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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Food; young domestic pigeon, typically under four weeks old</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Squab_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Squab (disambiguation)">Squab (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pigeon_Chicks2_2am.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pigeon_Chicks2_2am.jpg/220px-Pigeon_Chicks2_2am.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pigeon_Chicks2_2am.jpg/330px-Pigeon_Chicks2_2am.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pigeon_Chicks2_2am.jpg/440px-Pigeon_Chicks2_2am.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Pigeon chicks, approximately twenty days of age</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Culinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Culinary">culinary</a> terminology, <b>squab</b> is an immature <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pigeon" title="Domestic pigeon">domestic pigeon</a>, typically under four weeks old,<sup id="cite_ref-game-bird_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-game-bird-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or its meat. Some authors<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> describe it as <a href="/wiki/Tastes_like_chicken" title="Tastes like chicken">tasting like dark chicken</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word "squab" probably comes from <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>; the Swedish word <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">skvabb</i></span> means "loose, fat flesh".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term formerly applied to all <a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">dove and pigeon species</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Common_wood_pigeon" title="Common wood pigeon">wood pigeon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mourning_dove" title="Mourning dove">mourning dove</a>, the extinct-in-the-wild <a href="/wiki/Socorro_dove" title="Socorro dove">socorro dove</a>, and the now extinct <a href="/wiki/Passenger_pigeon" title="Passenger pigeon">passenger pigeon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pigeon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pigeon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and their meat. More recently, squab meat comes almost entirely from domesticated pigeons. The meat of dove and pigeon <a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">gamebirds</a> hunted primarily for sport is rarely called "squab".<sup id="cite_ref-pigeon_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pigeon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice of domesticating pigeons as <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> may have originated in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>; historically, many societies have consumed squabs or pigeons, including <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> (still common in modern <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Northeast),<sup id="cite_ref-pcassam_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcassam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval Europe</a>. It is a familiar meat in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisines</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, doves are <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a>, and they are the only birds that may be used for a <i><a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">korban</a></i>. (Other kosher birds may be eaten, but not brought as a <i>korban</i>.) Pigeon is also used in <a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian cuisines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian cuisines</a>. Although squab has been consumed throughout much of <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a>, it is generally regarded<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as exotic, not as a contemporary <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a>; there are more records of its preparation for the wealthy than for the poor. </p><p>The modern squab industry uses <a href="/wiki/Utility_pigeons" title="Utility pigeons">utility pigeons</a>. Squab farmers<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raise the young until they are roughly a month old (when they reach adult size but have not yet flown) before slaughter. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squab&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:302px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italia-Orvieto-Citta_sotterranea-32E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Italia-Orvieto-Citta_sotterranea-32E.jpg/250px-Italia-Orvieto-Citta_sotterranea-32E.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Italia-Orvieto-Citta_sotterranea-32E.jpg/330px-Italia-Orvieto-Citta_sotterranea-32E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Italia-Orvieto-Citta_sotterranea-32E.jpg/500px-Italia-Orvieto-Citta_sotterranea-32E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="4128" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Dovecote" title="Dovecote">dovecote</a> in the caves of <a href="/wiki/Orvieto" title="Orvieto">Orvieto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, where the locals have raised squab for food since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a><sup id="cite_ref-GIC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GIC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:302px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_Squab_Journal_February1913-02.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pacific_Squab_Journal_February1913-02.pdf/page1-214px-Pacific_Squab_Journal_February1913-02.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pacific_Squab_Journal_February1913-02.pdf/page1-321px-Pacific_Squab_Journal_February1913-02.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pacific_Squab_Journal_February1913-02.pdf/page1-428px-Pacific_Squab_Journal_February1913-02.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="1537" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The 1913 magazine <i>Pacific Squab Journal</i> was published specifically devoted to squab husbandry.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The practice of domesticating pigeon as <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> may have come from the <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Hansel_p.6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansel_p.6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> historically, squabs or pigeons have been consumed in many civilizations, including <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pigeon_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pigeon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 211">: 211 </span></sup> Doves are considered <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a>, though are not as common in the Jewish diet as they were in ancient times. Texts about <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_keeping" title="Pigeon keeping">methods of raising pigeons</a> for their meat date as far back as <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a> 60 in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-canova_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canova-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such birds were hunted for their meat because it was a cheap and readily available source of protein.<sup id="cite_ref-pigeon_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pigeon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Tierra_de_Campos" title="Tierra de Campos">Tierra de Campos</a>, a resource-poor region of north-western Spain, squab meat was an important supplement to grain crops from at least Roman times. <a href="/wiki/Caelius_Aurelianus" title="Caelius Aurelianus">Caelius Aurelianus</a>, an Ancient Roman physician, regarded the meat as a cure for headaches, but by the 16th century, squab was believed to cause headaches.<sup id="cite_ref-canova_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canova-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the Middle Ages, a <a href="/wiki/Dovecote" title="Dovecote">dovecote</a> (French <i>pigeonnier</i>) was a common <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/outbuilding" class="extiw" title="wikt:outbuilding">outbuilding</a> on an estate that aimed to be self-sufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-pigeon_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pigeon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dovecote was considered a "living pantry",<sup id="cite_ref-canova_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canova-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a source of meat for unexpected guests, and was important as a supplementary source of income from the sale of surplus birds.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dovecotes were introduced to South America and Africa by Mediterranean colonists. In medieval England, squab meat was highly valued, although its availability depended on the season.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England, pigeon meat was eaten when other food was rationed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and remains associated with wartime shortages and poverty. This was parodied in an episode of the sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/Dad%27s_Army" title="Dad's Army">Dad's Army</a></i>, "<a href="/wiki/Getting_the_Bird" title="Getting the Bird">Getting the Bird</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, many people continue to eat it, especially the older generation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Husbandry">Husbandry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squab&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Husbandry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_pigeons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/King_pigeons.jpg/220px-King_pigeons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/King_pigeons.jpg/330px-King_pigeons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/King_pigeons.jpg/440px-King_pigeons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>A pair of king pigeons. Large breast muscles are common in utility pigeons.</figcaption></figure> <p>Squab have been commercially raised in North America since the early 1900s. As of 1986, annual production in the United States and Canada was one and a half million squabs per year.<sup id="cite_ref-AggreyCheng_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AggreyCheng-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pigeons, unlike other poultry, form pair bonds to breed, and squabs must be brooded and fed by both parents until they are four weeks old; a pair of pigeons may produce 15 squabs per year.<sup id="cite_ref-AggreyCheng_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AggreyCheng-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten pairs can produce eight squabs each month without being fed by their keepers.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pigeons which are accustomed to their dovecote may <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a> and return there to rest and breed.<sup id="cite_ref-canova_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canova-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industrially raised pigeons have young which weigh 1.3 pounds (0.59 kg) when of age, as opposed to traditionally raised pigeons, which weigh 0.5 pounds (0.23 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-canova_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canova-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Utility_pigeons" title="Utility pigeons">Utility pigeons</a> have been <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">artificially selected</a> for weight gain, quick growth, health when kept in large numbers, and health of their infants.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a greater yield, commercially raised squab may be produced in a two-nest system, where the mother lays two new eggs in a second nest while her offspring are still growing in the first nest,<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fed <a href="/wiki/Crop_milk" title="Crop milk">crop milk</a> by both parents.<sup id="cite_ref-DPI_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DPI-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Establishing two breeding lines has been suggested as another strategy for greater yield, where one breeding line is selected for <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prolificacy" class="extiw" title="wikt:prolificacy">prolificacy</a> and the other for "parental performance",<sup id="cite_ref-JoH_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoH-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, according to Aggrey and Cheng, is "vital" for squab growth after the age of two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-AggreyCheng_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AggreyCheng-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meleg estimates that 15–20% of eggs fail to hatch in well-maintained pigeon lofts.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egg size is important for the squab's initial size and for mortality at hatching,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but becomes less important as the squab ages. Aggrey and Cheng feel that the hatched weight of squabs is not a good indicator of their weight at four weeks old.<sup id="cite_ref-AggreyCheng_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AggreyCheng-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Squabs reach adult size, but are not yet ready to fly (making them easier to catch) after roughly a month; at this point, they are <a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">slaughtered</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pigeon_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pigeon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-canova_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canova-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAO_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_cuisine">In cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squab&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap" style="float:left;margin-left:0;margin-right:1.0em;"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Squab, (pigeon), meat only, raw</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">594 kJ (142 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.00</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.0</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">7.50</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.96</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.66</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.60</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">17.50</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 28 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">94 IU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">24%</div> 0.283 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">22%</div> 0.285 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">16%</div> 0.787 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">31%</div> 0.53 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 7 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">12</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">20%</div> 0.47 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 7.2 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 13 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">25%</div> 4.51 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 25 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.019 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">25%</div> 307 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 237 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 51 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">25%</div> 2.7 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">72.80</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;">There is some variation in nutritional content depending on the breed of utility pigeon used for squabbing.<sup id="cite_ref-Pomianowski_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomianowski-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Usually considered a delicacy, squab is tender, moist and richer in taste than many commonly consumed <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a> meats, but there is relatively little meat per bird, the meat being concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Breast_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast meat">breast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pigeon_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pigeon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-french_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-french-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Squab is <a href="/wiki/White_meat" title="White meat">dark meat</a>, and the skin is fatty, like that of <a href="/wiki/Duck_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duck (food)">duck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pigeon_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pigeon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meat is very lean, easily digestible, and "rich in proteins, minerals, and vitamins".<sup id="cite_ref-canova_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canova-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been described as having a "silky" texture, as it is very tender and fine-grained.<sup id="cite_ref-canova_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canova-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-field_guide_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-field_guide-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a milder taste than other game,<sup id="cite_ref-Age_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Age-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been described as having a mild berry flavor.<sup id="cite_ref-canova_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canova-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Squab's flavor lends itself to <a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_matching" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine and food matching">complex red or white wines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Age_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Age-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1997 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Joy_of_Cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="The Joy of Cooking">the Joy of Cooking</a></i> cautions that if squab is cooked beyond medium-rare, its flavor becomes 'distinctly "livery"'.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">humorism</a> book <i>Health Regime</i>, squab was regarded as a "hot and moist" food, whereas the meat of older pigeons was regarded as hot, dry, and "barely edible".<sup id="cite_ref-canova_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canova-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman cookbook <i><a href="/wiki/Apicius" title="Apicius">Apicius</a></i> recommended sauces with a combined sweet and sour flavor to accompany roasted or braised squab. In 1607, a recipe book from a monastery in <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a>, Spain, suggested cooking squab with pork fat or bitter limes. There is less information about traditional recipes incorporating squab or pigeon used by commoners, but there is evidence they were "handed down from generation to generation".<sup id="cite_ref-canova_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canova-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 15th century, the Italian friar <a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a> wrote a book of "culinary secrets" which included "How to Kill a Squab by Hitting with a Feather on the Head".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, squab would serve as a culinary staple in Italy, including in <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscan</a> cuisine since before the Medieval era.<sup id="cite_ref-GIC_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GIC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 18th century France, <i>pigeons à la crapaudine</i> ("toad-like squab") was a popular "dish of skill" for both rich and poor, in which the squab was arranged so that it looked like a frog, with the breast forming the frog's "face". <a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Religious dietary laws</a> once prohibited meat on fast days, but allowed frog's meat, as it was a water dweller. <i>Pigeons à la crapaudine</i> played with that convention, and is still part of French traditional cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 19th-century recipe from <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_California" title="Cuisine of California">California</a> for <i>Pastales de pollos y pichones</i> (Chicken and squab pastry) was as a savory <a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">pie</a> with alternating layers of chicken and squab with a <a href="/wiki/Picadillo" title="Picadillo">picadillo</a> of minced veal, <a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">ham</a> fried in lard with onion, mushrooms, apples, artichokes. tomatoes and seasonings layer.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercially raised birds "take only half as long to cook" as traditionally raised birds, and are suitable for roasting, grilling, or searing, whereas the traditionally raised birds are better suited to <a href="/wiki/Casserole" title="Casserole">casseroles</a> and slow-cooked stews.<sup id="cite_ref-canova_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canova-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meat from older and wild pigeons is much tougher than squab, and requires a long period of <a href="/wiki/Stewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewing">stewing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">roasting</a> to tenderize.<sup id="cite_ref-pigeon_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pigeon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consumption of squab probably stems from both the relative ease of catching birds which have not yet <a href="/wiki/Fledge" title="Fledge">fledged</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pigeon_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pigeon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that unfledged birds have more tender meat.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once a squab has fledged, its weight decreases significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:184px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_squab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Chinese_squab.jpg/138px-Chinese_squab.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Chinese_squab.jpg/207px-Chinese_squab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Chinese_squab.jpg/276px-Chinese_squab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A large volume of squab is served at <a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">Chinese American</a> restaurants.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:184px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_Quarry_Bay_%E8%8B%B1%E7%9A%87%E9%81%93_King%27s_Road_%E5%94%90%E9%A0%86%E8%88%88_%E7%87%92%E5%91%B3_Tang%27s_Roast_shop_%E4%B9%B3%E9%B4%BF%E8%82%89_Squab_display_on_sale_Nov-2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/HK_Quarry_Bay_%E8%8B%B1%E7%9A%87%E9%81%93_King%27s_Road_%E5%94%90%E9%A0%86%E8%88%88_%E7%87%92%E5%91%B3_Tang%27s_Roast_shop_%E4%B9%B3%E9%B4%BF%E8%82%89_Squab_display_on_sale_Nov-2010.JPG/250px-HK_Quarry_Bay_%E8%8B%B1%E7%9A%87%E9%81%93_King%27s_Road_%E5%94%90%E9%A0%86%E8%88%88_%E7%87%92%E5%91%B3_Tang%27s_Roast_shop_%E4%B9%B3%E9%B4%BF%E8%82%89_Squab_display_on_sale_Nov-2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="246" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/HK_Quarry_Bay_%E8%8B%B1%E7%9A%87%E9%81%93_King%27s_Road_%E5%94%90%E9%A0%86%E8%88%88_%E7%87%92%E5%91%B3_Tang%27s_Roast_shop_%E4%B9%B3%E9%B4%BF%E8%82%89_Squab_display_on_sale_Nov-2010.JPG/500px-HK_Quarry_Bay_%E8%8B%B1%E7%9A%87%E9%81%93_King%27s_Road_%E5%94%90%E9%A0%86%E8%88%88_%E7%87%92%E5%91%B3_Tang%27s_Roast_shop_%E4%B9%B3%E9%B4%BF%E8%82%89_Squab_display_on_sale_Nov-2010.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Dressed squab displayed for sale in Hong Kong</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Today, squab is part of the cuisine of many countries, including <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the United States">the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Africa">Northern Africa</a>, and several <a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pomianowski_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomianowski-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-march_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-march-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical dishes include breast of squab (sometimes as the French <i><a href="/wiki/Salmis" title="Salmis">salmis</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a> Mahshi (stuffed with rice or <i><a href="/wiki/Freekeh" title="Freekeh">Freekeh</a></i> and herbs), Assamese pigeon curry<sup id="cite_ref-upasana_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upasana-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pastilla" title="Pastilla">pastilla</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Spain and France, squab is also preserved as a <a href="/wiki/Confit" title="Confit">confit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-canova_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canova-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demand for squab is increasing in Nigeria, despite being more expensive than beef, pork or chicken, as pigeons can quickly be raised to table weight and are easy to keep, providing diseases are controlled, as young pigeons are especially susceptible to disease.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the United States, squab is "increasingly a specialty item", as the larger and cheaper <a href="/wiki/Chicken_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken (food)">chicken</a> has mostly displaced it.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942, <a href="/wiki/M._F._K._Fisher" title="M. F. K. Fisher">MFK Fisher</a> quipped in <i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Cook_a_Wolf" title="How to Cook a Wolf">How to Cook a Wolf</a></i>, "It is not easy to find pigeons, these days. Most of the ones you know about in the city are working for the government."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, squab produced from specially raised utility pigeons continues to grace the menus of American <i><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">haute cuisine</a></i> restaurants such as <a href="/wiki/Le_Cirque" title="Le Cirque">Le Cirque</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_French_Laundry" title="The French Laundry">the French Laundry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-french_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-french-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has enjoyed endorsements from some <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_chef" title="Celebrity chef">celebrity chefs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pigeon_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pigeon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, squab is often sold for much higher prices than other poultry, sometimes as high as eight <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a> per pound.<sup id="cite_ref-pigeon_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pigeon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a>, squab features prominently in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as in the <a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pigeon is usually cooked as curry and is sometimes cooked with banana blossom.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-upasana_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upasana-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is popular among both the tribal<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and non-tribal populations. Pigeon meat is associated with strength, and the pre-colonial <i>Kamarupa Yatra</i> also recommends it for health.<sup id="cite_ref-pcassam_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcassam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pigeon is sacrificed in some <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> temples, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta tradition</a>, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Kamakhya_Temple" title="Kamakhya Temple">Kamakhya temple</a> in India,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which it can be eaten. A similar practice is followed in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> too.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pigeon curry is often reserved for special occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a>, squab is a part of celebratory banquets for holidays such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a>, usually served deep-fried.<sup id="cite_ref-pigeon_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pigeon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cantonese-style pigeon is typically braised in soy sauce, rice wine and star anise then roasted with crispy skin and tender meat.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Squabs are sold live in Chinese marketplaces to assure freshness,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they can also be dressed in two styles. "Chinese-style" (Buddhist slaughter) birds retain their head and feet, whereas "New York-dressed" (Confucian slaughter) birds retain their entrails, head and feet.<sup id="cite_ref-field_guide_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-field_guide-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The greatest volume of U.S. squab is currently sold within <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatowns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pigeon_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pigeon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 213">: 213 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasi_Timbel_Dara_Goreng.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nasi_Timbel_Dara_Goreng.JPG/250px-Nasi_Timbel_Dara_Goreng.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nasi_Timbel_Dara_Goreng.JPG/330px-Nasi_Timbel_Dara_Goreng.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nasi_Timbel_Dara_Goreng.JPG/500px-Nasi_Timbel_Dara_Goreng.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2041" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>Fried pigeon with <i><a href="/wiki/Nasi_timbel" title="Nasi timbel">nasi timbel</a></i> (banana leaf wrapped rice), <a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">tempeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a>, and vegetables, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian cuisine</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a>, squab is usually seasoned, spiced with <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a> and deep fried in a lot of <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>. It is served with <a href="/wiki/Sambal" title="Sambal">sambal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_sauce" class="mw-redirect" title="Chili sauce">chili sauce</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">tempeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a>, vegetables, and <i><a href="/wiki/Nasi_timbel" title="Nasi timbel">nasi timbel</a></i> (rice wrapped in banana leaf). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Despite the relative ease of raising pigeons, squab is "not usually considered" in terms of its potential for <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parts of the world, squab meat is thought of as distasteful by some <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a> because they view <a href="/wiki/Feral_pigeon" title="Feral pigeon">feral pigeons</a> as unsanitary urban pests.<sup id="cite_ref-march_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-march-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, squab meat is regarded as safer than some other poultry products as it harbors fewer <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CC_safety_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC_safety-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may be served between <a href="/wiki/Doneness" title="Doneness">medium and well done</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CC_safety_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC_safety-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wild_birds">Wild birds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squab&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wild birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several species of wild pigeons and doves are used as food; however, all types are edible.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Common_wood_pigeon" title="Common wood pigeon">wood pigeon</a> is commonly shot as a <a href="/wiki/Game_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Game bird">game bird</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extinction of the passenger pigeon in North America was at least partly due to shooting for use as food.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Beeton%27s_Book_of_Household_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management">Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management</a></i> contains recipes for roast pigeon and <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_pie" title="Pigeon pie">pigeon pie</a>, a popular, inexpensive food in Victorian industrial Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squab&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_pie" title="Pigeon pie">Pigeon pie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squab&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-game-bird-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-game-bird_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allqdup.com/game-birds/">"Game Birds"</a>. <i>All Q'd Up</i>. 2014-06-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+Q%27d+Up&rft.atitle=Game+Birds&rft.date=2014-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allqdup.com%2Fgame-birds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLachiusa2021" class="citation book cs1">Lachiusa, Dean (8 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQtQEAAAQBAJ"><i>Adventures in Historic Cures: Amusing Home Remedies, Anecdotes, and Definitions</i></a>. Dean Lachiusa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2023</span>. <q>A domesticated pigeon that reportedly tastes like dark chicken.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventures+in+Historic+Cures%3A+Amusing+Home+Remedies%2C+Anecdotes%2C+and+Definitions&rft.pub=Dean+Lachiusa&rft.date=2021-11-08&rft.aulast=Lachiusa&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQtQEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc00merr_6/page/1210">"squab"</a></span>. <i>Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary</i> (11th ed.). 2004. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc00merr_6/page/1210">1210</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-809-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-809-5"><bdi>978-0-87779-809-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=squab&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Collegiate+Dictionary&rft.pages=1210&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-809-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmerriamwebstersc00merr_6%2Fpage%2F1210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pigeon-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pigeon_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pigeon_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pigeon_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pigeon_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pigeon_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pigeon_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pigeon_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pigeon_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pigeon_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pigeon_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pigeon_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pigeon_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pigeon_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pigeon_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_D.2006" class="citation book cs1">Andrew D., Blechman (2006). <i>Pigeons: The Fascinating Saga of the World's Most Revered and Reviled Bird</i>. Open City Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">211–</span>214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1834-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1834-9"><bdi>978-0-8021-1834-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pigeons%3A+The+Fascinating+Saga+of+the+World%27s+Most+Revered+and+Reviled+Bird&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E214&rft.pub=Open+City+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-1834-9&rft.aulast=Andrew+D.&rft.aufirst=Blechman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a></i> gives earliest known usage in 1640 as a young bird, in 1694 as a young pigeon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pcassam-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pcassam_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pcassam_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaikia2013" class="citation journal cs1">Saikia, Arani (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijhssi.org/papers/v2(6)/Version-2/A02620105.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiu1Nuj8P7zAhVUgdgFHWmyAQYQFnoECAQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1l7xpHkZ6eNBPV1NXVXv0C">"Food habits in pre-colonial Assam"</a>. <i>International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention</i>. <b>2</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>5 – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Humanities+and+Social+Science+Invention&rft.atitle=Food+habits+in+pre-colonial+Assam&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Saikia&rft.aufirst=Arani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijhssi.org%2Fpapers%2Fv2%286%29%2FVersion-2%2FA02620105.pdf%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiu1Nuj8P7zAhVUgdgFHWmyAQYQFnoECAQQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw1l7xpHkZ6eNBPV1NXVXv0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_Agriculture1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (August 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mT3NJ9-pEB8C"><i>Squab Raising</i></a>. Farmers' Bulletin, Issue 684 (revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Squab+Raising&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Farmers%27+Bulletin%2C+Issue+684&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1967-08&rft.au=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmT3NJ9-pEB8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GIC-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GIC_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GIC_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190613164541/https://www.greatitalianchefs.com/collections/pigeon-recipes">"Pigeon recipes"</a>. <i>Great Italian Chefs</i>. 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greatitalianchefs.com/collections/pigeon-recipes">the original</a> on June 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Great+Italian+Chefs&rft.atitle=Pigeon+recipes&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatitalianchefs.com%2Fcollections%2Fpigeon-recipes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansel_p.6-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hansel_p.6_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHansell2001" class="citation book cs1">Hansell, Jean (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i3A4eojqseYC&q=%22pigeon+keeping%22+squab&pg=PA4"><i>Dovecotes</i></a>. A Shire album Shire Library. Vol. 213. Osprey Publishing. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0504-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0504-5"><bdi>978-0-7478-0504-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dovecotes&rft.series=A+Shire+album+Shire+Library&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7478-0504-5&rft.aulast=Hansell&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di3A4eojqseYC%26q%3D%2522pigeon%2Bkeeping%2522%2Bsquab%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canova-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canova_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canova_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canova_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canova_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canova_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canova_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canova_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canova_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canova_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canova_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canova_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canova_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canova_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCanova2005" class="citation journal cs1">Canova, Jane (Spring 2005). "Monuments to the Birds: Dovecotes and Pigeon Eating in the Land of Fields". <i><a href="/wiki/Gastronomica" title="Gastronomica">Gastronomica</a></i>. <b>5</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">50–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fgfc.2005.5.2.50">10.1525/gfc.2005.5.2.50</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/gfc.2005.5.2.50">10.1525/gfc.2005.5.2.50</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastronomica&rft.atitle=Monuments+to+the+Birds%3A+Dovecotes+and+Pigeon+Eating+in+the+Land+of+Fields&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fgfc.2005.5.2.50&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fgfc.2005.5.2.50%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Canova&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHansell2001" class="citation book cs1">Hansell, Jean (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i3A4eojqseYC&q=%22pigeon+keeping%22+squab&pg=PA4"><i>Dovecotes</i></a>. A Shire album Shire Library. Vol. 213. Osprey Publishing. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0504-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0504-5"><bdi>978-0-7478-0504-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dovecotes&rft.series=A+Shire+album+Shire+Library&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7478-0504-5&rft.aulast=Hansell&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di3A4eojqseYC%26q%3D%2522pigeon%2Bkeeping%2522%2Bsquab%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoolgarSerjeantson,_DaleWaldron,_Tony2006" class="citation book cs1">Woolgar, C.M.; Serjeantson, Dale; Waldron, Tony (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MO_Obx4ns9wC&q=squabs&pg=PA148"><i>Food in medieval England: diet and nutrition</i></a>. Medieval history and archaeology. Oxford University Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927349-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927349-2"><bdi>978-0-19-927349-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+medieval+England%3A+diet+and+nutrition&rft.series=Medieval+history+and+archaeology&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927349-2&rft.aulast=Woolgar&rft.aufirst=C.M.&rft.au=Serjeantson%2C+Dale&rft.au=Waldron%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMO_Obx4ns9wC%26q%3Dsquabs%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0552289/"><i>Squab</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Croft, David; Perry, Jimmy; Webber, Richard (2000). The Complete A–Z of Dad's Army. Orion. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7528-4637-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7528-4637-X">0-7528-4637-X</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AggreyCheng-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AggreyCheng_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AggreyCheng_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AggreyCheng_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AggreyCheng_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAggreyCheng1992" class="citation journal cs1">Aggrey, S. E.; Cheng, K. M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=At+Kamakhya%2C+there%27s+no+stopping+animal+sacrifice&rft.date=2006-10-16&rft.aulast=Sunil&rft.aufirst=Oinam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fat-kamakhya-theres-no-stopping-animal-sacrifice%2Farticleshow%2F2172705.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLang2009" class="citation news cs1">Lang, Olivia (24 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/24/hindu-sacrifice-gadhimai-festival-nepal">"Hindu sacrifice of 250,000 animals begins"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hindu+sacrifice+of+250%2C000+animals+begins&rft.date=2009-11-24&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fnov%2F24%2Fhindu-sacrifice-gadhimai-festival-nepal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatgiri2021" class="citation web cs1">Patgiri, Rituparna (20 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastmojo.com/food/2021/06/20/assamese-pigeon-curry-how-a-staple-dish-is-now-becoming-almost-a-rarity/">"Assamese Pigeon Curry: How a staple dish is now becoming almost a rarity"</a>. <i>EastMojo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 2011-10-09</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHsiungSimonds,_NinaLowe,_Jason2005" class="citation book cs1">Hsiung, Deih-Ta; Simonds, Nina; Lowe, Jason (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-9XWQrpbLAgC&q=squab&pg=PA6"><i>The food of China: a journey for food lovers</i></a>. Murdoch Books. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74045-463-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74045-463-6"><bdi>978-1-74045-463-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cooking Methods & Materials, Critter Cuisine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/nonpwdpubs/introducing_birds/doves_pigeons/">"TPWD: Doves and Pigeons – Introducing Birds to Young Naturalists"</a>. <i>tpwd.texas.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tpwd.texas.gov&rft.atitle=TPWD%3A+Doves+and+Pigeons+%E2%80%93+Introducing+Birds+to+Young+Naturalists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftpwd.texas.gov%2Fpublications%2Fnonpwdpubs%2Fintroducing_birds%2Fdoves_pigeons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audubon.org/magazine/may-june-2014/why-passenger-pigeon-went-extinct">"Why the Passenger Pigeon Went Extinct"</a>. <i>Audubon</i>. 17 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Audubon&rft.atitle=Why+the+Passenger+Pigeon+Went+Extinct&rft.date=2014-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.audubon.org%2Fmagazine%2Fmay-june-2014%2Fwhy-passenger-pigeon-went-extinct&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrsbeeton.com/40-chapter40.html">CHAPTER 40 – DINNERS AND DINING Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429154041/http://mrsbeeton.com/40-chapter40.html">Archived</a> 29 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mrsbeeton.com. Retrieved on 5 March 2013.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squab&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooking">Cooking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squab&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cooking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsh2013" class="citation book cs1">Ash, John (2013). <i>Culinary Birds: The Ultimate Poultry Cookbook</i>. Philadelphia: Running Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/861751622">861751622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culinary+Birds%3A+The+Ultimate+Poultry+Cookbook&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F861751622&rft.aulast=Ash&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaguinFaisonPruess1999" class="citation book cs1">Daguin, Ariane; Faison, George; Pruess, Joanna (1999). <i>D'Artagnan's Glorious Game Cookbook</i>. Boston: Little & Brown. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40744512">40744512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%27Artagnan%27s+Glorious+Game+Cookbook&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little+%26+Brown&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40744512&rft.aulast=Daguin&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rft.au=Faison%2C+George&rft.au=Pruess%2C+Joanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/squab" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:squab">squab</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Squab" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Squab">Squab</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Husbandry_2">Husbandry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squab&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Husbandry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen2009" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Barbara (2009). <i>Pigeon</i>. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-513-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-513-4"><bdi>978-1-86189-513-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pigeon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-513-4&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDare1914" class="citation book cs1">Dare, Carl (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/profitablesquabb00dare"><i>Profitable Squab Breeding: A Complete Illustrated Guide</i></a>. A. B. Morse Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profitable+Squab+Breeding%3A+A+Complete+Illustrated+Guide&rft.pub=A.+B.+Morse+Company&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Dare&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprofitablesquabb00dare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEggleston1916" class="citation book cs1">Eggleston, E. H. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americansquabcul01eggl/page/n5"><i>American Squab Culture</i></a>. Chicago: W. B. Conkley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Squab+Culture&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=W.+B.+Conkley&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Eggleston&rft.aufirst=E.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericansquabcul01eggl%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeeHaynes1946" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lee, Alfred R; Haynes, Sheppard Knapp (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CAT31127837/page/n1"><i>Squab Raising</i></a>. Vol. Farmers' Bulletin no. 684. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Squab+Raising&rft.pub=U.S.+Dept.+of+Agriculture&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Alfred+R&rft.au=Haynes%2C+Sheppard+Knapp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCAT31127837%2Fpage%2Fn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRice1916" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Elmer (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtomakemoneywi00plym/page/n1"><i>How to Make Money with Squabs</i></a>. Melrose, Mass: Plymouth Rock Squab Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Make+Money+with+Squabs&rft.place=Melrose%2C+Mass&rft.pub=Plymouth+Rock+Squab+Company&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Elmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowtomakemoneywi00plym%2Fpage%2Fn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquab" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/CCTV_New_Year%27s_Gala" class="mw-redirect" title="CCTV New Year's Gala">CCTV New Year's Gala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunyun" title="Chunyun">Chunyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chinese_New_Year_Festival_and_Parade" title="San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade">San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year" title="Lunar New Year">Lunar New Year</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Golden_Week_(China)" title="Golden Week (China)">Golden Week</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meat509" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meat" title="Template:Meat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meat" title="Template talk:Meat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meat509" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">Cassowary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_as_food" title="Duck as food">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">Emu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_as_food" title="Goose as food">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich_meat" title="Ostrich meat">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_as_food" title="Quail as food">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FoodMeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Food meat"><img alt="Food meat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/100px-FoodMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/150px-FoodMeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/200px-FoodMeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Platter of seafood"><img alt="Platter of seafood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/100px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/150px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/200px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2029" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_meat" title="Buffalo meat">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Camel meat">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_meat" title="Donkey meat">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snails_as_food" title="Snails as food">Snails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and mutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">Żubroń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_meat" title="Alligator meat">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_as_food" title="Bat as food">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodile meat">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox#As_food" title="Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguana_meat" title="Iguana meat">Iguana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_meat" title="Kangaroo meat">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_meat" title="Monkey meat">Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse#As_food" title="Mouse">Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade" title="Pangolin trade">Pangolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_meat" title="Rat meat">Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit#As_food_and_clothing" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake#Consumption" title="Snake">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">Venison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa_(fish)" title="Basa (fish)">Basa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crappie" title="Crappie">Crappie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">Grouper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">Kingfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahi-mahi" title="Mahi-mahi">Mahi Mahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">Marlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Pacific saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">Sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescent_shark" title="Iridescent shark">Swai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna as food">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">Walleye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Calamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobster as food">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Shrimp/prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascidiacea#Culinary" title="Ascidiacea">Sea squirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_as_food" title="Jellyfish as food">Jellyfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">Insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_eggs" title="Ant eggs">Ants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetia_illucens" title="Hermetia illucens">Black soldier fly maggots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">Cicada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">Crickets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_flour" title="Cricket flour">Flour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">Grasshoppers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mealworm" title="Mealworm">Mealworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal_worm" title="Mezcal worm">Mezcal worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Silkworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina" title="Gonimbrasia belina">Mopane worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus" title="Rhynchophorus">Palm grub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuts and<br />preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_hanging" title="Meat hanging">Aged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty" title="Patty">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcuterie" title="Charcuterie">Charcuterie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_chop" title="Meat chop">Chop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confit#Meat_confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlet" title="Cutlet">Cutlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_meat" title="Dried meat">Dried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dum_pukht" title="Dum pukht">Dum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_meat" title="Fermented meat">Fermented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(cut)" title="Fillet (cut)">Fillet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Supreme_(cooking)" title="Supreme (cooking)">supreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcemeat" title="Forcemeat">Forcemeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretons" title="Cretons">Cretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Pâté">Pâté</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Frozen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">Jerky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_(food)" title="Kidney (food)">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch_meat" title="Lunch meat">Luncheon meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marinated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatloaf" title="Meatloaf">Meatloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">Pemmican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)#Meat" title="Salting (food)">Salt-cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salumi" title="Salumi">Salumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">Smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">Steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew#Types_of_stew" title="Stew">Stewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">Tandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Tartare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_dishes" title="List of meat dishes">Meat dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" title="List of beef dishes">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_dishes" title="List of chicken dishes">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_dishes" title="List of goat dishes">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lamb_dishes" title="List of lamb dishes">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pork_dishes" title="List of pork dishes">Pork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ham_dishes" title="List of ham dishes">Ham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veal_dishes" title="List of veal dishes">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steak_dishes" title="List of steak dishes">Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meatball_dishes" title="List of meatball dishes">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoked_foods" title="List of smoked foods">Smoked foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sausage_dishes" title="List of sausage dishes">Sausage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_consumption" title="List of countries by meat consumption">Countries by meat consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Countries by meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">Meat substitutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics and<br />psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat" title="Psychology of eating meat">Psychology of eating meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat#Meat_paradox" title="Psychology of eating meat">Meat paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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