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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Male chauvinism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Male_chauvinism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Male chauvinism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Male_chauvinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_workplace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_workplace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>In the workplace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_workplace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_chauvinism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_chauvinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Female chauvinism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_chauvinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chauvinism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvinismus" title="Chauvinismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chauvinismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شوفينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شوفينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eovinizm" title="Şovinizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şovinizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="شوونیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شوونیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvin-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Chauvin-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chauvin-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шовинизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шовинизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шавінізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шавінізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шавінізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шавінізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Шовинизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шовинизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ovinizam" title="Šovinizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šovinizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xovinisme" title="Xovinisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xovinisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шовинизм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шовинизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ovinismus" title="Šovinismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šovinismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siofinyddiaeth" title="Siofinyddiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Siofinyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvinisme" title="Chauvinisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chauvinisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvinismus" title="Chauvinismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chauvinismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ovinism" title="Šovinism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šovinism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%89%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Σωβινισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σωβινισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chovinismo" title="Chovinismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chovinismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Covinismo" title="Ŝovinismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝovinismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvinismo" title="Chauvinismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chauvinismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="شوونیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شوونیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvinisme" title="Chauvinisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chauvinisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvinismo" title="Chauvinismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chauvinismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%87%BC%EB%B9%84%EB%8B%88%EC%A6%98" title="쇼비니즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쇼비니즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Շովինիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շովինիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ovinizam" title="Šovinizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šovinizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shovinismo" title="Shovinismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Shovinismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvinisme" title="Chauvinisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chauvinisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciovinismo" title="Sciovinismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sciovinismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="שוביניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שוביניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಉಗ್ರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಾಭಿಮಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಗ್ರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಾಭಿಮಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="შოვინიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შოვინიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шовинизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шовинизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шовинизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шовинизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ovinisms" title="Šovinisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šovinisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ovinizmas" title="Šovinizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šovinizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvinisme" title="Chauvinisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chauvinisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovinizmus" title="Sovinizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sovinizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Шовинизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шовинизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ഷോവനിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷോവനിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="შოვინიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შოვინიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%DA%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="شوڨينيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شوڨينيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="شوونیسم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شوونیسم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauvinisme" title="Cauvinisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cauvinisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Шовинизмась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Шовинизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvinisme" title="Chauvinisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chauvinisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="ショーヴィニズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ショーヴィニズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шовинизм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шовинизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A5vinisme" title="Sjåvinisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjåvinisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A5vinisme" title="Sjåvinisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjåvinisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shovinizm" title="Shovinizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shovinizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE" title="ਸ਼ੋਵੇਨਿਜ਼ਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੋਵੇਨਿਜ਼ਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvinismo" title="Chauvinismo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Chauvinismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%85" title="شوننېزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شوننېزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szowinizm" title="Szowinizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szowinizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvinismo" title="Chauvinismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chauvinismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98ovinism" title="Șovinism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șovinism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шовінізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Шовінізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шовинизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шовинизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shovinizmi" title="Shovinizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shovinizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ovinizmus" title="Šovinizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šovinizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%86%DA%A4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="شۆڤینیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شۆڤینیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Шовинизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шовинизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ovinizam" title="Šovinizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šovinizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovinismi" title="Sovinismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sovinismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chauvinism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шовинизм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шовинизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ลัทธิคลั่งชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิคลั่งชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%A3" title="Меҳаншефтагӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Меҳаншефтагӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eovenizm" title="Şovenizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şovenizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шовінізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шовінізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_S%C3%B4_vanh" title="Chủ nghĩa Sô vanh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa Sô vanh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="沙文主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="沙文主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="沙文主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沙文主义" data-language-autonym="中文" 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Nationalism" title="Category:Nationalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a> forming</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">Colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem" title="National emblem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_treasure" title="National treasure">Treasure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Core values</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance" title="Allegiance">Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_nationalism" title="Types of nationalism">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-nationalism">Cyber-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionist_nationalism" title="Expansionist nationalism">Expansionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">populism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_mysticism" title="National mysticism">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim nationalism">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rexism">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-nationalism" title="Techno-nationalism">Technological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">Trans-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism_(Japan)" title="Ultranationalism (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nationalist_organizations" title="List of nationalist organizations">List of nationalist organizations</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banal_nationalism" title="Banal nationalism">Banal nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_Francoism" title="Sociological Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastronationalism" title="Gastronationalism">Gastronationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_gender" title="Nationalism and gender">Gender and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Historiography and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_indifference" title="National indifference">National indifference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_studies" title="Nationalism studies">Nationalism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postnationalism" title="Postnationalism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_nationalities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principle of nationalities (page does not exist)">Principle of nationalities</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_des_nationalit%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="fr:Principe des nationalités">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">Seasonal or cultural festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">in Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nationalism_sidebar" title="Template:Nationalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nationalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Nationalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chauvinism</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SHOH</span>-vih-nih-zəm</i></a>) is the unreasonable belief in the superiority or dominance of one's own group or people, who are seen as strong and virtuous, while others are considered weak, unworthy, or inferior.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_politics_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_politics-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></i> describes it as a form of "excessive and unreasonable" <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, a fervent faith in national excellence and glory.<sup id="cite_ref-Chauvinism_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chauvinism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In American English, the word has also come to be used in some quarters<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> as shorthand for <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Male_chauvinism">male chauvinism</a>, a trend reflected in <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster%27s_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster's Dictionary">Merriam-Webster's Dictionary</a></i>, which, as of 2018, began its first example of use of the term <i>chauvinism</i> with "an attitude of superiority toward members of the opposite sex".<sup id="cite_ref-quickanddirtytips.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickanddirtytips.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_nationalism">As nationalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chauvinism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: As nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to legend, French soldier <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chauvin" title="Nicolas Chauvin">Nicolas Chauvin</a> was badly wounded in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and received a meager pension for his injuries. After <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> abdicated, Chauvin maintained his fanatical <a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartist</a> belief in the messianic mission of <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Imperial France</a>, despite the unpopularity of this view under the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>. His single-minded devotion to his cause, despite neglect by his faction and harassment by its enemies, started the use of the term.<sup id="cite_ref-Chauvinism_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chauvinism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Chauvinism</i> has extended from its original use to include fanatical devotion and undue partiality to any group or cause to which one belongs, especially when such <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan (political)">partisanship</a> includes prejudice against or hostility toward outsiders or rival groups and persists even in the face of overwhelming opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-Chauvinism_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chauvinism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quickanddirtytips.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickanddirtytips.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oed.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This French quality finds its parallel in the English-language term <i><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">jingoism</a></i>, which has retained the meaning of <i>chauvinism</i> strictly in its original sense; that is, an attitude of belligerent nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-oed.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, political theorist <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> described the concept thus: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Chauvinism is an almost natural product of the national concept in so far as it springs directly from the old idea of the "national mission". ... [A] nation's mission might be interpreted precisely as bringing its light to other, less fortunate peoples that, for whatever reason, have miraculously been left by history without a national mission. As long as this concept did not develop into the ideology of chauvinism and remained in the rather vague realm of national or even nationalistic pride, it frequently resulted in a high sense of responsibility for the welfare of backward people.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In this sense, chauvinism is irrational, in that no one can claim their nation or ethnic group to be inherently superior to another.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_politics_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_politics-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A historical example of chauvinism from the century following Chauvin was the German-Jewish poet <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lissauer" title="Ernst Lissauer">Ernst Lissauer</a>, whose extreme nationalism after the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_1" class="mw-redirect" title="World War 1">World War 1</a> included writing the "Hymn of Hate against England" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">"Haßgesang gegen England"</i></span>) in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayerdörfer2009161_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayerdörfer2009161-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As David Aberbach remarks, "There is nothing in modern Hebrew literature, however devoted to the cause of Jewish sovereignty, remotely comparable to the super-chauvinistic <i>Hassgesang</i> ('Hate Song for England')..."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite chauvinism's irrational roots, at the time, it was explicitly seen as almost obligatory for any German patriot. As <a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Walter Rarthenau</a> commented just prior to the outbreak of the war, "Whoever loves his Fatherland may and should be something of a chauvinist."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lissauer's poem was exceedingly popular, to the extent that it was praised by the Kaiser himself, and Lissauer's slogan "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gott_strafe_England" title="Gott strafe England">Gott strafe England</a>!</i></span>" was used as a daily greeting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaglund2019228_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaglund2019228-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadiganReuveni20182–3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadiganReuveni20182–3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendes-Flohr1998230–231_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendes-Flohr1998230–231-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, whilst some <a href="/wiki/German_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="German Jew">German Jews</a> did take the opportunity of the war to demonstrate their patriotism, Lissauer was an extremist, and in contrast many other German Jews disagreed with Lissauer and the way that mainstream opinion had shifted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayerdörfer2009161_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayerdörfer2009161-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendes-Flohr1998230–231_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendes-Flohr1998230–231-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Christianity-centric imagery used to document the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Glossary of the Weimar Republic">Kriegserlebnis</a></i></span> by authors such as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Flex" title="Walter Flex">Walter Flex</a> alienated Jewish soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendes-Flohr1998230–231_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendes-Flohr1998230–231-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas Lissauer attempted to sign up as a soldier (but was rejected as unfit) as soon as war broke out, then penned the poem, and in the words of <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a> considered everything published by the German newspapers and army to be "gospel truth" and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Edward Grey</a> to be "the worst criminal".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadiganReuveni20182–3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadiganReuveni20182–3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last lines of the poem read:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadiganReuveni20182–3_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadiganReuveni20182–3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>We love as one, we hate as one,<br /> We have one foe and one alone —<br /> ENGLAND!<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadiganReuveni20182–3_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadiganReuveni20182–3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Male_chauvinism">Male chauvinism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chauvinism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Male chauvinism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sexism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Androcentrism" title="Androcentrism">Androcentrism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_masculinity" title="Hegemonic masculinity">Hegemonic masculinity</a></div> <p>Male chauvinism is the belief that <a href="/wiki/Men" class="mw-redirect" title="Men">men</a> are superior to <a href="/wiki/Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Women">women</a>. The first documented use of the phrase "male chauvinism" is in the 1935 <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Odets" title="Clifford Odets">Clifford Odets</a> play <i><a href="/wiki/Till_the_Day_I_Die" title="Till the Day I Die">Till the Day I Die</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_workplace">In the workplace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chauvinism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the workplace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The balance of the <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">workforce</a> changed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. As men entered or were conscripted into the military to fight in the war, women started replacing them. After the war ended, men returned home to find jobs in the workplace now occupied by women, which "threatened the self-esteem many men derive from their dominance over women in the family, the economy, and society at large."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, male chauvinism was on the rise, according to Cynthia B. Lloyd.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd,_Cynthia_B._1975_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd,_Cynthia_B._1975-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lloyd and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Korda" title="Michael Korda">Michael Korda</a> have argued that as they integrated back into the workforce, men returned to predominate, holding positions of power while women worked as their secretaries, usually typing dictations and answering telephone calls. This division of labor was understood and expected, and women typically felt unable to challenge their position or male superiors, argue Korda and Lloyd.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd,_Cynthia_B._1975_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd,_Cynthia_B._1975-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Korda,_Michael_1973_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korda,_Michael_1973-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes">Causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chauvinism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Closure_(sociology)" title="Closure (sociology)">Closure (sociology)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Infrahumanisation" title="Infrahumanisation">Infrahumanisation</a></div> <p>Chauvinist assumptions are seen by some as a bias in the <a href="/wiki/Thematic_Apperception_Test" title="Thematic Apperception Test">TAT</a> psychological personality test. Through cross-examinations, the TAT exhibits a tendency toward chauvinistic stimuli for its questions and has the "potential for unfavorable clinical evaluation" for women.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An often cited study done in 1976 by Sherwyn Woods, "Some Dynamics of Male Chauvinism", attempts to find the underlying causes of male chauvinism. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Male chauvinism was studied in the <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoanalytic">psychoanalytic</a> therapy of 11 men. It refers to the maintenance of fixed beliefs and attitudes of male superiority, associated with overt or covert depreciation of women. Challenging chauvinist attitudes often results in anxiety or other symptoms. It is frequently not investigated in psychotherapy because it is ego-syntonic, parallels cultural attitudes, and because therapists often share similar bias or neurotic conflict. Chauvinism was found to represent an attempt to ward off anxiety and shame arising from one or more of four prime sources: unresolved infantile strivings and regressive wishes, hostile envy of women, oedipal anxiety, and power and dependency conflicts related to masculine <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mothers</a> were more important than fathers in the development of male chauvinism, and resolution was sometimes associated with <a href="/wiki/Decompensation#Psychology" title="Decompensation">decompensation</a> in wives.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Adam Jukes argues that a reason for male chauvinism is <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a> itself:</p><blockquote><p>For the vast majority of people all over the world, the mother is a primary carer...There's an asymmetry in the development of boys and girls. Infant boys have to learn how to be masculine. Girls don't. Masculinity is not in a state of crisis. Masculinity is a crisis. I don't believe <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogyny</a> is innate, but I believe it's inescapable because of the development of masculinity.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Female_chauvinism">Female chauvinism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chauvinism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Female chauvinism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sexism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marianismo" title="Marianismo">Marianismo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></div> <p>Female chauvinism is the belief that women are superior to men.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second-wave feminist <a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a> observed that "...the assumption that women have any moral or spiritual superiority as a class is [...] female chauvinism."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Levy_(writer)" title="Ariel Levy (writer)">Ariel Levy</a> used the term in her book <i><a href="/wiki/Female_Chauvinist_Pigs" title="Female Chauvinist Pigs">Female Chauvinist Pigs</a></i>, in which she argues that many young women in the United States and beyond are replicating male chauvinism and older <a href="/wiki/Misogynist" class="mw-redirect" title="Misogynist">misogynist</a> <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chauvinism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_chauvinism" title="Carbon chauvinism">Carbon chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_chauvinism" title="Great Russian chauvinism">Great Russian chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_hazard" title="Moral hazard">Moral hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_chauvinism" title="Planetary chauvinism">Planetary chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_chauvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social chauvinism">Social chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="White Nationalism">White Nationalism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chauvinism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Global_politics-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Global_politics_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_politics_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHeywood2014" class="citation book cs1">Heywood, Andrew (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/865491628"><i>Global politics</i></a> (2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-34926-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-34926-2"><bdi>978-1-137-34926-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865491628">865491628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+politics&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=171&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865491628&rft.isbn=978-1-137-34926-2&rft.aulast=Heywood&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F865491628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chauvinism-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chauvinism_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chauvinism_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chauvinism_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/chauvinism">"Chauvinism"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 6 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Chauvinism&rft.date=2024-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fchauvinism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quickanddirtytips.com-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quickanddirtytips.com_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quickanddirtytips.com_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/15-words-you-didnt-realize-were-named-after-people">"15 Words You Didn't Realize Were Named After People"</a>. <i>Grammar Girl</i>. 21 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grammar+Girl&rft.atitle=15+Words+You+Didn%27t+Realize+Were+Named+After+People&rft.date=2024-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quickanddirtytips.com%2Feducation%2Fgrammar%2F15-words-you-didnt-realize-were-named-after-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Chauvinism">"Chauvinism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Chauvinism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FChauvinism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/68/24/1224.html"><i>The Columbia Guide to Standard American English</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2008</span>. <q><i>Chauvinism</i> is "fanatical, boastful, unreasoning patriotism" and by extension "prejudiced belief or unreasoning pride in any group to which you belong." Lately, though, the compounds "male chauvinism" and "male chauvinist" have gained so much popularity that some users may no longer recall the patriotic and other more generalized meanings of the words.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Guide+to+Standard+American+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F68%2F24%2F1224.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed.com_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed.com_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/31017?redirectedFrom=chauvinism#eid">"Chauvinism"</a>. <i>The Oxford English Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Chauvinism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F31017%3FredirectedFrom%3Dchauvinism%23eid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/jingoism">"Jingoism"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Jingoism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fjingoism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141026055627/http://wordhistories.com/2013/06/15/jingoism-chauvinism/">"Jingoism & Chauvinism"</a>. <i>Word Histories</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordhistories.com/2013/06/15/jingoism-chauvinism/">the original</a> on 26 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Word+Histories&rft.atitle=Jingoism+%26+Chauvinism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwordhistories.com%2F2013%2F06%2F15%2Fjingoism-chauvinism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArendt1945" class="citation journal cs1">Arendt, Hannah (October 1945). "Imperialism, Nationalism, Chauvinism". <i>The Review of Politics</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0034670500001649">10.1017/s0034670500001649</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145337568">145337568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Imperialism%2C+Nationalism%2C+Chauvinism&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=457&rft.date=1945-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0034670500001649&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145337568%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Arendt&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayerdörfer2009161-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayerdörfer2009161_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayerdörfer2009161_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBayerdörfer2009">Bayerdörfer 2009</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahshon2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edna_Nahshon" title="Edna Nahshon">Nahshon, Edna</a> (2009). <i>Jewish theatre: a global view</i>. IJS studies in Judaica. Institute of Jewish studies. Leiden Boston (Mass.): Brill. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17335-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17335-4"><bdi>978-90-04-17335-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+theatre%3A+a+global+view&rft.place=Leiden+Boston+%28Mass.%29&rft.series=IJS+studies+in+Judaica&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17335-4&rft.aulast=Nahshon&rft.aufirst=Edna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAberbach2018" class="citation book cs1">Aberbach, David (4 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429432750"><i>Nationalism, War and Jewish Education</i></a>. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge Jewish studies series: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429432750">10.4324/9780429432750</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-43275-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-43275-0"><bdi>978-0-429-43275-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism%2C+War+and+Jewish+Education&rft.place=Milton+Park%2C+Abingdon%2C+Oxon+%3B+New+York%2C+NY+%3A+Routledge%2C+2019.+%7C+Series%3A+Routledge+Jewish+studies+series&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-10-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429432750&rft.isbn=978-0-429-43275-0&rft.aulast=Aberbach&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9780429432750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiewyk2018" class="citation book cs1">Niewyk, Donald L. (2018). <i>The Jews in Weimar Germany</i>. Taylor and Francis. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351303620" title="Special:BookSources/9781351303620"><bdi>9781351303620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+in+Weimar+Germany&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781351303620&rft.aulast=Niewyk&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaglund2019228-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaglund2019228_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaglund2019">Haglund 2019</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadiganReuveni20182–3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadiganReuveni20182–3_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadiganReuveni20182–3_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadiganReuveni20182–3_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadiganReuveni20182–3_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadiganReuveni2018">Madigan & Reuveni 2018</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendes-Flohr1998230–231-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendes-Flohr1998230–231_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendes-Flohr1998230–231_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendes-Flohr1998230–231_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMendes-Flohr1998">Mendes-Flohr 1998</a>, pp. 230–231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansbridgeKatherine_Flaster2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mansbridge, Jane; Katherine Flaster (2005). "Male Chauvinist, Feminist, Sexist, and Sexual Harassment: Different Trajectories in Feminist Linguistic Innovation". <i>American Speech</i>. <b>80</b> (3): 261. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.103.8136">10.1.1.103.8136</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00031283-80-3-256">10.1215/00031283-80-3-256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Speech&rft.atitle=Male+Chauvinist%2C+Feminist%2C+Sexist%2C+and+Sexual+Harassment%3A+Different+Trajectories+in+Feminist+Linguistic+Innovation&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=261&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.103.8136%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00031283-80-3-256&rft.aulast=Mansbridge&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Katherine+Flaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2016" class="citation web cs1">Cooke, Lynn Prince (21 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/why-trumps-male-chauvinism-appeals-to-some-voters-more-than-others-67190">"Why Trump's male chauvinism appeals to some voters more than others"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Why+Trump%27s+male+chauvinism+appeals+to+some+voters+more+than+others&rft.date=2016-10-21&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Lynn+Prince&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhy-trumps-male-chauvinism-appeals-to-some-voters-more-than-others-67190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lloyd,_Cynthia_B._1975-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd,_Cynthia_B._1975_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd,_Cynthia_B._1975_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd, Cynthia B., ed. <i>Sex, Discrimination, and the Division of Labor</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korda,_Michael_1973-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Korda,_Michael_1973_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Korda" title="Michael Korda">Michael Korda</a>, <i>Male Chauvinism! How It Works</i>. New York: Random House, 1973. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potkay, Charles R., Matthew R. Merrens. Sources of Male Chauvinism in the TAT. Journal of Personality Assessment, 39.5 (1975): 471-479. Web. 31 January 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods1976" class="citation journal cs1">Woods, Sherwyn M. (January 1976). "Some Dynamics of Male Chauvinism". <i>Archives of General Psychiatry</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 63–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpsyc.1976.01770010037007">10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770010037007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1247365">1247365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+General+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Some+Dynamics+of+Male+Chauvinism&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-65&rft.date=1976-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchpsyc.1976.01770010037007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1247365&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Sherwyn+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/men-hating-women">"Men hating women: A look into the psychology of misogyny"</a>. <i>British GQ</i>. 7 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+GQ&rft.atitle=Men+hating+women%3A+A+look+into+the+psychology+of+misogyny&rft.date=2018-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gq-magazine.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fmen-hating-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrons" class="citation journal cs1">Brons, Lajos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/23436333">"On gender chauvinism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+gender+chauvinism&rft.aulast=Brons&rft.aufirst=Lajos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F23436333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedan, Betty. 1998. <i>It Changed My Life: Writings on the Women's Movement</i>. Harvard University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Levy_(writer)" title="Ariel Levy (writer)">Ariel Levy</a>, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-8428-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-8428-3">0-7432-8428-3</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chauvinism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaglund2019" class="citation book cs1">Haglund, David G. (2019). "Getting Their English Up: The Culture Wars and the Ending of American Neutrality, 1914–1917". <i>The US "Culture Wars" and the Anglo-American Special Relationship</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030185497" title="Special:BookSources/9783030185497"><bdi>9783030185497</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Getting+Their+English+Up%3A+The+Culture+Wars+and+the+Ending+of+American+Neutrality%2C+1914%26ndash%3B1917&rft.btitle=The+US+%22Culture+Wars%22+and+the+Anglo-American+Special+Relationship&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9783030185497&rft.aulast=Haglund&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayerdörfer2009" class="citation book cs1">Bayerdörfer, Hans-Peter (2009). "Jewish Self-Presentation and the 'Jewish Question' on the German Stage from 1900 to 1930". In Nahshon, Edna (ed.). <i>Jewish Theatre: A Global View</i>. IJS Studies in Judaica. Vol. 8. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004173354" title="Special:BookSources/9789004173354"><bdi>9789004173354</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Self-Presentation+and+the+%27Jewish+Question%27+on+the+German+Stage+from+1900+to+1930&rft.btitle=Jewish+Theatre%3A+A+Global+View&rft.series=IJS+Studies+in+Judaica&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789004173354&rft.aulast=Bayerd%C3%B6rfer&rft.aufirst=Hans-Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendes-Flohr1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Mendes-Flohr" title="Paul R. Mendes-Flohr">Mendes-Flohr, Paul</a> (1998). "The <i>Kriegserlebnis</i> and Jewish Consciousness". In Benz, Wolfgang; Paucker, Arnold (eds.). <i>Jews in the Weimar Republic</i>. Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen des Leo Baeck Instituts. Vol. 57. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161468735" title="Special:BookSources/9783161468735"><bdi>9783161468735</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0459-097X">0459-097X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kriegserlebnis+and+Jewish+Consciousness&rft.btitle=Jews+in+the+Weimar+Republic&rft.series=Schriftenreihe+wissenschaftlicher+Abhandlungen+des+Leo+Baeck+Instituts&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0459-097X&rft.isbn=9783161468735&rft.aulast=Mendes-Flohr&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadiganReuveni2018" class="citation book cs1">Madigan, Edward; Reuveni, Gideon (2018). "The First World War and the Jews". In Madigan, Edward; Reuveni, Gideon (eds.). <i>The Jewish Experience of the First World War</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137548962" title="Special:BookSources/9781137548962"><bdi>9781137548962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+World+War+and+the+Jews&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Experience+of+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781137548962&rft.aulast=Madigan&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Reuveni%2C+Gideon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChauvinism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chauvinism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Huddy, Leonie; Del Ponte, Alessandro. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/40547/chapter-abstract/347911349?redirectedFrom=fulltext"><i>National Identity, Pride, and Chauvinism—their Origins and Consequences for Globalization Attitudes</i>.</a> In <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/40547">Liberal Nationalism and Its Critics: Normative and Empirical Questions</a></i> (eds) Gina Gustavsson, David Miller. Oxford: Oxford Academic, pp. 38–56. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198842545.003.0003">10.1093/oso/9780198842545.003.0003</a></li> <li>Tuchowski, Andrzej. (2017). <i>Nationalism, Chauvinism and Racism as Reflected in European Musical Thought and in Compositions from the Interwar Period.</i> Bern: Peter Lang. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-78727-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-78727-4">978-3-631-78727-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chauvinism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/chauvinism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/chauvinism">chauvinism</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asen.ac.uk/">The Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism</a> (ASEN)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.research.lu.se/en/publications/nostalgic-nationalism-welfare-chauvinism-and-migration-anxieties-">Nostalgic Nationalism, Welfare Chauvinism, and Migration Anxieties in Central and Eastern Europe</a></i> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.research.lu.se/en/">Lund University Research Portal</a>.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chauvinism" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nationalism" title="Template:Nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nationalism" title="Template talk:Nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">Colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_emblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral emblem">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_treasure" title="National treasure">Treasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-nationalism">Cyber-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionist_nationalism" title="Expansionist nationalism">Expansionist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic ultranationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_mysticism" title="National mysticism">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_nationalism_(21st_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="New nationalism (21st century)">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DezNat" title="DezNat">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic nationalism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">List of fascist movements</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological nationalism">Technological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">Trans-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra-</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nationalist_organizations" title="List of nationalist organizations">List of nationalist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Clubs" title="Nationalist Clubs">Nationalist Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Anarchism and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banal_nationalism" title="Banal nationalism">Banal nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exceptionalism" title="Exceptionalism">Exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastronationalism" title="Gastronationalism">Gastronationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_gender" title="Nationalism and gender">Gender and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_and_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography and nationalism">Historiography and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_indifference" title="National indifference">National indifference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_question" title="National question">National question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_revival" title="National revival">National revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_studies" title="Nationalism studies">Nationalism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_border" title="Natural border">Natural border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_nationalities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principle of nationalities (page does not exist)">Principle of nationalities</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_des_nationalit%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="fr:Principe des nationalités">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-building" title="State-building">State-building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="šovinismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph135354&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007285083205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chauvinism&oldid=1257770765">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chauvinism&oldid=1257770765</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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