200212-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200212_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200212_75-1">b</a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA462_462]_77-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA462">462</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA462_462–463]-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA462_462–463]_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA462_462–463]_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA462_462–463]_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA462_462–463]_78-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA462">462–463</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowlahElliott1997147-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowlahElliott1997147_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowlahElliott1997147_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowlahElliott1997147_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowlahElliott1997147_79-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowlahElliott1997147_79-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowlahElliott1997147_79-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFDowlahElliott1997">Dowlah & Elliott 1997</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowlahElliott1997148-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowlahElliott1997148_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowlahElliott1997148_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDowlahElliott1997">Dowlah & Elliott 1997</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell199090-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell199090_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell199090_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell199090_81-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1990">Mitchell 1990</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell199091-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell199091_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell199091_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1990">Mitchell 1990</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell199092-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell199092_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell199092_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell199092_83-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1990">Mitchell 1990</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell199097-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell199097_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell199097_84-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1990">Mitchell 1990</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell199098-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell199098_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1990">Mitchell 1990</a>, p. 98. </li> <li 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990118–119_89-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1990">Mitchell 1990</a>, pp. 118–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990119–220-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990119–220_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990119–220_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990119–220_90-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1990">Mitchell 1990</a>, pp. 119–220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990121-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990121_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1990">Mitchell 1990</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990122-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990122_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1990">Mitchell 1990</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990127–128-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990127–128_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1990">Mitchell 1990</a>, pp. 127–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1990130–131-94"><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199687_98-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1996">Brown 1996</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA94_94]-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA94_94]_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA94_94]_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA94_94]_99-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSakwa1998">Sakwa 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I6skvJhACxUC&pg=PA94">94</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA96_96]-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA96_96]_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA96_96]_100-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSakwa1998">Sakwa 1998</a>, p. <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA455_455]_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA455">455</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA455_455–456]-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA455_455–456]_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA455">455–456</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA458_458]-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA458_458]_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA458_458]_105-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA458">458</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidR5zx54LB-A4CpgPA25_25–26]-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetty1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidR5zx54LB-A4CpgPA25_25–26]_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetty1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidR5zx54LB-A4CpgPA25_25–26]_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetty1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidR5zx54LB-A4CpgPA25_25–26]_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetty1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidR5zx54LB-A4CpgPA25_25–26]_106-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGetty1987">Getty 1987</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R5zx54LB-A4C&pg=PA25">25–26</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidR5zx54LB-A4CpgPA27_27]-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetty1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidR5zx54LB-A4CpgPA27_27]_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGetty1987">Getty 1987</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R5zx54LB-A4C&pg=PA27">27</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA93_93]-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA93_93]_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA93_93]_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA93_93]_108-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI6skvJhACxUCpgPA93_93]_108-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSakwa1998">Sakwa 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I6skvJhACxUC&pg=PA93">93</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA451_451]-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA451_451]_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA451">451</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA452_452]-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA452_452]_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA452_452]_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA452_452]_110-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA452">452</a>. </li> <li 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Retrieved 29 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%A6%D0%9A+%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1&rft.btitle=Great+Soviet+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=bse.sci-lib.com&rft.au=Staff+writer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbse.sci-lib.com%2Farticle055217.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Staff_writer" title="Staff writer">Staff writer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libinfo.org/index/index.php?id=8873"><bdi lang="ru">ИНСТИТУТ ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫХ НАУК ПРИ ЦК КПСС (ИОН) (1962–1991)</bdi></a> [Institute of Social Sciences of the CC of the CPSU] (in Russian). libinfo.org. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA125_125]_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA125_125]_146-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA125_125]_146-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA125_125]_146-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA125_125]_146-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA125_125]_146-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFFainsodHough1979">Fainsod & Hough 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&pg=PA125">125</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsodHough1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid38gMzMRXCpQCpgPA362_362]-147"><a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain200637-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwain200637_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwain200637_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwain200637_153-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwain200637_153-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwain2006">Swain 2006</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenez198545-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenez198545_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenez198545_154-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKenez1985">Kenez 1985</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain200627-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwain200627_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwain200627_155-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwain2006">Swain 2006</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-GSEPravda-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GSEPravda_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSEPravda_156-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Staff_writer" title="Staff writer">Staff writer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article092177.html"><bdi lang="ru">"Правда" (газета)</bdi></a> [Pravda (newspaper)]. <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a> (in Russian). bse.sci-lib.com. 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Forbes.ru. 20 April 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazeta.ru/news/lastnews/2011/04/20/n_1803137.shtml">Putin, Nothing is need to be censored in the Internet, while the FSB concerns are valid (Путин: в интернете ничего не надо ограничивать, хотя опасения ФСБ понятны)</a>. Gazeta.ru. 20 April 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnp.ru/state-duma/2011/04/20/vladimir-putin-ck-cykaet-chk-chikaet.html">Vladimir Putin, "Tseka tsks, Cheka chiks" (Владимир Путин: «ЦК – цыкает, ЧК – чикает»)</a>. Parlamentskaya Gazeta. 20 April 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Andrei Kolesnikov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W5NADwAAQBAJ&dq=%D1%86%D0%BA+%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%B0+%D1%87%D0%BA+%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD&pg=PT158">Tseka tsks, Cheka chiks</a>. "Putin. "Sterkh" beyond any measure". Litres, 28 November 2017 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War">Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Post_Stalinist_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union">Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldWiener2012" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, James; Wiener, Roberta (2012). Cold War: The Essential Reference Guide. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-003-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-003-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-003-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+War%3A+The+Essential+Reference+Guide&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-003-4&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Wiener%2C+Roberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaylis1989" class="citation book cs1">Baylis, Thomas A. (1989). Governing by Committee: Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-944-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-944-4"><bdi>978-0-88706-944-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+by+Committee%3A+Collegial+Leadership+in+Advanced+Societies&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-944-4&rft.aulast=Baylis&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1989" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Archie (1989). "Power and Policy in a Time of Leadership Transition, 1982–1988". In Brown, Archie (ed.). Political Leadership in the Soviet Union. <a href="/wiki/The_Macmillan_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Macmillan Press">The Macmillan Press</a>. pp. 163–217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-41343-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-41343-2"><bdi>978-0-333-41343-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Power+and+Policy+in+a+Time+of+Leadership+Transition%2C+1982%E2%80%931988&rft.btitle=Political+Leadership+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=163-217&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-333-41343-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Archie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Brown, Archie</a> (1996). The Gorbachev Factor. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827344-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827344-8"><bdi>978-0-19-827344-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gorbachev+Factor&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-827344-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Archie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Brown, Archie</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofcommun00brow">The Rise & Fall of Communism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bodley_Head" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodley Head">Bodley Head</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-113879-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-113879-9"><bdi>978-0-06-113879-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+%26+Fall+of+Communism&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-113879-9&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Archie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisefallofcommun00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchward1975" class="citation book cs1">Churchward, Lloyd Gordon (1975). Contemporary Soviet Government (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-2996-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-2996-6"><bdi>978-0-7100-2996-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Soviet+Government&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-2996-6&rft.aulast=Churchward&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClements1997" class="citation book cs1">Clements, Barbara Evans (1997). Bolshevik Women. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59920-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59920-7"><bdi>978-0-521-59920-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolshevik+Women&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59920-7&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Evans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1979" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Michael (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/totalitarianism0000curt">Totalitarianism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-288-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-288-7"><bdi>978-0-87855-288-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totalitarianism&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-87855-288-7&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftotalitarianism0000curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowlahElliott1997" class="citation book cs1">Dowlah, Alex; Elliott, John (1997). The Life and Times of Soviet Socialism. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95629-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95629-5"><bdi>978-0-275-95629-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Soviet+Socialism&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95629-5&rft.aulast=Dowlah&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Elliott%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar2004" class="citation book cs1">Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004). Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11775-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11775-1"><bdi>978-0-691-11775-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribal+Nation%3A+The+Making+of+Soviet+Turkmenistan&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11775-1&rft.aulast=Edgar&rft.aufirst=Adrienne+Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGetty1987" class="citation book cs1">Getty, John (1987). Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933–1938. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33570-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33570-6"><bdi>978-0-521-33570-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Great+Purges%3A+The+Soviet+Communist+Party+Reconsidered%2C+1933%E2%80%931938&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33570-6&rft.aulast=Getty&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFainsodHough1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merle_Fainsod" title="Merle Fainsod">Fainsod, Merle</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jerry_F._Hough" title="Jerry F. Hough">Hough, Jerry F.</a> (1979). How the Soviet Union is Governed. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-41030-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-41030-5"><bdi>978-0-674-41030-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Soviet+Union+is+Governed&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-674-41030-5&rft.aulast=Fainsod&rft.aufirst=Merle&rft.au=Hough%2C+Jerry+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2002" class="citation book cs1">Gill, Graeme (2002). The Origins of the Stalinist Political System. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52936-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52936-5"><bdi>978-0-521-52936-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Stalinist+Political+System&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52936-5&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2005" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Jonathan (2005). Subverting the System: Gorbachev's Reform of the Party's Apparat 1986–1991. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2679-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2679-2"><bdi>978-0-7425-2679-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subverting+the+System%3A+Gorbachev%27s+Reform+of+the+Party%27s+Apparat+1986%E2%80%931991&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-2679-2&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosking1993" class="citation book cs1">Hosking, Geoffrey (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstsocialistso0000hosk">The First Socialist Society: a History of the Soviet Union from Within</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-30443-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-30443-7"><bdi>978-0-674-30443-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Socialist+Society%3A+a+History+of+the+Soviet+Union+from+Within&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-674-30443-7&rft.aulast=Hosking&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstsocialistso0000hosk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough1997" class="citation book cs1">Hough, Jerry F. (1997). Democratization and Revolution in the USSR, 1985–91. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookings Institution Press">Brookings Institution Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-9149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-9149-2"><bdi>978-0-8157-9149-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratization+and+Revolution+in+the+USSR%2C+1985%E2%80%9391&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-9149-2&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Jerry+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuskey1992" class="citation book cs1">Huskey, Eugene (1992). Executive Power and Soviet Politics: the Rise and Decline of the Soviet State. <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-060-7"><bdi>978-1-56324-060-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Executive+Power+and+Soviet+Politics%3A+the+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+Soviet+State&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-060-7&rft.aulast=Huskey&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenez1985" class="citation book cs1">Kenez, Peter (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/birthofpropagan00pete">The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917–1929</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31398-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31398-8"><bdi>978-0-521-31398-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Propaganda+State%3A+Soviet+Methods+of+Mass+Mobilization%2C+1917%E2%80%931929&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31398-8&rft.aulast=Kenez&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbirthofpropagan00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenoe2004" class="citation book cs1">Lenoe, Matthew Edward (2004). Closer to the Masses: Stalinist Culture, Social Revolution, and Soviet Newspapers. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01319-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01319-3"><bdi>978-0-674-01319-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Closer+to+the+Masses%3A+Stalinist+Culture%2C+Social+Revolution%2C+and+Soviet+Newspapers&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01319-3&rft.aulast=Lenoe&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1983" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Marvyn (1983). Education in the Soviet Union: Policies and Institutions since Stalin. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-370147-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-370147-8"><bdi>978-0-04-370147-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+in+the+Soviet+Union%3A+Policies+and+Institutions+since+Stalin&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-04-370147-8&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Marvyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkusKassymovaKundakbayeva2012" class="citation book cs1">Markus, Ustina; Kassymova, Didar; Kundakbayeva, Zhanat (2012). Historical Dictionary of Kazakhstan. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6782-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6782-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-6782-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Kazakhstan&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6782-6&rft.aulast=Markus&rft.aufirst=Ustina&rft.au=Kassymova%2C+Didar&rft.au=Kundakbayeva%2C+Zhanat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKort2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kort" title="Michael Kort">Kort, Michael</a> (2010). The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath. <a href="/wiki/M.E._Sharpe" class="mw-redirect" title="M.E. Sharpe">M.E. Sharpe</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2387-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2387-4"><bdi>978-0-7656-2387-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Colossus%3A+History+and+Aftermath&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-2387-4&rft.aulast=Kort&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1990" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, A.R. Judson (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gettingtotopinus0000mitc">Getting to the Top in the USSR: Cyclical Patterns in the Leadership Succession Process</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Press">Hoover Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-8921-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-8921-7"><bdi>978-0-8179-8921-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+to+the+Top+in+the+USSR%3A+Cyclical+Patterns+in+the+Leadership+Succession+Process&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-8921-7&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=A.R.+Judson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgettingtotopinus0000mitc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrish1996" class="citation book cs1">Parrish, Michael (1996). The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939–1953. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95113-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95113-9"><bdi>978-0-275-95113-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lesser+Terror%3A+Soviet+State+Security%2C+1939%E2%80%931953&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95113-9&rft.aulast=Parrish&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRa'anan2006" class="citation book cs1">Ra'anan, Uri (2006). Flawed Succession: Russia's Power Transfer Crises. <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1402-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1402-5"><bdi>978-0-7391-1402-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flawed+Succession%3A+Russia%27s+Power+Transfer+Crises&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1402-5&rft.aulast=Ra%27anan&rft.aufirst=Uri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2009" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim (2009). Stalin's Terror of 1937–1938: Political Genocide in the USSR. <a href="/wiki/Mehring_Books" title="Mehring Books">Mehring Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-04-4"><bdi>978-1-893638-04-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Terror+of+1937%E2%80%931938%3A+Political+Genocide+in+the+USSR&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-04-4&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemington1988" class="citation book cs1">Remington, Thomas (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/truthofauthority00remi">The Truth of Authority: Ideology and Communication in the Soviet Union</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-3590-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-3590-2"><bdi>978-0-8229-3590-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+of+Authority%3A+Ideology+and+Communication+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-3590-2&rft.aulast=Remington&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftruthofauthority00remi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakwa1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sakwa" title="Richard Sakwa">Sakwa, Richard</a> (1998). Soviet politics in Perspective. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07153-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07153-6"><bdi>978-0-415-07153-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+politics+in+Perspective&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07153-6&rft.aulast=Sakwa&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaconSandle2002" class="citation book cs1">Bacon, Edwin; Sandle, Mark (2002). Brezhnev Reconsidered. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-79463-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-79463-0"><bdi>978-0-333-79463-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brezhnev+Reconsidered&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-79463-0&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft.au=Sandle%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchapiro1977" class="citation book cs1">Schapiro, Leonard Bertram (1977). The Government and Politics of the Soviet Union. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-131721-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-131721-8"><bdi>978-0-09-131721-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+and+Politics+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-09-131721-8&rft.aulast=Schapiro&rft.aufirst=Leonard+Bertram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Service, Robert</a> (2000). Lenin: a Biography. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Belknap Press of Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00828-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00828-1"><bdi>978-0-674-00828-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+a+Biography&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00828-1&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Service, Robert</a> (2009). History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Books Ltd">Penguin Books Ltd</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03493-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03493-8"><bdi>978-0-674-03493-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Modern+Russia%3A+From+Tsarism+to+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03493-8&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwain2006" class="citation book cs1">Swain, Geoff (2006). Trotsky. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-77190-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-77190-1"><bdi>978-0-582-77190-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-582-77190-1&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThatcher2011" class="citation book cs1">Thatcher, Ian D. (2011). "Khrushchev as Leader". In Smith, Jeremy; Ilic, Melanie (eds.). Khrushchev in the Kremlin: Policy and Government in the Soviet Union, 1953–64. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-83179-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-83179-3"><bdi>978-0-203-83179-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khrushchev+as+Leader&rft.btitle=Khrushchev+in+the+Kremlin%3A+Policy+and+Government+in+the+Soviet+Union%2C+1953%E2%80%9364&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-203-83179-3&rft.aulast=Thatcher&rft.aufirst=Ian+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTompson1997" class="citation book cs1">Tompson, William (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/khrushchevapolit0000tomp">Khrushchev: a Political Life</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16360-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16360-0"><bdi>978-0-312-16360-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khrushchev%3A+a+Political+Life&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-312-16360-0&rft.aulast=Tompson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkhrushchevapolit0000tomp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesson1978" class="citation book cs1">Wesson, Robert (1978). Lenin's Legacy: The Story of the CPSU. <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Institution Press">Hoover Institution Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-6922-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-6922-6"><bdi>978-0-8179-6922-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%27s+Legacy%3A+The+Story+of+the+CPSU&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-6922-6&rft.aulast=Wesson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_K._White" title="Stephen K. White">White, Stephen</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aftergorbachev0000whit">After Gorbachev</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521458962" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521458962"><bdi>978-0521458962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Gorbachev&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0521458962&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faftergorbachev0000whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> (1912–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1924–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1953–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> (1964–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1982–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a> (1984–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1985–91)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Stasova" title="Elena Stasova">Elena Stasova</a> (1917–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Yakov Sverdlov</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Stasova" title="Elena Stasova">Elena Stasova</a> (Mar.–Dec. 1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Krestinsky" title="Nikolay Krestinsky">Nikolay Krestinsky</a> (1919–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> (1921–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1922–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1953–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> (1964–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1982–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a> (1984–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1985–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ivashko" title="Vladimir Ivashko">Vladimir Ivashko</a> (acting, Aug. 1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decision-making bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo / Presidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Control Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Departments of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_Organs_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Administrative Organs Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Administrative Organs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_Industry_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical Industry Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Chemical Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Construction Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defence_Industry_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defence Industry Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Defence Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Cadres_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign Cadres Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Foreign Cadres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_Industry_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heavy Industry Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Heavy Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Information Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="International Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">International</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light-_and_Food_Industry_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Light- and Food Industry Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Light- and Food Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_Industry_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machine Industry Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Machine Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisational-party_Work_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisational-party Work of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Organisational-party Work</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planning_and_Financial_Organs_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planning and Financial Organs Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Planning and Financial Organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Political_Directorate_of_the_Soviet_Army_and_Soviet_Navy" title="Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy">Political Administration of the Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agitprop" title="Agitprop">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_Education_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science and Education Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Science and Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_and_Consumers%27_Services_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade and Consumers' Services Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Trade and Consumers' Services</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transportation-Communications_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transportation-Communications Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Transportation-Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenotdel" title="Zhenotdel">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommunist" title="Kommunist">Bolshevik / Kommunist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">1st (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">2nd (1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">3rd (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">4th (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">5th (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">6th (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">7th (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="21st Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">21st (1959)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th (1990)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conference_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Conference</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tampere_conference_of_1905" title="Tampere conference of 1905">1st (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (page does not exist)">2nd (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (page does not exist)">3rd (Aug. 1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (page does not exist)">4th (Nov. 1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (page does not exist)">5th (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Conference" title="Prague Conference">6th (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">7th (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">8th (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">9th (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">10th (May 1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">11th (Dec. 1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">12th (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">13th (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th (1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">15th (1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=16th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="16th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">16th (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=17th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="17th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">17th (1932)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">18th (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_All-Union_Conference_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="19th All-Union Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1988)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership sittings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected by the Central Committee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner-composition_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Inner-composition of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">Aug.–Oct. 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner-composition_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Inner-composition of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">Oct.–Dec. 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner-composition_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Inner-composition of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">6th (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Bureau, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">7th (1918–19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_and_Secretariat_of_the_8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo and Secretariat of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th (1922–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidium of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidium of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th (1956–61)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidium of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd (1961–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd (1966–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th (1971–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th (1976–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th (1981–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th (1986–90)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th (1990–91)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner-composition_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Inner-composition of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">6th (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Bureau, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">7th (1918–19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_and_Secretariat_of_the_8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo and Secretariat of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th (1922–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th (1956–61)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd (1961–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd (1966–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th (1971–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th (1976–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th (1981–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th (1986–90)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th (1990–91)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Bureau, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">7th (Jan.–Mar. 1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th (1922–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939–52)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Control Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Commission_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Commission of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Commission_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Commission of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">18th (1939–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">19th (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">20th (1956–61)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">22nd (1961–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">23rd (1966–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">24th (1971–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">25th (1976–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">26th (1981–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">27th (1986–90)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Control Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Presidium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 16th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">28th (1990–91)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Secretariat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Central Control Commission of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Central Control Commission of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Central Control Commission of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th (1925–27)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Collegium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">16th (1930–34)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected by Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">1st (1898–1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_2nd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">2nd (1903–05)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_3rd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">3rd (Apr.–Dec. 1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_1st_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 1st Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">CC of the 1st Conf. (1905–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_4th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">4th (1906–07)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_5th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">5th (1907–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_6th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 6th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">CC of the 6th Conf. (1912–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_7th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 7th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">CC of the 7th Conf. (Apr.–Aug. 1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">6th (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">7th (1918–19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th (1922–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th (1956–61)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd (1961–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd (1966–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th (1971–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th (1976–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th (1981–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th (1986–90)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th (1990–91)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Auditing Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_8th,_10th,_13th,_14th_and_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 8th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_8th,_10th,_13th,_14th_and_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 8th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_8th,_10th,_13th,_14th_and_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 8th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_8th,_10th,_13th,_14th_and_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 8th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_8th,_10th,_13th,_14th_and_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 8th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th (1956–61)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd (1961–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd (1966–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th (1971–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th (1976–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th (1981–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th (1986–90)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Control Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">9th (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">10th (1921–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">11th (1922–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">28th (1990–91)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wider organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republican-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Armenia_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Armenia (Soviet Union)">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Communist_Party_(1920)" title="Azerbaijan Communist Party (1920)">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Byelorussia" title="Communist Party of Byelorussia">Byelorussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bukhara" title="Communist Party of Bukhara">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Estonia" title="Communist Party of Estonia">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Georgia_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Georgia (Soviet Union)">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Communist Party of the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelo-Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kazakhstan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Kazakhstan (Soviet Union)">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Khorezm" title="Communist Party of Khorezm">Khorezmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kirghizia" title="Communist Party of Kirghizia">Kirghiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Latvia" title="Communist Party of Latvia">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Lithuania" title="Communist Party of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Moldavia" title="Communist Party of Moldavia">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Tajikistan" title="Communist Party of Tajikistan">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_Transcaucasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communist Party of Transcaucasia (page does not exist)">Transcaucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkestan" title="Communist Party of Turkestan">Turkestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkmenistan" title="Communist Party of Turkmenistan">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Uzbekistan" title="Communist Party of Uzbekistan">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Obkom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Okrug_committee_of_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okrug committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Okrugkom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_committee_of_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Gorkom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_committee_of_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Raikom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_committee_of_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Partkom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other organs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statute of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Komsomol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Pioneers_(Soviet_Union)" title="Young Pioneers (Soviet Union)">Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Political_Directorate_of_the_Soviet_Army_and_Soviet_Navy" title="Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy">Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_on_factions_in_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ban on factions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Ban on factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Democratic_Centralism" title="Group of Democratic Centralism">Group of Democratic Centralism</a> (1919–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a> (1920–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Truth" title="Workers' Truth">Workers' Truth</a> (1921–23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a> (1923–27)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Group_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party" title="Workers Group of the Russian Communist Party">Workers' Group</a> (1923–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Opposition" title="Right Opposition">Right Opposition</a> (1924–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Opposition_(Soviet_Union)" title="United Opposition (Soviet Union)">United Opposition</a> (1926–27)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrtsov-Lominadze_Affair" title="Syrtsov-Lominadze Affair">Left-Right Bloc</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryutin_affair" title="Ryutin affair">Union of Marxist-Leninists</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_of_Soviet_Oppositions" title="Bloc of Soviet Oppositions">Bloc of Soviet Oppositions</a> (1932–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Party_Group" title="Anti-Party Group">Anti-Party Group</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(faction)" title="Soyuz (faction)">Soyuz</a> (1990–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency" title="State Committee on the State of Emergency">State Committee on the State of Emergency</a> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_of_Communists_and_Non-Partisans" title="Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans">Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund" title="General Jewish Labour Bund">General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Russian_Revolutionary_Social_Democracy_Abroad" title="League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad">League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class" title="League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class">League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purges_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Purges of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Purges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Social-Democratic_Union" title="Siberian Social-Democratic Union">Siberian Social-Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_and_Lithuania" title="Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania">Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Russian_Social_Democrats_Abroad" title="Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad">Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_Union_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_Union_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Soviet Union–related articles">Index of Soviet Union–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_opposition_groups" title="Category:Soviet opposition groups">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">Anthem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Anthems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Emblems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_Union" title="Category:Soviet Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_Revolution" title="Template:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_Revolution" title="Template talk:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky%E2%80%93Krasnov_uprising" title="Kerensky–Krasnov uprising">Kerensky–Krasnov uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_mutiny" title="Junker mutiny">Junker mutiny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Kiev Bolshevik Uprising">Kiev Bolshevik Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_SR_uprising" title="Left SR uprising">Left SR uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion" title="Tambov Rebellion">Tambov Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li>Interventions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Central Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War">Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Committee_of_the_State_Duma" title="Provisional Committee of the State Duma">Provisional Committee of the State Duma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-independence_movements_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War">Pro-independence movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Council of the People's Commissars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Military Revolutionary Committee">Military Revolutionary Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Guards" title="Black Guards">Black Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_armies" title="Green armies">Green armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Russia)" title="Red Guards (Russia)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_forces_in_battle_with_the_counterrevolution_in_the_South_of_Russia" title="Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia">Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Tsentralna Rada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_Russia_in_1917" title="Political parties of Russia in 1917">Parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party" title="Constitutional Democratic Party">Kadets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabat" title="Nabat">Nabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left SRs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_October_17" title="Union of October 17">Union of October 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund" title="General Jewish Labour Bund">General Jewish Labour Bund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Monarchists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Georgy Lvov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Guchkov" title="Alexander Guchkov">Alexander Guchkov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Pyotr Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Alexander Kolchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Krasnov" title="Pyotr Krasnov">Pyotr Krasnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Nikolai Yudenich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Lavr Kornilov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Budyonny" title="Semyon Budyonny">Semyon Budyonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Yakov Sverdlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Right SRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernov" title="Viktor Chernov">Viktor Chernov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Savinkov" title="Boris Savinkov">Boris Savinkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Sokoloff" title="Boris Sokoloff">Boris Sokoloff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left SRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Blumkin" title="Yakov Blumkin">Yakov Blumkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Kamkov" title="Boris Kamkov">Boris Kamkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Natanson" title="Mark Natanson">Mark Natanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova" title="Maria Spiridonova">Maria Spiridonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Antonov_(politician)" title="Alexander Antonov (politician)">Alexander Antonov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Nikiforova" title="Maria Nikiforova">Maria Nikiforova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Petrichenko" title="Stepan Petrichenko">Stepan Petrichenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Chernyi" title="Lev Chernyi">Lev Chernyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semen_Karetnyk" title="Semen Karetnyk">Semen Karetnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedir_Shchus" title="Fedir Shchus">Fedir Shchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Bilash" title="Viktor Bilash">Viktor Bilash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanya_Baron" title="Fanya Baron">Fanya Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Councils_in_Poland" title="Workers' Councils in Poland">Workers' Councils in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian-Soviet_conflict" title="Belarusian-Soviet conflict">Belarusian-Soviet conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971373#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971373#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122708884">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/132131223">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1319159400286019620003">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4073659-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81026747">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119865350">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119865350">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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