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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Biographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="মদন মোহন মালৱীয় – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মদন মোহন মালৱীয়" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="মদনমোহন মালব্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মদনমোহন মালব্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="मदन मोहन मालवीय – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मदन मोहन मालवीय" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="मदन मोहन मालवीय – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मदन मोहन मालवीय" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مادان موهان مالاویا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مادان موهان مالاویا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Madan Mohan Malaviya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF" title="મદન મોહન માલવીય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મદન મોહન માલવીય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="मदनमोहन मालवीय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मदनमोहन मालवीय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Madan Mohan Malaviya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF" title="ಮದನ ಮೋಹನ ಮಾಳವೀಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮದನ ಮೋಹನ ಮಾಳವೀಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="मदन मोहन मालवीय – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मदन मोहन मालवीय" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="മദൻ മോഹൻ മാളവ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മദൻ മോഹൻ മാളവ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="मदनमोहन मालवीय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मदनमोहन मालवीय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مادان موهان مالاڤيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مادان موهان مالاڤيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="मदन मोहन मालवीय – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मदन मोहन मालवीय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F" title="ମଦନ ମୋହନ ମାଲବ୍ୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମଦନ ମୋହନ ମାଲବ୍ୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਮਦਨ ਮੋਹਨ ਮਾਲਵੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਦਨ ਮੋਹਨ ਮਾਲਵੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%88%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%DB%81%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پنڈت مدن موہن مالویا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنڈت مدن موہن مالویا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Малавия, Мадан Мохан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Малавия, Мадан Мохан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="मदनमोहन मालवीय – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मदनमोहन मालवीय" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Madan Mohan Malaviya" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="மதன் மோகன் மாளவியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மதன் மோகன் மாளவியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="మదన్ మోహన్ మాలవ్యా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మదన్ మోహన్ మాలవ్యా" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mahamana" redirects here. For the Indian Railways train, see <a href="/wiki/Mahamana_Express" title="Mahamana Express">Mahamana Express</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Malviya" and "Malaviya" redirect here. For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Malviya_(surname)" title="Malviya (surname)">Malviya (surname)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Madan Mohan Malaviya</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahamana_Malaviya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mahamana_Malaviya.jpg/200px-Mahamana_Malaviya.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mahamana_Malaviya.jpg/300px-Mahamana_Malaviya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mahamana_Malaviya.jpg/400px-Mahamana_Malaviya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University">Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1919–1938</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/P._S._Sivaswami_Iyer" title="P. S. Sivaswami Iyer">P. S. Sivaswami Iyer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Indian National Congress">President of the Indian National Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1909–1910</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Ghosh" title="Rash Behari Ghosh">Rash Behari Ghosh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1918</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syed_Hasan_Imam" title="Syed Hasan Imam">Syed Hasan Imam</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1932–1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Sengupta" title="Nellie Sengupta">Nellie Sengupta</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1861-12-25</span>)</span>25 December 1861<br /><a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 November 1946<span style="display:none">(1946-11-12)</span> (aged 84)<br />Allahabad, <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_(1937-50)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Provinces (1937-50)">United Provinces</a>, British India (present-day Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congress_Nationalist_Party" title="Congress Nationalist Party">Congress Nationalist Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Hindu_Mahasabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha">Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (formerly)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Kumari Kundan Devi Malaviya</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6 (including <a href="/wiki/Govind_Malaviya" title="Govind Malaviya">Govind Malaviya</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Educationist">Educationist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">Politician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a> (2015) (posthumous)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madan_Mohan_Malviya_Sign.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya's signature"><img alt="Hindi & English signature of Mahamana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Madan_Mohan_Malviya_Sign.png/128px-Madan_Mohan_Malviya_Sign.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Madan_Mohan_Malviya_Sign.png/192px-Madan_Mohan_Malviya_Sign.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Madan_Mohan_Malviya_Sign.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Madan Mohan Malaviya</b> (25 December 1861 — 12 November 1946; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hindi pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[məd̪ən̪<span class="wrap"> </span>moːɦən̪<span class="wrap"> </span>maːlʋiːj(ə)]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d3\/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya.ogg\/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Madan Mohan Malaviya.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya.ogg/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Madan_Mohan_Malaviya.ogg" title="File:Madan Mohan Malaviya.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) was an Indian scholar, educational reformer and activist notable for his role in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>. He was president of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> three times and the founder of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha</a>. He was addressed as <i><a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">Pandit</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a title of respect. </p><p>Malaviya strove to promote modern education among Indians and co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a> (BHU) at <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> in 1916, which was created under the 1915 <a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Banaras Hindu University Act">BHU Act</a>. It is the largest residential university in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and one of the largest in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-BHU_set_to_realise_future_goals_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHU_set_to_realise_future_goals-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with over 40,000 students across arts, commerce, sciences, engineering, linguistic, ritual, medicine, agriculture, performing arts, law, management, and technology disciplines from all over the world. He was the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">vice chancellor</a> of the Banaras Hindu University from 1919 to 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-bc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaviya was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Scouts_and_Guides" title="Bharat Scouts and Guides">Bharat Scouts and Guides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He founded a highly influential English newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Leader_(Allahabad_newspaper)" title="The Leader (Allahabad newspaper)">The Leader</a>,</i> in 1919, published from <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Allahabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ch_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also the chairman of <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i> from 1924 to 1946. His efforts resulted in the launch of its <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> edition named <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_(newspaper)" title="Hindustan (newspaper)">Hindustan Dainik</a></i> in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaviya was posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a>, India's highest civilian distinction, on 24 December 2014, a day before what would have been his 153rd birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-pibnicin_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pibnicin-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madan_Mohan_Malaviya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malaviya was born in <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Allahabad</a>, India, on 25 December 1861,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a <a href="/wiki/Gaur_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaur Brahmin">Gaur Brahmin</a> family ,(sometime people says he belongs to <a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a> Family)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Brijnath Malaviya and Moona Devi.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was born in a locality known as Lal Diggi (now <a href="/wiki/Malviya_Nagar_(Jaipur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malviya Nagar (Jaipur)">Malviya Nagar</a>) in a small house of Sawal Das of Saryakund. His grandfather, Premdhar Prasad, was the son of Vishnu Prasad. Since they hailed from <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a> (Ujjain) in the present-day state of <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, they came to be known as 'Malaviya'. He married Kundan Devi from <a href="/wiki/Mirzapur" title="Mirzapur">Mirzapur</a> at sixteen. His ancestors were highly respected for their learning and knowledge of Hindu scriptures and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> scholarship. His father also learned in Sanskrit scriptures and used to recite the <i><a href="/wiki/Srimad_Bhagavatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Srimad Bhagavatam">Srimad Bhagavatam</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-gr_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaviya's education began at the age of five in Mahajani Pathsala. Later, he joined Hardeva's Dharma Gyanopadesh Pathshala, completed his primary education and joined a school run by Vidha Vardini Sabha. He then joined Allahabad Zila School (Allahabad District School), where he started writing poems under the pen name <i>Makarand</i> which were published in journals and magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaviya matriculated in 1879 from the <a href="/wiki/Muir_Central_College" title="Muir Central College">Muir Central College</a>, now known as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Allahabad" title="University of Allahabad">University of Allahabad</a>. Harrison College's principal provided a monthly scholarship to Malaviya, whose family had been facing financial hardships, and he was able to complete his B.A. at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaviya desired to pursue an M.A. in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. Still, family circumstances did not allow him to do so, and his father wanted him to pursue the family profession of Bhagavat recital instead. In July 1884, Madan Mohan Malaviya began his professional career as an assistant master at the Government High School in Allahabad.<sup id="cite_ref-India_post_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_post-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madan_Mohan_Malaviya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahatma_Gandhi_with_Madan_Mohan_Malaviya.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mahatma_Gandhi_with_Madan_Mohan_Malaviya.jpeg/220px-Mahatma_Gandhi_with_Madan_Mohan_Malaviya.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mahatma_Gandhi_with_Madan_Mohan_Malaviya.jpeg/330px-Mahatma_Gandhi_with_Madan_Mohan_Malaviya.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mahatma_Gandhi_with_Madan_Mohan_Malaviya.jpeg/440px-Mahatma_Gandhi_with_Madan_Mohan_Malaviya.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>Malaviya with Mahatma Gandhi.</figcaption></figure> <p>Malaviya started his political career in 1886 with an address to the Indian National Congress session in Calcutta. Malaviya would go on to become one of the most powerful political leaders of his time, being elected Congress president on four occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1886, Malaviya attended the second <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> session in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> under the chairmanship of <a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a>, where he spoke on the issue of representation in Councils. His address not only impressed Dadabhai but also Raja Rampal Singh, ruler of Kalakankar estate near <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Allahabad</a>, who had founded a Hindi weekly, <i>Hindustan,</i> but was still looking for a suitable editor to turn it into a daily. In July 1887, Malaviya resigned from the school and joined as editor of the nationalist weekly. He remained for two and a half years, and left for Allahabad to study for his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">L.L.B.</a>. In Allahabad, he was offered the co-editorship of <i>The Indian Opinion</i>, an English daily. After finishing his law degree, he started practicing law at Allahabad District Court in 1891, and moved to <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">Allahabad High Court</a> by December 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-ou_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ou-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaviya became the president of the Indian National Congress in 1909, a position he held also in 1918. He was a moderate leader and opposed separate electorates for Muslims under the <a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a> of 1916. The "Mahamana" title was conferred on him by <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaviya renounced his practice of law in 1911 to fulfil his resolve to serve the causes of education and social service. Despite this vow, on one occasion when 177 freedom fighters were convicted to be hanged in the <a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri-chaura case</a>, he appeared before the court and won the acquittal of 156 freedom fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-Vishwa_Samvada_Kendra_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vishwa_Samvada_Kendra-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He followed the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a> throughout his life, adhering to his avowed commitment to live on the support of society. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madan_Mohan_Malaviya_1961_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A commemorative postage stamp on  MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA (1861-1946) issued by Department of Posts, Government of India on 25 Dec 1961." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya_1961_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Madan_Mohan_Malaviya_1961_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya_1961_stamp_of_India.jpg/330px-Madan_Mohan_Malaviya_1961_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya_1961_stamp_of_India.jpg/440px-Madan_Mohan_Malaviya_1961_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption><b>A commemorative postage stamp on</b>  MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA (1861-1946) issued by Department of Posts, Government of India on 25 Dec 1961.</figcaption></figure> <p>He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Legislative_Council" title="Imperial Legislative Council">Imperial Legislative Council</a> from 1912 until 1919, when it was converted to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Legislative_Assembly" title="Central Legislative Assembly">Central Legislative Assembly</a>, of which he remained a member until 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-as_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malaviya was an important figure in the <a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)">Non-cooperation movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was opposed to the politics of appeasement and the participation of Congress in the <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat movement</a>. </p><p>In 1928, he joined <a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, and many others in protesting against the <a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">Simon Commission</a>, which had been set up by the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British</a> to consider India's future. Just as the "Buy British" campaign was sweeping England, he issued a <a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">manifesto</a> on 30 May 1932 urging concentration on the "Buy Indian" movement in India.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malaviya was a delegate at the <a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Second Round Table Conference</a> in 1931. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a>, he was arrested on 25 April 1932 along with 450 other Congress volunteers in Delhi, only a few days after he was appointed as the president of Congress following the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933, at Calcutta, Malaviya was again appointed as the president of the Congress. Before independence, Malaviya was the only leader of the Indian National Congress to be appointed as its president for four terms. </p><p>On 24 September 1932, an agreement known as <a href="/wiki/Poona_Pact" title="Poona Pact">Poona Pact</a> was signed between <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Dr. B R Ambedkar</a> (on behalf of the depressed classes among Hindus) and Mahatma Gandhi (on behalf of the other Hindus). The agreement guaranteed reserved seats for the depressed classes in the provisional legislatures within the general electorate, and not by creating a separate electorate. Because of the pact, the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature, instead of the 71 as allocated in the <a href="/wiki/Communal_Award" title="Communal Award">Communal Award</a> proposal of the British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a>. After the pact, the <a href="/wiki/Communal_Award" title="Communal Award">Communal Award</a> was modified to include the terms as per the pacts. The text uses the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under India Act 1935, and in the Indian Constitution of 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-sharma2007_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharma2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In protest against the <a href="/wiki/Communal_Award" title="Communal Award">Communal Award</a> to provide separate electorates for minorities, Malaviya and <a href="/wiki/Madhav_Shrihari_Aney" title="Madhav Shrihari Aney">Madhav Shrihari Aney</a> left the Congress and started the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Nationalist_Party" title="Congress Nationalist Party">Congress Nationalist Party</a>. The party contested the <a href="/wiki/1934_Indian_general_election" title="1934 Indian general election">1934 elections</a> to the central legislature and won 12 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journalistic_career">Journalistic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madan_Mohan_Malaviya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Journalistic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malaviya started his journalistic career as editor of the Hindi daily <i>Hindustan</i> in 1887. Raja Rampal Singh of Kalakankar (Pratapgadh District), impressed by the speech and personality of Malaviya during the second Congress Session in Calcutta held in 1886, requested him to assume this position.<sup id="cite_ref-maha_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maha-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madan_Mohan_Malaviya_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madan_Mohan_Malaviya-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1889, he became the editor of the "Indian Opinion". After the incorporation of "Indian Opinion" with the "Advocate" of Lucknow, Malaviya started his own Hindi weekly "Abhyudaya"(1907–1909 under his editorship).<sup id="cite_ref-India_post_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_post-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaviya's poems (<i>sawaiyas</i>) were published sometime in 1883–84 under the pseudonym of 'Makrand' in <i>Harischandra Chandrika</i> magazine (published by <a href="/wiki/Bharatendu_Harishchandra" title="Bharatendu Harishchandra">Bharatendu Harishchandra</a>). His articles on religious and contemporary subjects were published in 'Hindi Pradeepa'.<sup id="cite_ref-maha_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maha-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the British government promulgated The Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act in 1908<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Press_Act,_1910" title="Indian Press Act, 1910">Indian Press Act, 1910</a>, Malaviya started a campaign against them and called for an All India Conference in Allahabad. He then realized the need of an English newspaper to make the campaign effective throughout the country. As a result, with the help of <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a>, he started an English daily, the <i>Leader</i>, in 1909, where he was Editor (1909–1911) and President (1911–1919).<sup id="cite_ref-maha_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maha-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1910, Malaviya started the Hindi paper <i>Maryada</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-maha_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maha-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924, Malaviya along with the help of national leaders <a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._R._Jayakar" title="M. R. Jayakar">M. R. Jayakar</a> and industrialist <a href="/wiki/Ghanshyam_Das_Birla" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanshyam Das Birla">Ghanshyam Das Birla</a>, acquired <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindustan_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hindustan Times">The Hindustan Times</a></i> and saved it from an untimely demise.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malaviya raised Rs. 50,000 for the acquisition, with Birla paying most of it. Malaviya was the chairman of <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i> from 1924 to 1946. His efforts resulted in the launch of its Hindi edition 'Hindustan' in 1936. The paper is now owned by the <a href="/wiki/Birla_family" title="Birla family">Birla family</a>. </p><p>In 1933, Malaviya started <i>Sanatana Dharma</i> from BHU, a magazine dedicated to religious, dharmic interests.<sup id="cite_ref-maha_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maha-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_career">Legal career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madan_Mohan_Malaviya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legal career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1891, Malaviya completed his LL.B. from <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad University">Allahabad University</a> and started practice in Allahabad District Court. He practised at the High Court from 1893. He earned significant respect as one of the most brilliant lawyers of the Allahabad High Court. He gave up his legal practice when at his pinnacle in 1911 on his 50th birthday so that he could serve the nation thereafter. </p><p>About his legal career, Sir <a href="/wiki/Tej_Bahadur_Sapru" title="Tej Bahadur Sapru">Tej Bahadur Sapru</a> regarded him <i>...a brilliant Civil Lawyer</i> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ismail" title="Mirza Ismail">Mirza Ismail</a> said – <i>I have heard a great lawyer say that if Mr. Malaviya had so willed it, he would have been an ornament to the legal profession</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bhu_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhu-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaviya only donned his lawyer's robe once more, in 1924 following the <a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident</a> in which a police station was attacked and set on fire in February 1922, as a result of which Mahatma Gandhi called off the then launched <a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)">Non-cooperation movement</a>. The sessions court had sentenced 170 persons to the gallows for the attack. However, Malaviya defended them in the Allahabad High Court and was able to save 155 of them. The remaining 15 also were recommended for clemency by the High Court, whereafter their sentences were commuted from death to life imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Inconsistent with Chauri Chaura case as detailed in wikipedia itself (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Banaras_Hindu_University">Banaras Hindu University</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madan_Mohan_Malaviya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Banaras Hindu University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahamana_Malviya_ji_Inaugurate_Literacy_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mahamana_Malviya_ji_Inaugurate_Literacy_Day.jpg/220px-Mahamana_Malviya_ji_Inaugurate_Literacy_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mahamana_Malviya_ji_Inaugurate_Literacy_Day.jpg/330px-Mahamana_Malviya_ji_Inaugurate_Literacy_Day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mahamana_Malviya_ji_Inaugurate_Literacy_Day.jpg/440px-Mahamana_Malviya_ji_Inaugurate_Literacy_Day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Mahamana inaugurate literacy day at Banaras Hindu University</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1911, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> met Malaviya and they decided to work for a common Hindu University in <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>. Besant and fellow trustees of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Hindu_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Hindu College">Central Hindu College</a>, which she had founded in 1898, also agreed to the Government of India's precondition that the college become a part of the new university. Thus <a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a> (BHU) was established in 1916, through a parliamentary legislation, the '<a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Banaras Hindu University Act">Banaras Hindu University Act</a> of 1915', and today it remains a prominent institution of learning in India.<sup id="cite_ref-bc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, he left the vice-chancellorship of BHU and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/S._Radhakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Radhakrishnan">S. Radhakrishnan</a>, who later became the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spread over 16.5 km<sup>2</sup> (4,100 acres) with a student population of about 30,000, BHU is the largest residential university in Asia. </p><p>Malaviya' son Pandit Govind Malaviya served as the vice-chancellor of BHU from 1948 to 1951. His grandson Justice <a href="/wiki/Giridhar_Malaviya" title="Giridhar Malaviya">Giridhar Malaviya</a> was the chancellor of BHU from 2018 to 2024, till his demise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_service">Social service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madan_Mohan_Malaviya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malaviya founded <a href="/wiki/Ganga_Mahasabha" title="Ganga Mahasabha">Ganga Mahasabha</a> to oppose the damming of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a>. He compelled the British government to sign an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Ganga_Mahasabha" title="Ganga Mahasabha">Ganga Mahasabha</a> and other Hindu religious leaders on uninterrupted flow of the Ganga in <a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a> and protection from any future obstruction. This agreement is known as <b>Aviral Ganga Raksha Samjhuata 1916</b> or the Agreement of 1916. Malaviya played an important part in the removal of untouchability and in giving direction to the <a href="/wiki/Harijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Harijan">Harijan</a> movement. The <a href="/wiki/Harijan_Sevak_Sangh" title="Harijan Sevak Sangh">Harijan Sevak Sangh</a> was founded at a meeting in 1933 at which Pandit Malaviya presided.<sup id="cite_ref-India_post_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_post-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaviya asserted – <i>if you admit internal purity of human soul, you or your religion can never get impure or defiled in any way by touch or association with any man.</i><sup id="cite_ref-deo_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deo-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To solve the problem of untouchability, Malaviya followed a Hindu method, of giving <i>Mantradīkshā</i> to untouchables. He said, "Mantras would be a certain means of their upliftment socially, politically and spiritually."<sup id="cite_ref-deo_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deo-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked for the eradication of caste barriers in temples and other social barriers. Malaviya contributed significantly to ensuring the entry of the so-called untouchables into any Hindu temple. In March 1936, Hindu Dalit (Harijan) leader P. N. Rajbhoj along with a group of 200 Dalit people demanded entry at the <a href="/wiki/Kalaram_Temple" title="Kalaram Temple">Kalaram Temple</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Rath_Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rath Yatra">Rath Yatra</a> day.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malaviya in the presence of priests of Kalaram Temple, gave <a href="/wiki/Diksha" title="Diksha">diksha</a> to the assembled people and facilitated their entry into the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They then also participated in the Rath Yatra of Kalaram Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He established <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Bhavan_Library" title="Bharati Bhavan Library">Bharati Bhawan Library</a> on 15 December 1889 with his friend Lala Brajmohan Jee Bhalla in <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>. In 1901 Malaviya established a boys' hostel named Hindu Hostel (Hindu Boarding House) in <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bhu_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhu-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scouting">Scouting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madan_Mohan_Malaviya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scouting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Special:EditPage/Madan Mohan Malaviya">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Scouting in India was initially introduced by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baden_Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Baden Powell">Robert Baden Powell</a>, though only British, European and Anglo Indian students could join the organization known as <a href="/wiki/British_Boy_Scouts" class="mw-redirect" title="British Boy Scouts">British Boy Scouts</a>. Scouting for native Indians was started by Justice <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Bose" title="Vivian Bose">Vivian Bose</a>, after independence in 1947. Officials from Hindustan Scouts and Guides were hired by the Government of India when the country became independent to continue the functioning of British Boy Scouts, renamed as the <a href="/wiki/The_Bharat_Scouts_and_Guides" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bharat Scouts and Guides">Bharat Scouts and Guides</a>. </p><p>Newspaper reports of the resignation of Indian Railways officer Sri Ram Vajpei on grounds of racial discrimination despite being qualified in scouting with its highest degree LT, in England prompted the then president of Congress Malaviya to inform himself about the scouting movement. With the support of other members, <a href="/wiki/Hridayanath_Kunzru" class="mw-redirect" title="Hridayanath Kunzru">Hridayanath Kunzru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girija_Shankar_Bajpai" title="Girija Shankar Bajpai">Girija Shankar Bajpai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Arundale" title="George Arundale">George Arundale</a>, Malaviya started an organisation called the <i><b>All India Sewa Samiti</b></i> under Sewa Bharti unit to conduct scouting activities. While the British refused initially to recognize the scouting education imparted by the Samiti, Baden Powell himself advocated the recognition of Indian Scouting as co-curricular education in school, after a visit to India afforded him the opportunity to learn of the association's activities. </p><p>Thanks to Malaviya's efforts, scouting units from across the sub-continent came together to create the Hindustan Scouts Association. Later, the Guides association in India managed by Dr Besant also joined to form the Hindustan Scouts and Guides Association. </p><p>Malaviya also notably contributed the MAMOMA short code secret language in scouting, now widely used across the world. The name "MAMOMA" is derived from the initials of his name.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madan_Mohan_Malaviya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madan_Mohan_Malaviya_2011_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya_2011_stamp_of_India.jpg/150px-Madan_Mohan_Malaviya_2011_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya_2011_stamp_of_India.jpg/225px-Madan_Mohan_Malaviya_2011_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya_2011_stamp_of_India.jpg/300px-Madan_Mohan_Malaviya_2011_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption>Malaviya on a 2011 stamp of India</figcaption></figure> <p>The slogan "<a href="/wiki/Satyameva_Jayate" title="Satyameva Jayate">Satyameva Jayate</a>" (Truth alone triumphs) is also a legacy of Malaviya. Presiding over the Indian National Congress session of 1918 at Delhi, he declared that this phrase from the <a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka Upanishad</a> should be the slogan for the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaviya started the tradition of <i><a href="/wiki/Aarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">Aarti</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Har_ki_Pauri" class="mw-redirect" title="Har ki Pauri">Har ki Pauri</a> <a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a> to the sacred <a href="/wiki/Ganga_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga river">Ganga river</a> which is performed even today. The <i><b>Malaviya Dwipa</b></i>, a small island across the ghat, is named after him and a bust of his was erected on it. The Indian Post issued stamps in his honour in 1961 and 2011 to celebrate his 100th and 150th birth anniversaries, respectively. </p><p>The Malaviya Nagar neighbourhoods in <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durg" title="Durg">Durg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a> are named after him, as is a square in <a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a> city, Malaviya Chowk. <a href="/wiki/Malaviya_National_Institute_of_Technology,_Jaipur" title="Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur">Malaviya National Institute of Technology</a> (MNIT) at <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a> is named after him, as is <a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya_University_of_Technology" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology">Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur" title="Gorakhpur">Gorakhpur</a>, UP. The Hostels of <a href="/wiki/IIT_Kharagpur" title="IIT Kharagpur">IIT Kharagpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/IIT_Roorkee" title="IIT Roorkee">IIT Roorkee</a> Saharanpur Campus and <a href="/wiki/BITS_Pilani" title="BITS Pilani">BITS Pilani</a>, Pilani and Hyderabad campuses are also named Malaviya Bhawan after him. In memory of him, Shrigoud Vidya Mandir, Indore celebrates his birth anniversary as Mahamana Divas on every 25 December. They have also declared a fellowship programme for poor Sanatan Vipra boys on this day. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PM_Modi_pays_tribute_to_Madan_Mohan_Malaviya,_on_his_birth_anniversary_in_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/PM_Modi_pays_tribute_to_Madan_Mohan_Malaviya%2C_on_his_birth_anniversary_in_2014.jpg/220px-PM_Modi_pays_tribute_to_Madan_Mohan_Malaviya%2C_on_his_birth_anniversary_in_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/PM_Modi_pays_tribute_to_Madan_Mohan_Malaviya%2C_on_his_birth_anniversary_in_2014.jpg/330px-PM_Modi_pays_tribute_to_Madan_Mohan_Malaviya%2C_on_his_birth_anniversary_in_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/PM_Modi_pays_tribute_to_Madan_Mohan_Malaviya%2C_on_his_birth_anniversary_in_2014.jpg/440px-PM_Modi_pays_tribute_to_Madan_Mohan_Malaviya%2C_on_his_birth_anniversary_in_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2238" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> pays tribute to Madan Mohan Malaviya, on his birth anniversary in 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>Malaviya's life size portrait was unveiled in the Central Hall of India's Parliament by the then president of India <a href="/wiki/Dr._Rajendra_Prasad" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Rajendra Prasad">Dr. Rajendra Prasad</a>, and a life-size statue was unveiled in 1961 by the then president of India <a href="/wiki/Dr._S._Radhakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. S. Radhakrishnan">Dr. S. Radhakrishnan</a> in front of the BHU main gate on the occasion of his birth centenary. A bust of Malaviya was inaugurated in front of the main gate leading to the Assembly Hall and outside the porch, by the former <a href="/wiki/Lt._Governor_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. Governor of Delhi">Lt. governor of Delhi</a>, Dr. A.N. Jha, on 25 December 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-as_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is also remembered for his role in ending the <a href="/wiki/Indian_indenture_system" title="Indian indenture system">Indian indenture system</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. His efforts in helping the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Caribbeans">Indo-Caribbeans</a> is compared to <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>'s efforts of helping <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indian South Africans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 December 2008, on his birth anniversary, the national memorial of Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya, "Malaviya Smriti Bhawan" was inaugurated by the then president of India <a href="/wiki/A_P_J_Abdul_Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="A P J Abdul Kalam">A P J Abdul Kalam</a> at 53, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg, in Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2011 was celebrated as his 150th birth centenary by the Government of India under the Chairmanship of India's prime minister <a href="/wiki/Dr_Manmohan_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr Manmohan Singh">Dr Manmohan Singh</a>, who announced the establishment of a Centre for Malaviya Studies at the Banaras Hindu University in addition to scholarships and education related awards in his memory, and UPA chairperson <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a> released a biography of Madan Mohan Malaviya. </p><p>On 24 December 2014, Madan Mohan Malaviya was honored with <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a>, India's highest civilian honour.<sup id="cite_ref-pibnicin_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pibnicin-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mahamana_Express" title="Mahamana Express">Mahamana Express</a> train (plying between New Delhi and Varanasi) was flagged off by Prime Minister of India <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> on 22 January 2016. The train is named after Malaviya and is equipped with modern facilities such as bio-toilets in every coach and air-conditioned compartments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madan_Mohan_Malaviya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>He created a non-governmental organization named <i>Shri Mathura Vrindavan Hasanand Gochar Bhoomi in Vrindavan for Welfare of Cows</i>.</li> <li><i>A criticism of Montagu-Chelmsford proposals of Indian constitutional reform</i>. Printed by C. Y. Chintamani, 1918.</li> <li><i>Speeches and writings of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya</i>. Publisher G.A. Natesan, 1919.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madan_Mohan_Malaviya&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSharma,_UrmilaSharma,_S.K.2001" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Urmila; Sharma, S.K. 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Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-203-3246-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-203-3246-1"><bdi>978-81-203-3246-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Constitution+of+India&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall+of+India+Pvt.+Limited&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-203-3246-1&rft.au=Sharma%2C+B.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsrDytmFE3KMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadan+Mohan+Malaviya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/fullscreen.html?object=110">"-- Schwartzberg Atlas – Digital South Asia Library"</a>. <i>dsal.uchicago.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dsal.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=--+Schwartzberg+Atlas+%E2%80%93+Digital+South+Asia+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Ffullscreen.html%3Fobject%3D110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadan+Mohan+Malaviya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maha-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maha_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maha_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maha_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maha_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maha_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141227190207/http://www.mahamana.org/biography-.html">"Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya – Biography"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pandit+Madan+Mohan+Malaviya+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mahamana.org%2Fbiography-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadan+Mohan+Malaviya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madan_Mohan_Malaviya-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Madan_Mohan_Malaviya_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103133249/http://topyaps.com/madan-mohan-malaviya">"20 Things We Must Know About Madan Mohan Malaviya"</a>. <i>TopYaps</i>. 2 January 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topyaps.com/madan-mohan-malaviya">the original</a> on 3 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TopYaps&rft.atitle=20+Things+We+Must+Know+About+Madan+Mohan+Malaviya&rft.date=2015-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopyaps.com%2Fmadan-mohan-malaviya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadan+Mohan+Malaviya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/development-of-indian-press-during-british-rule-in-india-1445315232-1">"Development of Indian Press during British Rule in India"</a>. <i>jagranjosh.com</i>. 16 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jagranjosh.com&rft.atitle=Development+of+Indian+Press+during+British+Rule+in+India&rft.date=2018-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagranjosh.com%2Fgeneral-knowledge%2Fdevelopment-of-indian-press-during-british-rule-in-india-1445315232-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadan+Mohan+Malaviya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TJS George, Lessons in Journalism, 2007, Viva Books, New Delhi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhu-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bhu_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhu_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011006165328/http://www.bhu.ac.in/mahamana.htm">"PANDIT MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA. The Man, The Spirit, The Vision"</a>. Banaras Hindu University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhu.ac.in/mahamana.htm">the original</a> on 6 October 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PANDIT+MADAN+MOHAN+MALAVIYA.+The+Man%2C+The+Spirit%2C+The+Vision&rft.pub=Banaras+Hindu+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhu.ac.in%2Fmahamana.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadan+Mohan+Malaviya" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130803042531/http://www.bhu.ac.in/mahamana.php">Copy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">No authentic source found</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102005/899.pdf">"Banaras hindu university"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Indian Academy of Sciences">Indian Academy of Sciences</a>. 26 July 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Banaras+hindu+university&rft.pub=Indian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2005-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.ac.in%2Fcurrsci%2Fsep102005%2F899.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadan+Mohan+Malaviya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurtyAshok_Vohra1990" class="citation book cs1">Murty, K. Satchidananda; Ashok Vohra (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x6FsaptULgAC&pg=PA90"><i>Radhakrishnan: his life and ideas</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0343-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0343-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-0343-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radhakrishnan%3A+his+life+and+ideas&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0343-3&rft.aulast=Murty&rft.aufirst=K.+Satchidananda&rft.au=Ashok+Vohra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx6FsaptULgAC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadan+Mohan+Malaviya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deo-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deo_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deo_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaube,_Deo_Brat" class="citation web cs1">Chaube, Deo Brat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224173340/http://www.elinepa.org/index.php/el/meli/23-meletes/194-contributions-of-mahamana-pt-madan-mohan-malaviya-to-indian-religion-and-society.html">"Contributions of Mahamana Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya to Indian Religion and Society"</a>. Indo-Hellenic Society for Culture and Development. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elinepa.org/index.php/el/meli/23-meletes/194-contributions-of-mahamana-pt-madan-mohan-malaviya-to-indian-religion-and-society.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contributions+of+Mahamana+Pt.+Madan+Mohan+Malaviya+to+Indian+Religion+and+Society&rft.pub=Indo-Hellenic+Society+for+Culture+and+Development&rft.au=Chaube%2C+Deo+Brat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elinepa.org%2Findex.php%2Fel%2Fmeli%2F23-meletes%2F194-contributions-of-mahamana-pt-madan-mohan-malaviya-to-indian-religion-and-society.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadan+Mohan+Malaviya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishan,_Shri2005" class="citation book cs1">Krishan, Shri (1 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LeLxV4W-CJcC"><i>Political Mobilization and Identity in Western India, 1934–47</i></a>. SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3342-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3342-7"><bdi>978-0-7619-3342-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Mobilization+and+Identity+in+Western+India%2C+1934%E2%80%9347&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2005-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3342-7&rft.au=Krishan%2C+Shri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLeLxV4W-CJcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadan+Mohan+Malaviya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819071116/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2007/08/17/stories/2007081750750800.htm">"Honouring the oath: The beginning"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 17 August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/yw/2007/08/17/stories/2007081750750800.htm">the original</a> on 19 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Honouring+the+oath%3A+The+beginning&rft.date=2007-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fyw%2F2007%2F08%2F17%2Fstories%2F2007081750750800.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadan+Mohan+Malaviya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/freedom/malaviya.htm">"India's Freedom Struggle: Madan Mohan Malaviya"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kamat's Potpourri. 22 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India%27s+Freedom+Struggle%3A+Madan+Mohan+Malaviya&rft.pub=Kamat%27s+Potpourri&rft.date=2007-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kamat.com%2Fkalranga%2Ffreedom%2Fmalaviya.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadan+Mohan+Malaviya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oxFrQd6lVzA">The Caribbean East Indians, Part 1 of 2</a>. YouTube (29 April 2015). Retrieved on 20 December 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lms.chanakyamandal.org/current-event/madan-mohan-malaviya/">"Madan Mohan Malaviya"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madan+Mohan+Malaviya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flms.chanakyamandal.org%2Fcurrent-event%2Fmadan-mohan-malaviya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadan+Mohan+Malaviya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/former-president-kalam-inaugurates-bhu-found/403094/">"Former President Kalam inaugurates BHU founder's memorial"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. 26 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Former+President+Kalam+inaugurates+BHU+founder%27s+memorial&rft.date=2008-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fformer-president-kalam-inaugurates-bhu-found%2F403094%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadan+Mohan+Malaviya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biographies">Biographies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madan_Mohan_Malaviya&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Biographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><i>Malaviyaji, a brief life sketch of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya</i>, by B. J. Akkad. Pub. Vora, 1948.</li> <li><i>Malaviyana: a bibliography of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya</i> by Sayaji Rao Gaekwad Library. Ed. Prithvi Nath Kaula. 1962.</li> <li><i>Role of Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya in our national life</i>, by Chandra Prakash Jha. Modern Publications, 1977.</li> <li><i>Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya: a socio-political study</i>, by Sundar Lal Gupta. Pub. Chugh Publications, 1978.</li> <li><i>Mahāmanā Madan Mohan Malaviya: An Historical Biography</i>, by Parmanand. Malaviya Adhyayan Sansthan, <a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a>, 1985.</li> <li><i>Struggle for Independence: Madan Mohan Malaviya</i> by Shri Ram Bakshi. Anmol Publications, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7041-142-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-7041-142-4">81-7041-142-4</a>.</li> <li><i>Madan Mohan Malaviya: the man and his ideology</i>, by S. R. Bakshi. Anmol Publications, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7041-429-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-7041-429-6">81-7041-429-6</a>.</li> <li><i>Madan Mohan Malaviya</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Chaturvedi" title="Sitaram Chaturvedi">Sitaram Chaturvedi</a>. Publ. Division, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(India)" title="Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)">Ministry of I & B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Govt._of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Govt. of India">Govt. of India</a>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-230-0486-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-230-0486-9">81-230-0486-9</a>.</li> <li><i>Visionary of Modern India- Madan Mohan Malaviya</i>, by S K Maini, K Chandramouli and Vishwanath Pandey. Mahamana MalaviyaJi Trust. 2009.</li> <li>"The Making of Malaviya " by Prof Rakesh Pandey, 2010, Kishore Vidya Niketan,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-86101-61-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-86101-61-6">81-86101-61-6</a></li> <li>"Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya" Commemorative Volume (Celebrating 150th Birth Anniversary), Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India, Editor- Dr. Vishwanath Pandey (BHU), 2012, available from the Publication Cell, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India.</li> <li>"Vyaktitva, Krititwa Evam Vichar-Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya", Editor- Dr. Vishwanath Pandey (BHU), 2011, available from the Publication Cell, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India.</li> <li>"Mahamana Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya" The Noble Edifice of Indian Freedom, Editor-Dr. Vishwanath Pandey (BHU) 2013, available from the Publication Cell, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India.</li> <li>"Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya" and the Formative Years of Indian Nationalism by Dr. Vishwanath Pandey foreword by Prof. Mushirul Hasan, 2015, published by LG Publishers Distributors, Delhi-110091.</li> <li>" Madan Mohan Malaviya and the Indian Freedom Movement" by Prof. Jagannath Prasad Misra, 2016, Oxford University Press, India.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madan_Mohan_Malaviya&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">C. V. Raman</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Das" title="Bhagwan Das">Bhagwan Das</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._Visvesvaraya" title="M. Visvesvaraya">M. Visvesvaraya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakir Husain (politician)">Zakir Husain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Vaman_Kane" title="Pandurang Vaman Kane">Pandurang Vaman Kane</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varahagiri_Venkata_Giri" class="mw-redirect" title="Varahagiri Venkata Giri">Varahagiri Venkata Giri</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._R._D._Tata" title="J. R. D. Tata">J. R. D. Tata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aruna_Asaf_Ali" title="Aruna Asaf Ali">Aruna Asaf Ali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Subbulakshmi" title="M. S. Subbulakshmi">M. S. Subbulakshmi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C._Subramaniam" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Subramaniam">C. Subramaniam</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Bordoloi" title="Gopinath Bordoloi">Gopinath Bordoloi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bismillah_Khan" title="Bismillah Khan">Bismillah Khan</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Joshi" title="Bhimsen Joshi">Bhimsen Joshi</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._R._Rao" title="C. N. R. Rao">C. N. R. Rao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar" title="Sachin Tendulkar">Sachin Tendulkar</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a>, and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaji_Deshmukh" title="Nanaji Deshmukh">Nanaji Deshmukh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhupen_Hazarika" title="Bhupen Hazarika">Bhupen Hazarika</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–2040</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karpoori_Thakur" title="Karpoori Thakur">Karpoori Thakur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lal_Krishna_Advani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Krishna Advani">Lal Krishna Advani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">M. S. Swaminathan</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_National_Congress_25px553" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_National_Congress" title="Template:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/50px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="562" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">History of the Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="Electoral history of the Indian National Congress">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sessions_of_the_All_India_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sessions of the All India Congress Committee">AICC Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family" title="Nehru–Gandhi family">Nehru–Gandhi family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">Indian National Congress (Organisation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)" title="Indian National Congress (R)">Indian National Congress (R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian National Congress (I)">Indian National Congress (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_National_Congress_breakaway_parties" title="List of Indian National Congress breakaway parties">Breakaway parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Pradesh Congress Committee">Regional <br />Congress <br /> Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pradesh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Arunachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Assam Pradesh Congress Committee">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Goa Pradesh Congress Committee">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jharkhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee"> Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Meghalaya Pradesh Congress Committee">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Nagaland Pradesh Congress Committee">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Puducherry Pradesh Congress Committee">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Sikkim Pradesh Congress Committee">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Congress_Committee" title="Tamil Nadu Congress Committee">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Andaman and Nicobar Territorial Congress Committee">Andaman and Nicobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Chandigarh Territorial Congress Committee">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Territorial Congress Committee">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli Territorial Congress Committee">Dadra and Nagar Haveli Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Daman and Diu Territorial Congress Committee">Daman and Diu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Ladakh Territorial Congress Committee">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Lakshadweep Territorial Congress Committee">Lakshadweep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Regional_Congress_Committee" title="Mumbai Regional Congress Committee">Mumbai RCC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badruddin_Tyabji" title="Badruddin Tyabji">Badruddin Tyabji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Yule_(businessman)" title="George Yule (businessman)">George Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherozeshah_Mehta" title="Pherozeshah Mehta">Pherozeshah Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandacharlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandacharlu">Anandacharlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Webb" title="Alfred Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahimtulla_M._Sayani" title="Rahimtulla M. Sayani">Rahimtulla M. Sayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Sankaran_Nair" title="C. Sankaran Nair">C. Sankaran Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamohan_Bose" title="Anandamohan Bose">Anandamohan Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Dutt" title="Romesh Chunder Dutt">Romesh Chunder Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Chandavarkar" title="N. G. Chandavarkar">N. G. Chandavarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinshaw_Edulji_Wacha" title="Dinshaw Edulji Wacha">Dinshaw Edulji Wacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ghosh" title="Lalmohan Ghosh">Lalmohan Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cotton_(civil_servant)" title="Henry Cotton (civil servant)">Henry Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Ghosh" title="Rash Behari Ghosh">Rash Behari Ghosh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishan_Narayan_Dar" title="Bishan Narayan Dar">Bishan Narayan Dar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Narasinha_Mudholkar" title="Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar">Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Syed_Muhammad_Bahadur" title="Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur">Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Nath_Bose" title="Bhupendra Nath Bose">Bhupendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Prasanna_Sinha,_1st_Baron_Sinha" title="Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha">Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambica_Charan_Mazumdar" title="Ambica Charan Mazumdar">Ambica Charan Mazumdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Hasan_Imam" title="Syed Hasan Imam">Syed Hasan Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vijayaraghavachariar" title="C. Vijayaraghavachariar">C. Vijayaraghavachariar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Ajmal_Khan" title="Hakim Ajmal Khan">Hakim Ajmal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Srinivasa_Iyengar" title="S. Srinivasa Iyengar">S. Srinivasa Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Ahmed_Ansari" title="Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari">Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Sengupta" title="Nellie Sengupta">Nellie Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhogaraju_Pattabhi_Sitaramayya" title="Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya">Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._N._Dhebar" title="U. N. Dhebar">U. N. Dhebar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Nijalingappa" title="S. Nijalingappa">S. Nijalingappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma">Shankar Dayal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._K._Barooah" title="D. K. Barooah">D. K. Barooah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Kesri" title="Sitaram Kesri">Sitaram Kesri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of prime ministers of India">Prime ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lok Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satya Narayan Sinha">Satya Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._M._Stephen" title="C. M. Stephen">Chembakassery Mathai Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Singh_(Madhya_Pradesh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)">Arjun Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushilkumar_Shinde" title="Sushilkumar Shinde">Sushilkumar Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhir_Ranjan_Chowdhury" title="Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury">Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravneet_Singh_Bittu" title="Ravneet Singh Bittu">Ravneet Singh Bittu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rajya Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N._Gopalaswamy_Ayyangar" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar">N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu_Chandra_Biswas" title="Charu Chandra Biswas">Charu Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Mohamad_Ibrahim" title="Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim">Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Chagla" title="M. C. Chagla">M. C. Chagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodardas_Kalidas_Shah" title="Kodardas Kalidas Shah">Kodardas Kalidas Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalapati_Tripathi" title="Kamalapati Tripathi">Kamalapati Tripathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwanath Pratap Singh">V.P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Dutt_Tiwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayan Dutt Tiwari">Narayan Dutt Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Shiv_Shankar" title="P. Shiv Shankar">P. Shiv Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Vora" title="Motilal Vora">Motilal Vora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Patel" title="Ahmed Patel">Ahmed Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Sharma" title="Anand Sharma">Anand Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jairam_Ramesh" title="Jairam Ramesh">Jairam Ramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digvijaya_Singh" title="Digvijaya Singh">Digvijaya Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Chidambaram" title="P. Chidambaram">P. Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhishek_Singhvi" title="Abhishek Singhvi">Abhishek Singhvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeev_Shukla" title="Rajeev Shukla">Rajeev Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Nabi_Azad" title="Ghulam Nabi Azad">Ghulam Nabi Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Dal" title="Seva Dal">Seva Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Mahila_Congress" title="All India Mahila Congress">All India Mahila Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Youth_Congress" title="Indian Youth Congress">Indian Youth Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Students%27_Union_of_India" title="National Students' Union of India">National Students' Union of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Trade_Union_Congress" title="Indian National Trade Union Congress">Indian National Trade Union Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Professionals_Congress" title="All India Professionals Congress">All India Professionals Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_from_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress">Chief ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu" title="Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu">Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddaramaiah" title="Siddaramaiah">Siddaramaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanth_Reddy" title="Revanth Reddy">Anumula Revanth Reddy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/130563994">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83060468">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124114689">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124114689">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06872084X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007365834905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12930327?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/070996903">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6f295hr">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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