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<span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Submarine_fan_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submarine_fan_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Submarine fan models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submarine_fan_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economic importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbiditl%C9%99r" title="Turbiditlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Turbiditlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidita" title="Turbidita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turbidita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidit" title="Turbidit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turbidit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidit" title="Turbidit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Turbidit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidita" title="Turbidita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turbidita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turbidite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidita" title="Turbidita – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Turbidita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torbiditi" title="Torbiditi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Torbiditi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidiet" title="Turbidiet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turbidiet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" title="タービダイト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タービダイト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbiditt" title="Turbiditt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Turbiditt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbiditt" title="Turbiditt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Turbiditt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidyt" title="Turbidyt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turbidyt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidito" title="Turbidito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turbidito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Турбидит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Турбидит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidit" title="Turbidit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turbidit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Турбідіти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Турбідіти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E7%A7%AF%E5%B2%A9" title="浊积岩 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="浊积岩" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E7%A7%AF%E5%B2%A9" title="浊积岩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geologic deposit of a turbidity current</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbidite_formation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Turbidite_formation.jpg/220px-Turbidite_formation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Turbidite_formation.jpg/330px-Turbidite_formation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Turbidite_formation.jpg/440px-Turbidite_formation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3003" data-file-height="2093" /></a><figcaption>Turbidites are deposited in the deep ocean troughs below the continental shelf, or similar structures in deep lakes, by underwater avalanches which slide down the steep slopes of the continental shelf edge. When the material comes to rest in the ocean trough, it is the sand and other coarse material which settles first followed by mud and eventually the very fine particulate matter. It is this sequence of deposition that creates the <a href="/wiki/Bouma_sequence" title="Bouma sequence">Bouma sequences</a> that characterize these rocks.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>turbidite</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Geologic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic">geologic</a> <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposit</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Turbidity_current" title="Turbidity current">turbidity current</a>, which is a type of amalgamation of fluidal and <a href="/wiki/Sediment_gravity_flow" title="Sediment gravity flow">sediment gravity flow</a> responsible for distributing vast amounts of <a href="/wiki/Clastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Clastic">clastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Deep_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep ocean">deep ocean</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sequencing">Sequencing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbidite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sequencing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbidites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Turbidites.jpg/220px-Turbidites.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Turbidites.jpg/330px-Turbidites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Turbidites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Turbidite sequence. <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> Ross <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a> Formation (<a href="/wiki/Namurian" title="Namurian">Namurian</a>), <a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">County Clare</a>, Western <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a> image)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devonian_Turbidite_Becke-Oese_Bouma-Sequence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Devonian_Turbidite_Becke-Oese_Bouma-Sequence.jpg/250px-Devonian_Turbidite_Becke-Oese_Bouma-Sequence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Devonian_Turbidite_Becke-Oese_Bouma-Sequence.jpg/330px-Devonian_Turbidite_Becke-Oese_Bouma-Sequence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Devonian_Turbidite_Becke-Oese_Bouma-Sequence.jpg/500px-Devonian_Turbidite_Becke-Oese_Bouma-Sequence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="1474" /></a><figcaption>Complete Bouma sequence in Devonian Sandstone (Becke-Oese Quarry, Germany)</figcaption></figure> <p>Turbidites were first properly described by Arnold H. Bouma (1962),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who studied deepwater sediments and recognized particular "fining-up intervals" within deep water, fine-grained <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shales</a>, which were anomalous because they started at pebble <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerates</a> and terminated in shales. This was anomalous because within the deep ocean it had historically been assumed that there was no mechanism by which tractional flow could carry and deposit coarse-grained sediments into the abyssal depths. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bouma_sequence" title="Bouma sequence">Bouma cycles</a> begin with an erosional contact of a coarse lower bed of pebble to granule conglomerate in a sandy matrix, and grade up through coarse then medium plane parallel sandstone; through cross-bedded <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>; rippled cross-bedded sand/silty sand, and finally laminar siltstone and shale. This vertical succession of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_structures" title="Sedimentary structures">sedimentary structures</a>, bedding, and changing lithology is representative of strong to waning flow regime currents and their corresponding sedimentation. </p><p>It is unusual to see all of a complete Bouma cycle, as successive turbidity currents may erode the unconsolidated upper sequences. Alternatively, the entire sequence may not be present depending on whether the exposed section was at the edge of the turbidity current lobe (where it may be present as a thin deposit), or upslope from the deposition centre and manifested as a scour channel filled with fine sands grading up into a <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_sediments" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagic sediments">pelagic ooze</a>. </p><p>It is now recognized that the vertical progression of sedimentary structures described by Bouma applies to turbidites deposited by low-density turbidity currents. As the sand concentration of a flow increases, grain-to-grain collisions within the turbid suspension create dispersive pressures that become important in hindering further settling of grains. As a consequence, a slightly different set of sedimentary structures develops in turbidites deposited by high-density turbidity currents. This different set of structures is known as the <a href="/wiki/Lowe_sequence" title="Lowe sequence">Lowe sequence</a>, which is a descriptive classification that complements, but does not replace, the Bouma sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-lowe_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lowe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbidite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbidite_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Turbidite_2.JPG/220px-Turbidite_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Turbidite_2.JPG/330px-Turbidite_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Turbidite_2.JPG/440px-Turbidite_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Gorgoglione <a href="/wiki/Flysch" title="Flysch">Flysch</a>, Miocene, South Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>Turbidites are sediments which are transported and deposited by <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> flow, not by <a href="/wiki/Traction_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traction (engineering)">tractional</a> or <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">frictional</a> flow. </p><p>The distinction is that, in a normal <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> or stream bed, particles of rock are carried along by frictional drag of water on the particle (known as <i>tractional flow</i>). The water must be travelling at a certain velocity in order to suspend the particle in the water and push it along. The greater the size or density of the particle relative to the fluid in which it is travelling, the higher the water velocity required to suspend it and transport it. </p><p>Density-based flow, however, occurs when <a href="/wiki/Liquefaction" title="Liquefaction">liquefaction</a> of sediment during transport causes a change to the density of the fluid. This is usually achieved by highly <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulent</a> liquids which have a suspended load of fine grained particles forming a <a href="/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry">slurry</a>. In this case, larger fragments of rock can be transported at water velocities too low to otherwise do so because of the lower density contrast (that is, the water plus sediment has a higher density than the water and is therefore closer to the density of the rock). </p><p>This condition occurs in many environments aside from simply the deep ocean, where turbidites are particularly well represented. <a href="/wiki/Lahars" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahars">Lahars</a> on the side of volcanoes, <a href="/wiki/Mudflow" title="Mudflow">mudslides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flows</a> all create density-based flow situations and, especially in the latter, can create sequences which are strikingly similar to turbidites. </p><p>Turbidites in sediments can occur in carbonate as well as siliciclastic sequences. </p><p>Classic, low-density turbidites are characterized by <a href="/wiki/Graded_bedding" title="Graded bedding">graded bedding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">current</a> <a href="/wiki/Ripple_marks" title="Ripple marks">ripple marks</a>, climbing ripple laminations, alternating sequences with <a href="/wiki/Pelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a> sediments, distinct <a href="/wiki/Fauna_(animals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna (animals)">fauna</a> changes between the turbidite and native pelagic sediments, <a href="/wiki/Sole_markings" title="Sole markings">sole markings</a>, thick sediment sequences, regular <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">bedding</a>, and an absence of shallow-water features.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A different vertical progression of sedimentary structures characterize <a href="/wiki/High-density_turbidites" class="mw-redirect" title="High-density turbidites">high-density turbidites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lowe_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lowe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Massive accumulations of turbidites and other deep-water deposits may result in the formation of <a href="/wiki/Submarine_fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine fan">submarine fans</a>. Sedimentary models of such fan systems typically are subdivided into upper, mid, and lower fan sequences each with distinct sand-body geometries, <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> distributions, and lithologic characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turbidite deposits typically occur in <a href="/wiki/Foreland_basin" title="Foreland basin">foreland basins</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Submarine_fan_models">Submarine fan models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbidite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Submarine fan models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Submarine fan models are often based on source-to-sink [S2S] concepts linking sediment source areas, and sediment routing systems to the eventual depositional environments of turbidite deposits. They are aimed at providing insights into the relationships between different geologic processes and turbidite fan systems. Geologic processes influencing turbidite systems can either be of allogenic or autogenic origin and submarine fan models are designed to capture the impact of these processes on reservoir presence, reservoir distribution, morphology, and architecture of turbidite deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-Reading,_H.G._1994_p.794_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reading,_H.G._1994_p.794-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some significant allogenic forcing includes the effect of sea level fluctuations, regional tectonic events, sediment supply type, sediment supply rate, and sediment concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-Reading,_H.G._1994_p.794_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reading,_H.G._1994_p.794-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autogenic controls can include seafloor topography, confinements, and slope gradients.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are about 26 submarine fan models.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some common fan models include the classical single-source suprafan model, models depicting fans with attached lobes, detached lobes fan model, and submarine fan models relating to the response of turbidite systems to varying grain sizes and different feeder systems.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reading,_H.G._1994_p.794_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reading,_H.G._1994_p.794-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The integration of subsurface datasets such as 3D/4D seismic reflection, well logs, and core data as well as modern seafloor bathymetry studies, numerical forward stratigraphic modeling, and flume tank experiments are enabling improvements and more realistic development of submarine fan models across different basins.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance">Importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbidite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turbidites provide a mechanism for assigning a tectonic and depositional setting to ancient sedimentary sequences as they usually represent deep-water rocks formed offshore of a <a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">convergent margin</a>, and generally require at least a sloping shelf and some form of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonism</a> to trigger density-based avalanches. Density currents may be triggered in areas of high sediment supply by gravitational failure alone. Turbidites can represent a high resolution record of seismicity, and terrestrial storm/flood events depending on the connectivity of canyon/channel systems to terrestrial sediment sources.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turbidites from lakes and fjords are also important as they can provide chronologic evidence of the frequency of landslides and the earthquakes that presumably formed them, by dating using radiocarbon or <a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">varves</a> above and below the turbidite.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_importance">Economic importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbidite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economic importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turbidite sequences are classic hosts for lode <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> deposits, the prime example being <a href="/wiki/Bendigo,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bendigo, Victoria">Bendigo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballarat,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballarat, Victoria">Ballarat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria, Australia</a>, where more than 2,600 tons of gold have been extracted from saddle-reef deposits hosted in shale sequences from a thick succession of Cambrian-Ordovician turbidites. <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> gold deposits are also known from turbidite basin deposits. </p><p>Lithified accumulations of turbidite deposits may, in time, become <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> reservoirs and the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> industry makes strenuous efforts to predict the location, overall shape, and internal characteristics of these sediment bodies in order to efficiently develop fields as well as explore for new reserves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbidite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contourite" title="Contourite">Contourite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flysch" title="Flysch">Flysch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-density_turbidity_currents" class="mw-redirect" title="High-density turbidity currents">High-density turbidity currents</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lowe_sequence" title="Lowe sequence">Lowe sequence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_gravity_flows" class="mw-redirect" title="Sediment gravity flows">Sediment gravity flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouma_sequence" title="Bouma sequence">Bouma sequence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbidite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bouma, Arnold H. (1962) Sedimentology of some Flysch deposits: A graphic approach to facies interpretation, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 168 p</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lowe-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lowe_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lowe_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowe, D.R. (1982), <i>Sediment gravity flows: II. Depositional models with special reference to the deposits of high-density turbidity currents,</i> Journal of Sedimentology, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, v. 52, p. 279-297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fairbridge, Rhodes W. (ed.) (1966) The Encyclopedia of Oceanography, Encyclopedia of earth sciences series 1, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, p. 945–946.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mutti, E. & Ricci Lucci, F. (1975) Turbidite facies and facies associations. In: Examples of turbidite facies and associations from selected formations of the northern Apennines. IX Int. Congress of Sedimentology, Field Trip A-11, p. 21–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Normark, W.R. (1978) "Fan valleys, channels, and depositional lobes on modern submarine fans : Characters for recognition of sandy turbidite environments", American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 62 (6), p. 912–931.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, R.G. (1978) "Deep-water sandstone facies and ancient submarine fans: model for exploration for stratigraphic traps", American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 62 (6), p. 932–966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reading,_H.G._1994_p.794-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reading,_H.G._1994_p.794_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reading,_H.G._1994_p.794_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reading,_H.G._1994_p.794_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reading, H.G., Richards, M., (1994). Turbidite systems in deepwater basin margins classified by grain size and feeder system. AAPG Bulletin 78, p.794.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stow, D.A.V., Mayall, M., (2000). Deep-water sedimentary systems: new models for the 21st century. Marine and Petroleum Geology 17 (2), p.125-135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Prélat, J.A. Covault, D.M. Hodgson, A. Fildani, S.S. Flint, (2010) Intrinsic controls on the range of volumes, morphologies, and dimensions of submarine lobes, Sedimentary Geology, Volume 232, Issues 1–2, p.66-76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Shanmugam, Submarine fans: A critical retrospective (1950–2015), (2016) Journal of Palaeogeography, Volume 5, Issue 2, p. 110-184. describing turbidite source to sink systems.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, R.G., 1978. Deep-water sandstone facies and ancient submarine fans, models for exploration for stratigraphic traps. AAPG Bulletin 62, p.932-966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mutti, E., Ricci Lucchi, F., 1972. Turbidites of the northern Apennines, introduction to facies analysis (English translation by T.H. Nilsen, 1978) International Geology Review 20, p.125-166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mutti, E., Ricci Lucci, F., 1975. Turbidite facies and facies associations, in: examples of turbidite facies and associations from selected formations of the northern Apennines. In: IX Int. Congress of Sedimentology, Field Trip A-11, p. 21-36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffiths, C.M., Dyt, C., Paraschivoiu, E., Liu, K. (2001). Sedsim in Hydrocarbon Exploration. In: Merriam, D.F., Davis, J.C. (eds) Geologic Modeling and Simulation. Computer Applications in the Earth Sciences. Springer, Boston, MA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1359-9_5">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1359-9_5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang, L., Pan, M., and Li, Z., 2020, 3D modeling of deepwater turbidite lobes: a review of the research status and progress, Petroleum Science, p. 17, doi:10.1007/s12182-019-00415-y.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldfinger et al., 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moernaut et al., 2007, Strasser et al., 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enkin et al., 2013</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Bouma, Arnold H. (1962) <i>Sedimentology of some Flysch deposits: A graphic approach to facies interpretation</i>, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 168 p.</li> <li>Randolph J. Enkin, Audrey Dallimore, Judith Baker, John R. Southon, Tara Ivanochkod; 2013 <i>A new high-resolution radiocarbon Bayesian age model of the Holocene and Late Pleistocene from core MD02-2494 and others, Effingham Inlet, British Columbia, Canada; with an application to the paleoseismic event chronology of the Cascadia Subduction Zone</i>; Geological Survey of Canada-Pacific, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/full/10.1139/cjes-2012-0150#.Xz6P1chKhPY">Article link</a></li> <li>Fairbridge, Rhodes W. (ed.) (1966) <i>The Encyclopedia of Oceanography</i>, Encyclopedia of earth sciences series 1, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, p. 945–946.</li> <li>Goldfinger, C., Nelson, C.H., Morey, A., Johnson, J.E., Gutierrez-Pastor, J., Eriksson, A.T., Karabanov, E., Patton, J., Gracia, E., Enkin, R., Dallimore, A., Dunhill, G., and Vallier, T., 2012, Turbidite Event History: Methods and Implications for Holocene Paleoseismicity of the Cascadia Subduction Zone, USGS Professional Paper 1661-F, Reston, VA, U.S. Geological Survey, p. 184 p, 64 Figures. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1661f/">http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1661f/</a></li> <li>Moernaut, J., De Batist, M., Charlet, F., Heirman, K., Chapron, E., <a href="/wiki/Mario_Pino_Quivira" title="Mario Pino Quivira">Pino, M.</a>, Brümmer, R., and Urrutia, R., 2007, Giant earthquakes in South-Central Chile revealed by Holocene mass-wasting events in Lake Puyehue: <i><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_Geology_(journal)" title="Sedimentary Geology (journal)">Sedimentary Geology</a></i>, v. 195, p. 239–256.</li> <li>Mutti, E. & Ricci Lucci, F. (1975) <i>Turbidite facies and facies associations.</i> In: Examples of turbidite facies and associations from selected formations of the northern Apennines. IX Int. Congress of Sedimentology, Field Trip A-11, p. 21–36.</li> <li>Normark, W.R. (1978) "Fan valleys, channels, and depositional lobes on modern submarine fans : Characters for recognition of sandy turbidite environments", <i>American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin</i>, <b>62</b> (6), p. 912–931.</li> <li>Ødegård, Stefan (2000) <i>Sedimentology of the Grès d'Annot Formation</i>, Thesis: Technische Universität Clausthal, Germany. Retrieved 27 January 2006</li> <li>Strasser, M., Anselmetti, F.S., Fäh, D., Giardini, D., and Schnellmann, M., 2006, Magnitudes and source areas of large prehistoric northern Alpine earthquakes revealed by slope failures in lakes: Geology, v. 34, p. 1005–1008.</li> <li>Walker, R.G. (1978) "Deep-water sandstone facies and ancient submarine fans: model for exploration for stratigraphic traps", <i>American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin</i>, 62 (6), p. 932–966.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbidite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArnold_H._Bouma,_Charles_G._Stone2000" class="citation book cs1">Arnold H. Bouma, Charles G. Stone, ed. (2000). <i>Fine-Grained Turbidite Systems</i>. American Association of Petroleum Geologists. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89181-353-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89181-353-8"><bdi>978-0-89181-353-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fine-Grained+Turbidite+Systems&rft.pub=American+Association+of+Petroleum+Geologists&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-89181-353-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbidite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFS._A._Lomas,_P._Joseph2004" class="citation book cs1">S. A. Lomas, P. Joseph, ed. (2004). <i>Confined Turbidite Systems</i>. Geological Society of London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-149-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-149-9"><bdi>978-1-86239-149-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confined+Turbidite+Systems&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+London&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86239-149-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbidite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lowe, D.R. (1982), <i>Sediment gravity flows: II. Depositional models with special reference to the deposits of high-density turbidity currents,</i> Journal of Sedimentology, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, v. 52, p. 279–297.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbidite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology">Historical Geology</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology/Turbidites" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology/Turbidites">Turbidites</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcz.harvard.edu/Departments/InvertPaleo/Trenton/Intro/GeologyPage/Sedimentary%20Geology/sedprocessesstructures.htm#gravity">Turbidite sedimentary processes in carbonates, Trenton Formation.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118072337/http://www.mcz.harvard.edu/Departments/InvertPaleo/Trenton/Intro/GeologyPage/Sedimentary%20Geology/sedprocessesstructures.htm#gravity">Archived</a> 2015-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style 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