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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population_displacement_and_resettlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_displacement_and_resettlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Population displacement and resettlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_displacement_and_resettlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basilwizi_Trust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basilwizi_Trust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Basilwizi Trust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basilwizi_Trust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-River_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#River_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>River ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-River_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife_rescue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife_rescue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Wildlife rescue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife_rescue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Recent activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kariba Dam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karibadam" title="Karibadam – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Karibadam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="سد كاريبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سد كاريبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80)" title="Кариба (язовир) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кариба (язовир)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presa_de_Kariba" title="Presa de Kariba – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Presa de Kariba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariba_Dam" title="Kariba Dam – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kariba Dam" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhamu_reKariba" title="Dhamu reKariba – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dhamu reKariba" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariba-Talsperre" title="Kariba-Talsperre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kariba-Talsperre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presa_de_Kariba" title="Presa de Kariba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presa de Kariba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="سد کاریبا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سد کاریبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrage_de_Kariba" title="Barrage de Kariba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Barrage de Kariba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damba_Kariba" title="Damba Kariba – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Damba Kariba" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A6%AC%EB%B0%94_%EB%8C%90" title="카리바 댐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카리바 댐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diga_di_Kariba" title="Diga di Kariba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diga di Kariba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94" title="סכר קריבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סכר קריבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%90%E3%83%80%E3%83%A0" title="カリバダム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カリバダム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karibademningen" title="Karibademningen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karibademningen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapora_Kariba" title="Zapora Kariba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zapora Kariba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barajul_Kariba" title="Barajul Kariba – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Barajul Kariba" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%AD%D0%A1_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="ГЭС Кариба – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ГЭС Кариба" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariba_Dam" title="Kariba Dam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kariba Dam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE)" title="Кариба (језеро) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кариба (језеро)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karibadammen" title="Karibadammen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karibadammen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88" title="கரிபா அணை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கரிபா அணை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AC_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F" title="కరిబ ఆనకట్ట – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కరిబ ఆనకట్ట" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariba_Baraj%C4%B1" title="Kariba Barajı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kariba Barajı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8F)" title="Кариба (гребля) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кариба (гребля)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1367609#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dam in Zambia, Zimbabwe</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;">Kariba Dam</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kariba_dam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kariba_dam.jpg/250px-Kariba_dam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kariba_dam.jpg/330px-Kariba_dam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kariba_dam.jpg/440px-Kariba_dam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="262" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The dam as seen from <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kariba_Dam&params=16_31_20_S_28_45_42_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°31′20″S</span> <span class="longitude">28°45′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16.52222°S 28.76167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-16.52222; 28.76167</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction began</th><td class="infobox-data">1955</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opening date</th><td class="infobox-data">1960</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction cost</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>480 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zambezi_River_Authority" title="Zambezi River Authority">Zambezi River Authority</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;">Dam and spillways</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dam#Types" title="Dam">Type of dam</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arch_dam" title="Arch dam">Arch dam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Impounds</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zambezi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezi River">Zambezi River</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">128 m (420 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">579 m (1,900 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width (crest)</th><td class="infobox-data">13 metres (43 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width (base)</th><td class="infobox-data">24 metres (79 ft)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;">Reservoir</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creates</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Kariba" title="Lake Kariba">Lake Kariba</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total capacity</th><td class="infobox-data">180 km<sup>3</sup> (150,000,000 acre⋅ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Catchment area</a></th><td class="infobox-data">663,000 km<sup>2</sup> (256,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">5,400 km<sup>2</sup> (2,100 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum length</th><td class="infobox-data">280 km (170 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum water depth</th><td class="infobox-data">97 m (318 ft)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;">Power Station</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Water_turbine" title="Water turbine">Turbines</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>North:</b> 4 x 150 MW (200,000 hp), 2 x 180 MW (240,000 hp) <a href="/wiki/Francis-type" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis-type">Francis-type</a><br /><b>South:</b> 6 x 125 MW (168,000 hp), 2 x 150 MW (200,000 hp) <a href="/wiki/Francis-type" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis-type">Francis-type</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">Installed capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>North:</b> 960 MW<br /><b>South:</b> 1,050 MW<br /><b>Total:</b> 2,010 MW</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Net_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Net generation">Annual generation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,400 GWh (23,000 TJ)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kariba Dam</b> is a double curvature concrete arch <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kariba_Gorge" title="Kariba Gorge">Kariba Gorge</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> river basin between <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. The dam stands 128 metres (420 ft) tall and 579 metres (1,900 ft) long.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dam forms <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kariba" title="Lake Kariba">Lake Kariba</a>, which extends for 280 kilometres (170 mi) and holds 185 cubic kilometres (150,000,000 acre⋅ft) of water. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kariba_Dam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dam was constructed on the orders of the Government of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a>, a 'federal colony' within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. The double curvature concrete <a href="/wiki/Arch_dam" title="Arch dam">arch dam</a> was designed by <a href="/wiki/Coyne_et_Bellier" title="Coyne et Bellier">Coyne et Bellier</a> and constructed between 1955 and 1959 by <a href="/wiki/Impregilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Impregilo">Impresit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><sup id="cite_ref-spurwing_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spurwing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at a cost of $135,000,000 for the first stage with only the Kariba South power cavern. Final construction and the addition of the Kariba North Power cavern by <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Construction" title="Mitchell Construction">Mitchell Construction</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was not completed until 1977, due to largely political problems, for a total cost of $480,000,000. During construction, 86 construction workers lost their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-spurwing_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spurwing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dam was officially opened by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a> on 17 May 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Power_generation">Power generation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kariba_Dam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Power generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kariba Dam supplies 2,010 megawatts (2,700,000 hp) of electricity to parts of both <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Copperbelt" title="Copperbelt">Copperbelt</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> and generates 6,400 gigawatt-hours (23,000 TJ) <a href="/wiki/Per_annum" title="Per annum">per annum</a>. Each country has its own power station on the north and south bank of the dam, respectively. The south station belonging to Zimbabwe has been in operation since 1960 and had six generators of 125 megawatts (168,000 hp) capacity each for a total of 750 megawatts (1,010,000 hp).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 11, 2013 it was announced by Zimbabwe's Finance Minister, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Chinamasa" title="Patrick Chinamasa">Patrick Chinamasa</a> that capacity at the Zimbabwean (South) Kariba <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> station would be increased by 300 megawatts. The cost of upgrading the facility has been supported by a $319m loan from China. The deal is a clear example of Zimbabwe's "Look East" policy, which was adopted after falling out with Western powers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction on the Kariba South expansion began in mid-2014 and was initially expected to be complete in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2018, president <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a> commissioned the completed expansion of <i>Kariba South Hydroelectric Power Station</i>. The addition of two new 150 megawatts (200,000 hp) turbines raised capacity at this station to 1,050 megawatts (1,410,000 hp). The expansion work was done by <a href="/wiki/Sinohydro" title="Sinohydro">Sinohydro</a>, at a cost of US$533 million. Work started in 2014, and was completed in March 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-Fin_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The north station belonging to Zambia has been in operation since 1976, and has four generators of 150 megawatts (200,000 hp) each for a total of 600 megawatts (800,000 hp); work to expand this capacity by an additional 360 megawatts (480,000 hp) to 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp) was completed in December 2013. Two additional 180 MW generators were added.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kariba_Dam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_way_to_Zambia_through_Kariba_Dam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/The_way_to_Zambia_through_Kariba_Dam.jpg/250px-The_way_to_Zambia_through_Kariba_Dam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/The_way_to_Zambia_through_Kariba_Dam.jpg/330px-The_way_to_Zambia_through_Kariba_Dam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/The_way_to_Zambia_through_Kariba_Dam.jpg/500px-The_way_to_Zambia_through_Kariba_Dam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The way to Zambia through Kariba Dam</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Zambezi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zambezi.svg/478px-Zambezi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="478" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zambezi.svg/717px-Zambezi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zambezi.svg/956px-Zambezi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>Zambezi river basin</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kariba Dam project was planned and carried out by the Government of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a>. The Federation was often referred to as the Central African Federation (CAF). The CAF was a 'federal colony' within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in southern Africa that existed from 1953 to the end of 1963, comprising the former self-governing British <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> and the former <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a>. Northern Rhodesia had decided earlier in 1953 (before the Federation was founded) to build a dam within its territory, on the <a href="/wiki/Kafue_River" title="Kafue River">Kafue River</a>, a major tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a>. It would have been closer to Northern Rhodesia's <a href="/wiki/Copperbelt" title="Copperbelt">Copperbelt</a>, which was in need of more power. This would have been a cheaper and less grandiose project, with a smaller environmental impact. Southern Rhodesia, the richest of the three, objected to a Kafue dam and insisted that the dam be sited instead at Kariba. Also, the capacity of the Kafue dam was much lower than that at Kariba.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the dam was managed and maintained by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_African_Power_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central African Power Corporation (page does not exist)">Central African Power Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kariba Dam is now owned and operated by the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_River_Authority" title="Zambezi River Authority">Zambezi River Authority</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is jointly and equally owned by <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Zambia's independence, three dams have been built on the Kafue River: the <a href="/wiki/Kafue_Gorge_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafue Gorge Dam">Kafue Gorge Upper Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafue_Gorge_Lower_Power_Station" title="Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station">Kafue Gorge Lower Dam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam" title="Itezhi-Tezhi Dam">Itezhi-Tezhi Dam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impacts">Environmental impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kariba_Dam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Environmental impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_displacement_and_resettlement">Population displacement and resettlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kariba_Dam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Population displacement and resettlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kariba_Dam_Construction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kariba_Dam_Construction.jpg/250px-Kariba_Dam_Construction.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kariba_Dam_Construction.jpg/330px-Kariba_Dam_Construction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1308" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kariba_Dam_Construction_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kariba_Dam_Construction_2.jpg/250px-Kariba_Dam_Construction_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kariba_Dam_Construction_2.jpg/330px-Kariba_Dam_Construction_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">The dam under construction in the 1950s, showing the dangers faced by the workers.</div></div></div></div> <p>The creation of the reservoir forced resettlement of about 57,000 Tonga people living along the Zambezi on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many different perspectives on how much resettlement aid was given to the displaced Tonga. British author <a href="/wiki/David_Armine_Howarth" class="mw-redirect" title="David Armine Howarth">David Howarth</a> described the efforts in Northern Rhodesia: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Everything that a government can do on a meagre budget is being done. Demonstration gardens have been planted, to try to teach the Tonga more sensible methods of agriculture, and to try to find cash crops that they can grow. The hilly land has been plowed in ridge contours to guard against erosion. In Sinazongwe, an irrigated garden has grown a prodigious crop of pawpaws, bananas, oranges, lemons, and vegetables, and shown that the remains of the valley could be made prolific if only money could be found for irrigation. Cooperative markets have been organized, and Tonga are being taught to run them. Enterprising Tonga have been given loans to set themselves up as farmers. More schools have been built than the Tonga ever had before, and most of the Tonga are now within reach of dispensaries and hospitals."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Thayer_Scudder" title="Thayer Scudder">Thayer Scudder</a>, who has studied these communities since the late 1950s, wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Today, most are still 'development refugees'. Many live in less-productive, problem-prone areas, some of which have been so seriously degraded within the last generation that they resemble lands on the edge of the Sahara Desert."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>American writer <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Leslie" title="Jacques Leslie">Jacques Leslie</a>, in <i>Deep Water</i> (2005), focused on the plight of the people displaced by Kariba Dam, and found the situation little changed since the 1970s. In his view, Kariba remains the worst dam-resettlement disaster in African history.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Basilwizi_Trust">Basilwizi Trust</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kariba_Dam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Basilwizi Trust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KaribaDam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/KaribaDam.jpg/250px-KaribaDam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/KaribaDam.jpg/330px-KaribaDam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/KaribaDam.jpg/500px-KaribaDam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>The dam as seen from <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In an effort to regain control of their lives, the local people who were displaced by the Kariba dam's reservoir formed the Basilwizi Trust in 2002. The Trust seeks mainly to improve the lives of people in the area through organizing development projects and serving as a conduit between the people of the Zambezi Valley and their country's decision-making process. <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="River_ecology">River ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kariba_Dam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: River ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kariba Dam controls 90% of the total runoff of the Zambezi River, thus changing the downstream ecology dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife_rescue">Wildlife rescue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kariba_Dam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wildlife rescue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1958 to 1961, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Noah_(Kariba)" title="Operation Noah (Kariba)">Operation Noah</a> captured and removed around 6,000 large animals and numerous small ones threatened by the lake's rising waters.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_activity">Recent activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kariba_Dam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recent activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 6 February 2008, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> reported that heavy rain could lead to a release of water from the dam, which would force 50,000 people downstream to evacuate.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rising levels led to the opening of the floodgates in March 2010, requiring the evacuation of 130,000 people who lived in the floodplain, and causing concerns that flooding would spread to nearby areas.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2014, at a conference organized by the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_River_Authority" title="Zambezi River Authority">Zambezi River Authority</a>, engineers warned that the foundations of the dam had weakened and there was a possibility of dam failure unless repairs were made.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 October 2014 the BBC reported that "The Kariba Dam is in a dangerous state. Opened in 1959, it was built on a seemingly solid bed of basalt. But, in the past 50 years, the torrents from the spillway have eroded that bedrock, carving a vast crater that has undercut the dam's foundations. … engineers are now warning that without urgent repairs, the whole dam will collapse. If that happened, a tsunami-like wall of water would rip through the Zambezi valley, reaching the Mozambique border within eight hours. The torrent would overwhelm Mozambique's <a href="/wiki/Cahora_Bassa_Dam" title="Cahora Bassa Dam">Cahora Bassa Dam</a> and knock out 40% of southern Africa's hydroelectric capacity. Along with the devastation of wildlife in the valley, the Zambezi River Authority estimates that the lives of 3.5 million people are at risk."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2015 The Institute of Risk Management South Africa completed a Risk Research Report entitled <i>Impact of the failure of the Kariba Dam</i>. It concluded: "Whilst we can debate whether the Kariba Dam will fail, why it might occur and when, there is no doubt that the impact across the region would be devastating."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2016 it was reported that water levels at the dam had dropped to 12% of capacity. Levels fell by 5.58 metres (18.3 ft), which is just 1.75 metres (5 ft 9 in) above the minimum operating level for hydropower. Low rainfalls and overuse of the water by the power plants have left the reservoir near empty, raising the prospect that both Zimbabwe and Zambia will face water shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July and September 2018, <i>The Lusaka Times</i> reported that work had started relating to the plunge pool and cracks in the dam wall.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 February 2019 Bloomberg reported "Zambia has reduced hydropower production at the Kariba Dam because of rapidly declining water levels" but "Zambia doesn't anticipate power cuts as a result of shortages".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 August that year, the same publication reported that the reservoir was near empty, and that it may have to stop hydropower production.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of November 2020 the water level in the Kariba reservoir has remained steady around the 25% capacity, up from nearly half that in November 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zambezi River Authority has stated that it is optimistic about rainfall estimates for the 2020/2021 rainfall season, allocating an increased amount of water for power production. At that time, the reservoir held 15.77 billion cubic meters of water, with the water line sitting at around 478.30 metres (1,569.23 ft), just above the minimum capacity for power generation of 475.50 metres (1,560.04 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was reported in February 2022 that rehabilitation work has been underway since 2017 on the Kariba dam. The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) said that work on the Kariba Dam Rehabilitation Project (KDRP), which includes efforts to reconfigure the plunge pool and rebuild the spillway gates, is scheduled to be finished in 2025. The rehabilitation of the dam is being financed by the European Union (EU), the World Bank, the Swedish government and the African Development Bank (AfDB), with the Zambian and Zimbabwe governments contributing counterpart funding. The project’s goal is to guarantee the structural integrity of the Kariba Dam, assuring the sustained generation of power primarily for the benefit of the inhabitants of Zimbabwe and Zambia and the broader Southern African Development Community area. The work on redesigning the plunge pool involves bulk excavating the rock in the current pool to assist plunge pool stabilization and avoid additional scouring or erosion along the weak fault zone towards the dam foundation. This reshaping work will be accomplished by constructing a temporary water-tight cofferdam to complete the reshaping work under dry conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An energy crisis due to drought and low water levels continued into January 2023, with water level falling to just 1% of capacity and output limited to 800 MW for a fraction of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Industrial power users have proposed a 250 MW <a href="/wiki/Floating_solar" title="Floating solar">floating solar</a> plant on Lake Kariba to improve electricity reliability.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kariba_Dam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/40px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/60px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahora_Bassa_Dam" title="Cahora Bassa Dam">Cahora Bassa Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyami_Nyami" title="Nyami Nyami">Nyami Nyami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_power_stations_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest power stations in the world">List of largest power stations in the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Zambezi_River" title="List of crossings of the Zambezi River">List of crossings of the Zambezi River</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kariba_Dam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zimbabwe+Situation&rft.atitle=ZRA+allots+more+water+for+Kariba+generation&rft.date=2020-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zimbabwesituation.com%2Fnews%2Fzra-allots-more-water-for-kariba-generation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKariba+Dam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOtieno2014" class="citation web cs1">Otieno, Patrick (May 13, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constructionreviewonline.com/biggest-projects/taking-action-avert-kariba-dam-collapse/">"Kariba Dam Rehabilitation Project (KDRP) Updates"</a>. <i>Construction Review Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Construction+Review+Online&rft.atitle=Kariba+Dam+Rehabilitation+Project+%28KDRP%29+Updates&rft.date=2014-05-13&rft.aulast=Otieno&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstructionreviewonline.com%2Fbiggest-projects%2Ftaking-action-avert-kariba-dam-collapse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKariba+Dam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAjasa2023" class="citation news cs1">Ajasa, Amudalat (January 4, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/01/04/kariba-dam-record-low-power-cuts/">"Low water levels have created an energy crisis at the world's largest dam"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Low+water+levels+have+created+an+energy+crisis+at+the+world%27s+largest+dam&rft.date=2023-01-04&rft.aulast=Ajasa&rft.aufirst=Amudalat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fweather%2F2023%2F01%2F04%2Fkariba-dam-record-low-power-cuts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKariba+Dam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifegate.com/kariba-dam-power-crisis">"Power crisis looms in Zambia as world's largest man-made dam dries up"</a>. <i>LifeGate</i>. 2023-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LifeGate&rft.atitle=Power+crisis+looms+in+Zambia+as+world%27s+largest+man-made+dam+dries+up&rft.date=2023-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifegate.com%2Fkariba-dam-power-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKariba+Dam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/zimbabwe-industrial-power-users-aim-to-raise-250-million-for-floating-solar-panels-1.1941719">"Zimbabwe Industrial Power Users Aim to Raise $250 Million for Floating Solar Panels - BNN Bloomberg"</a>. <i>BNN</i>. 2023-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BNN&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+Industrial+Power+Users+Aim+to+Raise+%24250+Million+for+Floating+Solar+Panels+-+BNN+Bloomberg&rft.date=2023-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnnbloomberg.ca%2Fzimbabwe-industrial-power-users-aim-to-raise-250-million-for-floating-solar-panels-1.1941719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKariba+Dam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kariba_Dam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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