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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="lbawG81qQ8mpm6lVEg4YbARo6OlbK0gyAUovurM-uhOFjYOOeM53NKjz-L8pqEQ3CHiMMVaszfaldPnGvdAwbA" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="On gender chauvinism" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Lajos Brons" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/23436333/On_gender_chauvinism" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="On gender chauvinism" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content=" Male chauvinism is the belief that men are morally superior to women. Female chauvinism is the belief that women are morally superior to men. Both depend on the assumption of essential or natural gender differences between men and women with regards" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/9236063/2970367/21166481/s200_lajos.brons.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/23436333/On_gender_chauvinism" /> <meta property="og:title" content="On gender chauvinism" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content=" Male chauvinism is the belief that men are morally superior to women. Female chauvinism is the belief that women are morally superior to men. Both depend on the assumption of essential or natural gender differences between men and women with regards" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/LajosBrons" /> <meta name="description" content=" Male chauvinism is the belief that men are morally superior to women. Female chauvinism is the belief that women are morally superior to men. Both depend on the assumption of essential or natural gender differences between men and women with regards" /> <title>(PDF) On gender chauvinism</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/23436333/On_gender_chauvinism" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'ae6493cdbab9fe9cbc27dfcda4500513427e2df5'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1743690819000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1743690819000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Male chauvinism is the belief that men are morally superior to women. Female chauvinism is the belief that women are morally superior to men. Both depend on the assumption of essential or natural gender differences between men and women with regards to thinking styles, most easily summarized as male principle-based thinking and female empathic thinking. There is no evidence for such a gender difference, however, but there is evidence that differences in experience and circumstances can lead to relevant differences. People who care (often women) become more caring, for example. By implication, gender chauvinism is based on false premises, and therefore, its superiority claims are false as well. Moreover, because both male and female chauvinism imply that it is socially preferable if women focus on caring tasks and occupation before taking on other jobs, both promote the same social inequality, and consequently, female chauvinism is anti-feminist.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Lajos Brons","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LajosBrons","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9236063/2970367/21166481/s200_lajos.brons.jpg","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/lajos.brons","http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=USYDAMYAAAAJ\u0026hl=en","http://www.lajosbrons.net","http://philpapers.org/profile/31227","http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0890-5678","https://hcommons.org/members/lajosbrons/"]}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2016-03-18","headline":"On gender chauvinism","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43878581/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Gender Studies","Political Philosophy","Sex and Gender","Women's 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Female chauvinism is the belief that women are morally superior to men. Both depend on the assumption of essential or natural gender differences between men and women with regards to thinking styles, most easily summarized as male principle-based thinking and female empathic thinking. There is no evidence for such a gender difference, however, but there is evidence that differences in experience and circumstances can lead to relevant differences. People who care (often women) become more caring, for example. By implication, gender chauvinism is based on false premises, and therefore, its superiority claims are false as well. Moreover, because both male and female chauvinism imply that it is socially preferable if women focus on caring tasks and occupation before taking on other jobs, both promote the same social inequality, and consequently, female chauvinism is anti-feminist.","ai_title_tag":"Debunking Gender Chauvinism Myths"},"document_type":"draft","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"low","language":"en","title":"On gender chauvinism","broadcastable":true,"draft":true,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true,"seo_quality":null}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [9236063]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "safe_sidebar"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.showExperimentalOverhaulLoginForm = false window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="safe-loswp--grid-container"><div class="safe-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="safe-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":43878581,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “On gender chauvinism”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43878581/mini_magick20190215-17014-17ipkyu.png?1550248787" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="safe-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-lg">On gender chauvinism</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9236063" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LajosBrons"><img alt="Profile image of Lajos Brons" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/9236063/2970367/21166481/s65_lajos.brons.jpg" />Lajos Brons</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><div class="primary-buttons"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":43878581,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/23436333/On_gender_chauvinism"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span>See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":43878581,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/23436333/On_gender_chauvinism"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://www.academia.edu/23436333/On_gender_chauvinism","location":"/23436333/On_gender_chauvinism","scheme":"https","host":"www.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/23436333/On_gender_chauvinism","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="CitationButton" data-props="{"entity_id":23436333,"citations":[{"name":"MLA","citation":"Brons, Lajos. 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Female chauvinism is the belief that women are morally superior to men. Both depend on the assumption of essential or natural gender differences between men and women with regards to thinking styles, most easily summarized as male principle-based thinking and female empathic thinking. There is no evidence for such a gender difference, however, but there is evidence that differences in experience and circumstances can lead to relevant differences. People who care (often women) become more caring, for example. By implication, gender chauvinism is based on false premises, and therefore, its superiority claims are false as well. Moreover, because both male and female chauvinism imply that it is socially preferable if women focus on caring tasks and occupation before taking on other jobs, both promote the same social inequality, and consequently, female chauvinism is anti-feminist.</p><div class="toggle-truncation-button js-toggle-truncation-button--abstract"><button class="safe-abstract--toggle-truncation-button"><span>... </span><span class="safe-abstract--toggle-truncation-button-text">Read more</span></button></div></div></div></div><div class="safe-right-rail--container"><div class="safe-right-rail--related-works"><h2 class="safe-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="safe-related-content--container"><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work " data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="4000295" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4000295/Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4808930" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ThabangMaphalla">Thabang Maphalla</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Chauvinism","attachmentId":31551353,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4000295/Chauvinism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4000295/Chauvinism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work " data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="26958150" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26958150/Anti_sexist_men_A_case_of_cloak_and_dagger_chauvinism">Anti-sexist men: A case of cloak-and-dagger chauvinism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43701829" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HesterMarianne">Marianne Hester</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Women's Studies International Forum, 1984</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">Synopsis--The paper looks at the sexual behaviour of anti-sexist men as this is presented in writing, in discussion, and in personal experience of them. It shows that changes in the sexual behaviour of anti-sexist men have been those that serve their own interests. Some anti-sexist male writing about sex describes how some of them cannot get an erection without objectifying the women they're in bed with; and they don't tell these women about the misogynistic fantasies they have in order to objectify them. Drawing on this, on discussions with anti-sexist men and on personal experience, it seems that 'impotence' is a common reaction to stroppy feminists and sexually active women. The paper concludes that male anti-sexism is more a "cloak-and-dagger form of chauvinism" than a genuine attempt to lose their power over women.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Anti-sexist men: A case of cloak-and-dagger chauvinism","attachmentId":47219962,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26958150/Anti_sexist_men_A_case_of_cloak_and_dagger_chauvinism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26958150/Anti_sexist_men_A_case_of_cloak_and_dagger_chauvinism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work " data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="70706404" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70706404/Male_Chauvinistic_Language_A_Tool_for_Suppressing_Women">Male Chauvinistic Language - A Tool for Suppressing Women</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25313167" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RSARAVANASelvan">R.SARAVANA Selvan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">Language is the thread that connects a person’s thoughts and ideas with other person’s in the form of communication. It is the backbone for communication. Communication turns out to be effective when language acts as a best platform in carrying the thoughts of the speaker and conveying it aptly to the listener in a comprehensive and lucid manner. In this case, language speaks a person’s thoughts and ideas, which, when successfully reaches the other person, builds in a kind of sociable relationship between them. Hence, such a sociable relationship is parallel to the communication tendency which leads its way to one’s language usage.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Male Chauvinistic Language - A Tool for Suppressing Women","attachmentId":80343932,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70706404/Male_Chauvinistic_Language_A_Tool_for_Suppressing_Women","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70706404/Male_Chauvinistic_Language_A_Tool_for_Suppressing_Women"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work " data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="69928120" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69928120/MALE_CHAUVINISM_REALITY_OR_MYTH_A_SOCIOLOGICAL_STUDY_OF_THE_RURAL_AREAS_OF_CENTRAL_PUNJAB_PAKISTAN">MALE CHAUVINISM, REALITY OR MYTH: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE RURAL AREAS OF CENTRAL PUNJAB, PAKISTAN</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43186288" href="https://uaf-pk.academia.edu/AhmadShabbir">Dr. Shabbir Ahmad</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of ISOSS 2021 Vol. 7(4), 157-174, 2021</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">The purpose of current research was to identify the myth or reality behind male chauvinism in rural areas of the province Punjab. The researches conducted so far depict that women are deprived of social and political benefits thus portraying them a victim of social injustice. Based on several allegations put against the male, the present research was designed to identify the reality behind this phenomenon. The Central Punjab consisting of 12 districts served as population of the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to choose one district from the study population. A total of 200 sample size was drawn from the study population from four union councils. A validated and reliable research instrument was used to collect the data from the selected respondents. The date collected were then analyzed using the SPSS software. The results of the study unveil the fact that a good majority (50-60%) of the male respondents responded positively about the good condition of women in the society. However, a good majority of the female respondents showed inclination that women must take part in economic decisions of their household activities. Besides this, majority of the women participants of this study showed their concern about involvement of women in development of country. They also responded positively about decreasing trend of violence in the society. Slightly less than half (46%) of the female respondents appreciated the reality that male chauvinism is losing its strings in the developing society. Moreover, the bivariate analysis of the data has revealed that income, education level, occupation, landholding size, family size, and family background of the respondents contributed to the reduction of male chauvinism while age, gender, marital status, and type of family did not. The findings of this research conclude that increasing awareness and education are tightening the ropes around male chauvinism and it would be a past story in upcoming few years. The study recommends that the government, mass media, and NGOs should continue their struggle against male chauvinism till the dream of gender equality is to be achieved in society.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"MALE CHAUVINISM, REALITY OR MYTH: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE RURAL AREAS OF CENTRAL PUNJAB, PAKISTAN","attachmentId":79838271,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69928120/MALE_CHAUVINISM_REALITY_OR_MYTH_A_SOCIOLOGICAL_STUDY_OF_THE_RURAL_AREAS_OF_CENTRAL_PUNJAB_PAKISTAN","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69928120/MALE_CHAUVINISM_REALITY_OR_MYTH_A_SOCIOLOGICAL_STUDY_OF_THE_RURAL_AREAS_OF_CENTRAL_PUNJAB_PAKISTAN"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work " data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="10460232" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10460232/Male_Trouble_Are_Men_Victims_of_Sexism">Male Trouble: Are Men Victims of Sexism?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25675568" href="https://spfldcol.academia.edu/TomDigby">Tom Digby</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Social Theory and Practice, 2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Male Trouble: Are Men Victims of Sexism?","attachmentId":36492361,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10460232/Male_Trouble_Are_Men_Victims_of_Sexism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10460232/Male_Trouble_Are_Men_Victims_of_Sexism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="91050276" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91050276/Is_Sexism_a_Gender_Issue_A_Motivated_Social_Cognition_Perspective_on_Mens_and_Womens_Sexist_Attitudes_toward_Own_and_Other_Gender">Is Sexism a Gender Issue? A Motivated Social Cognition Perspective on Men's and Women's Sexist Attitudes toward Own and Other Gender</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33247779" href="https://ugent.academia.edu/AlainVanHiel">Alain Van Hiel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">European Journal of Personality, 2011</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">The present research investigated the antecedents of ambivalent sexism (i.e., hostile and benevolent forms) in both men and women toward own and other gender. In two heterogeneous adult samples (Study 1: N = 179 and Study 2: N = 222), it was revealed that gender itself was only a minor predictor of sexist attitudes compared with the substantial impact of individual differences in general motivated cognition (i.e., need for closure). Analyses further showed that the relationship between need for closure and sexism was mediated by social attitudes (i.e., right–wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation), which were differently related to benevolent and hostile forms of sexism. In the discussion, it is argued that sexism primarily stems from individual differences in motivated cognitive style, which relates to peoples‘ perspective on the social world, rather than from group differences between men and women. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Is Sexism a Gender Issue? A Motivated Social Cognition Perspective on Men's and Women's Sexist Attitudes toward Own and Other Gender","attachmentId":94446496,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91050276/Is_Sexism_a_Gender_Issue_A_Motivated_Social_Cognition_Perspective_on_Mens_and_Womens_Sexist_Attitudes_toward_Own_and_Other_Gender","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91050276/Is_Sexism_a_Gender_Issue_A_Motivated_Social_Cognition_Perspective_on_Mens_and_Womens_Sexist_Attitudes_toward_Own_and_Other_Gender"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="31479350" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31479350/GENDER_JUSTICE">'GENDER JUSTICE'</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9566468" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JinuDaniel">Jinu Daniel</a></div><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">The social and religious rights are in favor of men. Constructed, developed and implemented by and for the men. Therefore gender justice with men, the case is different. The situation of men is not as elusive as that of women or transgender but there are several issues that justice towards men must be highlighted. Gender justice does not restrict as upliftment or fight for women's right. It could represent also for men. 17 Firstly, the case of gay in homosexuality is significant. Often men, who know they are gay, struggle within a homophobic environment, which is especially predominantly in Christianity. 18 Secondly, Indian laws highly favor women. The very same laws that have been used to empower women are now being criticized for being unfair to men, leading to false prosecutions and even suicide. 19 Thirdly, men are also victims of domestic violence and sexual assault, but state institutions and society in general take such violence less serious because of the prevailing attitudes towards men, such as the belief that men are fearless, sustain</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"'GENDER JUSTICE'","attachmentId":51831510,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31479350/GENDER_JUSTICE","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31479350/GENDER_JUSTICE"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="12003097" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12003097/Ambivalent_Sexism_Revisited">Ambivalent Sexism Revisited</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29863856" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PGlick">P Glick</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Psychology of Women Quarterly, 2011</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">In two studies, we examined how romantic attachment style relates to women's sexism toward men. Specifically, we applied structural equation modeling and mediation analyses to the responses of over 500 self-reported heterosexual women. Study 1 included 229 women who answered questionnaires tapping attachment anxiety and avoidance, ambivalent sexism toward men, romanticism, and interpersonal trust. We conducted Study 2 as a replication, changing questionnaire order to gauge the robustness of results, using a new sample of 273 women. In general, women's attachment anxiety predicted ambivalent sexism (both benevolence and hostility) toward men, whereas women's attachment avoidance predicted univalent hostility (and lower benevolence) toward men. Romanticism mediated attachment style's relationship to benevolence toward men, whereas lower interpersonal trust mediated attachment's relationship to hostility toward men. The results suggest that, for women (as for men), sexist attitudes toward members of the other sex have roots in attachment style and associated worldviews. Better understanding of women's ambivalence toward men in romantic relationships may help to inform marital therapy.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ambivalent Sexism Revisited","attachmentId":46407097,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12003097/Ambivalent_Sexism_Revisited","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12003097/Ambivalent_Sexism_Revisited"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="22198376" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22198376/Antecedents_of_Mens_Hostile_and_Benevolent_Sexism_The_Dual_Roles_of_Social_Dominance_Orientation_and_Right_Wing_Authoritarianism">Antecedents of Men's Hostile and Benevolent Sexism: The Dual Roles of Social Dominance Orientation and Right-Wing Authoritarianism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43554277" href="https://auckland.academia.edu/JohnDuckitt">John Duckitt</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Antecedents of Men's Hostile and Benevolent Sexism: The Dual Roles of Social Dominance Orientation and Right-Wing Authoritarianism","attachmentId":42853091,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22198376/Antecedents_of_Mens_Hostile_and_Benevolent_Sexism_The_Dual_Roles_of_Social_Dominance_Orientation_and_Right_Wing_Authoritarianism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22198376/Antecedents_of_Mens_Hostile_and_Benevolent_Sexism_The_Dual_Roles_of_Social_Dominance_Orientation_and_Right_Wing_Authoritarianism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="2225820" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2225820/Sexism_and_racism_Old_fashioned_and_modern_prejudices">Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2830790" href="https://psu-us.academia.edu/JanetSwim">Janet Swim</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of personality and …, 1995</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">Prejudice and discrimination against women has become increasingly subtle and covert (N. V. . Unlike research on racism, little research about prejudice and discrimination against women has explicitly examined beliefs underlying this more modern form of sexism. Support was found for a distinction between old-fashioned and modern beliefs about women similar to results that have been presented for racism . The former is characterized by endorsement of traditional gender roles, differential treatment of women and men, and stereotypes about lesser female competence. Like modern racism, modern sexism is characterized by the denial of continued discrimination, antagonism toward women's demands, and lack of support for policies designed to help women (for example, in education and work). Research that compares factor structures of old-fashioned and modern sexism and racism and that validates our modern sexism scale is presented.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices","attachmentId":50703593,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2225820/Sexism_and_racism_Old_fashioned_and_modern_prejudices","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2225820/Sexism_and_racism_Old_fashioned_and_modern_prejudices"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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class="safe-related-content--container"><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card js-safe-related-work-wsj " data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="28644060" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28644060/Hostile_and_Benevolent_Sexism">Hostile and Benevolent Sexism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53768533" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GlickPeter">Peter Glick</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1997</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract ">A theory of sexism as ambivalence, not just hostility, toward women is presented. Ambivalent Sexism Theory distinguishes between hostile and "benevolent" sexism (each addresses issues of power, gender differentiation, and sexuality). Benevolent sexism encompasses subjectively positive (for the sexist) attitudes toward women in traditional roles: protective paternalism, idealization of women, and desire for intimate relations. Hostile sexism encompasses the negative equivalents on each dimension: dominative paternalism, derogatory beliefs, and heterosexual hostility. Both forms of sexism serve to justify and maintain patriarchy and traditional gender roles. The validity of a measure of these constructs, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), is reviewed. Comparisons are offered between the AS1 and other measures of sexist attitudes (e.g., the AWS), with suggestions for the proper domains of different scales.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hostile and Benevolent Sexism","attachmentId":49013870,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28644060/Hostile_and_Benevolent_Sexism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28644060/Hostile_and_Benevolent_Sexism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card js-safe-related-work-wsj " data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="24037483" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24037483/The_Search_for_Ambivalent_Sexism_a_Comparison_of_Two_Measures">The Search for Ambivalent Sexism: a Comparison of Two Measures</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46304287" href="https://umcp.academia.edu/PaulHanges">Paul Hanges</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Search for Ambivalent Sexism: a Comparison of Two Measures","attachmentId":44412988,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24037483/The_Search_for_Ambivalent_Sexism_a_Comparison_of_Two_Measures","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24037483/The_Search_for_Ambivalent_Sexism_a_Comparison_of_Two_Measures"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card js-safe-related-work-wsj " data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="8869284" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8869284/Ambivalent_sexism_and_perceptions_of_men_and_women_who_violate_gendered_family_roles">Ambivalent sexism and perceptions of men and women who violate gendered family roles</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="19412952" href="https://ulincoln.academia.edu/RuthGaunt">Ruth Gaunt</a></div><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract ">This study draws on ambivalent sexism theory to explore the role of benevolent and hostile gender attitudes in determining perceptions of individuals who comply with traditional gender roles or violate them. Three hundred and eleven participants were presented with a description of a male or a female target who was either a primary breadwinner or a primary caregiver. As hypothesized, hostile sexism (HS) predicted more negative perceptions of a female breadwinner, whereas benevolent sexism (BS) predicted more positive perceptions of a female caregiver. Moreover, participants who endorsed hostile attitudes toward men reacted more positively to a nontraditional male caregiver, whereas those who endorsed benevolent attitudes toward men reacted more negatively to a male caregiver. Implications regarding the nature of ambivalent gender attitudes are discussed.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ambivalent sexism and perceptions of men and women who violate gendered family roles","attachmentId":35204623,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8869284/Ambivalent_sexism_and_perceptions_of_men_and_women_who_violate_gendered_family_roles","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8869284/Ambivalent_sexism_and_perceptions_of_men_and_women_who_violate_gendered_family_roles"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card js-safe-related-work-wsj " data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="12714213" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12714213/CONTEMPORARY_SEXISM">CONTEMPORARY SEXISM</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31743755" href="https://kent.academia.edu/DominicAbrams">Dominic Abrams</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"CONTEMPORARY SEXISM","attachmentId":45984518,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12714213/CONTEMPORARY_SEXISM","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12714213/CONTEMPORARY_SEXISM"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card js-safe-related-work-wsj " data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="9152002" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9152002/Sexism">Sexism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1199160" href="https://unige.academia.edu/ClaraKulich">Clara Kulich</a></div><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract ">This article first reviews the historical rise and the developments of psychological research on sexism which led to the differentiation between biological sex and cultural gender, and highlights commonalities between gender relations and other status-based intergroup relations. Old-fashioned, overt and explicit forms of sexism are then distinguished from contemporary, more subtle, and implicit forms. The latter are characterized by ambivalence of hostility and benevolence towards women. The final section discusses major behavioral consequences of the different forms of sexism, emphasizing the harmful impact of benevolence on women's feelings of self-worth and competence, and actual performances.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sexism","attachmentId":35438571,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9152002/Sexism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9152002/Sexism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card js-safe-related-work-wsj " data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="67523461" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67523461/Next_Gen_Ambivalent_Sexism_Converging_Correlates_Causality_in_Context_and_Converse_Causality_an_Introduction_to_the_Special_Issue">Next Gen Ambivalent Sexism: Converging Correlates, Causality in Context, and Converse Causality, an Introduction to the Special Issue</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53768533" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GlickPeter">Peter Glick</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Sex Roles, 2010</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract ">The special issue on Ambivalent Sexism (Glick and Fiske 1996, 1999, 2001) reflects the current landscape of ambivalent sexism research. This introduction reviews the theory, exploring the particularly insidious case of benevolent sexism. Next, it presents the included papers, which range broadly, but generally fit one of three research streams in the development of ambivalent sexism research. Some papers focus on converging correlations, exploring ambivalent sexism's relation to other ideologies and cultural dimensions. Other papers demonstrate causality in context, revealing impact on targets and the prescriptive power of ambivalent ideologies. A third line documents converse causality, illustrating impact on perceivers' self processes. Finally, we discuss possible future areas of research.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Next Gen Ambivalent Sexism: Converging Correlates, Causality in Context, and Converse Causality, an Introduction to the Special Issue","attachmentId":78307008,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67523461/Next_Gen_Ambivalent_Sexism_Converging_Correlates_Causality_in_Context_and_Converse_Causality_an_Introduction_to_the_Special_Issue","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67523461/Next_Gen_Ambivalent_Sexism_Converging_Correlates_Causality_in_Context_and_Converse_Causality_an_Introduction_to_the_Special_Issue"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card js-safe-related-work-wsj " data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="65758288" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65758288/Empirically_derived_conceptions_of_femaleness_and_maleness_A_current_view">Empirically derived conceptions of femaleness and maleness: A current view</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36838530" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ElizabethMidlarsky">Elizabeth Midlarsky</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Sex Roles, 1985</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract ">This study was designed to investigate the nature and type of conceptions of femaleness and maleness that would be generated by blacks and whites m an open-ended questionnaire. Five hundred respondents from 13 vocational schools, community colleges, 4-year colleges, and universities generated 718 conceptions, which were then rated on degree of maleness and femaleness and social desirability by a sample of 297 respondents from that same population. Results indicated that females and males (races combined) and blacks and whites (genders combined) differed significantly #7 their male-female conceptions scores. Descriptions of the types of conceptions most frequently generated by the respondents are presented and discussed, This investigation was designed as an initial examination of spontaneously generated conceptions of femaleness and maleness among females and males and also among whites and blacks. Interest in this topic evolved out of recent sex-role research (cf. Mednick & Weissman, 1975; Hyde & Rosenberg, 1976; Orlofsky, 1981), in which considerable emphasis has been placed on the measurement of maleness and femaleness within individuals and upon measures of the degree of sex-role stereotyping within American society. Systematic attention to conceptions of femaleness and maleness first appeared at the turn of the century, with the advent of psychological studies of sex differences. In general, however, psychologists have worked with definitions that were handed down through tradition and folklore.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Empirically derived conceptions of femaleness and maleness: A current view","attachmentId":77215671,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/65758288/Empirically_derived_conceptions_of_femaleness_and_maleness_A_current_view","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/65758288/Empirically_derived_conceptions_of_femaleness_and_maleness_A_current_view"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card js-safe-related-work-wsj " data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="72585008" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72585008/Rejuvenating_the_gendered_beliefs_From_a_socio_cultural_perspective">Rejuvenating the gendered beliefs: From a socio-cultural perspective</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38806230" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SovanaMukherjee">Sovana Mukherjee</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract ">Reflections of relationships, actions, interactions, beliefs, norms, values, etc. often reinforce popular notions concerning gender, that women differs from men and the very fact of this difference is a 'natural' part of our genetic makeup. Gender, according to sociologists, refers to the meanings a society gives to masculinity and femininity. Gender is not just an identity or status; it is a continual process of negotiation. Men are expected to maintain masculinity that includes toughness, bravado, strength, assurance, and confidence, all with little display of emotion. Women are expected to perform femininity that exudes beauty, caring, nurturance, neediness, compassion, and complete with every range of possible emotion. Grounded in the notion of gender differences are gender inequalities which discriminates females from males, and holds that masculinity means domination for they had the power or ability to carry out, in the Weberian word his (sic) will against another, while femininity means subjugation for being powerless. This paper aims to study the everyday life accounts of individuals, be it male or female, usually explains the expected roles and lifestyles of the gendered groups; and how they should acquire the said norms leading to the different forms of inequality that remains underneath sometimes ignorantly, but many a times more consciously and profoundly, for everyday life is organized in ways that constantly distinguish women from men.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rejuvenating the gendered beliefs: From a socio-cultural perspective","attachmentId":81456541,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72585008/Rejuvenating_the_gendered_beliefs_From_a_socio_cultural_perspective","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72585008/Rejuvenating_the_gendered_beliefs_From_a_socio_cultural_perspective"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card js-safe-related-work-wsj " data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="64550934" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64550934/Gender_Ideology_An_Analysis_of_Its_Disputed_Meanings">Gender Ideology: An Analysis of Its Disputed Meanings</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="364517" href="https://ufpe.academia.edu/CynthiaHamlin">Cynthia L Hamlin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Sociologia & Antropologia, 2020</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract ">In the last few years, a number of genealogical studies have been published about recent historical processes that enabled the emergence of the discourse on “gender ideology” as a “weapon in the culture war.” As some of these studies suggest, what is at stake is an alternative project of knowledge and truth production. Little or no attention, however, has been given to the meanings of gender ideology internal to feminist and gender theories. Rejecting the idea that gender ideology can be reduced to a straw man produced by a conservative agenda, I propose a brief history of ideas associated with the concept, foregrounding the work of sociologist Viola Klein, whose reflections on the sociology of knowledge represent one of the first academic investigations of gender ideology. In illustrating the plethora of meanings associated with the concept, I argue that they converge towards a radical negation of the anti-gender discourse of the global right.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Gender Ideology: An Analysis of Its Disputed Meanings","attachmentId":76535707,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64550934/Gender_Ideology_An_Analysis_of_Its_Disputed_Meanings","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/64550934/Gender_Ideology_An_Analysis_of_Its_Disputed_Meanings"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card js-safe-related-work-wsj " data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="34183519" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34183519/How_ambiv_sexism_toward_men_and_women_RMA">How ambiv sexism toward men and women RMA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="67134861" href="https://independent.academia.edu/OswaldDebra">Debra Oswald</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract ">The goal of this study was to determine how ambivalent sexism toward women and men are both associated with rape myth acceptance. The Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance scale, Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, and Ambivalence toward Men Inventory were completed by 409 participants. Hostile sexism toward women positively correlated with rape myth acceptance. For benevolent sexism toward women, complementary gender differentiation was positively associated with rape myth acceptance whereas protective paternalism was negatively associated. Benevolent sexism toward men, but not hostile sexism, positively correlated with rape myth acceptance. Further, for female participants higher maternalism toward men corresponded with higher rape myth acceptance. These findings suggest that sexist beliefs toward both women and men are important for understanding the support of rape myths.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"How ambiv sexism toward men and women RMA","attachmentId":54102180,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34183519/How_ambiv_sexism_toward_men_and_women_RMA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34183519/How_ambiv_sexism_toward_men_and_women_RMA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="safe-sticky-ctas--container js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":43878581,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":43878581,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_43878581" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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