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Origine du terme « agnotologie » </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="AGNOTOLOGIE, Multiples et diverses ignorances" href="/encyclopedie/agnotologie/2-multiples-et-diverses-ignorances/"> 2. Multiples et diverses ignorances </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="AGNOTOLOGIE, L’ignorance produite et la manipulation de l’opinion" href="/encyclopedie/agnotologie/3-l-ignorance-produite-et-la-manipulation-de-l-opinion/"> 3. L’ignorance produite et la manipulation de l’opinion </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="AGNOTOLOGIE, Actualité(s) de l’agnotologie" href="/encyclopedie/agnotologie/4-actualite-s-de-l-agnotologie/"> 4. Actualité(s) de l’agnotologie </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="AGNOTOLOGIE, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/agnotologie/5-bibliographie/"> 5. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>AGNOTOLOGIE</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC180045_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC180045_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH180340" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Robert Neel Proctor" href="/media/robert-neel-proctor-ph180340/"><img id="PH180340" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/4/csm_ph180340_1463478fd8.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Robert Neel Proctor - crédits : Robert N. Proctor" data-description="Robert N. Proctor est professeur d'histoire des sciences à l'université Stanford (Californie), historien des sciences et expert scientifique auprès des tribunaux américains dans les procès du tabac." data-copyright="Robert N. Proctor" width="1024" height="1017" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Robert Neel Proctor </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Robert N. Proctor </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> Le terme « agnotologie » a été introduit par l’historien des sciences Robert N. Proctor (université de Stanford) pour désigner l’étude de l’ignorance et, au-delà de ce sens général, la « production culturelle de l’ignorance ». Si son usage académique semble assez circonscrit à la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Nul ne se demande « pourquoi des mathématiciens ? », dès lors que les mathématiques sont reconnues comme science. Mais « pourquoi des philosophes ? » ne revient pas à la question beaucoup plus classique « pourquoi la philosophie ? » à laquelle il est habituellement répondu par quelques variations sur un thème aristotélicien : argumenter contre une philosophie est encore phi..." title="Article : PHILOSOPHIE" href="/encyclopedie/philosophie/">philosophie</a>, l’histoire et la sociologie des sciences, il a largement essaimé vers le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="« L’offre que nous représentons ne correspond plus à la demande, même si notre public nous est resté fidèle et constant. » C’est en ces termes, où les raisons intellectuelles et économiques s’associent, que Pierre Nora , son directeur, annonce dans son éditorial que le numéro 210 du Débat (mai-août 2020) sera le dernier. Quarante ans après le lancement de la revue, l’hi..." title="Article : LE DÉBAT, revue" href="/encyclopedie/le-debat-revue/">débat</a> public et la presse dès 2003. Il convient sans doute de distinguer le terme lui-même et le champ d’études qu’il désigne, car toutes les recherches qui en relèvent n’utilisent pas forcément cette étiquette pour se désigner. </p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC180045_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC180045_1"></i><h2>Origine du terme « agnotologie »</h2><p>On trouve des termes précurseurs, notamment au <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle chez James Frederick Ferrier (<em>a</em><em>gnoiology</em>), qui entendait baliser à côté de la théorie de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La connaissance désigne un rapport de la pensée à la réalité extérieure et engage la notion de vérité comme adéquation de l' esprit et de la chose. Par extension, le terme connaissance désigne le contenu de la pensée qui correspond à la nature de la chose visée, et s'oppose à erreur ou illusion . Ses caractères sont l'universalité et la nécessité , ce qui suppose de réf..." title="Article : CONNAISSANCE" href="/encyclopedie/connaissance/">connaissance</a> une « théorie de l’ignorance », mais l’entreprise resta embryonnaire. L’usage actuel s’est développé principalement depuis la fin du <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> siècle. Proctor, qui avait auparavant travaillé sur la médecine raciale dans l’Allemagne nazie, introduit l’expression en 1995 dans <em>Cancer </em><em>Wars</em>, ouvrage dont le sous-titre – « Comment les politiques publiques façonnent ce que nous savons et ce que nous ne savons pas sur le cancer » – évoquait clairement la question de l’ignorance. Il s’agissait alors de corriger une vision de l’ignorance comprise comme pure absence de savoir ou encore comme frontière de la science vite comblée par son progrès : « Les historiens et les philosophes des sciences ont eu tendance à traiter l’ignorance comme un vide sans cesse croissant qui est comblé par la connaissance… L’ignorance est cependant plus complexe que cela. Elle possède une <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans le système solaire , notre planète ne ressemble à aucune autre. Mercure, Vénus et Mars sont, il est vrai, constituées de roches analogues à celles de la Terre ; Vénus et Mars sont entourées d'une atmosphère, mais celle-ci est fort différente de la nôtre, pourvue d'oxygène. La composition de l'atmosphère terrestre explique que les températures, dans les couches inférieures, y ..." title="Article : GÉOGRAPHIE" href="/encyclopedie/geographie/">géographie</a> politique qui est souvent un bon indicateur des politiques en matière de connaissance. Nous avons besoin d’une agnotologie politique pour compléter nos épistémologies politiques » (<em>Cancer </em><em>Wars</em>, 8). L’ouvrage expliquait ainsi en détail comment les politiques de lutte contre le cancer qui avaient mis l’accent sur les déterminants génétiques de la maladie, en particulier le plan Nixon, avaient pu conduire à ignorer certains facteurs environnementaux et comportementaux et donc à « produire » de l’ignorance à ce <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Il n'est point de sujet sans dépendance affirmée à l'égard d'une puissance dont ce sujet relève, de par les hasards de sa constitution anatomique, de son caractère et de sa situation au sein d'une classe sociale et d'une constellation familiale déterminées, mais aussi de par les lois et coutumes de son pays, les études et les recherches en cours et, d'une façon générale, les conditions..." title="Article : SUJET" href="/encyclopedie/sujet/">sujet</a>. On retrouve le terme dans des contextes plus légers et plus étonnants, par exemple pour parler du désintérêt général et donc de l’ignorance très répandue envers les agates, minéraux toujours singuliers et donc « rares », par opposition aux diamants, sources de toutes les convoitises.</p><p>C’est cependant au cours de deux colloques importants, l’un à l’université d’État de Pennsylvanie en 2003 (auquel ont participé notamment Londa Schiebinger, Nancy Tuana, Peter Galison et Dominique Pestre), l’autre à Stanford en 2005 (avec notamment David Michaels, Naomi Oreskes et Michael Smithson), que l’agnotologie devint un thème fédérateur en philosophie et histoire des sciences. Le programme du premier colloque énonce ainsi le thème principal : « Le but de cette réunion est d’explorer les manières dont l’ignorance est produite ou entretenue dans des contextes divers, tels que la négligence délibérée ou fortuite, le secret, la soustraction d’informations, la destruction de documents, et des myriades de formes de sélectivités politico-culturelles, inhérentes ou évitables. Le but est de développer non seulement une taxinomie de l’ignorance, mais aussi des outils pour comprendre comment et pourquoi diverses formes de connaissance “ne sont pas parvenues à l’existence”, furent différées, ou longtemps négligées, à différents moments de l’histoire. » </p><p>L’ensemble de ces travaux trouve vite une traduction publique, et le recueil de 2008 <em>Agnotology</em>, qui reprend certaines de ces interventions, en forme une première tribune. Proctor s’y explique sur le choix du terme. Il fait remonter à 1992<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? 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Proctor" data-description="Robert N. Proctor est professeur d'histoire des sciences à l'université Stanford (Californie), historien des sciences et expert scientifique auprès des tribunaux américains dans les procès du tabac." data-copyright="Robert N. Proctor" width="1024" height="1017" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Robert Neel Proctor </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Robert N. Proctor </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="DE180324" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : L’instillation du doute sur les dangers du tabac" href="/media/linstillation-du-doute-sur-les-dangers-du-tabac-de180324/"> <img id="DE180324" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/7/csm_de180324_4060890ff3.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="L’instillation du doute sur les dangers du tabac - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Ce court texte extrait d'un mémorandum d'un communicant de l'industrie du tabac pour tenter d'enrayer la chute des ventes illustre la méthode proposée et utilisée. L'idée est de présenter les données épidémiologiques comme « controversées », de manière à instiller le doute dans l'esprit du grand…" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1343" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> L’instillation du doute sur les dangers du tabac </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC180045_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/robert-n-proctor/"> <span class="rg">PROCTOR </span><span class="pc">ROBERT N. </span><span class="rm">(1954- )</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Mathias GIREL</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 325 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : PROCTOR ROBERT N. (1954- )" href="/encyclopedie/robert-n-proctor/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Robert Neel Proctor - crédits : Robert N. Proctor" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/4/csm_ph180340_c56b0a950d.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>L'historien des sciences Robert N. Proctor est né en 1954 à Corpus Christi au Texas. Il est surtout connu en France pour son travail sur les liens entre science et industrie du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Pendant quatre siècles, on a fumé comme on buvait du café : par goût, par plaisir et comme un luxe. Beaucoup plus récemment, on s'est mis à fumer, non plus parce que l'on aime fumer, mais plutôt parce que l'on n'aime pas ne pas fumer. La nature du produit a changé, son mode de consommation s'est modifié, les quantités absorbées ont augmenté : le monde découvre que ce plaisir si faci..." title="Article : TABAC" href="/encyclopedie/tabac/">tabac</a>, ce qui ne constitue cependant qu’une partie de ses recherches. Proctor, en effet, appartient à cette lignée...</p> </div> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC180045_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CONNAISSANCE SOCIOLOGIE DE LA" href="/index/sociologie-de-la-connaissance/"> <span class="rg">CONNAISSANCE </span><span class="pc">SOCIOLOGIE DE LA</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CAUSALITÉ, sciences sociales" href="/index/causalite-sciences-sociales/"> <span class="rg">CAUSALITÉ, </span><em class="it">sciences sociales</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RÉGLEMENTATION & RÈGLES" href="/index/reglementation-et-regles/"> <span class="rg">RÉGLEMENTATION & RÈGLES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ACTION, philosophie" href="/index/action-philosophie/"> <span class="rg">ACTION, </span><em class="it">philosophie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : LOBBYING" href="/index/lobbying/"> <span class="rg">LOBBYING</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SCIENCES HISTOIRE DES, XXe et début du XXIe s." href="/index/histoire-des-sciences-xxe-s/"> <span class="rg">SCIENCES </span><span class="pc">HISTOIRE DES, </span><em class="it">XX<sup class="sup">e</sup> et début du XXI<sup class="sup">e</sup> s.</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : INFORMATION DIFFUSION DE L'" href="/index/diffusion-de-l-information/"> <span class="rg">INFORMATION </span><span class="pc">DIFFUSION DE L'</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SECRET" href="/index/secret/"> <span class="rg">SECRET</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SOCIOLOGIE POLITIQUE" href="/index/sociologie-politique/"> <span class="rg">SOCIOLOGIE POLITIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SCIENCES SOCIOLOGIE DES" href="/index/sociologie-des-sciences/"> <span class="rg">SCIENCES </span><span class="pc">SOCIOLOGIE DES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE" href="/index/changement-climatique/"> <span class="rg">CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MÉDIAS SOCIOLOGIE DES" href="/index/sociologie-des-medias/"> <span class="rg">MÉDIAS </span><span class="pc">SOCIOLOGIE DES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : KATRINA CYCLONE" href="/index/cyclone-katrina/"> <span class="rg">KATRINA </span><span class="pc">CYCLONE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MANIPULATIONS PSYCHOLOGIQUES" href="/index/manipulations-psychologiques/"> <span class="rg">MANIPULATIONS PSYCHOLOGIQUES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ACTION SOCIOLOGIE DE L'" href="/index/sociologie-de-l-action/"> <span class="rg">ACTION </span><span class="pc">SOCIOLOGIE DE L'</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : TABAGISME" href="/index/tabagisme/"> <span class="rg">TABAGISME</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : DIÉTHYLSTILBESTROL ou DISTILBÈNE" href="/index/diethylstilbestrol/"> <span class="rg">DIÉTHYLSTILBESTROL </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">DISTILBÈNE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RISQUES NATURELS" href="/index/risques-naturels/"> <span class="rg">RISQUES NATURELS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : INFORMATION TRAITEMENT DE L', psychologie" href="/index/traitement-de-l-information-psychologie/"> <span class="rg">INFORMATION </span><span class="pc">TRAITEMENT DE L', </span><em class="it">psychologie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a 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