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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical boundaries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_boundaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical boundaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman-era_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman-era_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Roman-era definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman-era_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narrative_of_the_biblical_patriarchs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narrative_of_the_biblical_patriarchs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Narrative of the biblical patriarchs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrative_of_the_biblical_patriarchs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Israel_and_Judah,_Assyrian_and_Babylonian_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel_and_Judah,_Assyrian_and_Babylonian_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Israel and Judah, Assyrian and Babylonian periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel_and_Judah,_Assyrian_and_Babylonian_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_and_Hellenistic_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_and_Hellenistic_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Persian and Hellenistic periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_and_Hellenistic_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Roman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Roman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Early Roman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Roman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish–Roman_wars_and_Late_Roman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish–Roman_wars_and_Late_Roman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Jewish–Roman wars and Late Roman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish–Roman_wars_and_Late_Roman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Jewish–Roman_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Jewish–Roman_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>First Jewish–Roman War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Jewish–Roman_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bar_Kokhba_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bar_Kokhba_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Bar Kokhba revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bar_Kokhba_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Byzantine period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusader_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusader_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Crusader period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusader_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamluk_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamluk_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Mamluk period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamluk_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_towns_and_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_towns_and_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Selected towns and cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_towns_and_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Judea</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea" title="Judea – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Judea" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%A4a" title="Judäa – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Judäa" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9)" title="يهودا (منطقة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يهودا (منطقة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xudea" title="Xudea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xudea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0udeya" title="İudeya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İudeya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87" title="یهودیه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یهودیه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="যিহূদিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যিহূদিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Іўдзея – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іўдзея" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%8F" title="Юдэя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Юдэя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Юдея – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юдея" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeja" title="Judeja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Judeja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea" title="Judea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Judea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Иудея – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иудея" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judsko" title="Judsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Judsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%A6a" title="Judæa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Judæa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%A4a" title="Judäa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Judäa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ιουδαία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιουδαία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea" title="Judea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Judea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo" title="Judeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Judeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea" title="Judea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Judea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87" title="یهودیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یهودیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea" title="Judea – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Judea" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%A9e" title="Judée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Judée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jude%C3%A4" title="Judeä – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Judeä" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%BAd%C3%A1ia" title="Iúdáia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iúdáia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea" title="Judea – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Judea" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xudea" title="Xudea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xudea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80" title="유대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeja" title="Judeja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Judeja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yudea" title="Yudea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yudea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Иудей – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Иудей" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giudea" title="Giudea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giudea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_(%D7%97%D7%91%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5)" title="יהודה (חבל ארץ) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהודה (חבל ארץ)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="იუდეა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუდეა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudaea_(regio)" title="Iudaea (regio) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iudaea (regio)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABdeja" title="Jūdeja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jūdeja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C4%97ja_(regionas)" title="Judėja (regionas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Judėja (regionas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAdea" title="Júdea – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Júdea" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Јудеја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јудеја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodea" title="Jodea – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jodea" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%86" title="जुदेआ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जुदेआ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yudea" title="Yudea – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yudea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea" title="Judea – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Judea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4" title="ユダヤ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユダヤ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea" title="Judea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Judea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea" title="Judea – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Judea" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palest%C3%A8ne" title="Palestène – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Palestène" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%A8a" title="Judèa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Judèa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%A4a" title="Judäa – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Judäa" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea" title="Judea – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Judea" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeia" title="Judeia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Judeia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Юдея – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Юдея" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Иудея – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иудея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iutaia" title="Iutaia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Iutaia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea" title="Judea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Judea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judsko" title="Judsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Judsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeja" title="Judeja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Judeja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Јудеја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јудеја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeja" title="Judeja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Judeja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juudea" title="Juudea – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juudea" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeen" title="Judeen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Judeen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea" title="Judea – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Judea" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="யூதேயா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யூதேயா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudiye" title="Yahudiye – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yahudiye" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Юдея – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юдея" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%81" title="یہودیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یہودیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zudea" title="Zudea – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zudea" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea" title="Judea – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Judea" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea" title="Judea – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Judea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A" title="犹地亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="犹地亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="ארץ יהודה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ארץ יהודה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Judea&params=31_40_N_35_00_E_type:region"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°40′N</span> <span class="longitude">35°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.667°N 35.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.667; 35.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected."><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in the Levant</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Judaea" redirects here. For the Roman province, see <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea (Roman province)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1095843157">.mw-parser-output .ib-landform{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform td,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-subheader{background-color:#e7dcc3;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-landform vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Judea</div> <div class="nickname ib-landform-native" lang="he"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יְהוּדָה</span>‎</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giv%27at_Seled,_near_Tzafririm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Giv%27at_Seled%2C_near_Tzafririm.jpg/250px-Giv%27at_Seled%2C_near_Tzafririm.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Giv%27at_Seled%2C_near_Tzafririm.jpg/375px-Giv%27at_Seled%2C_near_Tzafririm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Giv%27at_Seled%2C_near_Tzafririm.jpg/500px-Giv%27at_Seled%2C_near_Tzafririm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-lat="31.666666666667" data-lon="35" data-overlays="["_27fb47ea191cef4038276c63877873ddc322ff2d"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/31.666666666667/35/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,31.666666666667,35,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Judea&revid=1256951486&groups=_27fb47ea191cef4038276c63877873ddc322ff2d" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,31.666666666667,35,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Judea&revid=1256951486&groups=_27fb47ea191cef4038276c63877873ddc322ff2d 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Judea&params=31_40_N_35_00_E_type:region"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°40′N</span> <span class="longitude">35°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.667°N 35.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.667; 35.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יְהוּדָה</span>‎</span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">1,020 m or 3,350 ft<div class="ib-landform-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Hebron" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Hebron">Mount Hebron</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Judea</b> or <b>Judaea</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span style="white-space:nowrap;" lang="he" dir="rtl"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יהודה</span></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Yəhūda</i></span></i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Yehūḏā</i></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ἰουδαία</span>, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Ioudaía</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Iudaea</i>) is a mountainous region of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. Traditionally dominated by the city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, it is now part of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. The name's usage is historic, having been used in antiquity and still into the present day; it originates from <a href="/wiki/Judah_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Judah (son of Jacob)">Yehudah</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew name</a>. Yehudah was a son of <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>, who was later given the name "<a href="/wiki/Israel_(name)" title="Israel (name)">Israel</a>" and whose sons collectively headed the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a>. Yehudah's progeny among the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Tribe of Judah</a>, with whom the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> is associated. Related nomenclature continued to be used under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Yehud province</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud province</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Greeks</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean Kingdom</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea province</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Crotty_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crotty-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Hasmoneans, the Herodians, and the Romans, the term was applied to an area larger than Judea of earlier periods. In 132 CE, the Roman province of Judaea was merged with <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> to form the enlarged province of <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>Judea</i> was used by English speakers for the hilly internal part of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> until the Jordanian rule of the area in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the region of Judea was incorporated into what the Jordanians called <i>ad-difa'a al-gharbiya</i> (translated into English as the "West Bank"),<sup id="cite_ref-Philologos_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philologos-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though "Yehuda" is the Hebrew term used for the area in modern <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> since the region was captured and occupied by Israel in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Israeli government in the 20th century used the term Judea as part of the Israeli administrative district name "<a href="/wiki/Judea_and_Samaria_Area" title="Judea and Samaria Area">Judea and Samaria Area</a>" for the territory that is generally referred to as the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Caplan2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caplan2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The name <i>Judea</i> is a Greek and <a href="/wiki/Latin_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin (language)">Roman</a> adaptation of the name "<a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Judah</a>", which originally encompassed the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Israelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Israelite">Israelite</a> tribe of that name and later of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nimrud_Tablet_K.3751" title="Nimrud Tablet K.3751">Nimrud Tablet K.3751</a>, dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 733 BCE, is the earliest known record of the name Judah (written in <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian cuneiform</a> as Yaudaya or KUR.ia-ú-da-a-a). </p><p>Judea was sometimes used as the name for the entire region, including parts <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">beyond the river Jordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 200 CE <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus" title="Sextus Julius Africanus">Sextus Julius Africanus</a>, cited by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius</a> (<i>Church History</i> 1.7.14), described "Nazara" (<a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>) as a village in Judea.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> of the Bible refers to the region as "Jewry".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Judea" was a name used by English speakers for the hilly internal part of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> until the Jordanian rule of the area in 1948. For example, the borders of the two states to be established according to the UN's 1947 partition scheme<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were officially described using the terms "Judea" and "Samaria" and in its reports to the League of Nations Mandatory Committee, as in 1937, the geographical terms employed were "Samaria and Judea".<sup id="cite_ref-:8_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> called the area <i>ad-difa'a al-gharbiya</i> (translated into English as the "West Bank").<sup id="cite_ref-Philologos_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philologos-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Yehuda" is the Hebrew term used for the area in modern <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> since the region was captured and occupied by Israel in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_boundaries">Historical boundaries</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judea_1_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Judea_1_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Judea_1_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Judea_1_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Judea_1_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Judea_1_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/440px-Judea_1_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2275" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Judean_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean Mountains">Judean hills</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broken_columns_seen_above_regional_highway_375.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Broken_columns_seen_above_regional_highway_375.jpg/220px-Broken_columns_seen_above_regional_highway_375.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Broken_columns_seen_above_regional_highway_375.jpg/330px-Broken_columns_seen_above_regional_highway_375.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Broken_columns_seen_above_regional_highway_375.jpg/440px-Broken_columns_seen_above_regional_highway_375.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Old Roman road in Judea</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman-era_definition">Roman-era definition</h3></div><p> The first century Roman-Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> wrote (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> 3.3.5):</p><blockquote><p>In the limits of Samaria and Judea lies the village <a href="/wiki/As-Sawiya#Khan_as-Sawiya_(Khirbet_Berkit)" title="As-Sawiya">Anuath, which is also named Borceos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the northern boundary of Judea. The southern parts of Judea, if they be measured lengthways, are bounded by a village adjoining to the confines of <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> that dwell there call it Jordan. However, its breadth is extended from the river Jordan to Joppa. The city Jerusalem is situated in the very middle; on which account some have, with sagacity enough, called that city the Navel of the country. Nor indeed is Judea destitute of such delights as come from the sea, since its maritime places extend as far as Ptolemais: it was parted into eleven portions, of which the royal city <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> was the supreme, and presided over all the neighboring country, as the head does over the body. As to the other cities that were inferior to it, they presided over their several <a href="/wiki/Toparchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Toparchies">toparchies</a>; Gophna was the second of those cities, and next to that Acrabatta, after them Thamna, and <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lydda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emmaus" title="Emmaus">Emmaus</a>, and Pella, and <a href="/wiki/Idumea" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumea">Idumea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Engaddi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>; and after them came Jamnia and <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Joppa</a>, as presiding over the neighboring people; and besides these there was the region of Gamala, and Gaulonitis, and Batanea, and Trachonitis, which are also parts of the kingdom of Agrippa. This [last] country begins at Mount Libanus, and the fountains of Jordan, and reaches breadthways to <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Lake Tiberias</a>; and in length is extended from a village called Arpha, as far as Julias. Its inhabitants are a mixture of Jews and Syrians. And thus have I, with all possible brevity, described the country of Judea, and those that lie round about it.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Elsewhere, Josephus wrote that "Arabia is a country that borders on Judea."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valley_of_Elah-Med_woodland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Valley_of_Elah-Med_woodland.jpg/220px-Valley_of_Elah-Med_woodland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Valley_of_Elah-Med_woodland.jpg/330px-Valley_of_Elah-Med_woodland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Valley_of_Elah-Med_woodland.jpg/440px-Valley_of_Elah-Med_woodland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terebinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Terebinth">terebinth</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Elah" title="Valley of Elah">Valley of Elah</a>, southwestern Judea</figcaption></figure> <p>Judea is a mountainous region, part of which is considered a <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>. It varies greatly in height, rising to an altitude of 1,020 metres (3,350 ft) in the south at the <a href="/wiki/Hebron_Hills" title="Hebron Hills">Hebron Hills</a>, 30 km (19 mi) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, and descending to as much as 400 metres (1,300 ft) <i>below</i> sea level in the east of the region. It also varies in rainfall, starting with about 400–500 millimetres (16–20 in) in the western hills, rising to 600 millimetres (24 in) around western Jerusalem (in central Judea), falling back to 400 millimetres (16 in) in eastern Jerusalem and dropping to around 100 millimetres (3.9 in) in the eastern parts, due to a <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a>: this is the <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean Desert</a>. The climate, accordingly, moves between <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a> in the west and <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">desert climate</a> in the east, with a strip of <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climate</a> in the middle. Major urban areas in the region include Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gush_Etzion" title="Gush Etzion">Gush Etzion</a>, Jericho and <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geographers divide Judea into several regions: the Hebron hills, the Jerusalem saddle, the <a href="/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel">Bethel</a> hills and the Judaean Desert east of Jerusalem, which descends in a series of steps to the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>. The hills are distinct for their <a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">anticline</a> structure. In ancient times the hills were forested, and the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> records agriculture and sheep farming being practiced in the area. Animals are still grazed today, with shepherds moving them between the low ground to the hilltops as summer approaches, while the slopes are still layered with centuries-old stone <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">terracing</a>. The Jewish Revolt against the Romans ended in the devastation of vast areas of the Judean countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hazor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Hazor">Mount Hazor</a> marks the geographical boundary between Samaria to its north and Judea to its south. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Narrative_of_the_biblical_patriarchs">Narrative of the biblical patriarchs</h2></div> <p>Judea is central to much of the narrative of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchs">Patriarchs</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> said to have been buried at <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Patriarchs">Tomb of the Patriarchs</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel_and_Judah,_Assyrian_and_Babylonian_periods"><span id="Israel_and_Judah.2C_Assyrian_and_Babylonian_periods"></span>Israel and Judah, Assyrian and Babylonian periods</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">History of ancient Israel and Judah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Levant_830.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Levant_830.svg/220px-Levant_830.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Levant_830.svg/330px-Levant_830.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Levant_830.svg/440px-Levant_830.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Map of the southern <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, c. 830s BCE<small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ff00; color:black;"> </span> Kingdom of Judah</div></small></figcaption></figure> <p>The early history of Judah is uncertain; the biblical account states that the Kingdom of Judah, along with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a>, was a successor to a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">united monarchy of Israel and Judah</a>, but modern scholarship generally holds that the united monarchy is ahistorical.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhrtp438_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhrtp438-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein,_Israel_2002_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein,_Israel_2002-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bibleinterp.com_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleinterp.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, the Northern Kingdom was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> in 720 BCE. The Kingdom of Judah remained nominally independent, but paid tribute to the Assyrian Empire from 715 and throughout the first half of the 7th century BCE, regaining its independence as the Assyrian Empire declined after 640 BCE, but after 609 again fell under the sway of imperial rule, this time paying tribute at first to the Egyptians and after 601 BCE to the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>, until 586 BCE, when it was finally conquered by Babylonia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_and_Hellenistic_periods">Persian and Hellenistic periods</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg/250px-1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg/375px-1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg/500px-1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>Hasmonean Kingdom at its greatest extent under <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Babylonian Empire fell to the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> in 539 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judea remained under Persian rule until the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in 332 BCE, eventually falling under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> until the revolt of <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean">Hasmonean</a> dynasty of kings who ruled in Judea for over a century.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Roman_period">Early Roman period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea (Roman province)</a></div> <p>Judea lost its independence to the Romans in the 1st century BCE, becoming first a tributary kingdom, then a province, of the Roman Empire. The Romans had allied themselves to the <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a> and interfered again in 63 BCE, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a> <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> ("Pompey the Great") stayed behind to make the area secure for Rome, including his <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">siege of Jerusalem in 63 BCE</a>. Queen <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a> had recently died, and a civil war broke out between her sons, <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a>. Pompeius restored Hyrcanus but political rule passed to the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian dynasty</a>, who ruled as <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)#Background" title="Judaea (Roman province)">client kings</a>. </p><p>In 6 CE, Judea came under direct Roman rule as the southern part of the province of <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>, although Jews living there still maintained some form of independence and could judge offenders by their own laws, including capital offences, until c. 28 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province of Judea, during the late <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> was also divided into five conclaves: Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Gadara" title="Gadara">Gadara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amathus,_Transjordan" title="Amathus, Transjordan">Amathus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and during the Roman period had eleven administrative districts (<a href="/wiki/Toparches" title="Toparches">toparchies</a>): Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Jifna" title="Jifna">Gophna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aqraba,_Nablus" title="Aqraba, Nablus">Akrabatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Tibnah" title="Khirbet Tibnah">Thamna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmaus" title="Emmaus">Emmaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pella,_Jordan" title="Pella, Jordan">Pella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edom#Classical_Idumaea" title="Edom">Idumaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodeion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish–Roman_wars_and_Late_Roman_period"><span id="Jewish.E2.80.93Roman_wars_and_Late_Roman_period"></span>Jewish–Roman wars and Late Roman period</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Jewish–Roman_War"><span id="First_Jewish.E2.80.93Roman_War"></span>First Jewish–Roman War</h4></div> <p>In 66 CE, the Jewish population <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">rose against Roman rule</a> in a revolt that was unsuccessful. Jerusalem was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(AD_70)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (AD 70)">besieged in 70 CE</a>. The city was razed, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> was destroyed, and much of the population was killed or enslaved.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bar_Kokhba_revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</h4></div> <p>In 132 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> (132–136 CE) broke out. After an initial string of victories, rebel leader <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Bar_Kokhba" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon Bar Kokhba">Simeon Bar Kokhba</a> was able to form an independent Jewish state that lasted several years and included most of the district of Judea, including the Judean Mountains, the Judean Desert, and northern Negev desert, but probably not other sections of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h4></div> <p>When the Romans finally put an end to the uprising, most of the Jews in Judea were killed or displaced, and a sizable number of captives were sold into slavery, leaving the district mostly depopulated. Jews were expelled from the area surrounding Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No village in the district of Judea whose remains have been excavated so far has not been destroyed during the revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, determined to root out Jewish nationalism, changed the name of the province from <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a> to <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province's Jewish population was now mainly concentrated in Galilee, the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_coastal_plain" title="Israeli coastal plain">coastal plain</a> (especially in <a href="/wiki/Lydda" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydda">Lydda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Joppa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>), and smaller Jewish communities continued to live in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beth_She%27an_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beth She'an Valley (page does not exist)">Beth She'an Valley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Carmel</a>, and Judea's northern and southern frontiers, including the southern <a href="/wiki/Hebron_Hills" title="Hebron Hills">Hebron Hills</a> and along the shores of the Dead Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt led to widespread destruction and displacement throughout Judea, and the district saw a decline in population. The Roman colony of <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>, which was built on the ruins of Jerusalem, remained a backwater for the duration of its existence.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The villages around the city were depopulated, and arable lands in the region were confiscated by the Romans. Having no alternative population to fill the empty villages led the authorities to establish imperial or legionary estates and monasteries on confiscated village lands to benefit the elites and, later, the church.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also initiated a process of romanization that took place during the Late Roman period, with pagan populations penetrating the region and settling alongside Roman veterans.<sup id="cite_ref-ZissuKlein_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZissuKlein-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was only a revival of village settlement on the eastern edges of Jerusalem's hinterland, on the transition between the arable highlands and the <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean Desert</a>. Those settlements grew on marginal lands with vague ownership and unenforced state land dominion.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_period">Byzantine period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_Byzantine_5c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Israel_Byzantine_5c.jpg/250px-Israel_Byzantine_5c.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Israel_Byzantine_5c.jpg/375px-Israel_Byzantine_5c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Israel_Byzantine_5c.jpg/500px-Israel_Byzantine_5c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption>5th century CE: Byzantine provinces of Palaestina I (Philistia, Judea and Samaria) and Palaestina II (Galilee and Perea)</figcaption></figure> <p>Judea's decline only came to an end in the fifth century CE, when it developed into a monastic center, and Jerusalem became a major Christian pilgrimage and ecclesiastical hub.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> rule, the regional population, composed of pagan populations who had migrated there after Jews were driven out following the Bar Kokhba revolt, gradually converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Byzantines redrew the borders of the land of Palestine. The various Roman provinces (<a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peraea" class="mw-redirect" title="Peraea">Peraea</a>) were reorganized into three dioceses of Palaestina, reverting to the name first used by Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> in the mid-5th century BCE: <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Secunda</a>, and Tertia or <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Salutaris" title="Palaestina Salutaris">Salutaris</a> (First, Second, and Third Palestine), part of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp8_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp8-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTimesIdniopulos_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimesIdniopulos-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palaestina Prima consisted of Judea, Samaria, the <a href="/wiki/Paralia_(Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralia (Palestine)">Paralia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perea_(Holy_Land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perea (Holy Land)">Peraea</a> with the governor residing in <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Palaestina" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Palaestina">Caesarea</a>. Palaestina Secunda consisted of Galilee, the lower <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Jezreel Valley</a>, the regions east of Galilee, and the western part of the former <a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a> with the seat of government at <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Scythopolis</a>. Palaestina Tertia included the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a>, southern Jordan—once part of Arabia—and most of <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> as the usual residence of the governor. Palestina Tertia was also known as Palaestina Salutaris.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp8_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp8-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salutaris_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salutaris-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian H.H. Ben-Sasson,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this reorganisation took place under <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (284–305), although other scholars suggest this change occurred later, in 390. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusader_period">Crusader period</h3></div> <p>According to Ellenblum, the Franks tended to settle in the southern half of the region between Jerusalem and Nablus since there was a sizable Christian population there.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamluk_period">Mamluk period</h3></div> <p>Most of the people living in the northern portion of Judea in the late 16th century were Muslims; some of them resided in towns that today have significant Christian populations. According to the 1596–1597 Ottoman census, <a href="/wiki/Birzeit" title="Birzeit">Birzeit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jifna" title="Jifna">Jifna</a>, for instance, were wholly Muslim villages, while <a href="/wiki/Taybeh" title="Taybeh">Taybeh</a> had 63 Muslim families and 23 Christian families. There were 71 Christian families and 9 Muslim families in <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a>, although the Christians there were recent arrivals who had moved from the <a href="/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak">Kerak</a> area only a few years previously. According to Ehrlich, the region's Christian population decreased as a result of a combination of factors including impoverishment, oppression, marginalization, and persecution. <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi activity</a> took place in Jerusalem and the surrounding area, which most likely pushed Christian villagers in the region to convert to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2></div> <ul><li>Around 900–586 BCE: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></li> <li>586–539 BCE: <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Yehud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Empire">Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li>539–332 BCE: <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Persian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehud (Persian province)">Yehud Medinata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a></li> <li>332–305 BCE: <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian Empire of Alexander the Great</a></li> <li>305–198 BCE: <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Egypt</a></li> <li>198–141 BCE: <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li>141–37 BCE: The <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean kingdom</a> established by the <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a>, under the Roman Empire after 63 BCE</li> <li>63 BCE: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">Pompey's conquest of Jerusalem</a></li> <li>37 BCE – 132 CE: <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian dynasty</a> ruling Judea as a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of the Roman Empire (37–4 BCE <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>, 4 BCE – 6 CE <a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Herod Archelaus</a>, 41–44 CE <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa I">Agrippa I</a>), interchanging with <a href="/wiki/Roman_Governors_of_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Governors of Judea">direct Roman rule</a> (6–41, 44–132)</li> <li>c. 25 BCE: <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> is built by Herod the Great, replacing Jerusalem as the capital</li> <li>6 CE the Roman Empire deposed Herod Archelaus and converted his territory into the Roman province of Judea. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a>, too late to correspond to census related to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>' birth</li></ul></li> <li>26–36: <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> prefect of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judea">Roman Judea</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li>66–73: <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>, includes <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Second_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of the Second Temple">Destruction of the Second Temple</a> in 70</li> <li>115–117: <a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li> <li>132: Judea was merged with Galilee into the enlarged province of <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_towns_and_cities">Selected towns and cities</h2></div> <p>Judea, in the generic sense, also incorporates places in Galilee and in Samaria. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Place Names of Judea </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:Navajowhite; text-align:center; width:65px">English </th> <th style="background:Navajowhite; text-align:center">Hebrew (Masoretic, 7th–10th century CE) </th> <th style="background:Navajowhite; text-align:center">Greek (Josephus, LXX, 3rd century BCE – 1st century CE) </th> <th style="background:Navajowhite; text-align:center">Latin </th> <th style="background:Navajowhite; text-align:center">Arabic </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ירושלם </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ιερουσαλήμ </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Herusalem (Aelia Capitolina) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">القدس (al-Quds) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">יריחו </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ίεριχω </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Hiericho / Herichonte </td> <td style="text-align:center;">أريحا (Ariḥa) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">שכם </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Νεάπολις<br />(Neapolis) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Neapoli </td> <td style="text-align:center;">نابلس (Nablus) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">יפו </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ἰόππῃ </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ioppe </td> <td style="text-align:center;">يَافَا (Yaffa) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ascalon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">אשקלון </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ἀσκάλων (Askálōn) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ascalone </td> <td style="text-align:center;">عَسْقَلَان (Asqalān) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit Shean</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">בית שאן </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Σκυθόπολις (Scythopolis)<br />Βαιθσάν (Beithsan) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Scytopoli </td> <td style="text-align:center;">بيسان (Beisan) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jibrin" title="Bayt Jibrin">Beth Gubrin</a> /<a href="/wiki/Maresha" title="Maresha">Maresha</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">בית גוברין </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ἐλευθερόπολις<br />(Eleutheropolis) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Betogabri </td> <td style="text-align:center;">بيت جبرين (Bayt Jibrin) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lajjun" title="Lajjun">Kefar Othnai</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">(לגיון) כפר עותנאי </td> <td style="text-align:center;">xxx </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Caporcotani (Legio) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">اللجّون (al-Lajjûn) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Peki%27in" title="Peki'in">Peki'in</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">פקיעין </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Βακὰ<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">xxx </td> <td style="text-align:center;">البقيعة (al-Buqei'a) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Yibna" title="Yibna">Jamnia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">יבנה </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ιαμνεία </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Iamnia </td> <td style="text-align:center;">يبنى (Yibna) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Samaria_(ancient_city)" title="Samaria (ancient city)">Samaria</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sebastia,_Nablus" title="Sebastia, Nablus">Sebaste</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">שומרון / סבסטי </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Σαμάρεια / Σεβαστή </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Sebaste </td> <td style="text-align:center;">سبسطية (Sabastiyah) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Banias" title="Banias">Paneas / Caesarea Philippi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">פנייס </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Πάνειον (Καισαρεία Φιλίππεια)<br />(Paneion) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Cesareapaneas </td> <td style="text-align:center;">بانياس (Banias) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre / Ptolemais</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">עכו </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Πτολεμαΐς (Ptolemais)<br />Ἀκχώ (Akchó) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ptoloma </td> <td style="text-align:center;">عكّا (ʻAkka) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Emmaus" title="Emmaus">Emmaus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">אמאוס </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ἀμμαοῦς (Νικορολις)<br />(Nicopolis) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Nicopoli </td> <td style="text-align:center;">عمواس ('Imwas) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Timeline of the name Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">History of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioudaios" title="Ioudaios">Ioudaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea (Roman province)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Judea" title="State of Judea">State of Judea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720211322/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/judaea">"Definition of Judaea in English"</a>. <i>Lexico Dictionaries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/judaea">the original</a> on 20 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Judaea+in+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fen%2Fdefinition%2Fjudaea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crotty-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crotty_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrotty2017" class="citation book cs1">Crotty, Robert Brian (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6X6hDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25"><i>The Christian Survivor: How Roman Christianity Defeated Its Early Competitors</i></a>. Springer. p. 25 f.n. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789811032141" title="Special:BookSources/9789811032141"><bdi>9789811032141</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>. <q>The Babylonians translated the Hebrew name [Judah] into Aramaic as Yehud Medinata ('the province of Judah') or simply 'Yehud' and made it a new Babylonian province. This was inherited by the Persians. Under the Greeks, Yehud was translated as Judaea and this was taken over by the Romans. After the Jewish rebellion of 135 CE, the Romans renamed the area Syria Palaestina or simply Palestine. The area described by these land titles differed to some extent in the different periods.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Survivor%3A+How+Roman+Christianity+Defeated+Its+Early+Competitors&rft.pages=25+f.n.+4&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789811032141&rft.aulast=Crotty&rft.aufirst=Robert+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6X6hDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClouser2011" class="citation book cs1">Clouser, Gordon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pcTSTn82KjYC&dq=judea+galilee+merged+palestina&pg=PT323"><i>Jesus, Joshua, Yeshua of Nazareth Revised and Expanded</i></a>. iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4620-6121-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4620-6121-1"><bdi>978-1-4620-6121-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+Joshua%2C+Yeshua+of+Nazareth+Revised+and+Expanded&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4620-6121-1&rft.aulast=Clouser&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpcTSTn82KjYC%26dq%3Djudea%2Bgalilee%2Bmerged%2Bpalestina%26pg%3DPT323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpolsky2014" class="citation book cs1">Spolsky, Bernard (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nl72AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64"><i>The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05544-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05544-5"><bdi>978-1-107-05544-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+the+Jews%3A+A+Sociolinguistic+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-05544-5&rft.aulast=Spolsky&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnl72AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandMitchellStaff2015" class="citation book cs1">Brand, Chad; Mitchell, Eric; Staff, Holman Reference Editorial (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jgxCDwAAQBAJ&dq=judea+galilee+merged+palestina&pg=PA1208"><i>Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary</i></a>. B&H Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-9935-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-9935-3"><bdi>978-0-8054-9935-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holman+Illustrated+Bible+Dictionary&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-9935-3&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=Chad&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Eric&rft.au=Staff%2C+Holman+Reference+Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjgxCDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djudea%2Bgalilee%2Bmerged%2Bpalestina%26pg%3DPA1208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253">"A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandate+for+Palestine+%E2%80%93+Report+of+the+Mandatory+to+the+LoN+%2831+December+1937%29&rft.pub=Unispal.un.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FDPA%2FDPR%2Funispal.nsf%2F0%2F7BDD2C11C15B54C2052565D10057251E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philologos-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philologos_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philologos_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forward.com/articles/131482/">"This Side of the River Jordan; On Language,"</a> Philologos, September 22, 2010, Forward.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/307117/Judaea">"Judaea"</a>. Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judaea&rft.pub=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F307117%2FJudaea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caplan2011-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caplan2011_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil_Caplan2011" class="citation book cs1">Neil Caplan (19 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JyAgn_dD43cC&pg=PT18"><i>The Israel-Palestine Conflict: Contested Histories</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405175395" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405175395"><bdi>978-1405175395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israel-Palestine+Conflict%3A+Contested+Histories&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-09-19&rft.isbn=978-1405175395&rft.au=Neil+Caplan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJyAgn_dD43cC%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiggs,_J._S.1894" class="citation journal cs1">Riggs, J. S. (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3135423">"Studies in Palestinian Geography. II. Judea"</a>. <i>The Biblical World</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 87–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F471491">10.1086/471491</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-3578">0190-3578</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3135423">3135423</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144961794">144961794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+World&rft.atitle=Studies+in+Palestinian+Geography.+II.+Judea&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=87-93&rft.date=1894&rft.issn=0190-3578&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144961794%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3135423%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F471491&rft.au=Riggs%2C+J.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3135423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A few of the careful, however, having obtained private records of their own, either by remembering the names or by getting them in some other way from the registers, pride themselves on preserving the memory of their noble extraction. Among these are those already mentioned, called Desposyni, on account of their connection with the family of the Saviour. Coming from Nazara and Cochaba, villages of Judea, into other parts of the world, they drew the aforesaid genealogy from memory and from the book of daily records as faithfully as possible." (<a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius Pamphili</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.vii.html"><i>Church History</i>, Book I, Chapter VII</a>,§ 14)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example at <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#23:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 23:5</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#7:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 7:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Wilson" title="Charles William Wilson">Charles William Wilson</a>'s (1836–1905) identification of this site, who thought that Borceos may have been a place about 18 kilometers to the south of Neapolis (Nablus) because of a name similarity (<i>Berkit</i>). See p. 232 in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_Charles_William1881" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Wilson" title="Charles William Wilson">Wilson, Charles William</a> (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/picturesquepales01wilsuoft"><i>Picturesque Palestine, Sinai and Egypt</i></a>. Vol. 1. New York: <a href="/wiki/D._Appleton_%26_Company" title="D. Appleton & Company">D. Appleton</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Picturesque+Palestine%2C+Sinai+and+Egypt&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1881&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Charles+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpicturesquepales01wilsuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span>. This identification is the result of the equivocal nature of Josephus' statement, where he mentions both "Samaria" and "Judea." Samaria was a sub-district of Judea. Others speculate that <i>Borceos</i> may have referred to the village <a href="/wiki/Burqin,_Palestine" title="Burqin, Palestine">Burqin</a>, in northern Samaria, and which village marked the bounds of Judea to its north.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/josephus-wara.html">"Ancient History Sourcebook: Josephus (37 – after 93 CE): Galilee, Samaria, and Judea in the First Century CE"</a>. Fordham.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+History+Sourcebook%3A+Josephus+%2837+%E2%80%93+after+93+CE%29%3A+Galilee%2C+Samaria%2C+and+Judea+in+the+First+Century+CE&rft.pub=Fordham.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fancient%2Fjosephus-wara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities</a></i> XIV.I.4. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D14%3Asection%3D14">14.14</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lifeintheholyland.com/picturesque_palestine_vol1.htm">"Picturesque Palestine I: Jerusalem, Judah, Ephraim"</a>. Lifeintheholyland.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Picturesque+Palestine+I%3A+Jerusalem%2C+Judah%2C+Ephraim&rft.pub=Lifeintheholyland.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifeintheholyland.com%2Fpicturesque_palestine_vol1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707042740/http://ansmagazine.com/Winter07/">"Unlikely A Tale of Two Conquests: The Unlikely Numismatic Association Between the Fall of New France (AD 1760) and the Fall of Judaea (AD 70)"</a>. Ansmagazine.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ansmagazine.com/Winter07/">the original</a> on 7 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unlikely+A+Tale+of+Two+Conquests%3A+The+Unlikely+Numismatic+Association+Between+the+Fall+of+New+France+%28AD+1760%29+and+the+Fall+of+Judaea+%28AD+70%29&rft.pub=Ansmagazine.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fansmagazine.com%2FWinter07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhrtp438-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuhrtp438_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhrt1995" class="citation book cs1">Kuhrt, Amiele (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientneareastc00akuh/page/438"><i>The Ancient Near East</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientneareastc00akuh/page/438">438</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415167628" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415167628"><bdi>978-0415167628</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=438&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0415167628&rft.aulast=Kuhrt&rft.aufirst=Amiele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientneareastc00akuh%2Fpage%2F438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelstein,_Israel_2002-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein,_Israel_2002_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finkelstein, Israel, and Silberman, Neil Asher, <i>The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts</i>, Simon & Schuster, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-86912-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-86912-8">0-684-86912-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibleinterp.com-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bibleinterp.com_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/2014/07/wri388001">"The Bible and Interpretation – David, King of Judah (Not Israel)"</a>. bibleinterp.arizona.edu. 13 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+Interpretation+%E2%80%93+David%2C+King+of+Judah+%28Not+Israel%29&rft.pub=bibleinterp.arizona.edu&rft.date=2014-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbibleinterp.arizona.edu%2Farticles%2F2014%2F07%2Fwri388001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Thomas L., 1999, <i>The Bible in History: How Writers Create a Past</i>, Jonathan Cape, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-03977-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-03977-2">978-0-224-03977-2</a> p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cyrus-the-Great">"Cyrus the Great | Biography & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Cyrus+the+Great+%7C+Biography+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FCyrus-the-Great&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Palestine/The-Hasmonean-priest-princes">"Palestine – The Hasmonean priest-princes"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Palestine+%E2%80%93+The+Hasmonean+priest-princes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPalestine%2FThe-Hasmonean-priest-princes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, <i>Avodah Zarah</i> 8b; ibid, <i>Sanhedrin</i> 41a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <i>Antiquities</i> Book 14, chapter 5, verse 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchürer1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Sch%C3%BCrer" title="Emil Schürer">Schürer, E.</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.ah63dw;view=1up;seq=171"><i>Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi [A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ]</i></a>. Geschichte de jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi.English. Vol. 1. Translated by Miss Taylor. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+des+j%C3%BCdischen+Volkes+im+Zeitalter+Jesu+Christi+%5BA+History+of+the+Jewish+People+in+the+Time+of+Jesus+Christ%5D&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Geschichte+de+j%C3%BCdischen+Volkes+im+Zeitalter+Jesu+Christi.English&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCrer&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.ah63dw%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span> Cf. Flavius Josephus, The <i>Wars of the Jews</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D3%3Asection%3D51">3:51</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/roman-jewish-wars/roman-jewish-wars-4/?">"Titus' Siege of Jerusalem – Livius"</a>. <i>www.livius.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.livius.org&rft.atitle=Titus%27+Siege+of+Jerusalem+%E2%80%93+Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fconcept%2Froman-jewish-wars%2Froman-jewish-wars-4%2F%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bar, Doron (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4125284">"Rural Monasticism as a Key Element in the Christianization of Byzantine Palestine"</a>. <i>The Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>98</b> (1): 49–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816005000854">10.1017/S0017816005000854</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8160">0017-8160</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4125284">4125284</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162644246">162644246</a>. <q>The phenomenon was most prominent in Judea, and can be explained by the demographic changes that this region underwent after the second Jewish revolt of 132–135 C.E. The expulsion of Jews from the area of Jerusalem following the suppression of the revolt, in combination with the penetration of pagan populations into the same region, created the conditions for the diffusion of Christians into that area during the fifth and sixth centuries. [...] This regional population, originally pagan and during the Byzantine period gradually adopting Christianity, was one of the main reasons that the monks chose to settle there. They erected their monasteries near local villages that during this period reached their climax in size and wealth, thus providing fertile ground for the planting of new ideas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Rural+Monasticism+as+a+Key+Element+in+the+Christianization+of+Byzantine+Palestine&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-65&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0017-8160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162644246%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4125284%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816005000854&rft.aulast=Bar&rft.aufirst=Doron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4125284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2006" class="citation cs2">Schwartz, Seth (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-judaism/political-social-and-economic-life-in-the-land-of-israel-66c-235/9B8F740CD3C91D2600B977B8A5EA2A09">"Political, social, and economic life in the Land of Israel, 66–c. 235"</a>, <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period</i>, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 36–37, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521772488.003">10.1017/chol9780521772488.003</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8"><bdi>978-0-521-77248-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism%3A+Volume+4%3A+The+Late+Roman-Rabbinic+Period&rft.atitle=Political%2C+social%2C+and+economic+life+in+the+Land+of+Israel%2C+66%E2%80%93c.+235&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=36-37&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fchol9780521772488.003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77248-8&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-history-of-judaism%2Fpolitical-social-and-economic-life-in-the-land-of-israel-66c-235%2F9B8F740CD3C91D2600B977B8A5EA2A09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2012" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, J. E. (15 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XWIMFY4VnI4C&pg=PA243"><i>The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199554485" title="Special:BookSources/9780199554485"><bdi>9780199554485</bdi></a>. <q>These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tells us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essenes%2C+the+Scrolls%2C+and+the+Dead+Sea&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft.isbn=9780199554485&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXWIMFY4VnI4C%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:03_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEshel2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Eshel, Hanan (2006). "4: The Bar Kochba Revolt, 132 – 135". In T. Katz, Steven (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7672733"><i>The Cambridge History of Judaism</i></a>. Vol. 4. The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period. Cambridge: Cambridge. pp. 105–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521772488" title="Special:BookSources/9780521772488"><bdi>9780521772488</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7672733">7672733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4%3A+The+Bar+Kochba+Revolt%2C+132+%E2%80%93+135&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=105-127&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7672733&rft.isbn=9780521772488&rft.aulast=Eshel&rft.aufirst=Hanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F7672733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben-Sasson, H.H. (1976). <i>A History of the Jewish People</i>, Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2">0-674-39731-2</a>, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Iudaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodblatt, David (2006). "The political and social history of the Jewish community in the Land of Israel", in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehis_xxxx_1984_004_8494287/page/n437"><i>The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 404–430 (406).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMor2016" class="citation book cs1">Mor, Menahem (2016). <i>The Second Jewish Revolt</i>. Brill. pp. 483–484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004314634">10.1163/9789004314634</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31463-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31463-4"><bdi>978-90-04-31463-4</bdi></a>. <q>Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the sikarikon laws were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as <a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bethar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethar">Bethar</a>, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of <a href="/wiki/Gophna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gophna">Gophna</a>, Herodion, and <a href="/wiki/Aqraba" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Aqraba">Aqraba</a>. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Jewish+Revolt&rft.pages=483-484&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004314634&rft.isbn=978-90-04-31463-4&rft.aulast=Mor&rft.aufirst=Menahem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seligman, J. (2019). "Were There Villages in Jerusalem's Hinterland During the Byzantine Period?" In Peleg- Barkat O. et. al. (eds.), <i>Between Sea and Desert: On Kings, Nomads, Cities and Monks. Essays in Honor of Joseph Patrich</i>. Jerusalem: Tzemach. pp. 167–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZissuKlein-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZissuKlein_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZissuKlein2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%96_%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95" class="extiw" title="he:בועז זיסו">Zissu, Boaz</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Hebrew]</span>; Klein, Eitan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140816223801/http://lisa.biu.ac.il/files/lisa/shared/Zissu-Klein-IEJ_61-2011.pdf">"A Rock-Cut Burial Cave from the Roman Period at Beit Nattif, Judaean Foothills"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Journal" title="Israel Exploration Journal">Israel Exploration Journal</a></i>. <b>61</b> (2): 196–216. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lisa.biu.ac.il/files/lisa/shared/Zissu-Klein-IEJ_61-2011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Rock-Cut+Burial+Cave+from+the+Roman+Period+at+Beit+Nattif%2C+Judaean+Foothills&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=196-216&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Zissu&rft.aufirst=Boaz&rft.au=Klein%2C+Eitan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flisa.biu.ac.il%2Ffiles%2Flisa%2Fshared%2FZissu-Klein-IEJ_61-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shahinp8-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shahinp8_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shahinp8_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shahin (2005), p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimesIdniopulos-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimesIdniopulos_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_A._Idniopulos1998" class="citation news cs1">Thomas A. Idniopulos (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/i/idinopulos-miracles.html">"Weathered by Miracles: A History of Palestine From Bonaparte and Muhammad Ali to Ben-Gurion and the Mufti"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Weathered+by+Miracles%3A+A+History+of+Palestine+From+Bonaparte+and+Muhammad+Ali+to+Ben-Gurion+and+the+Mufti&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Thomas+A.+Idniopulos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fi%2Fidinopulos-miracles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salutaris-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salutaris_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011233133/https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-439113/Palaestina-Salutaris">"Roman Arabia"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-439113/Palaestina-Salutaris">the original</a> on 11 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roman+Arabia&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Ftopic-439113%2FPalaestina-Salutaris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.H. Ben-Sasson, <i>A History of the Jewish People</i>, Harvard University Press, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2">0-674-39731-2</a>, p. 351</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonnie2010" class="citation book cs1">Ronnie, Ellenblum (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/958547332"><i>Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 225–229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-58534-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-58534-0"><bdi>978-0-511-58534-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958547332">958547332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankish+Rural+Settlement+in+the+Latin+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem.&rft.pages=225-229&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F958547332&rft.isbn=978-0-511-58534-0&rft.aulast=Ronnie&rft.aufirst=Ellenblum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F958547332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrlich2022" class="citation book cs1">Ehrlich, Michael (2022). "Judea and Jerusalem". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1310046222"><i>The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634–1800</i></a>. Leeds: Arc Humanities Press. pp. 111–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64189-222-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64189-222-3"><bdi>978-1-64189-222-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1310046222">1310046222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judea+and+Jerusalem&rft.btitle=The+Islamization+of+the+Holy+Land%2C+634%E2%80%931800&rft.place=Leeds&rft.pages=111-112&rft.pub=Arc+Humanities+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1310046222&rft.isbn=978-1-64189-222-3&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1310046222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> 3.3.1</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Judea" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Judea">Judea</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Fsmitha.com/h1/ch17.htm">Judea and civil war</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jewish_wars/jwar01.htm">The subjugation of Judea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110010232/http://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jewish_wars/jwar01.htm">Archived</a> 2016-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/jo-jz/judaea/judaea.htm">Judaea 6–66 CE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503144950/http://www.livius.org/jo-jz/judaea/judaea.htm">Archived</a> 2015-05-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblelandpictures.com/gallery/gallery.asp?categoryid=107">Judea photos</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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Illit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ale_Adumim" title="Ma'ale Adumim">Ma'ale Adumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi%27in_Illit" title="Modi'in Illit">Modi'in Illit</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_judea_and_samaria_dist.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Judea and Samaria Area"><img alt="Map of Judea and Samaria Area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Israel_judea_and_samaria_dist.png/40px-Israel_judea_and_samaria_dist.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Israel_judea_and_samaria_dist.png/60px-Israel_judea_and_samaria_dist.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Israel_judea_and_samaria_dist.png/80px-Israel_judea_and_samaria_dist.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="740" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional committee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yesha_Council" title="Yesha Council">Yesha Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_council_(Israel)" title="Regional council (Israel)">Regional councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gush_Etzion_Regional_Council" title="Gush Etzion Regional Council">Gush Etzion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Hevron_Regional_Council" title="Har Hevron Regional Council">Har Hevron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mateh_Binyamin_Regional_Council" title="Mateh Binyamin Regional Council">Mateh Binyamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megilot_Regional_Council" title="Megilot Regional Council">Megilot Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shomron_Regional_Council" title="Shomron Regional Council">Shomron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bik%27at_HaYarden_Regional_Council" title="Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council">Southern Jordan Valley (Bik'at HaYarden)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_council_(Israel)" title="Local council (Israel)">Local councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfei_Menashe" title="Alfei Menashe">Alfei Menashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Aryeh-Ofarim" title="Beit Aryeh-Ofarim">Beit Aryeh-Ofarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_El" title="Beit El">Beit El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efrat_(Israeli_settlement)" title="Efrat (Israeli settlement)">Efrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkana" title="Elkana">Elkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giv%27at_Ze%27ev" title="Giv'at Ze'ev">Giv'at Ze'ev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Adar" title="Har Adar">Har Adar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immanuel (town)">Immanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnei_Shomron" title="Karnei Shomron">Karnei Shomron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedumim" title="Kedumim">Kedumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Arba" title="Kiryat Arba">Kiryat Arba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ale_Efrayim" title="Ma'ale Efrayim">Ma'ale Efrayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oranit" title="Oranit">Oranit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">Israeli occupation of the West Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_law_in_the_West_Bank_settlements" title="Israeli law in the West Bank settlements">Enclave law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_C_(West_Bank)" title="Area C (West Bank)">Area C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Government_Activities_in_the_Territories" title="Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories">COGAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Civil_Administration" title="Israeli Civil Administration">Israeli Civil Administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Command_(Israel)" title="Central Command (Israel)">IDF Central Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_settlements" title="List of Israeli settlements">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_statistics_for_Israeli_settlements_in_the_West_Bank" title="Population statistics for Israeli settlements in the West Bank">Population statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seam_Zone" title="Seam Zone">Seam Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_District" title="Jerusalem District">Jerusalem District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_deserts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deserts" title="Template:Deserts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deserts" title="Template talk:Deserts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deserts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deserts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_deserts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">Polar desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts" title="List of deserts">List of deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_by_area" title="List of deserts by area">List of deserts by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_exploration" title="Desert exploration">Desert exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Africa" title="List of deserts">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Desert" title="Algerian Desert">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayuda_Desert" title="Bayuda Desert">Bayuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Desert_(Egypt)" title="Black Desert (Egypt)">Black Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Desert" title="Blue Desert">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalbi_Desert" title="Chalbi Desert">Chalbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danakil_Desert" title="Danakil Desert">Danakil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djurab_Desert" title="Djurab Desert">Djurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferlo_Desert" title="Ferlo Desert">Ferlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farafra,_Egypt" title="Farafra, Egypt">Farafra (White)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Desert" title="Libyan Desert">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%A7%C3%A2medes_Desert" title="Moçâmedes Desert">Moçâmedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namib" title="Namib">Namib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_Desert" title="Nubian Desert">Nubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiri_Desert" title="Nyiri Desert">Nyiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaine_des_Sables" title="Plaine des Sables">Plaine des Sables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richtersveld" title="Richtersveld">Richtersveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanezrouft" title="Tanezrouft">Tanezrouft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Ténéré">Ténéré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert" title="Western Desert">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Asia" title="List of deserts">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad-Dahna_Desert" title="Ad-Dahna Desert">Ad-Dahna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Nafud" class="mw-redirect" title="An Nafud">Nefud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlat_al-Sab%27atayn" title="Ramlat al-Sab'atayn">Ramlat al-Sab'atayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rub%27_al_Khali" title="Rub' al Khali">Rub' al Khali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahiba_Sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahiba Sands">Wahiba Sands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Karakum_Desert" title="Aral Karakum Desert">Aral Karakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsuki_Desert" title="Barsuki Desert">Barsuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betpak-Dala" title="Betpak-Dala">Betpak-Dala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Naomid" title="Dasht-e Naomid">Dasht-e Naomid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakum_Desert" title="Karakum Desert">Karakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert" title="Kyzylkum Desert">Kyzylkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moiynkum_Desert" title="Moiynkum Desert">Moiynkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryn_Desert" title="Ryn Desert">Ryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saryesik-Atyrau_Desert" title="Saryesik-Atyrau Desert">Saryesik-Atyrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarykum" title="Sarykum">Sarykum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taukum" title="Taukum">Taukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustyurt_Plateau" title="Ustyurt Plateau">Ustyurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badain_Jaran_Desert" title="Badain Jaran Desert">Badain Jaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbant%C3%BCngg%C3%BCt_Desert" title="Gurbantünggüt Desert">Gurbantünggüt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hami_Desert" title="Hami Desert">Hami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_Desert" title="Lop Desert">Lop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtag_Desert" title="Kumtag Desert">Kumtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Desert" title="Ordos Desert">Ordos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kubuqi_Desert" title="Kubuqi Desert">Kubuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Us_Desert" title="Mu Us Desert">Mu Us</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaidam_Basin" title="Qaidam Basin">Qaidam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengger_Desert" title="Tengger Desert">Tengger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholistan_Desert" title="Cholistan Desert">Cholistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Desert" title="Indus Valley Desert">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katpana_Desert" title="Katpana Desert">Katpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharan_Desert" title="Kharan Desert">Kharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thal_Desert" title="Thal Desert">Thal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Kavir" title="Dasht-e Kavir">Kavir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Khash" title="Dasht-e Khash">Khash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Leili" title="Dasht-e Leili">Leili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Lut" title="Dasht-e Lut">Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Margo" title="Dasht-e Margo">Margo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Naomid" title="Dasht-e Naomid">Naomid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polond_Desert" title="Polond Desert">Polond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registan_Desert" title="Registan Desert">Registan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Sand_Dunes" title="La Paz Sand Dunes">La Paz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Europe" title="List of deserts">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardenas_Reales" title="Bardenas Reales">Bardenas Reales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabo_de_Gata-N%C3%ADjar_Natural_Park" title="Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park">Cabo de Gata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monegros_Desert" title="Monegros Desert">Monegros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleshky_Sands" title="Oleshky Sands">Oleshky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernas_Desert" title="Tabernas Desert">Tabernas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliblatska_Pe%C5%A1%C4%8Dara" title="Deliblatska Peščara">Deliblato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#North_America" title="List of deserts">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvord_Desert" title="Alvord Desert">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amargosa_Desert" title="Amargosa Desert">Amargosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_desert" title="Baja California desert">Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rock_Desert" title="Black Rock Desert">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcross_Desert" title="Carcross Desert">Carcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_Desert" title="Carson Desert">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channeled_Scablands" title="Channeled Scablands">Channeled scablands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert" title="Chihuahuan Desert">Chihuahuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Desert" title="Colorado Desert">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalante_Desert" title="Escalante Desert">Escalante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Mile_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty Mile Desert">Forty Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Desierto_de_Altar" title="Gran Desierto de Altar">Gran Desierto de Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_Desert" title="Great Basin Desert">Great Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake_Desert" title="Great Salt Lake Desert">Great Salt Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Desert_(Oregon)" title="High Desert (Oregon)">Great Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jornada_del_Muerto" title="Jornada del Muerto">Jornada del Muerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BB%C5%AB_Desert" title="Kaʻū Desert">Kaʻū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechuguilla_Desert" title="Lechuguilla Desert">Lechuguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owyhee_Desert" title="Owyhee Desert">Owyhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Desert_(Arizona)" title="Painted Desert (Arizona)">Painted Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Desert_(Wyoming)" title="Red Desert (Wyoming)">Red Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevier_Desert" title="Sevier Desert">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_Creek_Desert" title="Smoke Creek Desert">Smoke Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Desert" title="Tonopah Desert">Tonopah Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_Desert_(Arizona)" title="Tule Desert (Arizona)">Tule (Arizona)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_Desert_(Nevada)" title="Tule Desert (Nevada)">Tule (Nevada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuha_Desert" title="Yuha Desert">Yuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma_Desert" title="Yuma Desert">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Oceania" title="List of deserts">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Australia" title="List of deserts">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_Desert" title="Gibson Desert">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sandy_Desert" title="Great Sandy Desert">Great Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Victoria_Desert" title="Great Victoria Desert">Great Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sandy_Desert" title="Little Sandy Desert">Little Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Plain" title="Nullarbor Plain">Nullarbor Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Desert_(South_Australia)" title="Painted Desert (South Australia)">Painted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedirka_Desert" title="Pedirka Desert">Pedirka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpson_Desert" title="Simpson Desert">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strzelecki_Desert" title="Strzelecki Desert">Strzelecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturt_Stony_Desert" title="Sturt Stony Desert">Sturt Stony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanami_Desert" title="Tanami Desert">Tanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirari_Desert" title="Tirari Desert">Tirari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#New_Zealand" title="List of deserts">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rangipo_Desert" title="Rangipo Desert">Rangipo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#South_America" title="List of deserts">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Guajira_Desert" title="La Guajira Desert">La Guajira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9danos_de_Coro_National_Park" title="Médanos de Coro National Park">Los Médanos de Coro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Desert" title="Monte Desert">Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Desert" title="Patagonian Desert">Patagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechura_Desert" title="Sechura Desert">Sechura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatacoa_Desert" title="Tatacoa Desert">Tatacoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Polar_regions" title="List of deserts">Polar regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Antarctic" title="List of deserts">Antarctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Desert" title="Meyer Desert">Meyer Desert</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Arctic" title="List of deserts">Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deserts" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Deserts">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts" title="Category:Deserts">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deserts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Deserts">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104028#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104028#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104028#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315143988">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1309662/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4028805-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2005006625">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Judea"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge289293&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5391981">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007530559905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/687934">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judea&oldid=1256951486">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judea&oldid=1256951486</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judea" 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