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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egyptian_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Egyptian Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptian_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assyrian_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyrian_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Assyrian Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assyrian_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Persian Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Hellenistic Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Roman Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bishopric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bishopric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Bishopric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bishopric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Medieval history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Contemporary era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References and sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References and sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arwad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%8B%E1%8B%B5" title="አርዋድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አርዋድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="أرواد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرواد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Арвад – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арвад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Аруад – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аруад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arwad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arados" title="Arados – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arados" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruad" title="Aruad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aruad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arw%C4%81d" title="Arwād – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arwād" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Αρουάντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρουάντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arwad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruad" title="Aruad – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aruad" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arwad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ارواد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارواد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arouad" title="Arouad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arouad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arwad" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EC%99%80%EB%93%9C" title="아르와드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아르와드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arwad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arwad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93" title="ארווד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארווד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="არვადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არვადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvadas" title="Arvadas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arvadas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruad" title="Ruad – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ruad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arv%C3%A1d" title="Arvád – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arvád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Arwad" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="جزيره أرواد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جزيره أرواد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arwad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E5%B3%B6" title="アルワード島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルワード島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arwad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arwad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arwad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arruade" title="Arruade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arruade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arwad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Арвад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арвад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvad" title="Arvad – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arvad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Арадос – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арадос" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arwad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arwad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvad" title="Arvad – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arvad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Арвад – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арвад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ارواد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ارواد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Arwad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E5%BE%B7%E5%B2%9B" title="艾尔瓦德岛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="艾尔瓦德岛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q377802#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arwad&params=34_51_22_N_35_51_30_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°51′22″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°51′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.85611°N 35.85833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.85611; 35.85833</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 2013 Canadian film, see <a href="/wiki/Arwad_(film)" title="Arwad (film)">Arwad (film)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town in Tartus, Syria</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Arwad</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><big>أرواد</big></div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Aradus</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_Syria" title="List of towns and villages in Syria">Town</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruad_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Satellite image of Arwad"><img alt="Satellite image of Arwad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ruad_large.jpg/250px-Ruad_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ruad_large.jpg/375px-Ruad_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ruad_large.jpg/500px-Ruad_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1150" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Satellite image of Arwad</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_physical_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arwad is located in Syria"><img alt="Arwad is located in Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/250px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/375px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/500px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="806" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.998%;left:12.293%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Arwad"><img alt="Arwad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Arwad</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Syria</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arwad is located in Eastern Mediterranean"><img alt="Arwad is located in Eastern Mediterranean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/250px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/500px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="765" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.932%;left:50.807%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Arwad"><img alt="Arwad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Arwad</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Eastern Mediterranean</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arwad&params=34_51_22_N_35_51_32_E_region:SY_type:city(4403)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°51′22″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°51′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.85611°N 35.85889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.85611; 35.85889</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries of the world">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tartus_Governorate" title="Tartus Governorate">Tartus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tartus_District" title="Tartus District">Tartus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">Subdistrict</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Arwad</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.2 km<sup>2</sup> (0.08 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2004 census)<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,403</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Country code: 963, City code: 43</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">CSa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruad_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ruad_small.jpg/220px-Ruad_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ruad_small.jpg/330px-Ruad_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ruad_small.jpg/440px-Ruad_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>A satellite image of Arwad, with <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> coast to the east</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Arwad</b> (<a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a>: <span lang="phn" dir="rtl">𐤀𐤓𐤅𐤃</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Phoenician-language romanization"><i lang="phn-Latn">ʾrwd</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أرواد</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾArwād</i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical</a> <b>Aradus</b>, is a town in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> on an eponymous <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Syria" title="List of islands of Syria">island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. It is the administrative center of the Arwad <a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">Subdistrict</a> (<i>nahiyah</i>), of which it is the only locality.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the only inhabited island in Syria. It is located 3 km (1.9 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a> (the ancient Tortosa), Syria's second-largest port. </p><p>Today, Arwad is mainly a fishing town. According to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)">Syria Central Bureau of Statistics</a>, during the 2004 census, it had a population of 4,403, predominantly <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plans were unveiled in May 2016 to renovate the island to become a tourist attraction.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island is currently surrounded by ancient Phoenician era walls. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Name"></span><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Toponymy"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: left; float: left; margin-left: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A2.png?be01e" height="38" title="A2" alt="A2" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06" height="16" title="Z1" alt="Z1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U33.png?bde2c" height="38" title="U33 [ti]" alt="ti" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G43.png?6eb40" height="38" title="G43 [w]" alt="w" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N25.png?6f14c" height="16" title="N25 [xAst]" alt="xAst" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: palegoldenrod; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid crimson; padding: 0.5em">jrtw<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier99_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier99-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Era</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><small>(1550–1069 BC)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: left; float: left; margin-left: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A2.png?be01e" height="38" title="A2" alt="A2" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06" height="16" title="Z1" alt="Z1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V13.png?2da65" height="10" title="V13 [T]" alt="T" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G43.png?6eb40" height="38" title="G43 [w]" alt="w" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N25.png?6f14c" height="16" title="N25 [xAst]" alt="xAst" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: palegoldenrod; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid crimson; padding: 0.5em">jrṯw<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier99_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier99-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Era</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><small>(1550–1069 BC)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The original <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> city was named <b>Arwad</b> <span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn" dir="rtl">𐤀𐤓𐤅𐤃</span></span> <span title="Phoenician-language romanization"><i lang="phn-Latn">ʾrwd</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrahmalkov200071_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrahmalkov200071-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was located on an island named (<span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn" dir="rtl">𐤀𐤉𐤍𐤊</span></span> <span title="Phoenician-language romanization"><i lang="phn-Latn">ʾynk</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrahmalkov200047_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrahmalkov200047-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Thutmose_III" title="Annals of Thutmose III">Annals of Thutmose III</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Karnak_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnak Temple">Karnak Temple</a> as <b>Irtu</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier99_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier99-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It eventually became known as <b>Arvad</b>, <b>Arpad</b>, and <b>Arphad</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">hellenized</a> as <i>Árados</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἄραδος</span>), which was <a href="/wiki/Latinization_of_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinization of names">Latinized</a> as <b>Aradus</b>. In <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, it became <i>Arwad</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أرواد</span></span>). </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus<span class="nowrap"> </span>I</a> renamed it Antioch after himself or <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(father_of_Seleucus_I_Nicator)" title="Antiochus (father of Seleucus I Nicator)">the father</a> of <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucus the Great">Seleucus the Great</a>. It was distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Antioch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Antioch (disambiguation)">several other cities of that name</a> as <b>Antioch</b> or <span class="nowrap"><b>Antiochia in Pieria</b></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀντιόχεια τῆς Πιερίας</span>, <i>Antiókeia tēs Pierías</i>). </p><p>Its site is also known as <span class="nowrap"><b>Ruad Island</b></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cours_de_la_forteresse_d%27Arouad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cours_de_la_forteresse_d%27Arouad.jpg/250px-Cours_de_la_forteresse_d%27Arouad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cours_de_la_forteresse_d%27Arouad.jpg/330px-Cours_de_la_forteresse_d%27Arouad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cours_de_la_forteresse_d%27Arouad.jpg/500px-Cours_de_la_forteresse_d%27Arouad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1343" /></a><figcaption>The fortress of Arwad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St%C3%A8le_alb%C3%A2tre_syrie_Aruad_Arados_Louvre_AO4815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/St%C3%A8le_alb%C3%A2tre_syrie_Aruad_Arados_Louvre_AO4815.jpg/250px-St%C3%A8le_alb%C3%A2tre_syrie_Aruad_Arados_Louvre_AO4815.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/St%C3%A8le_alb%C3%A2tre_syrie_Aruad_Arados_Louvre_AO4815.jpg/330px-St%C3%A8le_alb%C3%A2tre_syrie_Aruad_Arados_Louvre_AO4815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/St%C3%A8le_alb%C3%A2tre_syrie_Aruad_Arados_Louvre_AO4815.jpg/500px-St%C3%A8le_alb%C3%A2tre_syrie_Aruad_Arados_Louvre_AO4815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2656" data-file-height="2900" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of a 4th-century<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC stele found in Arwad. Musée du Louvre.</figcaption></figure> <p>Arwad has been continuously inhabited since at least the 3rd millennium BC. it was mentioned in the archive of the Royal Palace of <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>, then at <a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The island was settled in the early 2nd millennium<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC by the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>. Located some 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripolis</a>, it was a barren rock covered with fortifications and houses several stories in height. The island was about 800 m long by 500 m wide, surrounded by a massive wall, and an artificial harbor was constructed on the east toward the mainland. It developed into a trading city in early times, as did most of the Phoenician cities on this coast. It had a powerful navy, and its ships are mentioned in the monuments of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, an "Arvad" is noted as the forefather of the "Arvadites", a Canaanite people.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Phoenicians collected rain water in cisterns and shipped fresh water to the island, eventually discovering an undersea freshwater spring nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-AramcoWorld_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AramcoWorld-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city of Arwad seems to have had a sort of <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> over the northern Phoenician cities, from the mouth of the Orontes to the northern limits of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, something like that of <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> in the south. It brought under its authority some of the neighboring cities on the mainland, such as <a href="/wiki/Marat_(Phoenicia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marat (Phoenicia)">Marat</a> (present-day Amrit) and <a href="/wiki/Tell_Kazel" title="Tell Kazel">Sumur</a>, the former nearly opposite the island and the latter some kilometers to the south. It had its own local dynasty and coinage, and some of the names of its kings have been recovered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egyptian_Period">Egyptian Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Egyptian Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> of Egypt took it in his campaign in north Syria (1472<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC), and it is noticed in the campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> in the early part of the 13th century<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a> as being in league with the <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorites</a> in their attacks on the Egyptian possessions in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 1200<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC or a little later, it was sacked by invaders from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> or the islands, as were most of the cities on the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it recovered when they were driven back. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assyrian_Period">Assyrian Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Assyrian Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Its maritime importance is indicated by the inscriptions of the Assyrian kings. <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-pileser_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiglath-pileser I">Tiglath-pileser I</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1020</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>BC) boasts that he sailed in the ships of Arwad. <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 876</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>BC) made it tributary, but it revolted and 200 men of Arwad were mentioned among the allies of <a href="/wiki/Hadadezer" title="Hadadezer">Hadadezer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aram_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aram Damascus">Aram Damascus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qarqar" title="Battle of Qarqar">Battle of Qarqar</a>, when all Syria seems to have been in league against <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 854</span>). At this time, the king of Arwad was Mattan Baal. It was afterward tributary to <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-pileser_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiglath-pileser III">Tiglath-pileser III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>; under Sennacherib, its king was Abd-Ilihit <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 701</span>. <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 664</span>) compelled its king Yakinlu to submit and send one of his daughters to become a member of the royal harem.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_Period">Persian Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Persian Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the Persians, Arwad was allowed to unite in a confederation with <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>, with a common council at Tripolis.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a> refers to its seamen and soldiers in the service of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_Period">Hellenistic Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hellenistic Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> invaded Syria in 332<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, Arwad submitted without a struggle under her king Strato, who sent his navy to aid Alexander in the reduction of Tyre. It seems to have received the favor of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Seleucid_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Seleucid rulers">Seleucid kings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Syria</a> and enjoyed the right of asylum for political refugees. It is mentioned in a rescript from Rome about 138<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC in connection with other cities and rulers of the East, to show favor to the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>. This was after Rome had begun to interfere in the affairs of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> and indicates that Arwad was still of considerable importance at that time. </p><p>The city has been cited<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as one of the first known examples of a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> region, in which the people, rather than a monarch, are described as sovereign. The island was important as a base for commercial ventures into the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a> valley. </p><p>Arwad inaugurated a new civic era in 259 BC, when its traditional royalty disappeared, and it became a free independent city within the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid kingdom">Seleucid kingdom</a>, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus II">Antiochus II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Period">Roman Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Roman Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Roman times, Arwad fiercely resisted <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> when he came to Syria to find money there. When the city refused to co-operate, it was besieged in 38 BC, then eventually surrendered, which marked the end of its independence in 34–35 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bishopric">Bishopric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bishopric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of Aradus, as it was then called, became a Christian <a href="/wiki/Bishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric">bishopric</a>. <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a> reports that, under <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I (emperor)">Constantine the Great</a>, Cymatius, the Chalcedonian bishop of Aradus and also of <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Antaradus</a> (whose names indicate that they were neighbouring towns facing each other) was driven out by the <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arians</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> in 381, Mocimus appears as bishop of Aradus. At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> (431), some sources speak of a Musaeus as bishop of Aradus and Antaradus, while others mention only Aradus or only Antaradus. Alexander was at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in 451 as bishop of Antaradus, Paulus as bishop of Aradus, while, at a synod held at Antioch shortly before, Paulus took part as bishop of both Aradus and Antaradus. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Pantherios,_Bishop_of_Aradus_(Schlumberger,_1900).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Seal_of_Pantherios%2C_Bishop_of_Aradus_%28Schlumberger%2C_1900%29.png/220px-Seal_of_Pantherios%2C_Bishop_of_Aradus_%28Schlumberger%2C_1900%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Seal_of_Pantherios%2C_Bishop_of_Aradus_%28Schlumberger%2C_1900%29.png/330px-Seal_of_Pantherios%2C_Bishop_of_Aradus_%28Schlumberger%2C_1900%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Seal_of_Pantherios%2C_Bishop_of_Aradus_%28Schlumberger%2C_1900%29.png/440px-Seal_of_Pantherios%2C_Bishop_of_Aradus_%28Schlumberger%2C_1900%29.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>Seal of Pantherios, bishop of Aradus (5th/6th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 458, Atticus signed, as bishop of Aradus, the letter of the bishops of the province of <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicia Prima">Phoenicia Prima</a> to Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_the_Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo I the Thracian">Leo I the Thracian</a> protesting about the murder of <a href="/wiki/Proterius_of_Alexandria" title="Proterius of Alexandria">Proterius of Alexandria</a>. Theodorus or Theodosius, who died in 518, is mentioned as bishop of Antaradus in a letter from the bishops of the province regarding <a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus of Antioch</a> that was read at a synod held by <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Mennas_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Mennas of Constantinople">Patriarch Mennas of Constantinople</a>. The acts of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a> in 553 were signed by Asyncretius as bishop of Aradus. At the time of the Crusades, Antaradus, by then called Tartus or Tortosa, was a <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> diocese, whose bishop also held the titles of Aradus and <a href="/wiki/Maraclea" title="Maraclea">Maraclea</a> (perhaps Rachlea). </p><p>It was united to the see of <a href="/wiki/Famagusta" title="Famagusta">Famagusta</a> in Cyprus in 1295.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No longer a residential bishopric, Aradus is today listed by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_history">Medieval history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Medieval history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Views_of_Sepulchral_Monuments_near_Aradus_A_Plan_of_an_Open_Temple_X_A_View_of_a_Throne_in_T_The_Island_Aradus_C_-_Pococke_Richard_-_1745.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Views_of_Sepulchral_Monuments_near_Aradus_A_Plan_of_an_Open_Temple_X_A_View_of_a_Throne_in_T_The_Island_Aradus_C_-_Pococke_Richard_-_1745.jpg/220px-Views_of_Sepulchral_Monuments_near_Aradus_A_Plan_of_an_Open_Temple_X_A_View_of_a_Throne_in_T_The_Island_Aradus_C_-_Pococke_Richard_-_1745.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Views_of_Sepulchral_Monuments_near_Aradus_A_Plan_of_an_Open_Temple_X_A_View_of_a_Throne_in_T_The_Island_Aradus_C_-_Pococke_Richard_-_1745.jpg/330px-Views_of_Sepulchral_Monuments_near_Aradus_A_Plan_of_an_Open_Temple_X_A_View_of_a_Throne_in_T_The_Island_Aradus_C_-_Pococke_Richard_-_1745.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Views_of_Sepulchral_Monuments_near_Aradus_A_Plan_of_an_Open_Temple_X_A_View_of_a_Throne_in_T_The_Island_Aradus_C_-_Pococke_Richard_-_1745.jpg/440px-Views_of_Sepulchral_Monuments_near_Aradus_A_Plan_of_an_Open_Temple_X_A_View_of_a_Throne_in_T_The_Island_Aradus_C_-_Pococke_Richard_-_1745.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>"Views of Sepulchral Monuments near Aradus", <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pococke" title="Richard Pococke">Richard Pococke</a>, 1745</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">Franco-Mongol alliance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Ruad" title="Fall of Ruad">Fall of Ruad</a></div> <p>During the later part of the 13th century, in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, the island of Ruad was used as a <a href="/wiki/Bridgehead" title="Bridgehead">bridgehead</a> or staging area by the Crusaders. It was the last piece of land that the Crusaders maintained in the Holy Land. </p><p>The Crusaders had lost control of the mainland in 1291 (see <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)" title="Siege of Acre (1291)">Fall of Acre</a>), and the dwindling <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a> had been relocated to the island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. In late 1300, in an attempt to coordinate military operations with the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Mongol</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-schein-811_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schein-811-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Cypriots prepared a land-based force of approximately 600 men: 300 under <a href="/wiki/Amalric,_Lord_of_Tyre" title="Amalric, Lord of Tyre">Amalric of Lusignan</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_III_of_Cyprus" title="Hugh III of Cyprus">Hugh III of Cyprus</a>, and similar contingents from the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Templars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Hospitallers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schein-811_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schein-811-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The men and their horses were ferried from Cyprus to a staging area on Ruad,<sup id="cite_ref-schein-811_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schein-811-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-demurger-147_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demurger-147-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from which they launched raids on <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tortosa</a> while awaiting Mongol reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-demurger-147_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demurger-147-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Mongols failed to arrive, the majority of the Christian forces returned to Cyprus, though a garrison was left on Ruad which was manned by rotating groups of different Cypriot forces. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a> formally awarded ownership of the island to the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a>, who (in 1302) maintained a garrison with 120 knights, 500 bowmen and 400 Syrian helpers, under the Templar <a href="/wiki/Marshal" title="Marshal">Maréchal</a> (Commander-in-Chief) <a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_de_Quincy" title="Barthélemy de Quincy">Barthélemy de Quincy</a>. </p><p>In February 1301, the Mongols did arrive with a force of 60,000, but could do little else than engage in some raids around Syria. The Mongol leader <a href="/wiki/Kutlushah" title="Kutlushah">Kutluka</a> stationed 20,000 horsemen in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a> to protect <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, where a Mongol governor was installed.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon however, they had to withdraw. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Egyptian Mamluks</a>, who had been systematically re-establishing control over <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and Syria, sought to take Ruad as well. A Mamluk fleet landed a force on the island, engaging in combat with the entrenched Templars, and then establishing a lengthy siege, culminating with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Ruad" title="Fall of Ruad">Fall of Ruad</a>, and the Crusaders surrendering on September 26, 1302, following a promise of safe conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the promise was not honored: all the bowmen and Syrian helpers were killed, and the Templar knights were sent to Cairo prisons.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_era">Contemporary era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Contemporary era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/WWI" class="mw-redirect" title="WWI">WWI</a>, the island was occupied by the French navy on 1 September 1915, under the leadership of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Louis_Dartige_du_Fournet" title="Louis Dartige du Fournet">Louis Dartige du Fournet</a>, including warships such as <i><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Jaur%C3%A9guiberry" title="French battleship Jauréguiberry">Jauréguiberry</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Jeanne_d%27Arc_(1899)" title="French cruiser Jeanne d'Arc (1899)">Jeanne d'Arc</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Destr%C3%A9es-class_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Destrées-class cruiser">Destrées</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Trabaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Trabaud (page does not exist)">Albert Trabaud</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Trabaud" class="extiw" title="ca:Albert Trabaud">ca</a>]</span> was appointed as its governor. Afterwards, the island was bombed by the Ottomans in November 1917, but their attack was repulsed by French sailors. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French Mandate</a> the dungeons of the fortress were used as a prison for those opposing French rule, as the captives' still-visible graffiti attest.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, at the end of <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a>, France wanted to preserve the island, hence started working to build a military base, in a geopolitical framework, to maintain a military position in the region, and to keep a cultural influence. But as a result of pressure from the United States, the island was ceded unconditionally to Syria at the end of 1945, a decision confirmed in 1946. </p><p>During the later half of the 20th century and the 21st century, the island's economy became more reliant on tourism, fishing and boatbuilding.<sup id="cite_ref-AramcoWorld_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AramcoWorld-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tourism focused economy was greatly impacted by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian Civil War</a>, due to the decreased travel to Syria. However, there has been no conflict on the island during the war, and it has been controlled by government forces from the beginning of the war until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">Fall of the Assad regime</a> on December 8th 2024. The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> has also affected the island's economy, further weakening the tourism industry, with many local businesses losing potential tourist related income.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arad,_Bahrain" title="Arad, Bahrain">Arad, Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvada,_Colorado" title="Arvada, Colorado">Arvada, Colorado</a>, named after the Syrian island</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of the ancient Near East">Cities of the ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Syria" title="List of islands of Syria">List of islands of Syria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_sources">References and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CBS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191215205843/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB10-2-2004.htm">General Census of Population and Housing 2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)">Syria Central Bureau of Statistics</a> (CBS). Latakia Governorate. <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBalanche2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Fabrice_Balanche" title="Fabrice Balanche">Balanche, Fabrice</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/06/30/97/PDF/Les_Alaouites_l_espace_et_le_pouvoir.pdf"><i>La région alaouite et le pouvoir syrien</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Karthala Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2845868189" title="Special:BookSources/2845868189"><bdi>2845868189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+r%C3%A9gion+alaouite+et+le+pouvoir+syrien&rft.pub=Karthala+Editions&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=2845868189&rft.aulast=Balanche&rft.aufirst=Fabrice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftel.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fdocs%2F00%2F06%2F30%2F97%2FPDF%2FLes_Alaouites_l_espace_et_le_pouvoir.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArwad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/www.syriatourism.org/posts/575750225918966">Syrian Ministry of Tourism Arwad Regeneration Programme</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gauthier99-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gauthier99_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauthier99_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauthier99_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGauthier1925" class="citation book cs1">Gauthier, Henri (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1925_1/page/n55/"><i>Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques</i></a>. Vol. 1. p. 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+Noms+G%C3%A9ographiques+Contenus+dans+les+Textes+Hi%C3%A9roglyphiques&rft.pages=99&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Gauthier&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGauthier1925_1%2Fpage%2Fn55%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArwad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrahmalkov200071-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrahmalkov200071_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrahmalkov2000">Krahmalkov 2000</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrahmalkov200047-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrahmalkov200047_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrahmalkov2000">Krahmalkov 2000</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hazlitt, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLipiński2004" class="citation book cs1">Lipiński, Edward (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&dq=arwad+continuously+inhabited+since&pg=PA280"><i>Itineraria Phoenicia</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1344-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1344-8"><bdi>978-90-429-1344-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Itineraria+Phoenicia&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1344-8&rft.aulast=Lipi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLSzNfdcqfoC%26dq%3Darwad%2Bcontinuously%2Binhabited%2Bsince%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArwad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 10:18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AramcoWorld-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AramcoWorld_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AramcoWorld_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aramcoworld.com/Compilations/2016/January-February-2016/Arwad-Fortress-at-Sea">"Arwad, Fortress at Sea"</a>. <i>AramcoWorld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AramcoWorld&rft.atitle=Arwad%2C+Fortress+at+Sea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aramcoworld.com%2FCompilations%2F2016%2FJanuary-February-2016%2FArwad-Fortress-at-Sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArwad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breasted, <i>Ancient Records</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">44 and 28, B.M. <i>Tell el-Amarna Letters</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paton, <i>Syria and Palestine</i>, 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawlinson, <i>Phoenicia</i>, 456-57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ibid</i>, 484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> 27:8 and 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernal, p. 359</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Sommer2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michael Sommer (2008). "VI. Im Schatten der Großmächte". <i>Die Phönizier: Geschichte und Kultur</i> (in German). Vol. 2444. Munich: C. H. Beck. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-56244-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-56244-0"><bdi>978-3-406-56244-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VI.+Im+Schatten+der+Gro%C3%9Fm%C3%A4chte&rft.btitle=Die+Ph%C3%B6nizier%3A+Geschichte+und+Kultur&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-406-56244-0&rft.au=Michael+Sommer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArwad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaurice_Sartre1867" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maurice Sartre (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/erudits/strabon/livre162.htm"><i>Strabon, Géographie, Livre XVI, 2, 14</i></a> (in French and Greek). Paris. pp. <span class="nowrap">464–</span>465.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strabon%2C+G%C3%A9ographie%2C+Livre+XVI%2C+2%2C+14&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E464-%3C%2Fspan%3E465&rft.date=1867&rft.au=Maurice+Sartre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fremacle.org%2Fbloodwolf%2Ferudits%2Fstrabon%2Flivre162.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArwad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius Bonifacius Gams, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=65154&dirids=1"><i>Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae</i></a>, Leipzig 1931, p. 434</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Lequien, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_86weAemI-e4C"><i>Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus</i></a>, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 827–830</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konrad Eubel, <i>Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002716&mediaType=application/pdf">vol. 1</a>, p. 92; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002717&mediaType=application/pdf">vol. 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004040657/http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002717&mediaType=application%2Fpdf">Archived</a> 2018-10-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. XII and 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annuario Pontificio 2013</i> (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1">978-88-209-9070-1</a>), p. 836</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schein-811-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schein-811_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schein-811_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schein-811_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schein, p. 811</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-demurger-147-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-demurger-147_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-demurger-147_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Demurger, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Trial of the Templars</i>, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Barber" title="Malcolm Barber">Malcolm Barber</a>, 2nd edition, page 22: "In November, 1300, James of Molay and the king's brother, <a href="/wiki/Amalric,_Lord_of_Tyre" title="Amalric, Lord of Tyre">Amaury of Lusignan</a>, attempted to occupy the former Templar stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Tortosa" title="Tortosa">Tortosa</a>. A force of 600 men, of which the Templars supplied about 150, failed to establish itself in the town itself, although they were able to leave a garrison of 120 men on the island of Ruad, just off the coast.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Richard, p.481</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demurger, p.156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nearly 40 of these men were still in prison in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> years later where, according to a former fellow prisoner, the Genoese Matthew Zaccaria, they died of starvation, having refused an offer of 'many riches and goods' in return for apostasizing"" <i>The Trial of the Templars</i>, Malcolm Barber, p.22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Jordan2018" class="citation book cs1">John Jordan (2018). <i>Warship 2018</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472830012" title="Special:BookSources/9781472830012"><bdi>9781472830012</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warship+2018&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781472830012&rft.au=John+Jordan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArwad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syrianhistory.com/en/photos/8393?tag=Arwad+Island">Prisoners at Arwad Island Prison</a> Retrieved March 22, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homsonline.com/EN/Citeis/Tartus.htm">Historical buildings of Arwad island</a> Retrieved March 22, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-09/24/c_139391839_2.htm">"Feature: Syrian island escapes war, but caught by tough economic situation – Xinhua | English.news.cn"</a>. <i>www.xinhuanet.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.xinhuanet.com&rft.atitle=Feature%3A+Syrian+island+escapes+war%2C+but+caught+by+tough+economic+situation+%E2%80%93+Xinhua+%7C+English.news.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2020-09%2F24%2Fc_139391839_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArwad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwad&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Malcolm Barber, <i>Trial of the Templars</i></li> <li>Martin Bernal, <i>Black Athena Writes Back</i> (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001), 359.</li> <li>Lawrence I Conrad, ‘The Conquest of Arwād: A Source-critical study in the historiography of the early medieval Near East’, in <i>The Byzantine and early Islamic Near East: Papers of the First Workshop on Late Antiquity and Early Islam</i>, edited by Averil Cameron and Lawrence I Conrad, Studies in late antiquity and early Islam, 1, vol. 1, <i>Problems in the literary source material</i> (Princeton: Darwin Press, 1992), 317–401.</li> <li>Alain Demurger, <i>The Last Templar</i></li> <li>Hazlitt, <i>The Classical Gazetteer</i>, p. 53.</li> <li>Lebling, Robert W. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aramcoworld.com/en-US/Articles/January-2016/Arwad-Fortress-at-Sea">"Arwad, Fortress at Sea"</a>. Aramco World. January February 2016. Volume 67, no. 1. Pages 34–41.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharan_Newman" title="Sharan Newman">Newman, Sharan</a> (2006). <i>Real History Behind the Templars</i>. Berkley Publishing Group. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-425-21533-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-425-21533-3">978-0-425-21533-3</a>.</li> <li>Jean Richard, <i>Les Croisades</i></li> <li>Sylvia Schein, "Gesta Dei per Mongolos"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Eggers" title="Dave Eggers">Dave Eggers</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Zeitoun_(book)" title="Zeitoun (book)">Zeitoun</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrahmalkov2000" class="citation book cs1">Krahmalkov, Charles R (2000). <i>Phoenician-Punic dictionary</i>. Peeters Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phoenician-Punic+dictionary&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Krahmalkov&rft.aufirst=Charles+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArwad" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwad&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arwad" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arwad">Arwad</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1303/">L'île d'Arwad</a>, Suggestion to have Arwad recognized as a UNESCO world heritage site, in 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514211921/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/gazetteer/0055.html"><i>Hazlitt's Classical Gazetteer</i></a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbase.com/dosseman_syria/arwad">Hundreds of pictures of the island</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&time=&date=&ttype=&q=arwad+syria&sll=28.304381,16.875&sspn=47.997942,82.265625&ie=UTF8&ll=34.860088,35.871563&spn=0.022326,0.040169&t=h&z=15&om=1">Google Earth location</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filatelia.fi/articles/neareast.html">Small Islands in the Near East</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.tartous-city.com">http://www.tartous-city.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/www.syriatourism.org/posts/575750225918966">Syrian Ministry of Tourism Arwad Regeneration Programme</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arwad&params=34_51_22_N_35_51_30_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°51′22″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°51′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.85611°N 35.85833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.85611; 35.85833</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template talk:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;class=noviewer&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies228" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenician Hippos ship"><img alt="Phoenician Hippos ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/20px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/30px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/40px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="525" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Phoenician_cities" title="List of Phoenician cities">Phoenician cities and colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Camarata_(Mauretania)" title="Camarata (Mauretania)">Camarata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartennae" title="Cartennae">Cartennae</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A8s" title="Ténès">Tenes</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igilgili" title="Igilgili">Igilgili</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Iol (Cherchell)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iomnium" title="Iomnium">Iomnium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tigzirt" title="Tigzirt">Tigzirt</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Djinet" title="Djinet">Kissi (Djinet)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macomades" title="Macomades">Macomades</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calama_(Numidia)" title="Calama (Numidia)">Malaca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rachgoun" title="Rachgoun">Rachgoun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusazus" title="Rusazus">Rusazus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azeffoun" title="Azeffoun">Azeffoun</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Rusguniae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Tamentfoust</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Rusicade (Skikda)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusippisir" title="Rusippisir">Rusippisir (Taksebt)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusubbicari" title="Rusubbicari">Rusubbicari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zemmouri" title="Zemmouri">Zemmouri</a> El Bahri)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dellys" title="Dellys">Rusuccuru (Dellys)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zara%C3%AF" title="Zaraï">Sarai</a> (<a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Oulmene" title="Aïn Oulmene">Aïn Oulmene</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thagora" title="Thagora">Thagora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taoura" title="Taoura">Taoura</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Mauretania" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipasa in Mauretania">Tipasa in Mauretania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Numidia" title="Tipasa in Numidia">Tipasa in Numidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timici" title="Timici">Timici</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dali,_Cyprus" title="Dali, Cyprus">Dhali</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lapathus_(Cyprus)" title="Lapathus (Cyprus)">Lapathus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Cyprus" title="Marion, Cyprus">Marion</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Callista (Santorini)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Achziv" title="Achziv">Achzib</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Akka (Acre)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Dora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Michal" title="Tel Michal">Michal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apollonia-Arsuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia-Arsuf">Reshef</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Shikmona" title="Tel Shikmona">Shikmona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Strato's Tower (Caesarea)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bithia,_Italy" title="Bithia, Italy">Bitan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chia_(Sardinia)" title="Chia (Sardinia)">Chia</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cape Melqart (Cefalù)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drepana" title="Drepana">Drepanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erice" title="Erice">Erice</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soluntum" title="Soluntum">Kapara (Soluntum)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cagliari" title="History of Cagliari">Karaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Lilybaeum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Motya" title="Motya">Motya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neapolis,_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolis, Sardinia">Neapolis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nora,_Italy" title="Nora, Italy">Nora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sulci" title="Sulci">Sulci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antioco" title="Sant'Antioco">Sant'Antioco</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Ṣiṣ (Palermo)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Enfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeh">Ampi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Athar (Tripoli)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Birut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Botrys (Teros)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal (Byblos)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Burak" title="Tell el-Burak">Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jieh" title="Jieh"> Porphyreon (Jieh)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Sur (Tyre)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ushu" title="Ushu">Ushu (Palaetyrus)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Lebanon" title="Umm al-Amad, Lebanon">Umm al-Amad</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoms,_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoms, Libya">Khoms</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oea" title="Oea">Oyat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Tsabratan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd>Maleth (<a href="/wiki/Cospicua" title="Cospicua">Cospicua</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melite_(ancient_city)" title="Melite (ancient city)">Ann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gaulos (Gozo)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C4%A7ajn_Qajjet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Għajn Qajjet (page does not exist)">Għajn Qajjet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mtarfa" title="Mtarfa">Mtarfa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ras_il-Wardija" title="Ras il-Wardija">Ras il-Wardija</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tas-Sil%C4%A1" title="Tas-Silġ">Tas-Silġ</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morocco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azama (Azemmour)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Arambys (Mogador)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caricus_Murus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caricus Murus (page does not exist)">Caricus Murus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Likush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Shalat (Chellah)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamusida" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamusida">Tamusida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tinga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anfa" title="Anfa">Anfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mogador_Island" title="Mogador Island">Mogador</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rusadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oualidia" title="Oualidia">Oualidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Constantia_Zilil" title="Iulia Constantia Zilil">Zilil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Gadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Sala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterium" title="Thymiaterium">Thymiaterium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Rusibis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Portim%C3%A3o" title="Portimão">Portus Hannibalis</a></dd> <dd>Portus Magonis (Portimão)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Olissipona (Lisbon)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Ossonoba (Faro)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balsa_(Roman_town)" title="Balsa (Roman town)">Balsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tavira" title="Tavira">Tavira</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Spain" title="Abdera, Spain">Abdera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adra,_Spain" title="Adra, Spain">Adra</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abyla" title="Abyla">Abyla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Gadir (Cadiz)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guardamar_del_Segura" title="Guardamar del Segura">Herna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sa_Caleta_Phoenician_Settlement" title="Sa Caleta Phoenician Settlement">Iboshim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%B3n" title="Mahón">Mahón</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="History of Málaga">Malake</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Onoba</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Carthage (Cartagena)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rushadir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saguntum" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguntum">Saguntum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sexi_(Phoenician_colony)" title="Sexi (Phoenician colony)">Sexi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Almunecar" class="mw-redirect" title="Almunecar">Almunecar</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADjola" title="Tíjola">Tagilit (Tíjola)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Los_Toscanos" title="Los Toscanos">Toscanos</a> (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lez-M%C3%A1laga" title="Vélez-Málaga">Velez</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peniscola" title="Peniscola">Tyreche</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arwad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Marat (Amrit)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Balanaea (Baniyas)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carne,_Phoenicia" title="Carne, Phoenicia">Carne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paltus" title="Paltus">Paltus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sukas" title="Tell Sukas">Shuksi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kazel" title="Tell Kazel">Sumur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunisia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kelibia" title="Kelibia">Aspis (Kelibia)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kerkouane" title="Kerkouane">Kerkouane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Parva" title="Leptis Parva">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia" title="Monastir, Tunisia">Monastir</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maqom_Hadesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqom Hadesh">Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meninx_(town)" title="Meninx (town)">Meninx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspe" title="Ruspe">Ruspe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspina" title="Ruspina">Ruspina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Kef" title="El Kef">Sicca (El Kef)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tabarka" title="Tabarka">Tabarka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thenae" title="Thenae">Tayinat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyna" title="Thyna">Thyna</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thysdrus" title="Thysdrus">Thysdrus</a> (<a href="/wiki/El_Djem" title="El Djem">El Djem</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Utica,_Tunisia" title="Utica, Tunisia">Utica</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Myriandus" title="Myriandus">Myriandus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Finike" title="Finike">Phoenicus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tahpanhes" title="Tahpanhes">Tahpanhes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tartus_Governorate154" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tartus_Governorate" title="Template:Tartus Governorate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tartus_Governorate" title="Template talk:Tartus Governorate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tartus_Governorate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tartus Governorate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tartus_Governorate154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tartus_Governorate" title="Tartus Governorate">Tartus Governorate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Capital:</b> <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:108px;"><div id="Tartus_District154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tartus_District" title="Tartus District">Tartus District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Annazah,_Tartus_District" title="Al-Annazah, Tartus District">al-Annazah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqir_Zayti" title="Aqir Zayti">Aqir Zayti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areimeh" title="Areimeh">Areimeh</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arwad</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arzuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arzuna (page does not exist)">Arzuna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_al-Zarqa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayn al-Zarqa (page does not exist)">Ayn al-Zarqa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azzayt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azzayt (page does not exist)">Azzayt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahnin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahnin (page does not exist)">Bahnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahuzi" title="Bahuzi">Bahuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Kammunah" title="Beit Kammunah">Beit Kammunah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimalkah" title="Bimalkah">Bimalkah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dahbash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dahbash (page does not exist)">Dahbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwayr_Taha" title="Duwayr Taha">Duwayr Taha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dweir_al-Shaykh_Saad" title="Dweir al-Shaykh Saad">Dweir al-Shaykh Saad</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamidiyah" title="Al-Hamidiyah">al-Hamidiyah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_al-Baher" title="Husayn al-Baher">Husayn al-Baher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Fo" title="Kafr Fo">Kafr Fo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Karimah" title="Al-Karimah">al-Karimah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawabi" title="Khawabi">Khawabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_al-Faras" title="Khirbet al-Faras">Khirbet al-Faras</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_al-Maazah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khirbet al-Maazah">Khirbet al-Maazah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khreibat" title="Al-Khreibat">al-Khreibat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Madehleh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Madehleh (page does not exist)">Al-Madehleh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majdalun_al-Baher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majdalun al-Baher (page does not exist)">Majdalun al-Baher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraqiya" title="Maraqiya">Maraqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maten_al-Sahel" title="Maten al-Sahel">Maten al-Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwaysa" title="Ruwaysa">Ruwaysa</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Safsafah,_Tartus" title="Al-Safsafah, Tartus">al-Safsafah</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Sawda" title="Al-Sawda">al-Sawda</a></b> (includes <a href="/wiki/Awaru" title="Awaru">Awaru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baashtar" title="Baashtar">Baashtar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureij,_Tartus" title="Bureij, Tartus">Bureij</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zamrin" title="Zamrin">Zamrin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Saad,_Tartus_Governorate" title="Al-Shaykh Saad, Tartus Governorate">al-Shaykh Saad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tayshur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tayshur (page does not exist)">Tayshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahmur" title="Yahmur">Yahmur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Zarqat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Zarqat (page does not exist)">al-Zarqat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tartus-harita.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tartus Governorate within Syria"><img alt="Tartus Governorate within Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tartus-harita.png/120px-Tartus-harita.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tartus-harita.png/250px-Tartus-harita.png 1.5x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="594" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tartus_blank_districts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tartus Governorate"><img alt="Tartus Governorate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tartus_blank_districts.png/40px-Tartus_blank_districts.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tartus_blank_districts.png/60px-Tartus_blank_districts.png 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="427" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:108px;"><div id="Baniyas_District154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baniyas_District" title="Baniyas District">Baniyas District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Baniyas</a></b></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Annazah" title="Al-Annazah">al-Annazah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimeh" title="Adimeh">Adimeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliqa" title="Aliqa">Aliqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alqin" title="Alqin">Alqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Qadib" title="Ayn Qadib">Ayn Qadib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmiya" title="Barmiya">Barmiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basatin_al-Assad" title="Basatin al-Assad">Basatin al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayda,_Tartus_Governorate" title="Al-Bayda, Tartus Governorate">al-Bayda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bustan_al-Hamam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bustan al-Hamam (page does not exist)">Bustan al-Hamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustan_al-Najjar" title="Bustan al-Najjar">Bustan al-Najjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahr_Safra" title="Dahr Safra">Dahr Safra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dayr_al-Basal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dayr al-Basal (page does not exist)">Dayr al-Basal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fneitiq" title="Fneitiq">Fneitiq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hammam_Wasel" title="Hammam Wasel">Hammam Wasel</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huraysun" title="Huraysun">Huraysun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaff_al-Jaa" title="Kaff al-Jaa">Kaff al-Jaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharibeh" title="Kharibeh">Kharibeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margat" title="Margat">al-Marqab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mqarmideh" title="Mqarmideh">Mqarmideh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaibah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osaibah (page does not exist)">Osaibah</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadmus" title="Al-Qadmus">al-Qadmus</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarqafti" title="Qarqafti">Qarqafti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qulou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qulou (page does not exist)">al-Qulou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ras_al-Wati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ras al-Wati (page does not exist)">Ras al-Wati</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Rawda,_Tartus" title="Al-Rawda, Tartus">al-Rawda</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taanita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taanita (page does not exist)">Taanita</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Talin,_Syria" title="Talin, Syria">Talin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Tawahin" title="Al-Tawahin">al-Tawahin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayru" title="Tayru">Tayru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zallalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zallalu (page does not exist)">Zallalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:108px;"><div id="Safita_District154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Safita_District" title="Safita District">Safita District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Dabish" title="Ayn Dabish">Ayn Dabish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Hifad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayn Hifad (page does not exist)">Ayn Hifad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_al-Zibdeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayn al-Zibdeh (page does not exist)">Ayn al-Zibdeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Tineh,_Tartus_Governorate" title="Ayn al-Tineh, Tartus Governorate">Ayn al-Tineh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Bariqiyah" title="Al-Bariqiyah">al-Bariqiyah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Karama,_Tartus_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Karama, Tartus Governorate">al-Karama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Shaykh_Yunis" title="Bayt al-Shaykh Yunis">Bayt al-Shaykh Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bitar" title="Al-Bitar">al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buwaydat_al-Suwayqat" title="Buwaydat al-Suwayqat">Buwaydat al-Suwayqat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenin,_Syria" title="Jenin, Syria">Jenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kafrun" title="Al-Kafrun">al-Kafrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafrun_Badra" title="Kafrun Badra">Kafrun Badra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Abu_Hamdan" title="Khirbet Abu Hamdan">Khirbet Abu Hamdan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mashta_al-Helu" title="Mashta al-Helu">Mashta al-Helu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Malloua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Malloua (page does not exist)">al-Malloua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mitras" title="Al-Mitras">al-Mitras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabe_Karkar" title="Nabe Karkar">Nabe Karkar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Khashufah" title="Ras al-Khashufah">Ras al-Khashufah</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sibbeh" title="Sibbeh">Sibbeh</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Sisiniyah" title="Al-Sisiniyah">al-Sisiniyah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Sur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Sur (page does not exist)">al-Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tulay%27i" title="Al-Tulay'i">al-Tulay'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubin,_Syria" title="Ubin, Syria">Ubin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:108px;"><div id="Duraykish_District154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duraykish_District" title="Duraykish District">Duraykish District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Duraykish" title="Duraykish">Duraykish</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Dahab" title="Ayn al-Dahab">Ayn al-Dahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Baqaa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Baqaa (page does not exist)">al-Baqaa</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dweir_Ruslan" title="Dweir Ruslan">Dweir Ruslan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hababa,_Syria" title="Hababa, Syria">Hababa</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Junaynet_Ruslan" title="Junaynet Ruslan">Junaynet Ruslan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fajlit" title="Fajlit">Fajlit</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hamin,_Syria" title="Hamin, Syria">Hamin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qulay%27a" title="Qulay'a">Qulay'a</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:108px;"><div id="Al-Shaykh_Badr_District154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Badr_District" title="Al-Shaykh Badr District">Al-Shaykh Badr District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Badr" title="Al-Shaykh Badr">Al-Shaykh Badr</a></b></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brummanet_al-Mashayekh" title="Brummanet al-Mashayekh">Brummanet al-Mashayekh</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brummanet_Raad" title="Brummanet Raad">Brummanet Raad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam_Qanyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hammam Qanyah (page does not exist)">Hammam Qanyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaff_al-Hammam" title="Kaff al-Hammam">Kaff al-Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maati,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maati, Syria (page does not exist)">Maati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niha,_Tartus" title="Niha, Tartus">Niha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Riqama,_Tartus_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Riqama, Tartus Governorate (page does not exist)">al-Riqama</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Qamsiyah" title="Al-Qamsiyah">al-Qamsiyah</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377802#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata775" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377802#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata775" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377802#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/142217356">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4462121-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99051791">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007496502405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/668197">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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