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<li id="toc-Technical_specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Technical specifications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_specifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Technical specifications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Data_encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Data encoding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Data structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tracks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Tracks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frames_and_timecode_frames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frames_and_timecode_frames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Frames and timecode frames </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frames_and_timecode_frames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bit_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bit_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Bit rate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bit_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_access_from_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_access_from_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Data access from computers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_access_from_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Format_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Format_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Format variations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Format_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Copyright issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" > 25 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B7" title="قرص صوت رقمي مضغوط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قرص صوت رقمي مضغوط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio-CD" title="Audio-CD – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Audio-CD" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_%C3%80udio" title="CD Àudio – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="CD Àudio" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Book" title="Red Book – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Red Book" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Compact Disc Digital Audio" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_audio" title="CD audio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="CD audio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="سی‌دی صوتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سی‌دی صوتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Book_(norme_CD_audio)" title="Red Book (norme CD audio) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Red Book (norme CD audio)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_de_son" title="CD de son – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="CD de son" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%A4%ED%8C%A9%ED%8A%B8_%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC_%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EC%98%A4%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4" title="콤팩트 디스크 디지털 오디오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콤팩트 디스크 디지털 오디오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvu%C4%8Dni_CD" title="Zvučni CD – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zvučni CD" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Compact Disc Digital Audio" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Audio" title="CD Audio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="CD Audio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93)" title="रेडबुक (सीडी-डीए ऑडिओ) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेडबुक (सीडी-डीए ऑडिओ)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakera_Padat_Audio_Digital" title="Cakera Padat Audio Digital – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cakera Padat Audio Digital" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-DA" title="CD-DA – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="CD-DA" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-Audio" title="CD-Audio – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="CD-Audio" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_CD" title="Audio CD – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Audio CD" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Звуковой компакт-диск – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Звуковой компакт-диск" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDDA" title="CDDA – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="CDDA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Compact Disc Digital Audio" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_CD" title="Audio CD – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Audio CD" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitroete_plake" title="Sitroete plake – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sitroete plake" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-DA" title="CD-DA – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="CD-DA" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%85%89%E7%A2%9F" title="數位音樂光碟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="數位音樂光碟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Data format used for audio compact discs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Compact Disc Digital Audio</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:CDDAlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/CDDAlogo.svg/220px-CDDAlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/CDDAlogo.svg/330px-CDDAlogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/CDDAlogo.svg/440px-CDDAlogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg/220px-CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg/330px-CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg/440px-CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="730" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Content_format" title="Content format">Encoding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 channels of <a href="/wiki/LPCM" class="mw-redirect" title="LPCM">LPCM</a> audio, each <a href="/wiki/Signedness" title="Signedness">signed</a> 16-<a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> values sampled at 44100 <a href="/wiki/Hz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hz">Hz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capacity</th><td class="infobox-data">up to 74–80 minutes (up to 24 minutes for mini 8 cm CD)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Read mechanism</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor laser">Semiconductor laser</a> (780 nm wavelength)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standard</a></th><td class="infobox-data">IEC 60908</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> & <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Audio storage</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Extended to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Released</th><td class="infobox-data">1982</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical discs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:CD_icon_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/128px-CD_icon_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/192px-CD_icon_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/256px-CD_icon_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">Optical disc drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring" title="Optical disc authoring">Optical disc authoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring#Software" title="Optical disc authoring">Authoring software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologies" title="Optical disc recording technologies">Recording technologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_modes" title="Optical disc recording modes">Recording modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_writing" title="Packet writing">Packet writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_cutting_area" title="Burst cutting area">Burst cutting area</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Optical media types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Compact disc (<a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a>): <a class="mw-selflink selflink">CD-DA</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/5.1_Music_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="5.1 Music Disc">5.1 Music Disc</a>, Super Audio CD (<a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">SACD</a>), <a href="/wiki/Photo_CD" title="Photo CD">Photo CD</a>, CD Video (<a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CDV</a>), Video CD (<a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a>), Super Video CD (<a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a>), <a href="/wiki/CD%2BG" title="CD+G">CD+G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-Text" title="CD-Text">CD-Text</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM_XA" class="mw-redirect" title="CD-ROM XA">CD-ROM XA</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-i" title="CD-i">CD-i</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIL-CD" class="mw-redirect" title="MIL-CD">MIL-CD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>: <a href="/wiki/DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+R">DVD+R</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DL" title="DVD-R DL">DVD-R DL</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL" title="DVD+R DL">DVD+R DL</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DS" title="DVD-R DS">DVD-R DS</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DS" title="DVD+R DS">DVD+R DS</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BRW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+RW">DVD+RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-RAM" title="DVD-RAM">DVD-RAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-D" title="DVD-D">DVD-D</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-A</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc" title="High-Definition Versatile Disc">HVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/EcoDisc" title="EcoDisc">EcoDisc</a>, <a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a></li> <li>Blu-ray Disc (<a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">BD</a>): <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-R & BD-RE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray 3D">Blu-ray 3D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray#Mini_Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray">Mini Blu-ray Disc</a>, 4K Blu-ray (<a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-DISC" title="M-DISC">M-DISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">Universal Media Disc (UMD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc" title="Enhanced Versatile Disc">Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Versatile_Disc" title="Forward Versatile Disc">Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a>: <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-R">HD DVD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-RW">HD DVD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-RAM">HD DVD-RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc">High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VCDHD" title="VCDHD">VCDHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GD-ROM" title="GD-ROM">GD-ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Video_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Video Disc">Personal Video Disc (PVD)</a></li> <li>MiniDisc (<a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MD</a>): <a href="/wiki/MD_Data" title="MD Data">MD Data, MD Data2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a></li> <li>LaserDisc (<a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LD</a>): <a href="/wiki/LD-ROM" class="mw-redirect" title="LD-ROM">LD-ROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/LV-ROM" title="LV-ROM">LV-ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Single_Disc" title="Video Single Disc">Video Single Disc (VSD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical_drive" title="Magneto-optical drive">Magneto-optical discs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Density_Optical" title="Ultra Density Optical">Ultra Density Optical (UDO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_optical_data_storage" title="3D optical data storage">3D optical data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacked_Volumetric_Optical_Disc" title="Stacked Volumetric Optical Disc">Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_Multilayer_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent Multilayer Disc">Fluorescent Multilayer Disc</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper_CD-ROM" title="Hyper CD-ROM">Hyper CD-ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_optical_discs" title="Nintendo optical discs">Nintendo optical disc (NOD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_Disc" title="Archival Disc">Archival Disc</a> (AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataPlay" title="DataPlay">DataPlay</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Form_Factor_Committee" title="Small Form Factor Committee">SFF</a> <a href="/wiki/ATA_Packet_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="ATA Packet Interface">ATAPI</a>/<a href="/wiki/SCSI_Multimedia_Commands" title="SCSI Multimedia Commands">MMC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_(packet_writing)" title="Mount Rainier (packet writing)">Mount Rainier</a> (packet writing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layer_Jump_Recording" title="Layer Jump Recording">Mount Fuji</a> (layer jump recording)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Rainbow Books</a></li> <li>File systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joliet_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joliet (file system)">Joliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeo file system">Romeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Ridge">Rock Ridge</a> / SUSP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Torito_(CD-ROM_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Torito (CD-ROM standard)">El Torito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ISO_9660_Extensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple ISO 9660 Extensions">Apple ISO 9660 Extensions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Universal Disk Format (<a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_optical_storage_media" class="mw-redirect" title="History of optical storage media">History of optical storage media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war" title="High-definition optical disc format war">High-definition optical disc format war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Optical_disc" title="Template:Optical disc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Optical_disc" title="Template talk:Optical disc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Optical_disc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Optical disc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Compact Disc Digital Audio (CDDA or CD-DA), also known as Digital Audio Compact Disc or simply as Audio CD, is the <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standard</a> format for audio <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact discs</a>. The standard is defined in the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Red Book</a> <a href="/wiki/Technical_specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical specification">technical specifications</a>, which is why the format is also dubbed "Redbook audio" in some contexts.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> CDDA utilizes <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">pulse-code modulation</a> (PCM) and uses a <a href="/wiki/44,100_Hz" title="44,100 Hz">44,100 Hz</a> sampling frequency and 16-bit resolution, and was originally specified to store up to 74 minutes of <a href="/wiki/Stereo" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereo">stereo</a> audio per disc. The first commercially available audio <a href="/wiki/CD_player" title="CD player">CD player</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sony_CDP-101" title="Sony CDP-101">Sony CDP-101</a>, was released in October 1982 in Japan. The format gained worldwide acceptance in 1983–84, selling more than a million CD players in its first two years, to play 22.5 million discs,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> before overtaking <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">cassette tapes</a> to become the dominant standard for commercial music. Peaking around year 2000, the audio CD contracted over the next decade due to rising popularity and revenue from <a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">digital downloading</a>, and during the 2010s by <a href="/wiki/Music_streaming_service" title="Music streaming service">digital music streaming</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> but has remained as one of the primary distribution methods for the <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoMR-2-4">[4]</a> In the United States, phonograph record revenues surpassed the CD in 2020 for the first time since the 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> but in other major markets like Japan it remains the premier music format by a distance<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and in Germany it outsold other physical formats at least fourfold in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In the music industry, audio CDs have been generally sold as either a <a href="/wiki/CD_single" title="CD single">CD single</a> (now largely dormant), or as full-length <a href="/wiki/Album" title="Album">albums</a>, the latter of which has been more commonplace since the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The format has also been influential in the progression of <a href="/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music">video game music</a>, used in <a href="/wiki/Mixed_Mode_CD" title="Mixed Mode CD">mixed mode</a> <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROMs</a>, providing CD-quality audio popularized during the 1990s on hardware such as <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sega_Saturn" title="Sega Saturn">Sega Saturn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal computers">personal computers</a> with 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Sound_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound cards">sound cards</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Sound_Blaster" title="Sound Blaster">Sound Blaster 16</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Optophone" title="Optophone">optophone</a>, first presented in 1931, was an early device that used light for both recording and playback of sound signals on a <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">transparent photograph</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> More than thirty years later, American inventor <a href="/wiki/James_Russell_(inventor)" title="James Russell (inventor)">James T. Russell</a> has been credited with inventing the first system to record digital media on a photosensitive plate. Russell's patent application was filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Following litigation, <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> licensed Russell's patents for recording in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> It is debatable whether Russell's concepts, patents, and prototypes instigated and in some measure influenced the compact disc's design.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The compact disc is an evolution of <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> technology,<a href="#cite_note-Immink-17">[17]</a> where a focused <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Unlike the prior art by Optophonie and James Russell, the information on the disc is read from a reflective layer using a laser as a light source through a protective substrate. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Although originally dismissed by <a href="/wiki/Philips_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips Research">Philips Research</a> management as a trivial pursuit,<a href="#cite_note-Immink2-19">[19]</a> the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> format struggled.<a href="#cite_note-AndItsEnd-20">[20]</a> In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Red Book</a> CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> By 1988, CD sales in the United States surpassed those of vinyl LPs, and, by 1992, CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music-cassette tapes.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, which together agreed upon and developed compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_audio_laser-disc_prototypes">Digital audio laser-disc prototypes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Digital audio laser-disc prototypes">edit</a>]</div> In 1974, Lou Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm (7.9 in) and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm (4.5 in), the diagonal of an audio cassette.<a href="#cite_note-Immink-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-peek-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heitaro_Nakajima" title="Heitaro Nakajima">Heitaro Nakajima</a>, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization, <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a>, in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. In 1973, his team developed a digital <a href="/wiki/PCM_adaptor" title="PCM adaptor">PCM adaptor</a> that made audio recordings using a <a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> video recorder. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm (12 in) disc that could play an hour of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using <a href="/wiki/Modified_frequency_modulation" title="Modified frequency modulation">modified frequency modulation</a> encoding.<a href="#cite_note-SonyHistorical-28">[28]</a> In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and <a href="/wiki/Cross-interleaved_Reed-Solomon_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-interleaved Reed-Solomon coding">cross-interleaved Reed-Solomon coding</a> (CIRC) <a href="/wiki/Error_correction_code" title="Error correction code">error correction code</a>—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard compact disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd <a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">AES</a> Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SonyHistorical-28">[28]</a> Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc"<a href="#cite_note-BBC6950933-29">[29]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a>, Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-PhilipsHistorical-30">[30]</a> Sony executive <a href="/wiki/Norio_Ohga" title="Norio Ohga">Norio Ohga</a>, later CEO and chairman of Sony, and <a href="/wiki/Heitaro_Nakajima" title="Heitaro Nakajima">Heitaro Nakajima</a> were convinced of the format's commercial potential and pushed further development despite widespread skepticism.<a href="#cite_note-Ohgaobituary-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaboration_and_standardization">Collaboration and standardization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Collaboration and standardization">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schouhamerimmink.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Schouhamerimmink.jpg/170px-Schouhamerimmink.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Schouhamerimmink.jpg/255px-Schouhamerimmink.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Schouhamerimmink.jpg/340px-Schouhamerimmink.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Dutch inventor and Philips chief engineer <a href="/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink">Kees Schouhamer Immink</a> was part of the team that produced the standard compact disc in 1980</figcaption></figure> In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers <a href="/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink">Kees Schouhamer Immink</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toshitada_Doi" title="Toshitada Doi">Toshitada Doi</a>, the research pushed forward <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical disc</a> technology.<a href="#cite_note-BBC6950933-29">[29]</a> After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the <a href="/wiki/IEC" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC">IEC</a> as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Philips coined the term compact disc in line with another audio product, the <a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">Compact Cassette</a>,<a href="#cite_note-peek-26">[26]</a> and contributed the general manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Industrial_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial process">process</a>, based on video LaserDisc technology. Philips also contributed <a href="/wiki/Eight-to-fourteen_modulation" title="Eight-to-fourteen modulation">eight-to-fourteen modulation</a> (EFM), while Sony contributed the <a href="/wiki/Error-correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Error-correction">error-correction</a> method, CIRC, which offers resilience to defects such as scratches and fingerprints. The Compact Disc Story,<a href="#cite_note-Immink-17">[17]</a> told by a former member of the task force, gives background information on the many technical decisions made, including the choice of the sampling frequency, playing time, and disc diameter. The task force consisted of around 6 persons,<a href="#cite_note-Immink2-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Knopper-32">[32]</a> though according to Philips, the compact disc was "invented collectively by a large group of people working as a team".<a href="#cite_note-PhilDoss-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_launch_and_adoption">Initial launch and adoption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Initial launch and adoption">edit</a>]</div> Early milestones in the launch and adoption of the format included: <ul><li>The first test pressing was of a recording of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>'s <a href="/wiki/An_Alpine_Symphony" title="An Alpine Symphony">An Alpine Symphony</a>, recorded December 1–3, 1980 and played by the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Berlin Philharmonic">Berlin Philharmonic</a> and conducted by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a>, who had been enlisted as an ambassador for the format in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Karajan-34">[34]</a></li> <li>The world presentation took place during the <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Easter_Festival" title="Salzburg Easter Festival">Salzburg Easter Festival</a> on 15 April 1981, at a press conference of <a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a> and Norio Ohga (Sony), Joop van Tilburg (Philips), and Richard Busch (PolyGram), in the presence of Karajan who praised the new format.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li>The first public demonstration was on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> television programme <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow%27s_World" title="Tomorrow's World">Tomorrow's World</a> in 1981, when the <a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a>' album <a href="/wiki/Living_Eyes_(Bee_Gees_album)" title="Living Eyes (Bee Gees album)">Living Eyes</a> (1981) was played.<a href="#cite_note-AutoMR-4-36">[36]</a></li> <li>The first commercial compact disc was produced on 17 August 1982, a 1979 recording of <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a> waltzes performed by <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Arrau" title="Claudio Arrau">Claudio Arrau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li>The first 50 titles were released in Japan on 1 October 1982,<a href="#cite_note-AutoMR-6-38">[38]</a> the first of which was a re-release of the <a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a> album <a href="/wiki/52nd_Street_(album)" title="52nd Street (album)">52nd Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li>The first CD played on BBC Radio was in October 1982.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The Japanese launch was followed on 14 March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> and North America where CBS Records released sixteen titles.<a href="#cite_note-G&M_1983-03-05-41">[41]</a></li></ul> The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was <a href="/wiki/Dire_Straits" title="Dire Straits">Dire Straits</a>, with their 1985 album <a href="/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms_(album)" title="Brothers in Arms (album)">Brothers in Arms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoMR-7-42">[42]</a> One of the first CD markets was devoted to reissuing popular music whose commercial potential was already proven. The first major artist to have their entire catalog converted to CD was <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, whose first fourteen studio albums (up to <a href="/wiki/Scary_Monsters_(and_Super_Creeps)" title="Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)">Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)</a>) of (then) sixteen were made available by <a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA Records</a> in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums; his fifteenth and sixteenth albums (<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Dance_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Let's Dance (David Bowie album)">Let's Dance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonight_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Tonight (David Bowie album)">Tonight</a>, respectively) had already been issued on CD by <a href="/wiki/EMI_Records" title="EMI Records">EMI Records</a> in 1983 and 1984, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-AutoMR-8-43">[43]</a> On 26 February 1987, the first four UK albums by <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> were released in mono on compact disc.<a href="#cite_note-BeatlesCD-44">[44]</a> The growing acceptance of the CD in 1983 marks the beginning of the popular digital audio revolution.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> It was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">audiophile</a> communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable <a href="/wiki/Discman" title="Discman">Discman</a>, the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. With the rise in CD sales, pre-recorded <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">cassette tape</a> sales began to decline in the late 1980s; CD sales overtook cassette sales in the early 1990s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.<a href="#cite_note-AutoMR-9-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_development">Further development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony-Discman-D-E307CK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sony-Discman-D-E307CK.jpg/220px-Sony-Discman-D-E307CK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sony-Discman-D-E307CK.jpg/330px-Sony-Discman-D-E307CK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sony-Discman-D-E307CK.jpg/440px-Sony-Discman-D-E307CK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sony <a href="/wiki/Discman" title="Discman">Discman</a> D-E307CK portable CD player with 1-bit DAC</figcaption></figure> Early CD players employed binary-weighted <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">digital-to-analog converters</a> (DAC), which contained individual electrical components for each bit of the DAC.<a href="#cite_note-stereophile-19890501-Willenswaard-48">[48]</a> Even when using high-precision components, this approach was prone to decoding errors.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-stereophile-19890501-Willenswaard-48">[48]</a> Another issue was <a href="/wiki/Jitter" title="Jitter">jitter</a>, a time-related defect. Confronted with the instability of DACs, manufacturers initially turned to increasing the number of bits in the DAC and using several DACs per audio channel, averaging their output.<a href="#cite_note-stereophile-19890501-Willenswaard-48">[48]</a> This increased the cost of CD players but did not solve the core problem. A breakthrough in the late 1980s culminated in development of the <a href="/wiki/Delta-sigma_modulation#Digital-to-analog_conversion" title="Delta-sigma modulation">1-bit DAC</a>, which converts high-resolution low-frequency digital input signal into a lower-resolution high-frequency signal that is mapped to voltages and then smoothed with an analog filter. The temporary use of a lower-resolution signal simplified circuit design and improved efficiency, which is why it became dominant in CD players starting from the early 1990s. Philips used a variation of this technique called <a href="/wiki/Pulse-density_modulation" title="Pulse-density modulation">pulse-density modulation</a> (PDM),<a href="#cite_note-stereophile-198906-Atkinson-49">[49]</a> while Matsushita (now <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>) chose <a href="/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation" title="Pulse-width modulation">pulse-width modulation</a> (PWM), advertising it as MASH, which is an acronym derived from their patented Multi-stAge noiSe-sHaping PWM topology.<a href="#cite_note-stereophile-19890501-Willenswaard-48">[48]</a> The CD was primarily planned as the successor to the <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl record">vinyl record</a> for playing music, rather than as a data storage medium. However, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Braat" title="Joseph Braat">Joseph Braat</a> presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd <a href="/wiki/AES_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="AES Convention">AES Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In June 1985, the computer-readable <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> (read-only memory) and, in 1990, recordable <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> discs were introduced.<a href="#cite_note-51">[a]</a> Recordable CDs became an alternative to tape for recording and distributing music and could be duplicated without degradation in sound quality. Other newer video formats such as <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Backward compatible">backward compatible</a> with audio CDs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peak">Peak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Peak">edit</a>]</div> CD sales in the United States peaked by 2000.<a href="#cite_note-statista-52">[51]</a> By the early 2000s, the CD player had largely replaced the <a href="/wiki/Audio_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio cassette">audio cassette</a> player as standard equipment in new automobiles, with 2010 being the final model year for any car in the United States to have a factory-equipped cassette player.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20120718-53">[52]</a> Two new formats were marketed in the 2000s designed as successors to the CD: the <a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a> (SACD) and <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a>. However neither of these were adopted partly due to increased relevance of digital (virtual) music and the apparent lack of audible improvements in audio quality to most human ears.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> These effectively extended the CD's longevity in the music market.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Decline">edit</a>]</div> With the advent and popularity of <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Internet-based distribution</a> of files in <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy-compressed</a> <a href="/wiki/Audio_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio format">audio formats</a> such as <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 and 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%.<a href="#cite_note-AutoMR-11-56">[55]</a> Despite rapidly declining sales year-over-year, the pervasiveness of the technology lingered for a time, with companies placing CDs in pharmacies, supermarkets, and filling station convenience stores to target buyers less likely to be able to use Internet-based distribution.<a href="#cite_note-AndItsEnd-20">[20]</a> In 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34% of music sales in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> By 2015, only 24% of music in the United States was purchased on physical media, two thirds of this consisting of CDs;<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> however, in the same year in Japan, over 80% of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> In 2018, U.S. CD sales were 52 million units—less than 6% of the peak sales volume in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-statista-52">[51]</a> In the UK, 32 million units were sold, almost 100 million fewer than in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Best_Buy" title="Best Buy">Best Buy</a> announced plans to decrease their focus on CD sales, however, while continuing to sell records, sales of which are growing during the <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_revival" title="Vinyl revival">vinyl revival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bestverge-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> During the 2010s, the increasing popularity of solid-state media and music streaming services caused automakers to remove automotive CD players in favor of <a href="/wiki/Minijack" class="mw-redirect" title="Minijack">minijack</a> auxiliary inputs, wired connections to USB devices and wireless <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> connections.<a href="#cite_note-Biersdorfer-64">[63]</a> Automakers viewed CD players as using up valuable space and taking up weight which could be reallocated to more popular features, like large touchscreens.<a href="#cite_note-Ramey-65">[64]</a> By 2021, only <a href="/wiki/Lexus" title="Lexus">Lexus</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> were still including CD players as standard equipment with certain vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-Ramey-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_status">Current status</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Current status">edit</a>]</div> CDs continued to be strong in some markets such as Japan where 132 million units were produced in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> The decline in CD sales has slowed in recent years; in 2021, CD sales increased in the US for the first time since 2004,<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Axios_(website)" title="Axios (website)">Axios</a> citing its rise to "young people who are finding they like hard copies of music in the digital age".<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> It came at the same time as both vinyl and cassette reached sales levels not seen in 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> The RIAA reported that CD revenue made a dip in 2022, before increasing again in 2023 and overtook downloading for the first time in over a decade.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> In the US, 33.4 million CD albums were sold in the year 2022.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in 2023, 10.5 million CDs were sold, almost double that of vinyl, but both of them represented generated 12% each of the French music industry revenues.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards_and_accolades">Awards and accolades</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Awards and accolades">edit</a>]</div> Sony and Philips received praise for the development of the compact disc from professional organizations. These awards include: <ul><li>Technical <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a> for Sony and Philips, 1998.<a href="#cite_note-grammy-73">[72]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> Milestone award, 2009, for Philips alone with the citation: "On 8 March 1979, N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken demonstrated for the international press a Compact Disc Audio Player. The demonstration showed that it is possible by using digital optical recording and playback to reproduce audio signals with superb stereo quality. This research at Philips established the technical standard for digital optical recording systems."<a href="#cite_note-IEEE_CD_Milestone-74">[73]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard">Standard</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Standard">edit</a>]</div> The Red Book specifies the physical parameters and properties of the CD, the optical parameters, deviations and error rate, modulation system (<a href="/wiki/Eight-to-fourteen_modulation" title="Eight-to-fourteen modulation">eight-to-fourteen modulation</a>, EFM) and error correction facility (CIRC), and the eight <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc_subcode" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact disc subcode">subcode channels</a>. These parameters are common to all compact discs and used by all logical formats: audio CD, <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>, etc. The standard also specifies the form of <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> encoding. The first edition of the Red Book was released in 1980 by Philips and Sony;<a href="#cite_note-BBC-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Auto45-1-76">[75]</a> it was adopted by the Digital Audio Disc Committee and ratified by the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC) Technical Committee 100 as an <a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">international standard</a> in 1987 with the reference IEC 60908.<a href="#cite_note-Auto45-2-77">[76]</a> The second edition of IEC 60908 was published in 1999<a href="#cite_note-Auto45-3-78">[77]</a> and it replaces the first edition, amendment 1 (1992) and the corrigendum to amendment 1. The IEC 60908 however does not contain all the information for extensions that is available in the Red Book, such as the details for <a href="/wiki/CD-Text" title="CD-Text">CD-Text</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD%2BG" title="CD+G">CD+G</a> and <a href="/wiki/CD%2BEG" class="mw-redirect" title="CD+EG">CD+EG</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> The standard is not freely available and must be licensed. It is available from Philips and the IEC. As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit">[update]</a>, Philips outsources licensing of the standard to Adminius[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], which charges US$100 for the Red Book, plus US$50 each for the Subcode Channels R-W and CD Text Mode annexes.<a href="#cite_note-philips_red_book-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Audio_format">Audio format</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Audio format">edit</a>]</div> The audio contained in a CD-DA consists of two-channel <a href="/wiki/Signedness" title="Signedness">signed</a> 16-<a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> <a href="/wiki/LPCM" class="mw-redirect" title="LPCM">LPCM</a> sampled at <a href="/wiki/44,100_Hz" title="44,100 Hz">44,100 Hz</a> and written as a <a href="/wiki/Little-endian" class="mw-redirect" title="Little-endian">little-endian</a> interleaved stream with left channel coming first. The <a href="/wiki/Sampling_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampling rate">sampling rate</a> is adapted from that attained when recording digital audio on <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotape</a> with a <a href="/wiki/PCM_adaptor" title="PCM adaptor">PCM adaptor</a>, an earlier way of storing digital audio.<a href="#cite_note-Auto45-4-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Watkinson-83">[82]</a>: sec. 2.6  An audio CD can represent frequencies up to 22.05 kHz, the <a href="/wiki/Nyquist_frequency" title="Nyquist frequency">Nyquist frequency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/44.1_kHz" class="mw-redirect" title="44.1 kHz">44.1 kHz</a> sample rate.<a href="#cite_note-Leis-84">[83]</a> There was a long debate over the use of 16-bit (Sony) or 14-bit (Philips) <a href="/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">quantization</a>, and 44,056 or 44,100 samples/s (Sony) or approximately 44,000 samples/s (Philips). When the Sony/Philips task force designed the Compact Disc, Philips had already developed a 14-bit <a href="/wiki/D/A_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="D/A converter">D/A converter</a> (DAC), but Sony insisted on 16-bit. In the end Sony won, so 16 bits and 44.1 kilosamples per second prevailed. Philips found a way to produce 16-bit quality using its 14-bit DAC by using four times <a href="/wiki/Oversampling" title="Oversampling">oversampling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Immink-17">[17]</a> Some early CDs were mastered with <a href="/wiki/Pre-emphasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emphasis">pre-emphasis</a>, an artificial boost of high audio frequencies. The pre-emphasis improves the apparent signal-to-noise ratio by making better use of the channel's dynamic range. On playback, the player applies a de-emphasis filter to restore the frequency response curve to an overall flat one. Pre-emphasis time constants are 50 μs and 15 μs (9.49 dB boost at 20 kHz), and a binary flag in the disc <a href="/wiki/Subcode" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcode">subcode</a> instructs the player to apply de-emphasis filtering if appropriate. Playback of such discs in a computer or <a href="/wiki/Ripping" title="Ripping">ripping</a> to <a href="/wiki/WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a> files typically does not take into account the pre-emphasis, so such files play back with an incorrect frequency response.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/FFmpeg" title="FFmpeg">FFmpeg</a> has a filter to remove (or apply) the pre-emphasis in order to create standard WAV files, or to create CDs with pre-emphasis.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Four-channel, or <a href="/wiki/Quadraphonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadraphonic">quadraphonic</a>, supported was originally intended to be included in CD-DA.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> The Red Book specification briefly mentioned a four-channel mode in its June 1980,<a href="#cite_note-RedBook1980-87">[86]</a> September 1983,<a href="#cite_note-RedBook1983-88">[87]</a> and November 1991<a href="#cite_note-RedBook1991-89">[88]</a> editions. On the first page, it lays out the "Main parameters" of the CD system, including: "Number of channels: 2 and/or 4 simultaneously[*] sampled." The footnote says, "In the case of more than two channels the encoder and decoder diagrams have to be adapted." In reality, however, the underspecified "four-channel" mode was dropped from the CD standard when it was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> and became IEC 908:1987,<a href="#cite_note-IEC1987-90">[89]</a> and later IEC 60908:1999.<a href="#cite_note-IEC1999-91">[90]</a> Since the behavior of the "four-channel" or "Broadcasting use" bit was never specified by either CD standard, no mass-marketed discs have attempted to use the Red Book's four-channel mode, and no players have purported to implement it. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storage_capacity_and_playing_time">Storage capacity and playing time</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Storage capacity and playing time">edit</a>]</div> The creators of the CD originally aimed at a playing time of 60 minutes with a disc diameter of 100 mm (Sony) or 115 mm (Philips).<a href="#cite_note-Immink2-19">[19]</a> Sony vice-president <a href="/wiki/Norio_Ohga" title="Norio Ohga">Norio Ohga</a> suggested extending the capacity to 74 minutes to accommodate the recording of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a> conducting <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Ninth Symphony</a> at the 1951 <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PhilBeet-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Auto45-6-93">[92]</a> The additional 14-minute playing time required increasing disc diameter. <a href="/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink">Kees Schouhamer Immink</a>, Philips' chief engineer, however, denies this,<a href="#cite_note-Imminknature-94">[93]</a> claiming that the increase was motivated by technical considerations and that even after the increase in size, the Furtwängler recording would not have fit onto one of the earliest CDs.<a href="#cite_note-Immink-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Immink2-19">[19]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Tribune" title="Sunday Tribune">Sunday Tribune</a> interview,<a href="#cite_note-ferguscassidy-95">[94]</a> the story is slightly more involved. In 1979, Philips owned <a href="/wiki/PolyGram" title="PolyGram">PolyGram</a>, one of the world's largest music distributors. PolyGram had set up a large experimental CD plant in <a href="/wiki/Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover">Hannover</a>, Germany, which could produce huge numbers of CDs having a diameter of 115 mm. Sony did not yet have such a facility. If Sony had agreed on the 115-mm disc, Philips would have had a significant competitive edge in the market. The long playing time of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony imposed by <a href="/wiki/Norio_Ohga" title="Norio Ohga">Ohga</a> was used to push Philips to accept 120 mm, so that Philips' PolyGram lost its edge on disc fabrication.<a href="#cite_note-ferguscassidy-95">[94]</a> The 74-minute playing time of a CD, which is longer than the 22 minutes per side<a href="#cite_note-Auto45-7-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Auto45-8-97">[96]</a> typical of <a href="/wiki/Long-playing" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-playing">long-playing</a> (LP) <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl album">vinyl albums</a>, was often used to the CD's advantage during the early years when CDs and LPs vied for commercial sales. CDs would often be released with one or more <a href="/wiki/Bonus_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonus track">bonus tracks</a>, enticing consumers to buy the CD for the extra material. However, attempts to combine double LPs onto one CD occasionally resulted in the opposite situation in which the CD would instead offer less audio than the LP. One such example was with <a href="/wiki/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff_%26_The_Fresh_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince">DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince</a>'s double album <a href="/wiki/He%27s_the_DJ,_I%27m_the_Rapper" title="He's the DJ, I'm the Rapper">He's the DJ, I'm the Rapper</a>, in which initial CD releases of the album had multiple tracks edited down for length to fit on a single disc; recent CD reissues package the album across two discs as a result. The emergence of 80-minute CDs allowed for some double albums that were previously edited for length, e.g. <a href="/wiki/1999_(Prince_album)" title="1999 (Prince album)">1999</a> by <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>, or packaged as double CDs, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tommy_(The_Who_album)" title="Tommy (The Who album)">Tommy</a> by <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">the Who</a>, to be re-released on a single disc. Playing times beyond 74 minutes are achieved by decreasing track pitch (the distance separating the track as it spirals the disc). However, most players can still accommodate the more closely spaced data if it is still within Red Book tolerances.<a href="#cite_note-Auto45-9-98">[97]</a> Manufacturing processes used in the final years of CD technology allowed an audio CD to contain up to 98 minutes (variable from one replication plant to another) without requiring the content creator to sign a waiver releasing the plant owner from responsibility if the CD produced is marginally or entirely unreadable by some playback equipment. In this final practice, maximum CD playing time crept higher by reducing minimum engineering tolerances. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Progression in the maximum duration of released audio CDs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Released</th> <th>Time </th> <th>Title</th> <th>Artist</th> <th>Label </th></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>50:47<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> </td> <td>Richard Strauss: Eine Alpensinfonie </td> <td>Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra / Herbert von Karajan </td> <td>None. This was the first test pressing of a CD. Later sold commercially by <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">Deutsche Grammophon</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988</td> <td>80:08<a href="#cite_note-Auto45-11-100">[99]</a> </td> <td>Mission of Burma (compilation)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mission_of_Burma" title="Mission of Burma">Mission of Burma</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rykodisc" title="Rykodisc">Rykodisc</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>98:57</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_California_Raisins" title="The California Raisins">The California Raisins</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buena_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Buena Park">Buena Park</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Miles" title="Buddy Miles">Buddy Miles</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Bros. Records">Warner Bros. Records</a>/<a href="/wiki/Priority_Records" title="Priority Records">Priority Records</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>80:51<a href="#cite_note-ambisonic.info-101">[100]</a> </td> <td>Late Romantic Masterworks </td> <td>Andrew Fletcher </td> <td>Mirabilis Records </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>82:04<a href="#cite_note-ambisonic.info-101">[100]</a> </td> <td>JS Bach, Das Orgelbüchlein </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Marlow" title="Richard Marlow">Richard Marlow</a> </td> <td>Mirabilis Records </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>96:43</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donna_Summer" title="Donna Summer">Donna Summer</a> Lush Life</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donna_Summer" title="Donna Summer">Donna Summer</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Bros. Records">Warner Bros. Records</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>96:57</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Noise" title="Art of Noise">Art of Noise</a> in Hollywood Part 1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Noise" title="Art of Noise">Art of Noise</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/China_Records" title="China Records">China Records</a>/<a href="/wiki/Polydor" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydor">Polydor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Priority_Records" title="Priority Records">Priority Records</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group" title="Bertelsmann Music Group">BMG</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td>97:04</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Noise" title="Art of Noise">Art of Noise</a> in Hollywood Part 2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Noise" title="Art of Noise">Art of Noise</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/China_Records" title="China Records">China Records</a>/<a href="/wiki/Polydor" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydor">Polydor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Priority_Records" title="Priority Records">Priority Records</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group" title="Bertelsmann Music Group">BMG</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td>90:05</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_California_Raisins" title="The California Raisins">The California Raisins</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Covina" class="mw-redirect" title="West Covina">West Covina</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Miles" title="Buddy Miles">Buddy Miles</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Priority_Records" title="Priority Records">Priority Records</a>/<a href="/wiki/ZTT" class="mw-redirect" title="ZTT">ZTT</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group" title="Bertelsmann Music Group">BMG</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td>93:05</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a> in <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Huntington Beach">Huntington Beach</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992</td> <td>95:36</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a> on <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a>/<a href="/wiki/ZTT" class="mw-redirect" title="ZTT">ZTT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993</td> <td>99:03</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a> on Fox 11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td>80:12<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> </td> <td><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MY_%E3%81%93%E3%82%8C!%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3_%E5%86%85%E6%B5%B7%E5%92%8C%E5%AD%90%E3%83%BBBEST" class="extiw" title="ja:MY これ!クション内海和子・BEST">Myこれ!クション内海和子ベスト</a> (My Kore! Kushon Kazuko Utsumi Best) compilation </td> <td><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E6%B5%B7%E5%92%8C%E5%AD%90" class="extiw" title="ja:内海和子">内海和子</a> (Kazuko Utsumi) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pony_Canyon" title="Pony Canyon">Pony Canyon</a> – PCCA-01870 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>82:34<a href="#cite_note-Auto45-10-103">[102]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruckner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruckner">Bruckner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Bruckner)">Fifth</a> (live)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Munich_Philharmonic" title="Munich Philharmonic">Munich Philharmonic</a> cond. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Thielemann" title="Christian Thielemann">Christian Thielemann</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">Deutsche Grammophon</a>/Universal Classics 477 5377 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>82:34<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> </td> <td>Sergey Tanyiev works for piano and ensemble </td> <td>Vadim Repin, Ilya Gringolts, Nobuko Imai, Lynn Harrell, and Mikhail Pletnev </td> <td>Deutsche Grammophon/Universal Classics 477 5419 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>88:41 on disc 1, 89:07 on disc 2<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4st_of" title="Bäst of">Bäst of</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Die_%C3%84rzte" title="Die Ärzte">Die Ärzte</a> </td> <td>Hot Action/Universal 930 003 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>85:16<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> </td> <td>Chopin & Schumann Etudes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valentina_Lisitsa" title="Valentina Lisitsa">Valentina Lisitsa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca</a>/Universal Classics 478 7697 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>85:10 and 85:57<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> </td> <td>So80s Presents Alphaville </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alphaville_(band)" title="Alphaville (band)">Alphaville</a> (curated by <a href="/wiki/Blank_%26_Jones" title="Blank & Jones">Blank & Jones</a>) </td> <td>Soulfood </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>86:30<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> </td> <td>Mozart Violin Concertos (Mozart 225 Boxed Set, CD75) </td> <td>Various Artists </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">Deutsche Grammophon</a>/Universal Classics 478 9864 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_specifications">Technical specifications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Technical specifications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_encoding">Data encoding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Data encoding">edit</a>]</div> Each audio sample is a <a href="/wiki/Signedness" title="Signedness">signed</a> 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Two%27s_complement" title="Two's complement">two's complement</a> <a href="/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">integer</a>, which has sample values ranging from −32768 to +32767. The source audio data is divided into frames, containing twelve <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">samples</a> each (six left and six right samples, alternating), for a total of 192 bits (24 bytes) of audio data per frame. This stream of audio frames is then subjected to CIRC encoding, which segments and rearranges the data and expands it with error correction codes in a way that allows occasional read errors to be detected and corrected. CIRC encoding interleaves the audio frames throughout the disc over several consecutive frames so that the information will be more resistant to <a href="/wiki/Burst_error" title="Burst error">burst errors</a>. Therefore, a physical frame on the disc will actually contain information from multiple logical audio frames. This process adds 64 bits of error correction codes to each frame. After this, 8 bits of <a href="/wiki/Subcode_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcode data">subcode data</a> are added to each of these encoded frames, which is used for control and addressing when playing the CD. CIRC encoding plus the subcode byte generates 33-byte long frames, called channel-data frames. These frames are then modulated through <a href="/wiki/Eight-to-fourteen_modulation" title="Eight-to-fourteen modulation">eight-to-fourteen modulation</a> (EFM), where each 8-bit byte is replaced with a corresponding 14-bit word designed to reduce the number of transitions between 0 and 1. This reduces the density of <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc#Physical_details" title="Compact disc">physical pits</a> on the disc and provides an additional degree of error tolerance. Three merging bits are added before each 14-bit word for disambiguation and synchronization. In total, there are 33 × (14 + 3) = 561 bits. A 27-bit word (a 24-bit pattern plus 3 merging bits) is added to the beginning of each frame to assist with synchronization, so the reading device can locate frames easily. With this, a frame ends up containing 588 bits of channel data which are decoded to 192 bits of digital audio. The frames of channel data are finally written to disc physically in the form of <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc#Physical_details" title="Compact disc">pits and lands</a>, with each pit or land representing a series of zeroes, and with the transition points—the edge of each pit—representing a 1. A Red Book-compatible <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> has pit-and-land-shaped spots on a layer of organic dye instead of actual pits and lands; a laser creates the spots by altering the reflective properties of the dye. Due to the weaker error correction <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM#Sector_structure" title="CD-ROM">sector structure</a> used on audio CDs and <a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">video CDs</a> (<a href="/wiki/CD-ROM#Mode_2_Form_2" title="CD-ROM">Mode 2 Form 2</a>) than on data discs (Mode 1 or Mode 2 Form 1), <a href="/wiki/C2_error" title="C2 error">C2 errors</a> are not correctable and signify data loss.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-wiethoff-110">[109]</a> Even with uncorrectable errors, a compact disc player uses <a href="/wiki/Error_concealment" title="Error concealment">error concealment</a> with the aim of making the damage unhearable.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_structure">Data structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Data structure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basic_Illustration_and_mesures_of_a_CD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Basic_Illustration_and_mesures_of_a_CD.svg/220px-Basic_Illustration_and_mesures_of_a_CD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Basic_Illustration_and_mesures_of_a_CD.svg/330px-Basic_Illustration_and_mesures_of_a_CD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Basic_Illustration_and_mesures_of_a_CD.svg/440px-Basic_Illustration_and_mesures_of_a_CD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>Some of the visible features of an audio CD, including the lead-in, program area, and lead-out. A microscopic spiral of digital information begins near the disc's center and progresses toward the edge.</figcaption></figure> The audio data stream in an audio CD is continuous but has three parts. The main portion, further divided into playable audio tracks, is the program area. This section is preceded by a lead-in track and followed by a lead-out track. The lead-in and lead-out tracks encode only silent audio, but all three sections contain <a href="/wiki/Subcode" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcode">subcode</a> data streams. The lead-in's subcode contains repeated copies of the disc's table of contents (TOC), which provides an index of the start positions of the tracks in the program area and of the lead-out. The track positions are referenced by absolute <a href="/wiki/Timecode" title="Timecode">timecode</a>, relative to the start of the program area, in MSF format: minutes, seconds, and fractional seconds called frames. Each timecode frame is one seventy-fifth of a second, and corresponds to a block of 98 channel-data frames—ultimately, a block of 588 pairs of left and right audio samples. Timecode contained in the subchannel data allows the reading device to locate the region of the disc that corresponds to the timecode in the TOC. The TOC on discs is analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Partition_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition table">partition table</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hard_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drive">hard drives</a>. Nonstandard or corrupted TOC records are abused as a form of <a href="/wiki/CD/DVD_copy_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="CD/DVD copy protection">CD/DVD copy protection</a>, in e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Key2Audio" title="Key2Audio">key2Audio</a> scheme. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tracks">Tracks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tracks">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Track_(optical_disc)#Audio_tracks" title="Track (optical disc)">Track (optical disc) § Audio tracks</a></div> The largest entity on a CD is called a <a href="/wiki/Track_(optical_disc)" title="Track (optical disc)">track</a>. A CD can contain up to 99 tracks (including a data track for <a href="/wiki/Mixed_Mode_CD" title="Mixed Mode CD">mixed mode discs</a>). Each track can in turn have up to 100 indexes, though players which still support this feature have become rarer over time. The vast majority of songs are recorded under index 1, with the <a href="/wiki/Pregap" title="Pregap">pregap</a> being index 0. Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Hidden_track" title="Hidden track">hidden tracks</a> are placed at the end of the last track of the disc, often using index 2 or 3, or using the pregap as index 0 (this latter usage will result in the track playing as the time counter counts down to time 0:00 at the start of the track, index 1.) This is also the case with some discs offering "101 sound effects", with 100 and 101 being indexed as two and three on track 99. The index, if used, is occasionally put on the track listing as a decimal part of the track number, such as 99.2 or 99.3. (<a href="/wiki/Information_Society_(band)" title="Information Society (band)">Information Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hack_(album)" title="Hack (album)">Hack</a> was one of very few CD releases to do this, following a release with an equally obscure <a href="/wiki/CD%2BG" title="CD+G">CD+G</a> feature.) The track and index structure of the CD were carried forward to the DVD format as title and chapter, respectively. Tracks, in turn, are divided into timecode frames (or sectors), which are further subdivided into channel-data frames. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Frames_and_timecode_frames">Frames and timecode frames</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Frames and timecode frames">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Track_(optical_disc)#Sector_structure" title="Track (optical disc)">Track (optical disc) § Sector structure</a></div> The smallest entity in a CD is a channel-data frame, which consists of 33 bytes and contains six complete 16-bit stereo samples: 24 bytes for the audio (two bytes × two channels × six samples = 24 bytes), eight CIRC error-correction bytes, and one <a href="/wiki/Subcode" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcode">subcode</a> byte. As described in the "Data encoding" section, after the EFM modulation the number of bits in a frame totals 588. On a Red Book audio CD, data is addressed using the MSF scheme, with <a href="/wiki/Timecode" title="Timecode">timecodes</a> expressed in minutes, seconds and another type of frames (mm:ss:ff), where one frame corresponds to 1/75 of a second of audio: 588 pairs of left and right samples. This timecode frame is distinct from the 33-byte channel-data frame described above, and is used for time display and positioning the reading laser. When editing and extracting CD audio, this timecode frame is the smallest addressable time interval for an audio CD; thus, track boundaries only occur on these frame boundaries. Each of these structures contains 98 channel-data frames, totaling 98 × 24 = 2,352 bytes of music. The CD is played at a speed of 75 frames (or sectors) per second, thus 44,100 samples or 176,400 bytes per second. In the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> and related <a href="/wiki/Ripping" title="Ripping">Digital Audio Extraction</a> (DAE) technology introduced the term <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM#CD-ROM_format" title="CD-ROM">sector</a> to refer to each timecode frame, with each sector being identified by a sequential <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integer</a> number starting at zero, and with tracks aligned on sector boundaries. An audio CD sector corresponds to 2,352 bytes of decoded data. The Red Book does not refer to sectors, nor does it distinguish the corresponding sections of the disc's data stream except as "frames" in the MSF addressing scheme. The following table shows the relation between tracks, timecode frames (sectors) and channel-data frames: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Track level </th> <td colspan="6">Track N </td></tr> <tr> <th>Timecode frame and sector level </th> <td colspan="3">Timecode frame and sector 1 (2,352 B of data) </td> <td>Timecode frame and sector 2 (2,352 B of data) </td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <th>Channel-data frame level </th> <td>Channel-data frame 1 (24 B of data) </td> <td>... </td> <td>Channel-data frame 98 (24 B of data) </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bit_rate">Bit rate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bit rate">edit</a>]</div> The audio <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit rate</a> for a Red Book audio CD is 1,411,200 <a href="/wiki/Bits_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Bits per second">bits per second</a> (1,411 kbit/s) or 176,400 <a href="/wiki/Bytes_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Bytes per second">bytes per second</a>; 2 channels × 44,100 samples per second per channel × 16 bits per sample. Audio data coming in from a CD is contained in sectors, each sector being 2,352 bytes, and with 75 sectors containing 1 second of audio. For comparison, the bit rate of a "1×" <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> is defined as 2,048 bytes per sector × 75 sectors per second = 153,600 bytes per second. The remaining 304 bytes in a sector are used for additional data error correction. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_access_from_computers">Data access from computers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Data access from computers">edit</a>]</div> Unlike on a <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> or <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>, there are no "<a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a>" on a Red Book audio CD; there is only one continuous stream of <a href="/wiki/LPCM" class="mw-redirect" title="LPCM">LPCM</a> audio data, and a parallel, smaller set of 8 <a href="/wiki/Subcode" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcode">subcode</a> data streams. Computer <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, however, may provide access to an audio CD as if it contains files. For example, <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> represents the CD's Table of Contents as a set of <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Audio_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc Audio track">Compact Disc Audio track</a> (CDA) files, each file containing indexing information, not audio data. By contrast however, <a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a> on <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> presents the CD's content as an actual set of files, with the <a href="/wiki/Audio_Interchange_File_Format" title="Audio Interchange File Format">AIFF</a>-extension, which can be copied directly, randomly and individually by track as if it were actual files. In reality, macOS performs its own as-needed-rips in the background completely transparent to the user. The copied tracks are fully playable and editable on the user's computer. In a process called <a href="/wiki/Ripping" title="Ripping">ripping</a>, digital audio extraction software can be used to read CD-DA audio data and store it in files. Common <a href="/wiki/Audio_file_format" title="Audio file format">audio file formats</a> for this purpose include <a href="/wiki/WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a> and AIFF, which simply preface the LPCM data with a short <a href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">header</a>; <a href="/wiki/FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lossless" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Lossless">ALAC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio_Lossless" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Media Audio Lossless">Windows Media Audio Lossless</a>, which compress the LPCM data in ways that conserve space yet allow it to be restored without any changes; and various <a href="/wiki/Lossy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy">lossy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perceptual_audio_coder" class="mw-redirect" title="Perceptual audio coder">perceptual coding</a> formats like <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a>, which modify and compress the audio data in ways that irreversibly change the audio, but that exploit features of human hearing to make the changes difficult to discern. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Format_variations">Format variations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Format variations">edit</a>]</div> Recording publishers have created CDs that violate the Red Book standard. Some do so for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Copy_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Copy prevention">copy prevention</a>, using systems like <a href="/wiki/Copy_Control" title="Copy Control">Copy Control</a>. Some do so for extra features such as <a href="/wiki/DualDisc" title="DualDisc">DualDisc</a>, which includes both a CD layer and a DVD layer whereby the CD layer is much thinner, 0.9 mm, than required by the Red Book, which stipulates a nominal 1.2 mm, but at least 1.1 mm. Philips and many other companies have stated that including the Compact Disc Digital Audio logo on such non-conforming discs may constitute trademark infringement. <a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a> was a standard published in 1999 that aimed to provide better audio quality than CDs. <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a> emerged at around the same time.<a href="#cite_note-Auto45-12-112">[111]</a> Both formats were designed to feature audio of higher fidelity by using a higher sampling rate and <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> media. Neither format was widely accepted. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright_issues">Copyright issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Copyright issues">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Special:EditPage/Compact Disc Digital Audio">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (December 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection" title="Compact Disc and DVD copy protection">Compact Disc and DVD copy protection</a></div> There have been moves by the <a href="/wiki/Recording_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording industry">recording industry</a> to make audio CDs (Compact Disc Digital Audio) unplayable on computer <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> drives, to prevent the copying of music. This is done by intentionally introducing errors onto the disc that the embedded circuits on most stand-alone audio players can automatically compensate for, but which may confuse CD-ROM drives. Consumer rights advocates as of October 2001 pushed to require warning labels on compact discs that do not conform to the official Compact Disc Digital Audio standard (often called the <a href="#Standard">Red Book</a>) to inform consumers which discs do not permit full <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> of their content. In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Sony_BMG_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony BMG Music Entertainment">Sony BMG Music Entertainment</a> was criticized when a copy protection mechanism known as <a href="/wiki/Extended_Copy_Protection" title="Extended Copy Protection">Extended Copy Protection</a> (XCP) used on some of their audio CDs automatically and surreptitiously installed copy-prevention software on computers (see <a href="/wiki/Sony_BMG_copy_protection_rootkit_scandal" title="Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal">Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal</a>). Such discs are not legally allowed to be called CDs or Compact Discs because they break the Red Book standard governing CDs, and Amazon.com for example describes them as "copy protected discs" rather than "compact discs" or "CDs". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Interchange_File_Format" title="Audio Interchange File Format">Audio Interchange File Format</a> (AIFF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Copy_Protection" title="Extended Copy Protection">Extended Copy Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-channel_compact_disc_digital_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-channel compact disc digital audio">Four-channel compact disc digital audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gapless_playback" title="Gapless playback">Gapless playback</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> The world's first CD-R was made by the Japanese firm <a href="/wiki/Taiyo_Yuden" title="Taiyo Yuden">Taiyo Yuden</a> Co., Ltd. in 1988 as part of the joint Philips-Sony development effort. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style 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Retrieved 14 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Strata-gee.com&rft.atitle=Let%27s+Get+Physical%21+Vinyl+Sales+up+%3E51%25%2C+CD+Sales+up+for+First+Time+in+17-yrs&rft.date=2022-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.strata-gee.com%2Flets-get-physical-vinyl-sales-up-51-cd-sales-up-for-first-time-in-17-yrs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+Disc+Digital+Audio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKariuki2022" class="citation web cs1">Kariuki, Patrick (18 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.makeuseof.com/cd-sales-are-rising-again-but-why/">"CD Sales Are Rising Again, but Why?"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lscdweb.com&rft.atitle=CD+Products&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lscdweb.com%2Fordering%2Fcd_products.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+Disc+Digital+Audio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auto45-4-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Auto45-4_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFstason.org" class="citation web cs1">stason.org, Stas Bekman: stas (at). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stason.org/TULARC/pc/cd-recordable/2-35-Why-44-1KHz-Why-not-48KHz.html">"2-35] Why 44.1KHz? Why not 48KHz?"</a>. stason.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230121153032/https://stason.org/TULARC/pc/cd-recordable/2-35-Why-44-1KHz-Why-not-48KHz.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2023. 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Newnes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-4039-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-4039-1"><bdi>978-1-4831-4039-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230827104057/https://books.google.com/books?id=jqwgBQAAQBAJ&q=Four-channel+Compact+Disc+Digital+Audio&pg=PA108">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2023. 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Retrieved 3 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ambisonic+Info+%26%23124%3B+Mirabilis+Recordings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fambisonic.info%2Fmirabilis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+Disc+Digital+Audio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tower.jp/item/973090/%E5%86%85%E6%B5%B7%E5%92%8C%E5%AD%90-%E3%83%99%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88">"内海和子/内海和子ベスト"</a>. tower.jp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230827104648/https://tower.jp/item/973090/%E5%86%85%E6%B5%B7%E5%92%8C%E5%AD%90-%E3%83%99%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2023. 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Discogs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221082151/https://www.discogs.com/Die-%C3%84rzte-B%C3%A4st-Of/release/806980">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discogs&rft.atitle=Die+%C3%84rzte+%E2%80%93+B%C3%A4st+Of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2FDie-%25C3%2584rzte-B%25C3%25A4st-Of%2Frelease%2F806980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+Disc+Digital+Audio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/%C3%89tudes-Valentina-Lisitsa/dp/B00NVY8VJE">"Valentina Lisitsa – Études – Amazon.com Music"</a>. Amazon.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170101231453/https://www.amazon.com/%C3%89tudes-Valentina-Lisitsa/dp/B00NVY8VJE">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amazon.com&rft.atitle=Valentina+Lisitsa+%E2%80%93+%C3%89tudes+%E2%80%93+Amazon.com+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2F%25C3%2589tudes-Valentina-Lisitsa%2Fdp%2FB00NVY8VJE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+Disc+Digital+Audio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/Alphaville-Curated-By-Blank-Jones-So80s-Soeighties-Presents-Alphaville/master/780651">"Alphaville Curated By Blank & Jones – So80s (Soeighties) Presents Alphaville"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029044548/https://www.discogs.com/Alphaville-Curated-By-Blank-Jones-So80s-Soeighties-Presents-Alphaville/master/780651">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discogs&rft.atitle=Alphaville+Curated+By+Blank+%26+Jones+%E2%80%93+So80s+%28Soeighties%29+Presents+Alphaville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2FAlphaville-Curated-By-Blank-Jones-So80s-Soeighties-Presents-Alphaville%2Fmaster%2F780651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+Disc+Digital+Audio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElhearn2017" class="citation news cs1">McElhearn, Kirk (12 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkville.com/cds-longer-than-80-minutes-are-becoming-more-common/">"CDs Longer than 80 Minutes Are Becoming More Common"</a>. Kirkville. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517003528/https://www.kirkville.com/cds-longer-than-80-minutes-are-becoming-more-common/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kirkville&rft.atitle=CDs+Longer+than+80+Minutes+Are+Becoming+More+Common&rft.date=2017-05-12&rft.aulast=McElhearn&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkville.com%2Fcds-longer-than-80-minutes-are-becoming-more-common%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+Disc+Digital+Audio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://just-add-grooves.de/faq-lexikon-cd-vinyl/94-fehlerprotoll-error-check-cd">"Fehlerprotoll / Error Check CD"</a>. Just Add Grooves (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809161953/https://just-add-grooves.de/faq-lexikon-cd-vinyl/94-fehlerprotoll-error-check-cd">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Just+Add+Grooves&rft.atitle=Fehlerprotoll+%2F+Error+Check+CD&rft.au=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjust-add-grooves.de%2Ffaq-lexikon-cd-vinyl%2F94-fehlerprotoll-error-check-cd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+Disc+Digital+Audio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiethoff-110"><a href="#cite_ref-wiethoff_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiethoff2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wiethoff, André (15 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hs-rm.de/fileadmin/persons/khofmann/Gastvortraege/Vortragsfolien/20110415-wiethoff.pdf">"Exact Audio Copy: Audiodaten von optischen Speichermedien extrahieren"</a> (PDF). Hochschule Rhein-Main (in German). pp. 51–53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.hs-rm.de/fileadmin/persons/khofmann/Gastvortraege/Vortragsfolien/20110415-wiethoff.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hochschule+Rhein-Main&rft.atitle=Exact+Audio+Copy%3A+Audiodaten+von+optischen+Speichermedien+extrahieren&rft.pages=51-53&rft.date=2011-04-15&rft.aulast=Wiethoff&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs-rm.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fpersons%2Fkhofmann%2FGastvortraege%2FVortragsfolien%2F20110415-wiethoff.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+Disc+Digital+Audio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs201/projects/1997-98/optical-media/cd2.html">"CD"</a>. cs.stanford.edu. <a href="/wiki/Stanford.edu" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford.edu">Stanford.edu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809203424/https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs201/projects/1997-98/optical-media/cd2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020. <q>An added feature of audio CD's is that in the event of damage, the missing data can be interpolated; that is to say, the information follows a predictable pattern that allows the missing value to be guessed at. So if an audio CD is damaged by dirt or a scratch, the missing data can be averaged from a pattern with no noticeable difference to the listener. This is something the next technology in optical digital memory, CD-ROM, cannot do because an executable program's data doesn't follow a natural law. An interpolation-based guess isn't just slightly different; it's completely wrong. Because of this precision, CD-ROM drives for PC's came later and much more expensive than audio.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cs.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=CD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.stanford.edu%2Fpeople%2Feroberts%2Fcs201%2Fprojects%2F1997-98%2Foptical-media%2Fcd2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+Disc+Digital+Audio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auto45-12-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Auto45-12_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090822172353/https://www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html">"DVD FAQ"</a>. DVD Demystified. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html">the original</a> on 22 August 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DVD+Demystified&rft.atitle=DVD+FAQ&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dvddemystified.com%2Fdvdfaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+Disc+Digital+Audio" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ip.philips.com/licensing/program/15">Philips' Audio Standards licensing info</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60908%7Bed2.0%7Db.pdf">IEC 60908:1999 Audio recording – Compact disc digital audio system</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226010330/https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60908%7Bed2.0%7Db.pdf">Archived</a> 26 February 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php?title=PCM#Red_Book_CD_Audio">MultimediaWiki article about PCM and Red Book CD Audio</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Template:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Template talk:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEC_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60027" title="IEC 60027">60027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60034" title="IEC 60034">60034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60038" title="IEC 60038">60038</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RKM_code" title="RKM code">60062</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_series_of_preferred_numbers" title="E series of preferred numbers">60063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60068" title="IEC 60068">60068</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_Tracking_Index" title="Comparative Tracking Index">60112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60228" title="IEC 60228">60228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60269" title="IEC 60269">60269</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">60297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60309" title="IEC 60309">60309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60320" title="IEC 60320">60320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60364" title="IEC 60364">60364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60446" title="IEC 60446">60446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">60559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60601" title="IEC 60601">60601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870" title="IEC 60870">60870</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-5" title="IEC 60870-5">60870-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-6" title="IEC 60870-6">60870-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60906-1" title="IEC 60906-1">60906-1</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">60908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60929" title="IEC 60929">60929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">60958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_60980-344&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEC 60980-344 (page does not exist)">60980-344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61030" title="IEC 61030">61030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61131" title="IEC 61131">61131</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61131-3" title="IEC 61131-3">61131-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IO-Link" title="IO-Link">61131-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">61158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61162" title="IEC 61162">61162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61334" title="IEC 61334">61334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61355" title="IEC 61355">61355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61360" title="IEC 61360">61360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61400" title="IEC 61400">61400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61499" title="IEC 61499">61499</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61508" title="IEC 61508">61508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61511" title="IEC 61511">61511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">61784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61850" title="IEC 61850">61850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61851" title="IEC 61851">61851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61883" title="IEC 61883">61883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_nomenclature" title="Battery nomenclature">61960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61968" title="IEC 61968">61968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61970" title="IEC 61970">61970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-XACT" title="IP-XACT">62014-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">62026</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62056" title="IEC 62056">62056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62061" title="IEC 62061">62061</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62196" title="IEC 62196">62196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_62262" title="EN 62262">62262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62264" title="IEC 62264">62264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62304" title="IEC 62304">62304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62325" title="IEC 62325">62325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62351" title="IEC 62351">62351</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES47" title="AES47">62365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62366" title="IEC 62366">62366</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62379" title="IEC 62379">62379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Addressable_Lighting_Interface" title="Digital Addressable Lighting Interface">62386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62455" title="IEC 62455">62455</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">62680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62682" title="IEC 62682">62682</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62700" title="IEC 62700">62700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63110" title="IEC 63110">63110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63119" title="IEC 63119">63119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63382" title="IEC 63382">63382</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ISO/IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10021" title="ISO/IEC 10021">10021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">13346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHEG-5" title="MHEG-5">13522-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19788" title="ISO/IEC 19788">19788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24727" title="ISO/IEC 24727">24727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24744" title="ISO/IEC 24744">24744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Remote_Console" title="Universal Remote Console">24752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000-series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27040" title="ISO/IEC 27040">27040</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_29119" title="ISO/IEC 29119">29119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_33001" title="ISO/IEC 33001">33001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_81346" title="IEC 81346">81346</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rainbow_Books" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rainbow_Books" title="Template:Rainbow Books"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rainbow_Books" title="Template talk:Rainbow Books"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rainbow_Books" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rainbow Books"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rainbow_Books" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Rainbow Books</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Red Book <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CD-DA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-Text" title="CD-Text">CD-Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD%2BG" title="CD+G">CD+G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_%2B_Extended_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc + Extended Graphics">CD+EG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Book_(CD_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Book (CD standard)">Green Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philips_CD-i" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips CD-i">CD-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-i_Ready" title="CD-i Ready">CD-i Ready</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yellow Book <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-ROM#CD-ROM_format" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM XA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Mode_CD" title="Mixed Mode CD">Mixed Mode CD</a></li></ul></li> <li>Orange Book <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD-RW#CD-MO" title="CD-RW">CD-MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Book_(CD_standard)" title="White Book (CD standard)">White Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Book_(CD_standard)" title="White Book (CD standard)">CD-i Bridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Book_(CD_standard)" title="Blue Book (CD standard)">Blue Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Book_(CD_standard)" title="Blue Book (CD standard)">E-CD/CD+</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beige Book <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photo_CD" title="Photo CD">PCD</a></li></ul></li> <li>Scarlet Book <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">SACD</a></li></ul></li> <li>Purple Book <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double-density_compact_disc" title="Double-density compact disc">DDCD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Compact_disc" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Compact_disc" title="Template:Compact disc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Compact_disc" title="Template talk:Compact disc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Compact_disc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Compact disc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Compact_disc" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CD-DA</a> <ul><li>Red Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> <ul><li>Orange Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> <ul><li>Yellow Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_(packet_writing)" title="Mount Rainier (packet writing)">CD-MRW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_CD-i" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips CD-i">CD-i</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Book_(CD_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Book (CD standard)">Green Book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-Text" title="CD-Text">CD-Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Book_(CD_standard)" title="Blue Book (CD standard)">CD+</a> <ul><li>Blue Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_%2B_Extended_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc + Extended Graphics">CD+EG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD%2BG" title="CD+G">CD+G</a> (Karaoke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_compact_disc" title="Gold compact disc">Gold CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Mode_CD" title="Mixed Mode CD">Mixed Mode CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_CD" title="Photo CD">Photo CD</a> <ul><li>Beige Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMCD" title="PMCD">PMCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaped_compact_disc" title="Shaped compact disc">shaped CD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootable_business_card" title="Bootable business card">business card CD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Book_(CD_standard)" title="White Book (CD standard)">White Book</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Rainbow Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring" title="Optical disc authoring">CD authoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring" title="Optical disc authoring">CD burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection" title="Compact Disc and DVD copy protection">CD copy protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_image#Uses" title="Disk image">CD emulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc manufacturing">CD manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripping" title="Ripping">CD ripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_rot" title="Disc rot">CD rot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc_bronzing" title="Compact disc bronzing">CD bronzing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_subcode" title="Compact Disc subcode">CD subcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C2_error" title="C2 error">C2 error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-i_Ready" title="CD-i Ready">CD-i Ready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-channel_Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-channel Compact Disc Digital Audio">4ch CD-DA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Torito_(CD-ROM_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Torito (CD-ROM standard)">El Torito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joliet_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joliet (file system)">Joliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeo file system">Romeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Ridge">Rock Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Resolution_Compact_Disc" title="Extended Resolution Compact Disc">XRCD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware/software/content</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_packaging" title="Optical disc packaging">CD Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">CD drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_player" title="CD player">CD player</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portable_CD_player" title="Portable CD player">Portable CD player</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">CD recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_ripper" title="CD ripper">CD ripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_single" title="CD single">CD single</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini_CD_single" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini CD single">Mini CD single</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orange-Book-Standard" title="Orange-Book-Standard">Orange-Book-Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection_schemes" title="List of Compact Disc and DVD copy protection schemes">CD copy protection schemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compact_disc_player_manufacturers" title="List of compact disc player manufacturers">CD player manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_optical_disc_authoring_software" title="List of optical disc authoring software">Optical disc authoring software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants based on CD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5.1_Music_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="5.1 Music Disc">5.1 Music Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATRAC_CD" title="ATRAC CD">ATRAC CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_Single_Disc" title="Video Single Disc">Video Single Disc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDVD" title="CDVD">cDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-density_compact_disc" title="Double-density compact disc">DD-CD</a> <ul><li>Purple Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DualDisc" title="DualDisc">DualDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Definition_Compatible_Digital" title="High Definition Compatible Digital">HDCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">Hybrid DVD-Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Hybrid SACD</a> <ul><li>Scarlet Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MovieCD" title="MovieCD">MovieCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_audio_optical_disc" title="Compressed audio optical disc">MP3 CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_CD" title="Picture CD">Picture CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoNow" title="VideoNow">VideoNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VinylDisc" title="VinylDisc">VinylDisc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">SACD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">UMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_once_read_many" title="Write once read many">WORM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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