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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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data-title="ریک اسنایدر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Snyder" title="Rick Snyder – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rick Snyder" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Snyder" title="Rick Snyder – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rick Snyder" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Snyder" title="Rick Snyder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rick Snyder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Snyder" title="Rick Snyder – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rick Snyder" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Snyder" title="Rick Snyder – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rick Snyder" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="ریک اسنایدر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریک اسنایدر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Snyder" title="Rick Snyder – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rick Snyder" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Snyder" title="Rick Snyder – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rick Snyder" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8" title="ריק סניידר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריק סניידר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ريك سنيدير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريك سنيدير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Snyder" title="Rick Snyder – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rick Snyder" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Snyder" title="Rick Snyder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rick Snyder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Snyder" title="Rick Snyder – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rick Snyder" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Snyder" title="Rick Snyder – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rick Snyder" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Снайдер, Рик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Снайдер, Рик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Snyder" title="Rick Snyder – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rick Snyder" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Snyder" title="Rick Snyder – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rick Snyder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рік Снайдер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рік Снайдер" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician and business executive</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/Richard_Snyder_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Richard Snyder (disambiguation)">Richard Snyder</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Rick Snyder</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Rick_Snyder_DSC_2723_(36205427805)_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Rick_Snyder_DSC_2723_%2836205427805%29_%281%29.jpg/220px-Rick_Snyder_DSC_2723_%2836205427805%29_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Rick_Snyder_DSC_2723_%2836205427805%29_%281%29.jpg/330px-Rick_Snyder_DSC_2723_%2836205427805%29_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Rick_Snyder_DSC_2723_%2836205427805%29_%281%29.jpg/440px-Rick_Snyder_DSC_2723_%2836205427805%29_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="1498" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Snyder in 2017</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">48th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Michigan" title="Governor of Michigan">Governor of Michigan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 1, 2011 – January 1, 2019</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Michigan" title="Lieutenant Governor of Michigan">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Calley" title="Brian Calley">Brian Calley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm" title="Jennifer Granholm">Jennifer Granholm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Whitmer" title="Gretchen Whitmer">Gretchen Whitmer</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Richard Dale Snyder</div> (1958-08-19) August 19, 1958 (age 66) <a href="/wiki/Battle_Creek,_Michigan" title="Battle Creek, Michigan">Battle Creek, Michigan</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Sue Snyder</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1987)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_General_Studies" title="Bachelor of General Studies">BGS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">MBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Rick-snyder-sigsvg.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Rick Snyder's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Rick-snyder-sigsvg.png/128px-Rick-snyder-sigsvg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Rick-snyder-sigsvg.png/192px-Rick-snyder-sigsvg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Rick-snyder-sigsvg.png/256px-Rick-snyder-sigsvg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="91" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Richard Dale Snyder (born August 19, 1958) is an American business executive, venture capitalist, attorney, accountant, and politician who served as the 48th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Michigan" title="Governor of Michigan">governor of Michigan</a> from 2011 to 2019. Snyder, who was born in <a href="/wiki/Battle_Creek,_Michigan" title="Battle Creek, Michigan">Battle Creek, Michigan</a>, began his career in business in 1982. He was <a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman of the board</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gateway,_Inc." title="Gateway, Inc.">Gateway</a> from 2005 to 2007, a co-founder of Ardesta, LLC, a <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> firm, HealthMedia, Inc., a digital health coaching company, and is currently CEO of SensCy,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> a cybersecurity company based in <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-scores-2">[2]</a> A member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-celebrates-3">[3]</a> he won the <a href="/wiki/2010_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 Michigan gubernatorial election">2010 Michigan gubernatorial election</a> and won reelection in <a href="/wiki/2014_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 Michigan gubernatorial election">2014</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2014votefreep-4">[4]</a> Snyder was term-limited and could not seek re-election in <a href="/wiki/2018_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="2018 Michigan gubernatorial election">2018</a> and was succeeded by Democrat <a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Whitmer" title="Gretchen Whitmer">Gretchen Whitmer</a>. Snyder was considered a possible Republican Party candidate for <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> in <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a>, although ultimately <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> was selected.<a href="#cite_note-blogger_puts-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-WILX-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBS62-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In 2014, Snyder gained national attention during the <a href="/wiki/Flint_water_crisis" title="Flint water crisis">Flint water crisis</a>, in which he was accused of mishandling the situation that exposed thousands of Flint residents to lead-contaminated water. A report by the University of Michigan School of Public Health concluded Snyder bore "significant legal responsibility" for the Flint water crisis.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In 2020, an article was published in <a href="/wiki/Vice_Media" title="Vice Media">Vice</a> detailing evidence of corruption and a cover-up by Snyder, including that he was warned repeatedly about the dangerous effects of the decisions he had made about the Flint water supply.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In January 2021, Snyder was among those criminally charged for the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> He pled not guilty to two misdemeanor charges.<a href="#cite_note-dfp-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-chn-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbc-14">[14]</a> In December 2022 Genesee County Judge <a href="/wiki/F._Kay_Behm" title="F. Kay Behm">F. Kay Behm</a> dismissed the charges.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_education,_and_family">Early life, education, and family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, education, and family">edit</a>]</div> Snyder was born to Dale F. and Helen Louella Snyder in Battle Creek, Michigan, where he was raised. His father owned a local <a href="/wiki/Window_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Window cleaning">window-cleaning</a> company in Battle Creek, and was of paternal <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> He has an elder sister.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> When he was 16, he took a business class at <a href="/wiki/Kellogg_Community_College" title="Kellogg Community College">Kellogg Community College</a> on weekends. By his senior year at Lakeview High School in <a href="/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Michigan" title="Calhoun County, Michigan">Calhoun County</a>, Snyder had earned 23 college credits.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Snyder visited the admissions office of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> in November 1975 and spoke with the admissions director, who recommended that Snyder attend Michigan and create his own degree.<a href="#cite_note-Commencement-19">[19]</a> Snyder received a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_General_Studies" title="Bachelor of General Studies">Bachelor of General Studies</a> in 1977, a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a> in 1979, and a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> in 1982, all from the University of Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bomey-21">[21]</a> Snyder is also a <a href="/wiki/Certified_Public_Accountant" title="Certified Public Accountant">Certified Public Accountant</a> (CPA).<a href="#cite_note-joa-22">[22]</a> He resides in <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a> with his wife Sue and their three children and has a vacation home near <a href="/wiki/Gun_Lake_(Michigan)" title="Gun Lake (Michigan)">Gun Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-offers_advice-23">[23]</a> The couple were married in 1987 at Cherry Hill Presbyterian Church in <a href="/wiki/Dearborn,_Michigan" title="Dearborn, Michigan">Dearborn, Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AnnArbor.com-24">[24]</a> Snyder has indicated he is a practicing <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AnnArbor.com-24">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RickSnyderandWifeWiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/RickSnyderandWifeWiki.jpg/220px-RickSnyderandWifeWiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/RickSnyderandWifeWiki.jpg/330px-RickSnyderandWifeWiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/RickSnyderandWifeWiki.jpg/440px-RickSnyderandWifeWiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Michigan Governor Rick Snyder with First Lady Sue Snyder, at Ford Field in Detroit, January 18, 2013</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_career">Business career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Business career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coopers_&_Lybrand">Coopers & Lybrand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coopers & Lybrand">edit</a>]</div> Snyder was employed with <a href="/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers" class="mw-redirect" title="PricewaterhouseCoopers">Coopers & Lybrand</a>, from 1982 to 1991, beginning in the tax department of the <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> office. Snyder was named partner in 1988. The next year, Snyder was named partner-in-charge of the <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers and acquisitions</a> practice in the <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> office.<a href="#cite_note-venture_capitalist-25">[25]</a> He served as an <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_professor" title="Adjunct professor">adjunct</a> <a href="/wiki/Assistant_professor" title="Assistant professor">assistant professor</a> of accounting at the University of Michigan from 1982 to 1984.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gateway,_Inc.">Gateway, Inc.</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gateway, Inc.">edit</a>]</div> Snyder joined the computer company <a href="/wiki/Gateway,_Inc." title="Gateway, Inc.">Gateway</a> (based in <a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California" title="Irvine, California">Irvine</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>) in 1991 as the executive vice president. He served as president and chief operating officer from 1996 to 1997. He remained on the board of directors until 2007.<a href="#cite_note-steps_down-27">[27]</a> From 2005 to 2007, Snyder served as the chairman of the board. During 2006, Snyder served as interim chief executive officer while a search for a permanent replacement was made. His tenure on the Gateway board ran from 1991 to 2007 until Gateway was sold to <a href="/wiki/Acer_Inc." title="Acer Inc.">Acer Inc.</a> Snyder stated that he did not vote for outsourcing while he was a Gateway board director and he worked to bring jobs to America as the interim CEO of Gateway.<a href="#cite_note-outsourcing-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venture_Capital_/_Investments">Venture Capital / Investments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Venture Capital / Investments">edit</a>]</div> In 1997, Snyder returned to Ann Arbor to found Avalon Investments Inc., a <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> company with a $100 million fund, along with the co-founder of Gateway, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Waitt" title="Ted Waitt">Ted Waitt</a>. Snyder was president and chief executive officer of Avalon from 1997 to 2000. He then co-founded Ardesta <a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">LLC</a>, an investment firm, in 2000 along with three co-founders, which invested in 20 start-up companies through 2011. He was chairman and chief executive officer of the company. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HealthMedia,_Inc.">HealthMedia, Inc.</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: HealthMedia, Inc.">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: Reference formatting and run-on sentences. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rick_Snyder" title="Special:EditPage/Rick Snyder">improve this section</a> if you can. (October 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In 1998, Snyder angel funded and co-founded, with University of Michigan (U-M) School of Public Health professor <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sph.umich.edu/faculty-profiles/strecher-victor.html">Victor Strecher, Ph.D.</a>, HealthMedia Incorporated (HMI), a developer of digital health coaching applications that implemented tailored questionnaires to gather personal information with the goal of creating customized health promotion plans for individuals. The U-M's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techtransfer.umich.edu/">Office of Technology Transfer</a> played an integral role in helping HMI get started with Vic Strecher as the founding CEO and the U-M's publicly funded Health Media Research Laboratory (founded and directed by Strecher and now called the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chcr.umich.edu/">Center for Health Communications Research</a>) providing the new company with exclusive research and development findings into health-related computerized tailored messaging and the exclusive licence to sell that content (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20001214/SUB/12140852/um-spawns-spinoffs-patents">UM spawns spinoffs, patents</a>). Despite these university-based start-up and R&D advantages, HMI got off to a poor performance start and in 2001 Snyder replaced the founding CEO (Strecher remained on the HMI board) and personally rescued the company from insolvency with more of his own money. After multiple rounds of more additional financing through venture capital (Arboretum Ventures, Ardesta, Avalon Capital Group, AvTech Ventures, Chrysalis Ventures, Princeton Fund) and yet never achieving profitability, HMI was sold in 2008 for a reported $200 million to <a href="/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson" title="Johnson & Johnson">Johnson & Johnson</a>. The sale of HMI transferred the ownership of all the personal health information accrued from their millions of users to Johnson & Johnson and played a key role in the negotiated price. At the time of the reported $200 million deal, U-M President <a href="/wiki/Mary_Sue_Coleman" title="Mary Sue Coleman">Mary Sue Coleman</a> was on Johnson & Johnson's board of directors and the U-M secured millions of dollars with its equity stake in the company.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> When campaigning for Michigan governor in 2010, Snyder was quoted as saying, "That company (HMI) is one of the best success stories in the state." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://temp.techtransfer.umich.edu/news_events/success_stories/story_60.php">Office of Technology Transfer – University of Michigan</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://annarborchronicle.com/2008/10/27/live-at-pjs-its-healthmedia/index.html">The Ann Arbor Chronicle | Live at PJ’s: It’s HealthMedia!</a>). Following Snyder's election as Michigan governor, Johnson & Johnson then folded HMI into a subsidiary (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jnj.com/jjhws">Johnson & Johnson Health and Wellness Solutions</a>) and is no longer operating in the state of Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SensCy,_Inc.">SensCy, Inc.</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: SensCy, Inc.">edit</a>]</div> In July, 2022, Snyder co-founded SensCy along with former State of Michigan CIO David Behen<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Ann Arbor entrepreneur Bhushan Kulkarni,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and Dave Kelly<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> who led cyber command for the Michigan State Police. SensCy is a cybersecurity start-up focused on helping small and medium-sized organizations improve their cyberhealth. Snyder's firm invented the SensCy Score,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> a numeric representation of an organization's cyberhealth. The SensCy Score is similar to the FICO score used for credit worthiness as it provides visibility into how a company is performing on key cybersecurity metrics. SensCy stands for Sensible Cyber and aims to be the trusted guide for small and medium-sized organizations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-profit_service">Non-profit service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Non-profit service">edit</a>]</div> Snyder serves on the boards of the <a href="/wiki/The_Henry_Ford" title="The Henry Ford">Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village</a> (a National Historic Landmark), the Michigan chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Nature_Conservancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Conservancy">Nature Conservancy</a>, and several boards associated with his alma mater the University of Michigan. He was also first chair of the Michigan Economic Development Corporation in 1999 under Republican governor <a href="/wiki/John_Engler" title="John Engler">John Engler</a> and was also the chair of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Arbor_SPARK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ann Arbor SPARK (page does not exist)">Ann Arbor SPARK</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gubernatorial_elections">Gubernatorial elections</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gubernatorial elections">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010">2010</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2010">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2010_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 Michigan gubernatorial election">2010 Michigan gubernatorial election</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rick_Snyder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Rick_Snyder.jpg/150px-Rick_Snyder.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Rick_Snyder.jpg/225px-Rick_Snyder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Rick_Snyder.jpg/300px-Rick_Snyder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Rick Snyder in 2009</figcaption></figure> Snyder competed with <a href="/wiki/Oakland_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland County">Oakland County</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">Sheriff</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Bouchard" title="Mike Bouchard">Mike Bouchard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Senate" title="Michigan Senate">state Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_George" title="Tom George">Tom George</a>, United States Congressman <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hoekstra" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Hoekstra">Pete Hoekstra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Attorney_General" title="Michigan Attorney General">Michigan Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Cox_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Cox (U.S. politician)">Mike Cox</a> as candidates for the Republican <a href="/wiki/Gubernatorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Gubernatorial">gubernatorial</a> nomination. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Ford_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Ford Jr.">Bill Ford Jr.</a>, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>, endorsed Snyder for the Republican nomination for governor.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> He campaigned as "pro-life, pro-Second Amendment, [and] pro-family," with a focus on the economy.<a href="#cite_note-Bomey-21">[21]</a> His campaign emphasized his experience in growing business and creating jobs in the private sector, saying that his opponents were mainly career politicians. Snyder favors the standard exceptions on abortion for rape, incest, and saving the life of the mother (he signed legislation banning <a href="/wiki/Intact_dilation_and_extraction" title="Intact dilation and extraction">partial birth</a> abortion in October 2011); he opposes federal funding of abortions; he would not ban embryonic stem cell research; he supports upholding traditional marriage, but would allow civil unions.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Christoff-39">[39]</a> In August 2010, Snyder won the primary to secure the Republican nomination with a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a> of 36% of the vote. In the general election in November, Snyder faced Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Virg_Bernero" class="mw-redirect" title="Virg Bernero">Virg Bernero</a>, the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing</a>, and three <a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">minor party</a> candidates. In October 2010, Snyder's campaign total exceeded $11.6 million, outpacing his opponent.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Snyder released his tax returns for 2007 and 2008.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Snyder won with 58 percent of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> With Snyder's election in 2010, Republicans gained a majority in the Michigan House and increased the Republican majority held in the Michigan Senate. Snyder was the first <a href="/wiki/Certified_Public_Accountant" title="Certified Public Accountant">Certified Public Accountant</a> (CPA) to be elected governor of the state and at the time, the only CPA to serve as a governor in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014">2014</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2014">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2014_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 Michigan gubernatorial election">2014 Michigan gubernatorial election</a></div> In January 2014, Snyder launched his campaign for a second term as governor.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> He was unopposed in the Republican primary and faced Democratic former United States Representative <a href="/wiki/Mark_Schauer" title="Mark Schauer">Mark Schauer</a> for the general election.<a href="#cite_note-nictusa1-46">[46]</a> Snyder was considered vulnerable in his bid for a second term, as reflected in his low approval ratings,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> however, Schauer suffered from a lack of name recognition.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> He garnered approximately 51% of the vote in the November 2014 election, defeating Schauer and earning a second term.<a href="#cite_note-2014votefreep-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor_of_Michigan">Governor of Michigan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Governor of Michigan">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenure">Tenure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tenure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit">converting this article</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available. (October 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MIGovernorSnyder2011Oath.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MIGovernorSnyder2011Oath.JPG/220px-MIGovernorSnyder2011Oath.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MIGovernorSnyder2011Oath.JPG/330px-MIGovernorSnyder2011Oath.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MIGovernorSnyder2011Oath.JPG/440px-MIGovernorSnyder2011Oath.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Governor Snyder takes the oath from <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Supreme_Court" title="Michigan Supreme Court">Michigan Supreme Court</a> Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Jean_Kelly" title="Marilyn Jean Kelly">Marilyn Kelly</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada-U.S._Innovation_Partnership_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Canada-U.S._Innovation_Partnership_Conference.jpg/220px-Canada-U.S._Innovation_Partnership_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Canada-U.S._Innovation_Partnership_Conference.jpg/330px-Canada-U.S._Innovation_Partnership_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Canada-U.S._Innovation_Partnership_Conference.jpg/440px-Canada-U.S._Innovation_Partnership_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Snyder (far right) with (from left to right) <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Deputy Secretary of State">United States Deputy Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Nides" title="Thomas R. Nides">Thomas R. Nides</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Canada">United States Ambassador to Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Jacobson_(diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Jacobson (diplomat)">David Jacobson</a>, Canadian <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of State (Canada)">Minister of State</a> for Science and Technology <a href="/wiki/Gary_Goodyear" title="Gary Goodyear">Gary Goodyear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Johnston_(governor_general)" title="David Johnston (governor general)">David Johnston</a>, and Canada 2020 Chair <a href="/wiki/Don_Newman_(broadcaster)" title="Don Newman (broadcaster)">Don Newman</a> at the US–Canada Partnership: Enhancing the Innovation Ecosystem conference at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier" title="Château Laurier">Château Laurier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, November 2, 2011.</figcaption></figure> Snyder was inaugurated as governor on January 1, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Capitol" title="Michigan State Capitol">Capitol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing</a>. His first executive order as governor was to divide the Department of Natural Resources and Environment into two distinct departments as they were a few years before: the Department of Natural Resources and the Department of Environmental Quality.<a href="#cite_note-ExOrder2011-1-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-DNRDEQFreePress-54">[54]</a> On January 7, 2011, Snyder announced he was appointing Michigan Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Maura_D._Corrigan" title="Maura D. Corrigan">Maura D. Corrigan</a> to head the Department of Human Services and appointed Michigan Appeals Court Judge <a href="/wiki/Brian_K._Zahra" title="Brian K. Zahra">Brian K. Zahra</a> to fill the resulting Supreme Court vacancy. Snyder delivered his first State of the State address on January 19, the earliest Michigan State of the State since Governor John Engler's 1996 address on January 17. He endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_River_International_Crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit River International Crossing">Detroit River International Crossing</a> for the first time publicly in the address, which was received favorably by Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-Job1-55">[55]</a> Snyder appointed <a href="/wiki/Andy_Dillon" title="Andy Dillon">Andy Dillon</a>, a pro-life Democrat,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and formerly Speaker of the House, to serve as state treasurer in his administration. Snyder presented his first budget to the legislature on February 17, 2011,<a href="#cite_note-fy12budgetrelease-57">[57]</a> calling it a plan for "Michigan's reinvention," and saying it would end Michigan's deficits. He described the budget as containing "shared sacrifice" but added that his budget plan would create jobs and spur economic growth. The $46 billion budget reduced $1.8 billion in spending, raised taxes by eliminating tax exemptions on pensions, while at the same time abolished the state's complex business tax, replacing it with a significantly reduced flat tax on the profits of <a href="/wiki/C_corporation" title="C corporation">C corporations</a>. This shift in tax burden led State Senate Minority Leader Gretchen Whitmer to criticize the budget, saying that it did not involve "shared sacrifice," but instead was balanced "on the backs of our kids, working families, and our seniors" and "picks out who he's willing to leave behind."<a href="#cite_note-SnyderbudgetWhitmer-58">[58]</a> Snyder supported the government backed rescue of the American auto industry. This reflected the view of a 56% of Americans in 2012 who supported the 2009 auto bailout according to a Pew Research Center poll (63% support in Michigan).<a href="#cite_note-autopoll-59">[59]</a> On March 16, 2011, Snyder signed a controversial bill into law that gave increased powers to <a href="/wiki/Financial_emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial emergency">emergency managers</a> of local municipalities to resolve financial matters.<a href="#cite_note-legislativebill-60">[60]</a> The bill was repealed by voter initiative in November 2012. However, weeks later in December 2012 Snyder signed a revised version of the bill back into law.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> On December 22, 2011, Snyder signed into law The Public Employee Domestic Partner Benefit Restriction Act, which prevents the same-sex domestic partners of public employees at both the state and local level from receiving health benefits. In January 2012, the <a href="/wiki/ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU">ACLU</a> filed a lawsuit against Snyder and the state of Michigan in federal court on behalf of five Michigan same-sex couples, each with one spouse working for local public schools or municipalities in Michigan. The suit alleged that the law violates the <a href="/wiki/Equal_protection_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal protection clause">equal protection clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> On June 28, 2013, a federal judge struck down the law.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> He has also engaged in trade missions to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, focused on attracting attention on companies such as <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buss-65">[65]</a> Following approval from the legislature, Snyder signed the fiscal year 2012 budget in June, the earliest it had been completed in three decades.<a href="#cite_note-Snydersignsbudget-66">[66]</a> In May 2012, Snyder joined a bipartisan effort urging the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> to pass a measure to affirm that States can collect sales taxes on online purchases.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> As governor, Snyder abolished the state's complex business tax in favor of a <a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">flat tax</a>, and signed a bill which raised taxes by eliminating tax exemptions for pensions. For years Snyder had said anti-union legislation was not on his agenda, when on the morning of December 6, 2012, during a <a href="/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)" title="Lame duck (politics)">lame duck</a> session of the Republican-controlled Michigan legislature, Snyder called a joint press conference with the legislative leadership to announce fast-track <a href="/wiki/Right-to-work_law" title="Right-to-work law">right-to-work legislation</a>. The legislation passed both houses of the Michigan legislature that day, without committee votes or public hearings. A $1 million appropriation added to the legislation made it ineligible for repeal via referendum.<a href="#cite_note-ap20121207-69">[69]</a> On December 10, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler AG">Daimler AG</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Diesel" title="Detroit Diesel">Detroit Diesel</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/Redford,_Michigan" title="Redford, Michigan">Redford, Michigan</a>, and told employees the legislation was about the "right to work for less money."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The law effectively provides that payment of union dues cannot be required as a condition of employment.<a href="#cite_note-MNafl-cio-72">[72]</a> After a required four-day wait between the houses of the legislature passing each other's bills,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Snyder signed the legislation into law on December 11, 2012, making Michigan the 24th right-to-work state in the United States as part of a plan to attract business and jobs to the state.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-pressrelease-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-76">[76]</a> The Employee Free Choice Act, as it was named, has received mixed results in polls.<a href="#cite_note-Egan-77">[77]</a> A Market Research Group poll conducted in March 2012 showed Snyder's approval rating rising to 50% among likely voters, which matched that of President Barack Obama, placing Snyder among the most popular Republican governors in states carried by Obama in the 2008 election cycle.<a href="#cite_note-like_how-78">[78]</a> Snyder was briefly mentioned as a possible pick to be the Republican Party candidate for <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-blogger_puts-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-WILX-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gazette-79">[79]</a> His business executive background and 'positive' style were cited as political assets, with his deeds seen as strengthening the case for electing a business executive candidate as President of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Decker-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murray-82">[82]</a> He was also mentioned as a potential Republican Party candidate for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-republican-candidates1-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crain-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In December 2012, Snyder signed legislation requiring facilities where at least 120 <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortions</a> were performed annually to obtain a state license as freestanding surgical facilities.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Planned Parenthood had urged Snyder to veto the bill claiming it unnecessarily increases costs.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In January 2013, Snyder traveled to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> to meet with <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>. He was last in Israel in 1999 as a venture capitalist. "I had a chance to see the start of high-tech boom in Israel and that's great to see. This is really a startup nation. They've done a great job of being entrepreneurial, innovative, and that's a major part of their economy now and the good part is we can learn from that."<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In March 2013, Snyder announced a <a href="/wiki/Financial_emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial emergency">financial emergency</a> for the city of Detroit<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and appointed an emergency manager, <a href="/wiki/Kevyn_Orr" title="Kevyn Orr">Kevyn Orr</a>. As a result of emergency manager appointments under Snyder's watch, over half of the state's black population lived in cities where the local government was appointed rather than elected by the voters.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> On December 27, 2013, Snyder signed a bill into law which nullified Section 1021 of the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2012" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012">National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012</a>, which contained a controversial provision that allowed the government and the military to indefinitely detain American citizens and others without trial.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> On January 23, 2014, Snyder announced plans to offer visas to 50,000 immigrant workers with advanced degrees to help jumpstart the Detroit economy. The program's advocates claimed the program was expected to bring an influx of new jobs and a more stable tax base.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In June 2014, Snyder appointed a 15-member commission for improving and reforming Michigan's public defense efforts for the poor in the criminal justice system in order to effectively meet and ensure the rights safeguarded by the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> On September 10, Detroit reached a deal with three Michigan counties over regional water and sewer services that was hoped to eliminate one roadblock to federal court approval of the city's plan to adjust its debt and exit bankruptcy. The deal with Oakland, Wayne and Macomb counties created a regional water and sewer authority, but allowed Detroit to maintain control of its local system. The deal was crucial to adjusting the city's $18 billion of debt and exiting the biggest-ever municipal bankruptcy.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> On December 18, the Governor issued an executive order to establish the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Talent_and_Economic_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Department of Talent and Economic Development">Michigan Department of Talent and Economic Development</a> to house a new state agency, Talent Investment Agency, created from the merger of Michigan State Housing and Development Authority, the Workforce Development Agency, the Governor's Talent Investment Board and the Unemployment Insurance Agency. Over objections from the state legislature, the department would come into effect 60 days after the start of the next legislative session.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In November 2015, Governor Rick Snyder declared his opposition to permitting Syrian refugee relocation to the state of Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> A compilation of online surveys showed that Snyder's approval rating was below 40 percent in April 2018.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In December 2018, Snyder granted clemency to 61 Michigan prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet">Cabinet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cabinet">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Title(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nick Lyon</td> <td> <ul><li>Director of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="Michigan Department of Health and Human Services">Michigan Department of Health and Human Services</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nick_Khouri" title="Nick Khouri">Nick Khouri</a></td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Treasurer_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="State Treasurer of Michigan">State Treasurer</a></li> <li>Group Executive for Treasury (Treasury Department, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Lottery" title="Michigan Lottery">Lottery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaming_control_board" title="Gaming control board">Gaming control board</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Roger Curtis</td> <td>Director of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Talent_and_Economic_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Department of Talent and Economic Development">Department of Talent and Economic Development</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jeff Mason</td> <td>CEO of the Michigan Economic Development Corporation </td></tr> <tr> <td>David De Vries</td> <td> <ul><li>Michigan <a href="/wiki/Chief_information_officer" title="Chief information officer">CIO</a></li> <li>Director of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Technology,_Management,_and_Budget" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Department of Technology, Management, and Budget">Department of Technology, Management, and Budget</a> (DTMB)</li> <li>Value for Money group executive (Budget Office, DTMB, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Technology,_Management,_and_Budget#Office_of_the_State_Employer" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Department of Technology, Management, and Budget">Office of the State Employer</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maj. Gen. Gregory J. Vadnais</td> <td> <ul><li>Group executive for public safety (State Police, Corrections, MVA)</li> <li>Director of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Military_and_Veterans_Affairs" title="Michigan Department of Military and Veterans Affairs">Department of Military and Veterans Affairs</a> (MVA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjutant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjutant General">Adjutant General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_National_Guard" title="Michigan National Guard">Michigan National Guard</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Heidi Grether</td> <td> <ul><li>Director of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Environmental_Quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Department of Environmental Quality">Department of Environmental Quality</a></li> <li>Quality of Life group executive (DNR, DEQ, DARD)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jamie Clover Adams</td> <td>Director of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture and Rural Development</a> (DARD) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kriste Etue</td> <td>Director of the Department of <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Police" title="Michigan State Police">State Police</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brian J. Whiston</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Education" title="Michigan Department of Education">Superintendent of Public Instruction</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Heidi E. Washington</td> <td>Director of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Corrections" title="Michigan Department of Corrections">Department of Corrections</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shelly Edgerton</td> <td>Director of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Licensing_and_Regulatory_Affairs" title="Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs">Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs</a> (LARA) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Agustin V. Arbulu</td> <td>Director of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Civil_Rights" title="Michigan Department of Civil Rights">Department of Civil Rights</a> (DCR) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kirk T. Steudle</td> <td>Director of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Transportation" title="Michigan Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a> (DOT) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Keith Creagh</td> <td>Director of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Michigan Department of Natural Resources">Department of Natural Resources</a> (DNR) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Patrick M. McPharlin</td> <td>Director of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Insurance_and_Financial_Services" title="Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services">Department of Insurance and Financial Services</a> (DIFS) </td></tr> <tr> <td>James Robert Redford</td> <td>Director of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Military_and_Veterans_Affairs#Michigan_Veterans_Affairs_Agency" title="Michigan Department of Military and Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs Agency</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wanda Stokes</td> <td>Director of the Michigan Talent Investment Agency </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flint_water_crisis">Flint water crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Flint water crisis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flint_water_crisis" title="Flint water crisis">Flint water crisis</a></div> From 2011 to 2015, Snyder appointed several individuals as <a href="/wiki/Financial_emergency_in_Michigan#Emergency_manager" title="Financial emergency in Michigan">Emergency Managers</a> for <a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint, Michigan</a>. In 2014, emergency manager <a href="/wiki/Darnell_Earley" title="Darnell Earley">Darnell Earley</a> was responsible for changing the source of drinking water for the city to the <a href="/wiki/Flint_River_(Michigan)" title="Flint River (Michigan)">Flint River</a>, which has <a href="/wiki/Trihalomethanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trihalomethanes">trihalomethanes</a> (TTHM) in it.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> It was later discovered that the water was too corrosive, and leached lead out of the service lines that was then ingested by the people of the city.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In September 2015, a study by the <a href="/wiki/Hurley_Medical_Center" title="Hurley Medical Center">Hurley Medical Center</a> found that the community's children were being <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">poisoned by the lead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> While Flint transitioned back to its prior source of water in October 2015,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> lead levels in the city's water remain above the federal action level.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Amid allegations that the Michigan Health Department was stalling water treatment expert <a href="/wiki/Marc_Edwards_(civil_engineering_professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Edwards (civil engineering professor)">Marc Edwards</a>' effort to obtain public records, journalists have asked when the State of Michigan knew about the lead poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Details were released by the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press" title="Detroit Free Press">Detroit Free Press</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Detroit_News" title="The Detroit News">The Detroit News</a> on 26 February 2016 that Valerie Brader, Snyder's senior policy adviser and deputy legal counsel, and his chief legal counsel Mike Gadola had expressed concerns to him about Flint's water in October 2014, nearly six months after Flint had begun using the river water to save money, despite Governor Snyder claiming he was unaware of the issue until very recently.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> A petition from Angelo Scott Brown, a Flint pastor and former Democratic Party gubernatorial candidate, to <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recall</a> Snyder was denied by the Board of State Canvassers.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Filmmaker and Flint native <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Michael Moore</a> has called for Snyder's arrest on charges of corruption and assault, and has started a petition on his website.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> On November 13, 2015, four families filed a federal <a href="/wiki/Class_action" title="Class action">class action</a> lawsuit in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan">U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan</a> in Detroit against Snyder and thirteen other city and state officials, including former Flint Mayor <a href="/wiki/Dayne_Walling" title="Dayne Walling">Dayne Walling</a> and ex-emergency financial manager Darnell Earley. The <a href="/wiki/Complaint_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complaint (law)">complaint</a> alleges that the officials acted <a href="/wiki/Recklessness_(law)" title="Recklessness (law)">recklessly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negligence" title="Negligence">negligently</a>, leading to serious injuries from <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune disorder">autoimmune disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin_lesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin lesion">skin lesions</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Brain_fog" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain fog">brain fog</a>."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bethencourt-115">[115]</a> On December 15, 2015, Mayor Weaver declared the water issue as a citywide public health state of emergency to prompt help from state and federal officials.<a href="#cite_note-waterwashpost-116">[116]</a> Snyder apologized for the incident.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Snyder declared a State of Emergency on January 5, 2016, for <a href="/wiki/Genesee_County,_Michigan" title="Genesee County, Michigan">Genesee County, Michigan</a>. On January 16, 2016, Snyder requested that the federal government declare a state of emergency in Flint.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Detroit_News" title="The Detroit News">The Detroit News</a> and <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>, "...in March 2016 Snyder released a new 75-point action plan to address the contamination crisis, calling for a “much higher standard” for drinking water regulations but stopping short of advocating for complete replacement of all underground lead service lines in the city. The plan included short-, intermediate- and long-term goals, including making infrastructure improvements; creating a data-sharing agreement with state and federal environmental agencies; and setting up a protocol for a “drinkability declaration” for Flint water."<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In mid-April 2016, Snyder initiated his own 30-Day Flint Challenge. "The plan was to drink solely Flint tap water for an entire month to show residents that the water was safe and that he cared about the people."<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> However, the Detroit Metro Times reported that the governor left town on April 23 to spend the week touring Europe for trade discussions, breaking his promise. In July 2018, Drs Hernan Gomez of the University of Michigan and Kim Dietrich of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati" title="University of Cincinnati">University of Cincinnati</a>, toxicology and environmental health experts, published an <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">Op-ed</a> article in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">the New York Times</a> titled “The Children of Flint were not ‘Poisoned.” In the essay article the authors referred to the findings in a study “Toxicohistrionics”: Flint, Michigan and the Lead Crisis published in the June issue of <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Pediatrics" title="The Journal of Pediatrics">The Journal of Pediatrics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> According to their opinion and the study, there was a small increase of children whose blood lead levels surpassed the Centers for Disease Control reference level (from 2.2 percent to 3.7 percent), but none were at a level that required urgent medical treatment."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> On April 16, 2020, an article was published giving details of evidence of corruption and a cover-up by Snyder and his "fixer" Rich Baird, and saying the statute of limitations on some of the most serious felony misconduct-in-office charges would expire on April 25, 2020. The article was published by <a href="/wiki/Vice_News" title="Vice News">Vice News</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Chariton" title="Jordan Chariton">Jordan Chariton</a> and Jenn Dize, the co-founders of Status Coup, with photos by Brittany Greeson.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Responses from Michigan state authorities denied that a deadline was approaching and said that criminal prosecutions would follow.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> On January 12, 2021, It was announced that nine former government officials including Rick Snyder would face charges resulting from the Flint water crisis.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Snyder was charged with two misdemeanors of willful neglect but he pleaded not guilty to the charges.<a href="#cite_note-chn-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-dfp-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Following its practice of paying the legal costs for state employees charged with a criminal offense, the administrative board of Michigan approved an up to $1.45 million contract with <a href="/wiki/Warner_Norcross_%26_Judd" title="Warner Norcross & Judd">Warner Norcross & Judd</a> law corporation to defend the former governor Snyder.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_career">Subsequent career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Subsequent career">edit</a>]</div> Just before leaving the governor's office, Snyder formed a new Ann Arbor based company called RPAction LLC whose staff consists of former officials of the Snyder administration.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> On June 29, 2019, Snyder accepted a soon-to-be appointment at Harvard to share his knowledge of state and local government.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> On July 3, he tweeted that he was "turning down" the offer: "It would have been exciting to share my experiences, both positive and negative; our current political environment and its lack of civility makes this too disruptive. I wish them the best."<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Snyder endorsed <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a>, alleging that "President Trump lacks a moral compass. He ignores the truth" and that the president "also demonstrated that he does not fully appreciate policy matters, including public health, the economy and foreign relations, nor does he seem to want to learn."<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Electoral history">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption>Republican Primary – 2010 Michigan gubernatorial election<a href="#cite_note-Michigan_Department_of_State,_Bureau_of_Elections-137">[137]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Rick Snyder </td> <td style="text-align:right">381,327 </td> <td style="text-align:right">36.4 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hoekstra" title="Pete Hoekstra">Pete Hoekstra</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">280,976 </td> <td style="text-align:right">26.8 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Cox_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Cox (U.S. politician)">Mike Cox</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">240,409 </td> <td style="text-align:right">23.0 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Bouchard" title="Mike Bouchard">Mike Bouchard</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">127,350 </td> <td style="text-align:right">12.2 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Tom George </td> <td style="text-align:right">16,986 </td> <td style="text-align:right">2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;">1,044,925 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Michigan gubernatorial election, 2010<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>±% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Rick Snyder </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em">1,874,834 </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em">58.11% </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em">+15.81% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Virg_Bernero" class="mw-redirect" title="Virg Bernero">Virg Bernero</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1,287,320 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">39.90% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−16.46% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn">Ken Proctor </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">22,390 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.69% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.08% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #A356DE; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a> </td> <td class="fn">Stacey Mathia </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">20,818 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.65% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.46% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #17aa5c; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green</a> </td> <td class="fn">Harley Mikkelson </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">20,699 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.64% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.12% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">587,514 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">18.21% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+4.15% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Turnout</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">3,226,088 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #E81B23"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> gain from <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Swing_(politics)" title="Swing (politics)">Swing</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Michigan gubernatorial election, 2014<a href="#cite_note-sos-2014results-139">[139]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">±% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Rick Snyder (incumbent) </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em">1,607,399 </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em">50.92% </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em">−7.19% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Schauer" title="Mark Schauer">Mark Schauer</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1,479,057 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">46.86% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+6.96% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn">Mary Buzuma </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">35,723 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1.13% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.44% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #A356DE; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/US_Taxpayers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="US Taxpayers Party">Constitution</a> </td> <td class="fn">Mark McFarlin </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">19,368 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.61% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−0.04% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #17aa5c; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green</a> </td> <td class="fn">Paul Homeniuk </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">14,934 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.47% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−0.17% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px">Write-ins </td> <td class="fn"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">50 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.00% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">128,342 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">4.06% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−14.15% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Turnout</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">3,156,531 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−2.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #E81B23"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> hold </td> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Swing_(politics)" title="Swing (politics)">Swing</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Financial_emergency_in_Michigan" title="Financial emergency in Michigan">Financial emergency in Michigan</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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Snyder in Flint water probe"</a>. AP News. Retrieved January 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Michigan+plans+to+charge+ex-Gov.+Snyder+in+Flint+water+probe&rft.date=2021-01-12&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft.au=Eggert%2C+David&rft.au=Webber%2C+Tammy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2FFlint-lead-water-crisis-gov-rick-snyder-801ba227340f0ac2e10e37a06a82f08d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARick+Snyder" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/12/flint-water-scandal-charges-ex-governor-michigan-rick-snyder">"Ex-Michigan governor Rick Snyder to be charged in Flint water scandal – report"</a>. The Guardian. Associated Press. 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It would have been exciting to share my experiences, both positive and negative; our current political environment and its lack of civility makes this too disruptive. I wish them the best"</a>. @onetoughnerd. 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August 4, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miboecfr.nictusa.com/election/results/10PRI/02000000.html">the original</a> on December 1, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2010+Unofficial+Michigan+Primary+Election+Results&rft.atitle=Michigan+Primary+results&rft.date=2010-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiboecfr.nictusa.com%2Felection%2Fresults%2F10PRI%2F02000000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARick+Snyder" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121031022/http://miboecfr.nictusa.com/election/results/10GEN/02000000.html">"2010 Official Michigan General Election Results – Governor 4 Year Term (1) Position"</a>. Miboecfr.nictusa.com. 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Retrieved December 22, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Election+Results+%E2%80%93+General+Election+%E2%80%93+November+4%2C+2014&rft.pub=Michigan+Department+of+State&rft.date=2014-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiboecfr.nictusa.com%2Felection%2Fresults%2F14GEN%2F02000000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARick+Snyder" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snyder&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rick_Snyder" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rick Snyder">Rick Snyder</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michigan.gov/gov">Office of the Governor Rick Snyder</a> official Michigan government site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rickformichigan.com">Rick Snyder for Governor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?9274799">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dick_DeVos" title="Dick DeVos">Dick DeVos</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Michigan" title="Governor of Michigan">Governor of Michigan</a> <a href="/wiki/2010_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 Michigan gubernatorial election">2010</a>, <a href="/wiki/2014_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 Michigan gubernatorial election">2014</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Schuette" title="Bill Schuette">Bill Schuette</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm" title="Jennifer Granholm">Jennifer Granholm</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Michigan" title="Governor of Michigan">Governor of Michigan</a> 2011–2019 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Whitmer" title="Gretchen Whitmer">Gretchen Whitmer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Engler" title="John Engler">John Engler</a></div>as Former Governor </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a> Within Michigan </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Castle" title="Mike Castle">Mike Castle</a></div>as Former Governor </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a> Outside Michigan </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Martinez" title="Bob Martinez">Bob Martinez</a></div>as Former Governor </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Michigan" title="Template:Governors of Michigan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Michigan" title="Template talk:Governors of Michigan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Michigan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Michigan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Michigan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Michigan" title="List of governors of Michigan">Governors of Michigan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Territorial (1805–1837)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hull" title="William Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bryan_Porter" title="George Bryan Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_T._Mason" title="Stevens T. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Horner" title="John S. Horner">Horner</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Seal_of_Michigan_Governor.svg/80px-Seal_of_Michigan_Governor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Seal_of_Michigan_Governor.svg/120px-Seal_of_Michigan_Governor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Seal_of_Michigan_Governor.svg/160px-Seal_of_Michigan_Governor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="262" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">State (since 1837)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_T._Mason" title="Stevens T. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Woodbridge" title="William Woodbridge">Woodbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wright_Gordon" title="James Wright Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Barry" title="John S. Barry">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Felch" title="Alpheus Felch">Felch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Greenly" title="William L. Greenly">Greenly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus_Ransom" title="Epaphroditus Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Barry" title="John S. Barry">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClelland_(American_politician)" title="Robert McClelland (American politician)">McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Parsons_(American_politician)" title="Andrew Parsons (American politician)">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsley_S._Bingham" title="Kinsley S. Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Wisner" title="Moses Wisner">Wisner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Blair" title="Austin Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Crapo" title="Henry H. Crapo">Crapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Baldwin" title="Henry P. Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Bagley" title="John J. Bagley">Bagley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Croswell" title="Charles Croswell">Croswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Jerome" title="David Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Begole" title="Josiah Begole">Begole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_G._Luce" title="Cyrus G. Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_B._Winans_(politician)" title="Edwin B. Winans (politician)">Winans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Treadway_Rich" title="John Treadway Rich">Rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazen_S._Pingree" title="Hazen S. Pingree">Pingree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_T._Bliss" title="Aaron T. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Warner" title="Fred M. Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Osborn" title="Chase Osborn">Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbridge_N._Ferris" title="Woodbridge N. Ferris">Ferris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sleeper" title="Albert Sleeper">Sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_J._Groesbeck" title="Alex J. Groesbeck">Groesbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_W._Green" title="Fred W. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilber_M._Brucker" title="Wilber M. Brucker">Brucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Comstock" title="William Comstock">Comstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fitzgerald" title="Frank Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fitzgerald" title="Frank Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luren_Dickinson" title="Luren Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Van_Wagoner" title="Murray Van Wagoner">Van Wagoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Kelly_(politician)" title="Harry Kelly (politician)">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Sigler" title="Kim Sigler">Sigler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Mennen_Williams" title="G. Mennen Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Swainson" title="John Swainson">Swainson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Milliken" title="William Milliken">Milliken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Blanchard" class="mw-redirect" title="James Blanchard">Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Engler" title="John Engler">Engler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm" title="Jennifer Granholm">Granholm</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Whitmer" title="Gretchen Whitmer">Whitmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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