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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-遗传信息的一般性传递" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#遗传信息的一般性传递"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>遗传信息的一般性传递</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-遗传信息的一般性传递-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关遗传信息的一般性传递子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-遗传信息的一般性传递-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-轉錄" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#轉錄"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>轉錄</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-轉錄-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-编辑" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#编辑"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>编辑</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-编辑-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-剪接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#剪接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>剪接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-剪接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-轉譯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#轉譯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>轉譯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-轉譯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNA複製" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA複製"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>DNA複製</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA複製-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-只有RNA基因組的病毒" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#只有RNA基因組的病毒"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>只有RNA基因組的病毒</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-只有RNA基因組的病毒-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拟逆转录（病毒DNA整合到宿主DNA）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拟逆转录（病毒DNA整合到宿主DNA）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>拟逆转录（病毒DNA整合到宿主DNA）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拟逆转录（病毒DNA整合到宿主DNA）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-遗传信息的特殊传递" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#遗传信息的特殊传递"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>遗传信息的特殊传递</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-遗传信息的特殊传递-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关遗传信息的特殊传递子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-遗传信息的特殊传递-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-逆转录" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#逆转录"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>逆转录</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-逆转录-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RNA複製" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RNA複製"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>RNA複製</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RNA複製-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RNA的催化功能" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RNA的催化功能"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>RNA的催化功能</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RNA的催化功能-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-直接以DNA为模板合成蛋白质" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#直接以DNA为模板合成蛋白质"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>直接以DNA为模板合成蛋白质</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-直接以DNA为模板合成蛋白质-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNA也具有酶活性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA也具有酶活性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>DNA也具有酶活性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA也具有酶活性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中心法则的扩充" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中心法则的扩充"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>中心法则的扩充</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-中心法则的扩充-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关中心法则的扩充子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-中心法则的扩充-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-轉译后修饰" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#轉译后修饰"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>轉译后修饰</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-轉译后修饰-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-蛋白质的内含子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#蛋白质的内含子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>蛋白质的内含子</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-蛋白质的内含子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNA甲基化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA甲基化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>DNA甲基化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA甲基化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-非核糖体多肽合成酶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非核糖体多肽合成酶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>非核糖体多肽合成酶</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-非核糖体多肽合成酶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-蛋白质可作为合成DNA的模板" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#蛋白质可作为合成DNA的模板"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>蛋白质可作为合成DNA的模板</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-蛋白质可作为合成DNA的模板-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-朊毒体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#朊毒体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>朊毒体</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-朊毒体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-對中心法则作為研究策略的批評" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對中心法则作為研究策略的批評"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>對中心法则作為研究策略的批評</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-對中心法则作為研究策略的批評-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">中心法則</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。44种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="هدف علم الأحياء الجزيئي الرئيسي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هدف علم الأحياء الجزيئي الرئيسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Централна догма в молекулярната биология – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Централна догма в молекулярната биология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="আণবিক জীববিজ্ঞানের কেন্দ্রীয় মতবাদ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আণবিক জীববিজ্ঞানের কেন্দ্রীয় মতবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralna_dogma_molekularne_biologije" title="Centralna dogma molekularne biologije – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Centralna dogma molekularne biologije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogma_central" title="Dogma central – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dogma central" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centr%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_dogma_molekul%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_biologie" title="Centrální dogma molekulární biologie – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Centrální dogma molekulární biologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyl%C3%A6rbiologiens_centrale_dogme" title="Molekylærbiologiens centrale dogme – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Molekylærbiologiens centrale dogme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentrales_Dogma_der_Molekularbiologie" title="Zentrales Dogma der Molekularbiologie – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zentrales Dogma der Molekularbiologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B4%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κεντρικό δόγμα της μοριακής βιολογίας – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κεντρικό δόγμα της μοριακής βιολογίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology" title="Central dogma of molecular biology – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Central dogma of molecular biology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centra_dogmo_de_molekula_biologio" title="Centra dogmo de molekula biologio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Centra dogmo de molekula biologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogma_central_de_la_biolog%C3%ADa_molecular" title="Dogma central de la biología molecular – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dogma central de la biología molecular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia_molekularraren_dogma_nagusia" title="Biologia molekularraren dogma nagusia – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biologia molekularraren dogma nagusia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%AF%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="دگم مرکزی زیست‌شناسی مولکولی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دگم مرکزی زیست‌شناسی مولکولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_fondamentale_de_la_biologie_mol%C3%A9culaire" title="Théorie fondamentale de la biologie moléculaire – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Théorie fondamentale de la biologie moléculaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogma_l%C3%A1rnach_na_bitheola%C3%ADochta_m%C3%B3il%C3%ADn%C3%AD" title="Dogma lárnach na bitheolaíochta móilíní – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dogma lárnach na bitheolaíochta móilíní" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogma_central_da_biolox%C3%ADa_molecular" title="Dogma central da bioloxía molecular – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dogma central da bioloxía molecular" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הדוגמה המרכזית של הביולוגיה המולקולרית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הדוגמה המרכזית של הביולוגיה המולקולרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sredi%C5%A1nja_dogma_molekularne_biologije" title="Središnja dogma molekularne biologije – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Središnja dogma molekularne biologije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_molekul%C3%A1ris_biol%C3%B3gia_centr%C3%A1lis_dogm%C3%A1ja" title="A molekuláris biológia centrális dogmája – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A molekuláris biológia centrális dogmája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogma_sentral_biologi_molekuler" title="Dogma sentral biologi molekuler – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dogma sentral biologi molekuler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogma_centrale_della_biologia_molecolare" title="Dogma centrale della biologia molecolare – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dogma centrale della biologia molecolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E" title="セントラルドグマ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セントラルドグマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ცენტრალური დოგმა (მოლეკულური ბიოლოგია) – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცენტრალური დოგმა (მოლეკულური ბიოლოგია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4_%EB%8F%84%EA%B7%B8%EB%A7%88" title="센트럴 도그마 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="센트럴 도그마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%C3%AA_binge" title="Olê binge – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Olê binge" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Средишна догма на молекуларната биологија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Средишна догма на молекуларната биологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centraal_dogma_van_de_moleculaire_biologie" title="Centraal dogma van de moleculaire biologie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Centraal dogma van de moleculaire biologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralny_dogmat_biologii_molekularnej" title="Centralny dogmat biologii molekularnej – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Centralny dogmat biologii molekularnej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogma_central_da_biologia_molecular" title="Dogma central da biologia molecular – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dogma central da biologia molecular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Центральная догма молекулярной биологии – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Центральная догма молекулярной биологии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralna_dogma_molekularne_biologije" title="Centralna dogma molekularne biologije – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Centralna dogma molekularne biologije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology" title="Central dogma of molecular biology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Central dogma of molecular biology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralna_dogma_molekularne_biologije" title="Centralna dogma molekularne biologije – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Centralna dogma molekularne biologije" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrala_dogmen" title="Centrala dogmen – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Centrala dogmen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="மூலக்கூற்று உயிரியலின் மையக்கோட்பாடு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூலக்கூற்று உயிரியலின் மையக்கோட்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ความเชื่อหลักของอณูชีววิทยา – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความเชื่อหลักของอณูชีววิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santral_dogma_(molek%C3%BCler_biyoloji)" title="Santral dogma (moleküler biyoloji) – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Santral dogma (moleküler biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%97" title="Центральна догма молекулярної біології – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Центральна догма молекулярної біології" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%E1%BA%ADn_thuy%E1%BA%BFt_trung_t%C3%A2m" title="Luận thuyết trung tâm – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luận thuyết trung tâm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centraal_dogma_van_de_moleculaire_biologie" title="Centraal dogma van de moleculaire biologie – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Centraal dogma van de moleculaire biologie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="მოლეკულური ბიოლოგიაშ ცენტრალური დოგმა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მოლეკულური ბიოლოგიაშ ცენტრალური დოგმა" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-210e4884" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-210e4884" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Lifesciences"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:信息;zh-hk:訊息;zh-tw:訊息;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh:胜肽; zh-hans:胜肽; zh-hant:胜肽;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:逆转录; zh-hant:反轉錄"></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="分子生物學">分子生物學</a>的中心法则</b>（英語：<span lang="en">The central dogma of molecular biology</span>，又譯<b>分子生物學的中心教条</b>），首先由<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="佛朗西斯·克里克">佛朗西斯·克里克</a>於1958年<sup id="cite_ref-crick1958_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crick1958-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>提出，並於1970年<sup id="cite_ref-crick1970_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crick1970-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在《<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6_(%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C)" class="mw-redirect" title="自然 (雜誌)">自然</a>》上的一篇文章中重申： </p> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the detailed residue-by-residue transfer of sequential information. It states that such information cannot be transferred from protein to either protein or nucleic acid. <br />（分子生物學的中心法则旨在詳細說明連串信息的逐字傳送。它指出遺傳信息不能由<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白質">蛋白質</a>轉移到蛋白質或<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核酸">核酸</a>之中。換句話說，遺傳信息傳到蛋白質後，不能回流到核酸之中。） </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centraldogma_nodetails.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Centraldogma_nodetails.png/160px-Centraldogma_nodetails.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Centraldogma_nodetails.png/240px-Centraldogma_nodetails.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Centraldogma_nodetails.png/320px-Centraldogma_nodetails.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>在生物系統中的信息流動</figcaption></figure> <p>中心法则經常遭到誤解，尤其與遺傳信息“由<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>到<a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白質">蛋白質</a>”的標準流程相混淆。有些與標準流程不同的信息流被誤以為是中心法则的<a href="#中心法则的扩充">例外</a>，其實<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8A%E6%AF%92%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="朊毒体">朊毒体</a>是中心法则現時已知的唯一例外。 </p><p>遺傳信息的標準流程大致可以这样描述：「DNA製造RNA，RNA製造蛋白質，蛋白質反過來協助前兩項流程，並協助DNA自我複製」，或者更簡單的「DNA → RNA →蛋白質」。所以整個過程可以分為三大步驟：<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E9%8C%84" class="mw-redirect" title="轉錄">轉錄</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E8%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="轉譯">轉譯</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="蛋白質生物合成">蛋白質生物合成</a>）和<a href="/wiki/DNA%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA複製">DNA複製</a>。對於RNA的最新了解，告訴我們還有<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AA%E6%8E%A5_(%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="剪接 (遺傳學)">剪接</a>和<a href="/wiki/RNA%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA编辑">编辑</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="遗传信息的一般性传递"><span id=".E9.81.97.E4.BC.A0.E4.BF.A1.E6.81.AF.E7.9A.84.E4.B8.80.E8.88.AC.E6.80.A7.E4.BC.A0.E9.80.92"></span>遗传信息的一般性传递</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：遗传信息的一般性传递"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CentralDogma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/CentralDogma.png/500px-CentralDogma.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/CentralDogma.png/750px-CentralDogma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/CentralDogma.png/1000px-CentralDogma.png 2x" data-file-width="3305" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>目前<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" title="中国大陆">中国大陆</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E4%B8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="高中">高中</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>教科书上所绘制的中心法则。红色和蓝色的圆形箭头分别表示DNA和RNA自身的<a href="#複製">复制</a>。請留意，遺傳信息由蛋白質流向RNA或DNA都是不可能出現的。</figcaption></figure> <p>中心法则是一个框架，用于理解遗传信息在生物大分子之间传递的顺序，对于生物体中三类主要生物大分子：DNA、RNA和蛋白质，有9种可能的传递顺序。法则将这些顺序分为三类，3个一般性的传递（通常发生在大多数细胞中），3个特殊传递（会发生，但只在一些特定条件下发生），3个未知传递（可能不会发生）。 </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>法则中3类遗传信息的传递顺序 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>一般</th> <th>特殊</th> <th>未知 </th></tr> <tr> <td>DNA → DNA</td> <td>RNA → DNA</td> <td>蛋白质→ DNA </td></tr> <tr> <td>DNA → RNA</td> <td>RNA → RNA</td> <td>蛋白质→ RNA </td></tr> <tr> <td>RNA →蛋白质</td> <td>DNA →蛋白质</td> <td>蛋白质→蛋白质 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg/256px-Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>此图为分子生物化学中心法则的概述，且标示所有参与的酶</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="轉錄"><span id=".E8.BD.89.E9.8C.84"></span>轉錄</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：轉錄"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E9%8C%84" class="mw-redirect" title="轉錄">轉錄</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E9%8C%84" class="mw-redirect" title="轉錄">轉錄</a>（Transcription）是遗传信息由DNA转换到RNA的过程。转录是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BD%BFRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="信使RNA">信使RNA</a>（mRNA）以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%B7%A8%E7%A2%BCRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="非編碼RNA">非編碼RNA</a>（tRNA、rRNA等）的合成步骤。转录中，一个基因会被读取、複製为mRNA；這個過程由<a href="/wiki/RNA%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6" title="RNA聚合酶">RNA聚合酶</a>（RNA polymerase）和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E9%8C%84%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="轉錄因子">轉錄因子</a>（transcription factor）所共同完成。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="编辑"><span id=".E7.BC.96.E8.BE.91"></span>编辑</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：编辑"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/RNA%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA编辑">RNA编辑</a></div> <p>RNA编辑（RNA editing）是指在RNA水平上的改变遗传信息的加工过程，导致成熟的RNA编码序列和它的转录模板DNA序列之间的不相匹配。在真核生物的tRNA、rRNA和mRNA中都发现了RNA编辑这种现象。RNA编辑有核苷酸的删除或插入编辑、碱基替换编辑2种类型。这种改变影响了基因的表达，生成不同的氨基酸以及新的开放读码框。编辑可在多种水平被调节，并且与一些人类疾病有一定的相关性。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="剪接"><span id=".E5.89.AA.E6.8E.A5"></span>剪接</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：剪接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AA%E6%8E%A5_(%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="剪接 (遺傳學)">剪接 (遗传学)</a></div> <p>在真核细胞中，原始转录产物（mRNA前体Pre-mRNA）还要被加工：一个或多个序列（<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%90%AB%E5%AD%90" title="内含子">内含子</a>）被剪出除去。<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E6%80%A7%E5%89%AA%E6%8E%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="选择性剪接">选择性剪接</a>的机制使之可产生出不同的成熟的mRNA分子，这取决于哪段序列被当成内含子而哪段又作为存留下来的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%98%BE%E5%AD%90" title="外显子">外显子</a>。并非全部有mRNA的活细胞都要经历这种剪接；剪接在原核细胞中是不存在的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="轉譯"><span id=".E8.BD.89.E8.AD.AF"></span>轉譯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：轉譯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91_(%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6)" class="mw-redirect" title="翻译 (遗传学)">翻译 (遗传学)</a></div> <p>最終，成熟的mRNA接近核糖体，并在此处被轉譯。原核细胞没有细胞核，其转录和翻译可同時進行。而在真核细胞中，转录的场所和翻译的场所通常是分开的（前者在细胞核，后者在细胞质），所以mRNA必须從細胞核轉移到細胞質，並在細胞質中與核糖体结合。核醣體會以三個<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="密码子">密碼子</a>來讀取mRNA上的信息，一般是從AUG開始，或是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="核糖体">核醣體</a>連接位下游的啟始甲硫氨酸密碼子開始。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="啟始因子（页面不存在）">啟始因子</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E9%95%B7%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="延長因子">延長因子</a>的複合物會將<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B0tRNA%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E9%85%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="氨酰tRNA合成酶">氨酰tRNA</a>（tRNAs）帶入核醣體-mRNA複合物中，只要mRNA上的密碼子能與tRNA上的反密碼子配對，即可按照mRNA上的密碼序列加入<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BA%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="胺基酸">胺基酸</a>。當一個個胺基酸串連成多肽的肽鏈後，就會開始摺疊成正確的構形。這個摺疊的過程會一直進行，直到原先的多肽的肽鏈從核醣體釋出，並形成成熟的蛋白質。在一些情況下，新合成的多肽的肽鏈需要經過額外的處理才能成為成熟的蛋白質。正確的摺疊過程是相當複雜的，且可能需要其他稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%B4%E4%BE%A3" title="分子伴侣">分子伴侣</a>的幫忙。有時蛋白質本身會進一步被切割，此時內部被「捨棄」的部份即稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%90%AB%E5%AD%90" title="内含子">内含肽</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA複製"><span id="DNA.E8.A4.87.E8.A3.BD"></span>DNA複製</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：DNA複製"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/DNA%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA複製">DNA複製</a></div> <p>作为中心法则的最后一步，DNA必须忠实地进行复制才能使遗传密码从亲代转移至子代。复制是由一群复杂的蛋白质完成的；这些蛋白质打开<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B" title="超螺旋">超螺旋</a>结构、<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA%E5%8F%8C%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA双螺旋（页面不存在）">DNA双螺旋</a>结构，并利用<a href="/wiki/DNA%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6" title="DNA聚合酶">DNA聚合酶</a>及其相关蛋白，拷贝或复制原模板，以使新代细胞或机体能重复<b>DNA → RNA →蛋白质</b>的过程。 DNA分子存在着构型多样性，在遗传信息的传递和表达过程中，DNA构象存在着左手螺旋及右手螺旋向右手螺旋的转变过程，因此应赋有核酸构象的转换形式。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="只有RNA基因組的病毒"><span id=".E5.8F.AA.E6.9C.89RNA.E5.9F.BA.E5.9B.A0.E7.B5.84.E7.9A.84.E7.97.85.E6.AF.92"></span>只有RNA基因組的病毒</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：只有RNA基因組的病毒"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有些病毒含有整套以RNA形式编码的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84" class="mw-redirect" title="基因组">基因组</a>，因此他们只有RNA→蛋白质的编译形式。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="拟逆转录（病毒DNA整合到宿主DNA）"><span id=".E6.8B.9F.E9.80.86.E8.BD.AC.E5.BD.95.EF.BC.88.E7.97.85.E6.AF.92DNA.E6.95.B4.E5.90.88.E5.88.B0.E5.AE.BF.E4.B8.BBDNA.EF.BC.89"></span>拟逆转录（病毒DNA整合到宿主DNA）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：拟逆转录（病毒DNA整合到宿主DNA）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/DNA%E9%80%86%E8%BD%89%E9%8C%84%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="DNA逆轉錄病毒">DNA逆轉錄病毒</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9F%E9%80%86%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拟逆转录（页面不存在）">拟逆转录</a></div> <p>近年在植物体内发现了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9F%E9%80%86%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拟逆转录病毒（页面不存在）">拟逆转录病毒</a>（pararetrovirus），这种病毒的遗传物质是双链DNA，能像逆转录病毒一样，通过把自己的DNA整合到寄主的基因组DNA中去，再进行复制<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2835576_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2835576-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="遗传信息的特殊传递"><span id=".E9.81.97.E4.BC.A0.E4.BF.A1.E6.81.AF.E7.9A.84.E7.89.B9.E6.AE.8A.E4.BC.A0.E9.80.92"></span>遗传信息的特殊传递</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：遗传信息的特殊传递"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="逆转录"><span id=".E9.80.86.E8.BD.AC.E5.BD.95"></span>逆转录</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：逆转录"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extended_Central_Dogma_with_Enzymes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Extended_Central_Dogma_with_Enzymes.jpg/550px-Extended_Central_Dogma_with_Enzymes.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Extended_Central_Dogma_with_Enzymes.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>不寻常的信息流动特以绿色箭頭标示。</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="逆转录">逆转录</a></div> <p>在中心法则被详细阐述之后，人们发现了<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="逆转录病毒">逆转录病毒</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，例如，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%BC%BA%E9%99%B7%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="人類免疫缺陷病毒">人類免疫缺陷病毒</a>（HIV）和在<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E8%BD%AC%E5%BA%A7%E5%AD%90" title="反转录转座子">反转录转座子</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E7%B2%92" title="端粒">端粒</a>的合成。这些病毒可通过一种叫做<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E9%85%B6" title="逆转录酶">逆转录酶</a>的催化，以RNA为模板逆转录合成cDNA再由cDNA转录出RNA。这肯定了RNA向DNA转录的存在。人们最初以为这种现象仅出现于病毒中，但在最近，在高等动物中亦发现了RNA向DNA转录的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BA%A7%E5%AD%90" title="转座子">逆转录转座子</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RNA複製"><span id="RNA.E8.A4.87.E8.A3.BD"></span>RNA複製</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：RNA複製"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=RNA%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNA複製（页面不存在）">RNA複製</a></div> <p>有些病毒的遗传物质是RNA分子，靠RNA复制而传代，以RNA为模板的<a href="/wiki/RNA%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6%E9%85%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA复制酶">RNA复制酶</a>催化下合成RNA分子，RNA复制酶中缺乏校正功能，复制时错误率很高。RNA复制酶只对病毒本身的RNA起作用，而不会作用于宿主细胞中的RNA分子<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/RNA%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA编辑">RNA编辑</a>，在其中的RNA序列是由蛋白质的复合体和一个“引导RNA”改变，也可以看作是一种RNA到RNA的转移。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RNA的催化功能"><span id="RNA.E7.9A.84.E5.82.AC.E5.8C.96.E5.8A.9F.E8.83.BD"></span>RNA的催化功能</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：RNA的催化功能"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=RNA%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNA催化（页面不存在）">RNA催化</a></div> <p>人们一直认为生物体内的各种生化反应都是由酶来催化完成的，而RNA仅是存贮与传递信息，与酶的催化反应无关。核糖核酸酶P是一种<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B6" title="核酶">核酶</a>，即由一个<a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a>分子发挥<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96" title="催化">催化</a>活性，它是第一个被发现的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a>以外具有催化活性的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="生物大分子">生物大分子</a>。它的功能是剪切<a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNA</a>分子中RNA上多余的或前体的多余序列<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6197186_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6197186-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。RNA可以不通过蛋白质而直接表现出本身的某些遗传信息，而这种信息并不是以核苷酸三联密碼来编码。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="直接以DNA为模板合成蛋白质"><span id=".E7.9B.B4.E6.8E.A5.E4.BB.A5DNA.E4.B8.BA.E6.A8.A1.E6.9D.BF.E5.90.88.E6.88.90.E8.9B.8B.E7.99.BD.E8.B4.A8"></span>直接以DNA为模板合成蛋白质</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：直接以DNA为模板合成蛋白质"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有人在一些离体实验中观察到，一些与<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%89%82%E7%B1%BB%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白质合成抑制剂类抗生素">蛋白质合成抑制剂类抗生素</a>如<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%9C%89%E7%B4%A0" title="新霉素">新霉素</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BE%E9%9C%89%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="链霉素">链霉素</a>，能扰乱核糖体对信使的选择，从而可以接受<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E9%93%BEDNA" title="单链DNA">单链DNA分子</a>代替mRNA，然后以单链DNA为模版，按<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸">核苷酸</a>顺序转译成多肽的<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BA%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="胺基酸">胺基酸</a>顺序<sup id="cite_ref-McCarthy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。另外还有研究表明，细胞核里的DNA可以直接转移到细胞质中的核糖体上，不需要通过RNA也可以控制蛋白质的合成<sup id="cite_ref-Uzawa_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uzawa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA也具有酶活性"><span id="DNA.E4.B9.9F.E5.85.B7.E6.9C.89.E9.85.B6.E6.B4.BB.E6.80.A7"></span>DNA也具有酶活性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：DNA也具有酶活性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1994年<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乔依斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="G.F.Joyce"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E4%BE%9D%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔依斯（页面不存在）">乔依斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.F.Joyce" class="extiw" title="en:G.F.Joyce"><span lang="en" dir="auto">G.F.Joyce</span></a></span>）</span></span>等人发现一个人工合成的DNA分子具有一种特殊的磷酸二酯酶活性。此后又有多例报道人工合成的DNA序列具有各种不同的酶活性。1995年中国学者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E8%BA%AB%E7%AB%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="王身立（页面不存在）">王身立</a>等人发现从多种生物中提取的DNA均具有<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AF%E9%85%B6" title="酯酶">酯酶</a>活性，能催化<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B8%E8%90%98%E9%85%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乙酸萘酯（页面不存在）">乙酸萘酯</a>水解为<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%98%E9%85%9A" title="萘酚">萘酚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B8" title="乙酸">乙酸</a>。这种较弱的酯酶活性是非特异性DNA的一般性质，并不需要特定序列的DNA编码。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="中心法则的扩充"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.BF.83.E6.B3.95.E5.88.99.E7.9A.84.E6.89.A9.E5.85.85"></span>中心法则的扩充</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：中心法则的扩充"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>克里克在上述那篇1970年的文章中指出，中心法則雖然對指導實驗很有用，但不應該被當成<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%A2%9D" title="教條">教條</a>： </p> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">雖然本文所提出的各類法則看來是可靠的，可是我們對分子生物學的認識，即使只是一個細胞—更不用說大自然裡的整個生命體—仍然遠遠未完備到，足以讓我們把它當成教條一樣肯定正確的程度 </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;"><cite>——克里克<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>自從克里克发表1970年那篇文章以來，很多新發現說明了中心法則补充和发展的必要。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="轉译后修饰"><span id=".E8.BD.89.E8.AF.91.E5.90.8E.E4.BF.AE.E9.A5.B0"></span>轉译后修饰</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：轉译后修饰"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="翻译后修饰">翻译后修饰</a></div> <p>對於大部份的蛋白質來說，這是<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="蛋白質生物合成">蛋白質生物合成</a>的最後步驟。蛋白質的翻译後修飾會附上其他的生物化學官能團、改變氨基酸的化學性質，或是造成結構的改變來擴闊蛋白質的功能。酶可以從蛋白質的N末端移除氨基酸，或從中間將肽鏈剪開。舉例來說，胰島素是肽的激素，它會在建立雙硫鍵後被剪開兩次，並在鏈的中間移走多肽前體，而形成的蛋白質包含了兩條以雙硫鍵連接的多肽鏈。其他修飾，就像磷酸化，是控制蛋白質活動機制的一部份。蛋白質活動可以是令酶活性化或鈍化。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="蛋白质的内含子"><span id=".E8.9B.8B.E7.99.BD.E8.B4.A8.E7.9A.84.E5.86.85.E5.90.AB.E5.AD.90"></span>蛋白质的内含子</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：蛋白质的内含子"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%86%85%E5%90%AB%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛋白质内含子（页面不存在）">蛋白质内含子</a></div> <p>蛋白质有自剪接现象，与mRNA相同，一些蛋白质前体具有内含子（intein）序列，多肽序列中间的某些区域被加工切除，剩余部分的蛋白质外显子（extein）重新连接为蛋白质分子<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA甲基化"><span id="DNA.E7.94.B2.E5.9F.BA.E5.8C.96"></span>DNA甲基化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：DNA甲基化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%80%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="表觀遺傳學">表觀遺傳學</a></div> <p>表觀遺傳學研究在沒有細胞核DNA序列改變的情況時，基因功能的可逆的、可遺傳的改變。这些改變包括DNA的修饰（如甲基化修饰）、RNA干扰、组蛋白的各种修饰等。也指生物發育過程中包含的程序的研究。在這兩種情況下，研究的對象都包括在DNA序列中未包含的基因調控信息如何傳遞到（細胞或生物體的）下一代這個問題。其主要研究内容包括大致两方面内容。一类为基因选择性转录表达的调控，有DNA甲基化，基因印记，组蛋白共价修饰，染色质重塑。另一类为基因转录后的调控，包含基因组中非编码的RNA，微小RNA，反义RNA，内含子及核糖开关等。 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/DNA%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96" title="DNA甲基化">DNA甲基化</a></div> <p>DNA甲基化為DNA化學修飾的一種形式，能在不改變DNA序列的前提下，改變遺傳表現。為外遺傳編碼（epigenetic code）的一部分，是一種外遺傳機制。DNA甲基化過程會使甲基添加到DNA分子上，例如在胞嘧啶環的5'碳上：這種5'方向的DNA甲基化方式可見於所有脊椎動物<sup id="cite_ref-meth1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meth1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-meth2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meth2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="非核糖体多肽合成酶"><span id=".E9.9D.9E.E6.A0.B8.E7.B3.96.E4.BD.93.E5.A4.9A.E8.82.BD.E5.90.88.E6.88.90.E9.85.B6"></span>非核糖体多肽合成酶</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：非核糖体多肽合成酶"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E8%82%BD%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E9%85%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非核糖体肽合成酶（页面不存在）">非核糖体肽合成酶</a>（non-ribosomal peptide synthetase，NRPS）在细菌和真菌中，不经过核糖体、利用标准氨基酸和非蛋白氨基酸及其他一些不是氨基酸的化合物(如水杨酸、吡啶羧酸等)、不以信使核糖核酸(mRNA)为模板，也不需要转移核糖核酸(tRNA)为携带工具的特殊的多肽合成系统中起关键作用的一类特殊的酶。通常由一系列组件顺序排列组成，每个组件负责一个反应循环，包括对选择性底物的识别并将其活化成相应的腺苷酸化合物、共价中间物的固定和肽键的形成。这种顺序排列的组件即构成了该酶所合成多肽的一种模板。这些肽可以是线状或环状的，并且经常已经被广泛地化学修饰。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="蛋白质可作为合成DNA的模板"><span id=".E8.9B.8B.E7.99.BD.E8.B4.A8.E5.8F.AF.E4.BD.9C.E4.B8.BA.E5.90.88.E6.88.90DNA.E7.9A.84.E6.A8.A1.E6.9D.BF"></span>蛋白质可作为合成DNA的模板</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：蛋白质可作为合成DNA的模板"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>来自美国Mount.Sinai医院的研究人员发现了一种叫Rev1 DNA聚合酶的蛋白质，它可以为DNA复制提供编码信息。许多致癌物质会倾向于破坏DNA的鸟嘌呤（G），或者是破坏鸟嘌呤与胞嘧啶（C）的配对，这些都会导致DNA错配的发生。新发现的蛋白质可以以自身为模板在复制链上加一个胞嘧啶，这个胞嘧啶无论鸟嘌呤是否在DNA链中存在都会被Rev1加上去的，在DNA复制时可以利用一条单链，根据碱基配对原则复制出新的DNA链。细胞利用这种崭新的机制在含有致癌物质的情况下对受损的DNA进行复制。这是第一次发现蛋白质可以作为一种合成DNA的模板<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="朊毒体"><span id=".E6.9C.8A.E6.AF.92.E4.BD.93"></span>朊毒体</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：朊毒体"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8A%E6%AF%92%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="朊毒体">朊毒体</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8A%E6%AF%92%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="朊毒体">朊毒体</a>是通过改变其他蛋白质的构象来进行自身精确复制的一类蛋白质。也就是：蛋白质→蛋白质。这种具有感染性的因子主要由蛋白质组成。具有感染性的因子Prp<sup>SC</sup>与正常因子PrP<sup>C</sup>在形状上有一点不同。科学家推测这种变形的蛋白质会引起正常的PrP<sup>C</sup>转变成具有感染性的蛋白质，这种连锁反应使得正常的蛋白质和致病的蛋白质因子都成为新毒朊。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="對中心法则作為研究策略的批評"><span id=".E5.B0.8D.E4.B8.AD.E5.BF.83.E6.B3.95.E5.88.99.E4.BD.9C.E7.82.BA.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E7.AD.96.E7.95.A5.E7.9A.84.E6.89.B9.E8.A9.95"></span>對中心法则作為研究策略的批評</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：對中心法则作為研究策略的批評"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一些<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="系统生物学">系统生物学</a>家认为中心法则有时会被滥用作一种研究策略。他们认为，不加批判地死板套用中心法则，会加大认识多细胞发育和疾病的难度。中心法则会常被当作是一种<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="简化论">简化论</a>研究策略，从小处着眼，企求用<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a>去解释一切生物现象。虽然这些研究人员不会执拗于中心法则的具体解读，但他们会认为这种简化论研究策略会阻碍人们去理解一些无法单独靠分子相互作用解释的复杂系统<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-crick1958-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crick1958_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crick, F.H.C. (1958): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/B/B/F/T/_/scbbft.pdf">On Protein Synthesis.</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180124132939/http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/B/B/F/T/_/scbbft.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. XII, 139-163. (pdf, early draft of original article)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crick1970-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crick1970_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Crick, F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/crick/pdf/crick227.pdf">Central dogma of molecular biology.</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Nature. 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Mol. Biol. Evol. 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TEMIN, SATOSHI MIZUTANI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/2261211a0">Viral RNA-dependent DNA Polymerase: RNA-dependent DNA Polymerase in Virions of Rous Sarcoma Virus</a>. Nature. 1970-06, <b>226</b> (5252): 1211–1213 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-04-02</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1476-4687</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F2261211a0"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/2261211a0</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&rft.atitle=Viral+RNA-dependent+DNA+Polymerase%3A+RNA-dependent+DNA+Polymerase+in+Virions+of+Rous+Sarcoma+Virus&rft.au=HOWARD+M.+TEMIN%2C+SATOSHI+MIZUTANI&rft.date=1970-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.issue=5252&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=1211-1213&rft.volume=226&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fdoifinder%2F10.1038%2F2261211a0&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F2261211a0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ahlquist P. RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, viruses, and RNA silencing. Science. May 2002, <b>296</b> (5571): 1270–3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...296.1270A"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2002Sci...296.1270A</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016304"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 12016304</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1069132"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1126/science.1069132</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&rft.atitle=RNA-dependent+RNA+polymerases%2C+viruses%2C+and+RNA+silencing&rft.au=Ahlquist+P&rft.date=2002-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5571&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1270-3&rft.volume=296&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Sci...296.1270A&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1069132&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12016304&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid6197186-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid6197186_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Guerrier-Takada C, Gardiner K, Marsh T, Pace N, Altman S. The RNA moiety of ribonuclease P is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme. Cell. 1983, <b>35</b> (3 Pt 2): 849–57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6197186"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 6197186</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&rft.atitle=The+RNA+moiety+of+ribonuclease+P+is+the+catalytic+subunit+of+the+enzyme&rft.au=Guerrier-Takada+C%2C+Gardiner+K%2C+Marsh+T%2C+Pace+N%2C+Altman+S&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3+Pt+2&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.pages=849-57&rft.volume=35&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6197186&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCarthy-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCarthy_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">B. J. McCarthy and J. J. 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September 15, 1965, <b>54</b> (3): 880–886. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965PNAS...54..880M"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1965PNAS...54..880M</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC219759"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 219759</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4955657"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 4955657</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.54.3.880"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1073/pnas.54.3.880</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&rft.atitle=Denatured+DNA+as+a+Direct+Template+for+in+vitro+Protein+Synthesis&rft.au=B.+J.+McCarthy+and+J.+J.+Holland&rft.date=1965-09-15&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=880-886&rft.volume=54&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC219759&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC219759&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965PNAS...54..880M&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.54.3.880&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4955657&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uzawa-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Uzawa_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">.<cite class="citation journal">T. Uzawa, A. Yamagishi, T. Oshima. Polypeptide Synthesis Directed by DNA as a Messenger in Cell-Free Polypeptide Synthesis by Extreme Thermophiles, <i>Thermus thermophilus</i> HB27 and <i>Sulfolobus tokodaii</i> Strain 7. The Journal of Biochemistry. 2002-04-09, <b>131</b> (6): 849–853. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12038981"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 12038981</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&rft.atitle=Polypeptide+Synthesis+Directed+by+DNA+as+a+Messenger+in+Cell-Free+Polypeptide+Synthesis+by+Extreme+Thermophiles%2C+Thermus+thermophilus+HB27+and+Sulfolobus+tokodaii+Strain+7&rft.au=T.+Uzawa%2C+A.+Yamagishi%2C+T.+Oshima&rft.date=2002-04-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biochemistry&rft.pages=849-853&rft.volume=131&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12038981&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">原文：“<i>Although the details of the classification proposed here are plausible, our knowledge of molecular biology, even in one cell -- let alone for all the organisms in nature -- is still far too incomplete to allow us to assert dogmatically that it is correct.</i>”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Anraku Y, Mizutani R, Satow Y. Protein splicing: its discovery and structural insight into novel chemical mechanisms. IUBMB Life. 2005, <b>57</b> (8): 563–74. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16118114"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 16118114</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15216540500215499"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1080/15216540500215499</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&rft.atitle=Protein+splicing%3A+its+discovery+and+structural+insight+into+novel+chemical+mechanisms&rft.au=Anraku+Y%2C+Mizutani+R%2C+Satow+Y&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=IUBMB+Life&rft.pages=563-74&rft.volume=57&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15216540500215499&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16118114&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meth1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meth1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dodge, Jonathan E.; Bernard H. 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May 2002 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-11-23</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215214841/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T39-45M0ST7-1&_user=429752&_coverDate=05%2F01%2F2002&_alid=358269855&_rdoc=1&_fmt=summary&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=4941&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000020578&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=429752&md5=c86a18d5aa4c5f0624fb2ed05f841f23">存档</a>于2019-02-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&rft.atitle=De+novo+methylation+of+MMLV+provirus+in+embryonic+stem+cells%3A+CpG+versus+non-CpG+methylation&rft.au=Bernard+H.+Ramsahoyeb&rft.au=Masaki+Okanoa%2C+En+Li&rft.au=Z.+Galen+Woa&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+E.&rft.aulast=Dodge&rft.date=2002-05&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Direct&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DArticleURL%26_udi%3DB6T39-45M0ST7-1%26_user%3D429752%26_coverDate%3D05%252F01%252F2002%26_alid%3D358269855%26_rdoc%3D1%26_fmt%3Dsummary%26_orig%3Dsearch%26_qd%3D1%26_cdi%3D4941%26_sort%3Dd%26_docanchor%3D%26view%3Dc%26_acct%3DC000020578%26_version%3D1%26_urlVersion%3D0%26_userid%3D429752%26md5%3Dc86a18d5aa4c5f0624fb2ed05f841f23&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meth2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meth2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Haines, Thomas R.; Rodenhiser, David I.; Ainsworth, Peter J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WDG-458PBP2-7N&_coverDate=12%2F15%2F2001&_alid=358269881&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=6766&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000020578&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=429752&md5=2d977fb92b933b13f49dcdcc56be5efb">Allele-Specific Non-CpG Methylation of the Nf1 Gene during Early Mouse Development</a>. Science Direct. Dec 2001 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-11-23</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215214841/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WDG-458PBP2-7N&_coverDate=12%2F15%2F2001&_alid=358269881&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=6766&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000020578&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=429752&md5=2d977fb92b933b13f49dcdcc56be5efb">存档</a>于2019-02-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&rft.atitle=Allele-Specific+Non-CpG+Methylation+of+the+Nf1+Gene+during+Early+Mouse+Development&rft.au=Ainsworth%2C+Peter+J.&rft.au=Rodenhiser%2C+David+I.&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.date=2001-12&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Direct&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DArticleURL%26_udi%3DB6WDG-458PBP2-7N%26_coverDate%3D12%252F15%252F2001%26_alid%3D358269881%26_rdoc%3D1%26_fmt%3D%26_orig%3Dsearch%26_qd%3D1%26_cdi%3D6766%26_sort%3Dd%26view%3Dc%26_acct%3DC000020578%26_version%3D1%26_urlVersion%3D0%26_userid%3D429752%26md5%3D2d977fb92b933b13f49dcdcc56be5efb&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nair DT, Johnson RE, Prakash L, Prakash S, Aggarwal AK. Rev1 employs a novel mechanism of DNA synthesis using a protein template.. Science. 2005 Sep 30;309（5744）: 2219–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&rft.atitle=Rev1+employs+a+novel+mechanism+of+DNA+synthesis+using+a+protein+template.&rft.au=Nair+DT%2C+Johnson+RE%2C+Prakash+L%2C+Prakash+S%2C+Aggarwal+AK.&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science.+2005+Sep+30%3B309%EF%BC%885744%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=2219-22&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner,2005</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li>1958 Crick, F.H.C., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/B/B/F/T/_/scbbft.pdf">On Protein Synthesis.</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180124132939/http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/B/B/F/T/_/scbbft.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） in Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. XII, 139-163.（pdf, early draft of original article）</li> <li>1970 Crick, F., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902162815/http://www.euchromatin.org/Crick01.htm">Central Dogma of Molecular Biology.</a> Nature 227, 561-563.</li> <li>2005 Werner, E., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130503014412/http://www.febsletters.org/article/PIIS0014579305001845/abstract">Genome Semantics, In Silico Multicellular Systems and the Central Dogma</a>, FEBS Letters 579, pp 1779-1782 (March 21, 2005).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Central dogma of molecular biology"><span style="font-weight:bold;">中心法則</span></a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060321000347/http://knowmed.blogspot.com/2005/08/central-dogma.html">中心法则</a>：Article from Knowmed Article Repository: A history of the development of the dogma, listing a few key experiments</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3HVVi2k2No">Animation: The Central Dogma</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140827084930/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3HVVi2k2No">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - <i>Nature</i> video</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/scitable/ebooks/cntNm-16553173"><b>The Elaboration of the Central Dogma</b></a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141110220854/http://www.nature.com/scitable/ebooks/cntNm-16553173">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - <i>Scitable: By Nature Education</i></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sandwalk.blogspot.co.nz/2007/01/central-dogma-of-molecular-biology.html">Discussion on challenges to the "Central Dogma of Molecular Biology"</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141025082450/http://sandwalk.blogspot.co.nz/2007/01/central-dogma-of-molecular-biology.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceonthesquares.blogspot.com/2012/09/a-primer-for-molecular-biology.html">Explanation of the central dogma using a musical analogy</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141220081022/http://scienceonthesquares.blogspot.com/2012/09/a-primer-for-molecular-biology.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://embryo.asu.edu/pages/francis-harry-compton-crick-1916-2004">"Francis Harry Compton Crick (1916-2004)" by A. Andrei at the Embryo Project Encyclopedia</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141019054228/http://embryo.asu.edu/pages/francis-harry-compton-crick-1916-2004">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span>Central dogma as a case of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danko-nikolic.com/knowledge-shielding/">knowledge shielding</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141018092940/http://www.danko-nikolic.com/knowledge-shielding/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="基因表达" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE" title="Template:基因表达"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE" title="Template talk:基因表达"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:基因表达"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="基因表达" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE" title="基因表現">基因表达</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" title="遗传学入门">遗传学入门</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81" title="遗传密码">遗传密码</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">经典中心法则</a>： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸">DNA</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" title="转录">→</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BD%BF%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="信使核糖核酸">RNA</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8)" title="翻譯 (生物學)">→</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#中心法则的扩充">扩充中心法则</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD%E9%85%B6" title="RNA複製酶">RNA → RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="逆转录">RNA → DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质 → 蛋白质</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" title="转录">转录</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">类型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="细菌转录" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bacterial transcription"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="细菌转录（页面不存在）">细菌转录</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_transcription" class="extiw" title="en:Bacterial transcription"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bacterial transcription</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Archaeal transcription" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Archaeal transcription"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeal_transcription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeal transcription（页面不存在）">古菌转录</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeal_transcription" class="extiw" title="en:Archaeal transcription"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Archaeal transcription</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" title="真核转录">真核转录</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">关键元素</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="转录因子">转录因子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6" title="RNA聚合酶">RNA聚合酶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AF%E5%8A%A8%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="启动子">启动子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="转录后修饰">转录后修饰</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E4%BF%A1%E4%BD%BFRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="前信使RNA">hnRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%E2%80%B2%E7%AB%AF%E5%B8%BD" title="5′端帽">5'端加帽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA%E5%89%AA%E6%8E%A5" title="RNA剪接">RNA剪接</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96" title="多腺苷酸化">多腺苷酸化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E4%B9%99%E9%86%AF%E5%8C%96" title="組蛋白乙醯化">組蛋白乙醯化</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8)" title="翻譯 (生物學)">翻译</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">类型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="原核翻译">原核翻译</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Archaeal translation" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Archaeal translation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeal_translation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeal translation（页面不存在）">古菌翻译</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeal_translation" class="extiw" title="en:Archaeal translation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Archaeal translation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="真核翻译">真核翻译</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">关键元素</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="核糖体">核糖体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="翻译后修饰">翻译后修饰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7" title="基因表达调控">基因表达调控</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%80%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="表觀遺傳學">表观遗传学调节</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84%E9%8A%98%E5%8D%B0" title="基因組銘印">基因組銘印</a> 等</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7" title="转录调控">转录调控</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基因调控网络" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gene regulatory network"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基因调控网络（页面不存在）">基因调控网络</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_regulatory_network" class="extiw" title="en:Gene regulatory network"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gene regulatory network</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E5%BC%8F%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" title="顺式作用元件">顺式作用元件</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96%E6%93%8D%E7%B8%B1%E5%AD%90" title="乳糖操縱子">乳糖操縱子</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="转录后调控" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Post-transcriptional regulation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%90%8E%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="转录后调控（页面不存在）">转录后调控</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transcriptional_regulation" class="extiw" title="en:Post-transcriptional regulation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Post-transcriptional regulation</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="P体">P体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%98%E5%89%AA%E6%8E%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="可变剪接">可变剪接</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MiRNA">miRNA</a> 等</li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="翻译调控" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Translational regulation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翻译调控（页面不存在）">翻译调控</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translational_regulation" class="extiw" title="en:Translational regulation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Translational regulation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="翻译后调控" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Post-translational regulation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翻译后调控（页面不存在）">翻译后调控</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-translational_regulation" class="extiw" title="en:Post-translational regulation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Post-translational regulation</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96" title="磷酸化">可逆的</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E9%85%B6%E8%A7%A3" title="蛋白酶解">不可逆的</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">该领域名人</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%96%AF%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E8%B3%88%E5%85%8B%E6%9F%8F" title="方斯華·賈克柏">方斯華·賈克柏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E8%AB%BE" title="賈克·莫諾">賈克·莫諾</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA" title="Template:蛋白质生物合成导航"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA" title="Template talk:蛋白质生物合成导航"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:蛋白质生物合成导航"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="遗传学索引" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">遗传学索引</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">描述</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E6%80%BB%E8%A7%88" title="Template:生物化学模板总览">生化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE" title="Template:基因表达">基因表达</a></li> <li>DNA <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:DNA%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6" title="Template:DNA复制">复制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="Template:细胞周期蛋白质">周期蛋白</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8D%E7%BB%84" title="Template:基因重组">基因重组</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:DNA%E4%BF%AE%E5%A4%8D" title="Template:DNA修复">修复</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" title="Template:转录">转录</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%86%85%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93" title="Template:转录因子与细胞内受体">转录因子与细胞内受体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Transcription_coregulators" title="Template:Transcription coregulators">辅调节因子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:RNA%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="Template:RNA类型">RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%8D%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97" title="Template:重复序列">重复序列</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="Template:转录后修饰">转录后修饰</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="Template:遗传学/翻译">翻译</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="Template:核糖体亚基">核糖体亚基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="Template:翻译后修饰">翻译后修饰</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:Sorting nexin" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Sorting nexin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sorting_nexin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Sorting nexin（页面不存在）">分拣蛋白</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sorting_nexin" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Sorting nexin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Sorting nexin</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:DNA-binding proteins" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:DNA-binding proteins"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:DNA-binding_proteins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:DNA-binding proteins（页面不存在）">DNA结合蛋白</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:DNA-binding_proteins" class="extiw" title="en:Template:DNA-binding proteins"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:DNA-binding proteins</span></a></span>）</span></span>/<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:RNA-binding proteins" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:RNA-binding proteins"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:RNA-binding_proteins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:RNA-binding proteins（页面不存在）">RNA结合蛋白</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:RNA-binding_proteins" class="extiw" title="en:Template:RNA-binding proteins"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:RNA-binding proteins</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="Template:核糖核蛋白">核糖核蛋白</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>蛋白质 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Protein_domains" title="Template:Protein domains">结构域</a></li> <li>结构 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E4%B8%80%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="Template:蛋白质一级结构">1°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E4%BA%8C%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="Template:蛋白质二级结构">2°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E8%B6%85%E4%BA%8C%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="Template:蛋白质超二级结构">2<sup>+</sup>°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E4%B8%89%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="Template:蛋白质三级结构">3°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%9B%9B%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="Template:蛋白质四级结构">4°</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">疾病</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:DNA_replication_and_repair-deficiency_disorder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder（页面不存在）">Replication and repair</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:DNA_replication_and_repair-deficiency_disorder" class="extiw" title="en:Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Transcription_factor_and_coregulator_deficiencies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies（页面不存在）">Transcription factor</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Transcription_factor_and_coregulator_deficiencies" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:Disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Disorders_of_transcription_and_post_transcriptional_modification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification（页面不存在）">转录相关疾病</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Disorders_of_transcription_and_post_transcriptional_modification" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Disorders_of_translation_and_posttranslational_modification" title="Template:Disorders of translation and posttranslational modification">轉譯相關疾病</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="分子生物学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:分子生物学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:分子生物学（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:分子生物学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="分子生物学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="分子生物學史">歷史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基因表達術語表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of gene expression terms"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E9%81%94%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基因表達術語表（页面不存在）">術語表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_gene_expression_terms" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of gene expression terms"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of gene expression terms</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">概观</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">中心法則</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6" title="DNA复制">DNA复制</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸">脱氧核糖核酸</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" title="转录">转录</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核糖核酸">核糖核酸</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8)" title="翻譯 (生物學)">翻译</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">要素</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%90" title="啟動子">啟動子</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%83%E8%AB%BE%E7%9B%92" title="普里布諾盒">普里布諾盒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TATA%E7%9B%92" title="TATA盒">TATA盒</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E7%B8%B1%E5%AD%90" title="操縱子">操縱子</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="半乳糖操纵子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="gal operon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%8A%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96%E6%93%8D%E7%BA%B5%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="半乳糖操纵子（页面不存在）">半乳糖操纵子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gal_operon" class="extiw" title="en:gal operon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">gal operon</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96%E6%93%8D%E7%B8%B1%E5%AD%90" title="乳糖操縱子">乳糖操縱子</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8%E6%93%8D%E7%BA%B5%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="色氨酸操纵子（页面不存在）">色氨酸操纵子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%90%AB%E5%AD%90" title="内含子">内含子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%98%BE%E5%AD%90" title="外显子">外显子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%82%E6%AD%A2%E5%AD%90" title="終止子">終止子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%90" title="強化子">強化子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BB%E9%81%8F%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="阻遏蛋白">阻遏物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%AD%90" title="乳糖抑制子">乳糖阻遏物</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="色氨酸阻遏物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tryptophan repressor"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8%E9%98%BB%E9%81%8F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="色氨酸阻遏物（页面不存在）">色氨酸阻遏物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan_repressor" class="extiw" title="en:Tryptophan repressor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tryptophan repressor</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E9%BB%98%E5%AD%90" title="沉默子">沉默子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%80%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="表觀遺傳學">表觀遺傳學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="組蛋白">組蛋白</a>修飾：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="组蛋白甲基化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Histone methylation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96" title="組蛋白甲基化">组蛋白甲基化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_methylation" class="extiw" title="en:Histone methylation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Histone methylation</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E4%B9%99%E9%86%AF%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB%E9%85%B6" title="組蛋白乙醯轉移酶">組蛋白乙酰化</a>、組蛋白磷酸化等；<a href="/wiki/DNA%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96" title="DNA甲基化">DNA甲基化</a>；<a href="/wiki/RNA%E5%B9%B2%E6%93%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA干擾">RNA干擾</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关科目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="细胞生物学">细胞生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="计算生物学">计算生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学">功能生物学/医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学">遗传学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">工程</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%B5%B2%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="有絲分裂">有絲分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E4%BC%A0%E9%80%81" title="细胞信号传送">细胞信号传送</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="转录后修饰">转录后修饰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="翻译后修饰">翻译后修饰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="干实验室">干实验室</a>/<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="湿实验室" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wet lab"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%95%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="濕實驗室">湿实验室</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_lab" class="extiw" title="en:Wet lab"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wet lab</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">技术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%9F%B9%E5%85%BB" title="细胞培养">细胞培养</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="模式生物">模式生物</a></li> <li>方法 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="核酸方法">核酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="蛋白质方法">蛋白质</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生命科学应用的荧光" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fluorescence in the life sciences"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E8%8D%A7%E5%85%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生命科学应用的荧光（页面不存在）">荧光</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_in_the_life_sciences" class="extiw" title="en:Fluorescence in the life sciences"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fluorescence in the life sciences</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0" title="色素">色素</a>与<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生命科学应用的放射性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Radioactivity in the life sciences"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生命科学应用的放射性（页面不存在）">放射性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivity_in_the_life_sciences" class="extiw" title="en:Radioactivity in the life sciences"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Radioactivity in the life sciences</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <dl><dt><span style="font-weight:normal;">高通量技术（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="组学">-组学</a>）</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/DNA%E5%BE%AE%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97" title="DNA微陣列">DNA微陣列</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" title="质谱法">质谱法</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4%E6%99%B6%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="實驗室晶片">實驗室晶片</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7" title="基因表达调控">基因表达调控</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%80%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="表觀遺傳學">表觀遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7" title="基因表达调控">基因表达调控</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="转录后调控" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Post-transcriptional regulation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%90%8E%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="转录后调控（页面不存在）">转录后调控</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transcriptional_regulation" class="extiw" title="en:Post-transcriptional regulation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Post-transcriptional regulation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="翻译后调控" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Post-translational regulation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翻译后调控（页面不存在）">翻译后调控</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-translational_regulation" class="extiw" title="en:Post-translational regulation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Post-translational regulation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a 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