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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutritional_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutritional_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nutritional content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutritional_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Health research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erucic_acid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erucic_acid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Erucic acid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erucic_acid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glucosinolates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glucosinolates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Glucosinolates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glucosinolates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_other_vegetable_oils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_other_vegetable_oils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Comparison to other vegetable oils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_other_vegetable_oils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biodiesel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiesel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Biodiesel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiesel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_edible_rapeseed_oils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_edible_rapeseed_oils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other edible rapeseed oils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_edible_rapeseed_oils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_rapeseed_poisoning_outbreak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_rapeseed_poisoning_outbreak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Spanish rapeseed poisoning outbreak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_rapeseed_poisoning_outbreak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85" title="زيت السلجم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زيت السلجم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Рапсавы алей – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рапсавы алей" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Рапсавы алей – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рапсавы алей" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Рапично олио – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рапично олио" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oli_de_colza" title="Oli de colza – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oli de colza" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98epkov%C3%BD_olej" title="Řepkový olej – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řepkový olej" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapsolie" title="Rapsolie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rapsolie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raps%C3%B6l" title="Rapsöl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rapsöl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapsi%C3%B5li" title="Rapsiõli – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rapsiõli" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceite_de_colza" title="Aceite de colza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aceite de colza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleo_de_kolzo" title="Oleo de kolzo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oleo de kolzo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koltza_olio" title="Koltza olio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Koltza olio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="روغن کلزا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روغن کلزا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huile_de_colza" title="Huile de colza – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Huile de colza" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceite_de_colza" title="Aceite de colza – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aceite de colza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%86%80%EB%9D%BC%EC%9C%A0" title="카놀라유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카놀라유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2" title="Սևուկի յուղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սևուկի յուղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olio_di_colza" title="Olio di colza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Olio di colza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%94" title="שמן קולזה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שמן קולזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raps%C5%B3_aliejus" title="Rapsų aliejus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rapsų aliejus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repceolaj" title="Repceolaj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Repceolaj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolzaadolie" title="Koolzaadolie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koolzaadolie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%9C%E7%A8%AE%E6%B2%B9" title="菜種油 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="菜種油" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapsolje" title="Rapsolje – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rapsolje" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapsolje" title="Rapsolje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rapsolje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olej_rzepakowy" title="Olej rzepakowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Olej rzepakowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93leo_de_colza" title="Óleo de colza – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Óleo de colza" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Рапсовое масло – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рапсовое масло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapsi%C3%B6ljy" title="Rapsiöljy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rapsiöljy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapsolja" title="Rapsolja – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rapsolja" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Canola" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Canola_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Canola (disambiguation)">Canola (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" title="Grape seed oil">grape seed oil</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CanolaBlooms.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/CanolaBlooms.JPG/220px-CanolaBlooms.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/CanolaBlooms.JPG/330px-CanolaBlooms.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/CanolaBlooms.JPG/440px-CanolaBlooms.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="2585" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of canola blooms</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canola_Flower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Canola_Flower.jpg/220px-Canola_Flower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Canola_Flower.jpg/330px-Canola_Flower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Canola_Flower.jpg/440px-Canola_Flower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Canola flower</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rapeseed_oil_obtained_as_an_experiment._Buryatia,_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Rapeseed_oil_obtained_as_an_experiment._Buryatia%2C_Russia.jpg/220px-Rapeseed_oil_obtained_as_an_experiment._Buryatia%2C_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Rapeseed_oil_obtained_as_an_experiment._Buryatia%2C_Russia.jpg/330px-Rapeseed_oil_obtained_as_an_experiment._Buryatia%2C_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Rapeseed_oil_obtained_as_an_experiment._Buryatia%2C_Russia.jpg/440px-Rapeseed_oil_obtained_as_an_experiment._Buryatia%2C_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Rapeseed oil</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waldo_Hills_Drive_-_DPLA_-_65febc8b1ee46c1437870b42a0eb9606.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Waldo_Hills_Drive_-_DPLA_-_65febc8b1ee46c1437870b42a0eb9606.jpg/250px-Waldo_Hills_Drive_-_DPLA_-_65febc8b1ee46c1437870b42a0eb9606.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Waldo_Hills_Drive_-_DPLA_-_65febc8b1ee46c1437870b42a0eb9606.jpg/330px-Waldo_Hills_Drive_-_DPLA_-_65febc8b1ee46c1437870b42a0eb9606.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Waldo_Hills_Drive_-_DPLA_-_65febc8b1ee46c1437870b42a0eb9606.jpg/500px-Waldo_Hills_Drive_-_DPLA_-_65febc8b1ee46c1437870b42a0eb9606.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1335" /></a><figcaption>Canola field, <a href="/wiki/Willamette_Valley" title="Willamette Valley">Willamette Valley</a>, Oregon, May 2017</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rapeseed oil</b> is one of the oldest known <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oils</a>. There are both <a href="/wiki/Edible_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible oil">edible</a> and industrial forms produced from <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a>, the seed of several <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> of the plant family <a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a>. Historically, it was restricted as a food oil due to its content of <a href="/wiki/Erucic_acid" title="Erucic acid">erucic acid</a>. Laboratory studies about this acid have shown damage to the <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">cardiac muscle</a> of laboratory animals in high quantities. It also imparts a bitter taste, and <a href="/wiki/Glucosinolate" title="Glucosinolate">glucosinolates</a>, which made many parts of the plant less nutritious in animal feed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien200837_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien200837-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapeseed oil from standard cultivars can contain up to 54% erucic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESahasrabudhe1977323_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESahasrabudhe1977323-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Canola oil</b> is a food-grade version derived from rapeseed cultivars specifically bred for low acid content. It is also known as low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil and is <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe" title="Generally recognized as safe">generally recognized as safe</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CFR21_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR21-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canola oil is limited by government regulation to a maximum of 2% erucic acid by weight in the US<sup id="cite_ref-CFR21_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR21-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the EU,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with special regulations for infant food. These low levels of erucic acid do not cause harm in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-CFR21_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR21-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In commerce, non-food varieties are typically called <b>colza oil</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rapeseed is extensively cultivated in Canada, India, France, Belgium, Ireland, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Poland, Japan and Slovenia. In France and Denmark especially, the extraction of the oil is an important industry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name for rapeseed comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">rapum</i></span> meaning turnip. <a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">Turnip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutabaga" title="Rutabaga">rutabaga</a> (swede), <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels_sprouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels sprouts">Brussels sprouts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">mustard</a> are related to rapeseed. Rapeseed belongs to the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Brassica" title="Brassica">Brassica</a></i>. <i>Brassica</i> oilseed varieties are some of the oldest plants cultivated, with documentation of its use tracing back to India from 4,000 years ago, and use in China and Japan 2,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Snowdon_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snowdon-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> Its use in Northern Europe for <a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">oil lamps</a> is documented to have started in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Snowdon_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snowdon-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapeseed oil extracts were first put on the market in 1956–1957 as food products, but these suffered from several unacceptable characteristics. That form of rapeseed oil had a distinctive taste and a greenish colour due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> and still contained a higher concentration of erucic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canola was bred from rapeseed cultivars of <i>B. napus</i> and <i>B. rapa</i> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a> by <a href="/wiki/Keith_Downey_(agricultural_scientist)" title="Keith Downey (agricultural scientist)">Keith Downey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baldur_R._Stefansson" title="Baldur R. Stefansson">Baldur R. Stefansson</a> in the early 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having then a different nutritional profile than present-day oil in addition to much less <a href="/wiki/Erucic_acid" title="Erucic acid">erucic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canola was originally a trademark name of the Rapeseed Association of Canada; the name is a portmanteau of "can" from Canada and "ola" from "oil".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canola is now a generic term for edible varieties of rapeseed oil in North America and Australasia;<sup id="cite_ref-gc_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gc-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the change in name also serves to distinguish it from natural rapeseed oil, which has much higher erucic acid content.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetically engineered</a> rapeseed that is tolerant to the <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicide</a> <a href="/wiki/Roundup_(herbicide)" title="Roundup (herbicide)">Roundup</a> (glyphosate) was first introduced to Canada in 1995 (<a href="/wiki/Roundup_Ready_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundup Ready crops">Roundup Ready</a>). A genetically modified variety developed in 1998 is considered to be the most disease- and drought-resistant canola variety to date. In 2009, 90% of the Canadian crop was herbicide-tolerant.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckie_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckie-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, 87% of the canola grown in the US was genetically modified.<sup id="cite_ref-NCFAP2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCFAP2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, out of the 31 million hectares of canola grown worldwide, 8.2 million (26%) were genetically modified.<sup id="cite_ref-ISAAA_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISAAA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2010 study conducted in North Dakota found glyphosate- or <a href="/wiki/Glufosinate" title="Glufosinate">glufosinate</a>-resistance <a href="/wiki/Transgene" title="Transgene">transgenes</a> in 80% of wild natural rapeseed plants, and a few plants that were resistant to both herbicides. This may reduce the effectiveness of the herbicide tolerance trait for weed control over time, as the weed species could also become tolerant to the herbicide. However, one of the researchers agrees that "feral populations could have become established after trucks carrying cultivated GM seeds spilled some of their load during transportation". She also notes that the GM canola results they found may have been biased as they only sampled along roadsides.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genetically modified canola attracts a price penalty compared to non-GM canola; in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, it is estimated to be 7.2% on average.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_and_trade">Production and trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production and trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="width:18em; text-align:right;"> <caption>Rapeseed oil production – 2021<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:50%;">Country </th> <th style="width:50%;">millions of <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>4.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>3.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>World total </td> <td>26.6 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canola_field_in_Manitoba,_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Canola_field_in_Manitoba%2C_Canada.jpg/220px-Canola_field_in_Manitoba%2C_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Canola_field_in_Manitoba%2C_Canada.jpg/330px-Canola_field_in_Manitoba%2C_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Canola_field_in_Manitoba%2C_Canada.jpg/440px-Canola_field_in_Manitoba%2C_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Canola field in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Production_Of_Main_Vegetable_Oils_By_Main_Producers_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/World_Production_Of_Main_Vegetable_Oils_By_Main_Producers_%282020%29.svg/220px-World_Production_Of_Main_Vegetable_Oils_By_Main_Producers_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/World_Production_Of_Main_Vegetable_Oils_By_Main_Producers_%282020%29.svg/330px-World_Production_Of_Main_Vegetable_Oils_By_Main_Producers_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/World_Production_Of_Main_Vegetable_Oils_By_Main_Producers_%282020%29.svg/440px-World_Production_Of_Main_Vegetable_Oils_By_Main_Producers_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Rapeseed oil is one of the most commonly produced vegetable oils globally.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2021, world production of rapeseed oil was 26 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by Canada, Germany and China as the largest producers, accounting together for 43% of the world total.<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada was the world's largest exporter of rapeseed oil in 2021, shipping 3.1 million tonnes or approximately 74% of its total production.<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_price" title="Benchmark price">benchmark price</a> for worldwide canola trade is the ICE Futures Canada (formerly <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Commodity_Exchange" title="Winnipeg Commodity Exchange">Winnipeg Commodity Exchange</a>) canola <a href="/wiki/Futures_contract" title="Futures contract">futures contract</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In China, <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a> meal is mostly used as a soil fertilizer rather than for animal feed,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while canola is used mainly for frying food. In the words of one observer, "China has a vegetable oil supply shortage of 20 million tonnes per year. It covers a large percentage of that shortage with soybean imports from Brazil, the U.S. and Argentina."<sup id="cite_ref-cggfm_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cggfm-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GMO_regulation">GMO regulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: GMO regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_the_release_of_genetically_modified_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulation of the release of genetically modified organisms">Regulation of the release of genetically modified organisms</a></div> <p>There are several forms of genetic modification, such as herbicide (<a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glufosinate" title="Glufosinate">glufosinate</a>, for example) tolerance and different qualities in canola oil. Regulation varies from country to country; for example, glyphosate-resistant canola has been approved in Australia, Canada, China, Korea, Mexico, Philippines, and the US, while Laurical, a product with a different oil composition, has been approved for growing only in Canada and the US.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, Australia's gene technology regulator approved the release of canola genetically modified to make it resistant to <a href="/wiki/DL-Phosphinothricin" class="mw-redirect" title="DL-Phosphinothricin">glufosinate ammonium</a>, a herbicide.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of the genetically modified crop to Australia generated considerable controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canola is Australia's third biggest crop, and is used often by wheat farmers as a <a href="/wiki/Break_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Break crop">break crop</a> to improve <a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">soil quality</a>. As of 2008, the only <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">genetically modified crops</a> in Australia were canola, cotton, and <a href="/wiki/Dianthus_caryophyllus" title="Dianthus caryophyllus">carnations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GMO_litigation">GMO litigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: GMO litigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genetically modified canola has become a point of controversy and contentious legal battles. In one high-profile case (<i><a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Canada_Inc_v._Schmeiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsanto Canada Inc v. Schmeiser">Monsanto Canada Inc v. Schmeiser</a></i>) the <a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsanto Company">Monsanto Company</a> sued <a href="/wiki/Percy_Schmeiser" title="Percy Schmeiser">Percy Schmeiser</a> for patent infringement after he replanted canola seed he had harvested from his field, which he discovered was contaminated with Monsanto's patented glyphosate-tolerant canola by spraying it with <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a>, leaving only the resistant plants. The Canadian <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a> ruled that Percy was in violation of Monsanto's patent because he knowingly isolated and replanted the resistant seed that he had harvested.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The statement cites Supreme Court, but the reference is from Court of Appeal. Also, the information is not matching that in the article Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser. (January 2019)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Rapeseed_oil#Dubious" title="Talk:Rapeseed oil">discuss</a></i>]</sup> On 19 March 2008, Schmeiser and Monsanto Canada Inc. came to an out-of-court settlement whereby Monsanto would pay for the clean-up costs of the contamination, which came to a total of C$660.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, in the <i>Marsh v Baxter</i> case, a GM canola farmer was sued by his <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic</a> neighbour because GM canola <a href="/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination">contamination</a> led to the loss of organic <a href="/wiki/Certification" title="Certification">certification</a>. Although the facts of the case and the losses to the organic farmer were agreed between the parties, the judge did not find the GM farmer liable for the losses.<sup id="cite_ref-MarshvBaxter_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarshvBaxter-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_process">Production process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Production process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canola_Oil_(4107885913).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Canola_Oil_%284107885913%29.jpg/250px-Canola_Oil_%284107885913%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Canola_Oil_%284107885913%29.jpg/330px-Canola_Oil_%284107885913%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Canola_Oil_%284107885913%29.jpg/500px-Canola_Oil_%284107885913%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Canola oil</figcaption></figure> <p>Canola oil is made at a processing facility by slightly heating and then crushing the seed.<sup id="cite_ref-steps_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steps-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all commercial canola oil is then extracted using <a href="/wiki/Hexane" title="Hexane">hexane</a> <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is recovered at the end of processing. Finally, the canola oil is refined using water precipitation and organic acid to remove gums and free fatty acids, filtering to remove color, and deodorizing using steam distillation.<sup id="cite_ref-steps_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steps-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the oil is also <a href="/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">bleached</a> for a lighter color.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average density of canola oil is 0.92 g/ml (7.7 lb/US gal; 9.2 lb/imp gal).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cold-pressed and <a href="/wiki/Expeller_pressing" title="Expeller pressing">expeller-pressed</a> canola oil are also produced on a more limited basis. About 44% of a seed is oil, with the remainder as a canola meal used for animal feed.<sup id="cite_ref-steps_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steps-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 23 kg (51 lb) of canola seed makes 10 L (2.64 US gal) of canola oil. Canola oil is a key ingredient in many foods. Its reputation as a healthful oil has created high demand in markets around the world,<sup id="cite_ref-what_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and overall it is the third-most widely consumed vegetable oil, after <a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">soybean oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oil has many non-food uses and, like soybean oil, is often used interchangeably with <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-renewable resources">non-renewable</a> petroleum-based oils in products,<sup id="cite_ref-what_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including industrial <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>, candles, lipsticks, and newspaper inks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Canola vegetable oils <a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">certified as organic</a> are required to be from non-<a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">GMO</a> rapeseed.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition_and_health">Nutrition and health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nutrition and health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Canola oil</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,700 kJ (880 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">100 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">7.4 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.4 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">63.3 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega−3</a></div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid" title="Omega-6 fatty acid">omega−6</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">28.1 g<div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">9.1 g</div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">18.6 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Carotene">beta-Carotene</a></div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lutein" title="Lutein">lutein</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeaxanthin" title="Zeaxanthin">zeaxanthin</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 μg<div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div>0 μg</div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">0 μg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0 IU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">12</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">117%</div> 17.5 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">59%</div> 71.3 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/172336/nutrients">Full link to USDA FoodData Central entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutritional_content">Nutritional content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nutritional content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canola oil is 100% <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>, composed of 63% <a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">monounsaturated fat</a>, 28% <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">polyunsaturated fat</a>, and 7% <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a> (table). The ratio of <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid" title="Omega-6 fatty acid">omega-6 fatty acid</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">alpha-linolenic acid</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acid</a>) is 2:1 (table). A 100 g (3.5 oz) reference amount of canola oil provides 880 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a> and is a rich source of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a> (117% of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV) and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a> (59% DV) (table). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_research">Health research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Health research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reviews indicate that consumption of canola oil can reduce blood levels of <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">low-density lipoprotein</a> (LDL) – two risk factors for <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular diseases</a> – and may help reduce body weight.<sup id="cite_ref-rosq_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosq-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-voon_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voon-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 2006, canola oil was given a qualified <a href="/wiki/Health_claim" title="Health claim">health claim</a> by the United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> for lowering the risk of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a>, resulting from its significant content of unsaturated fats; the allowed claim for food labels states:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>"Limited and not conclusive scientific evidence suggests that eating about 1 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> tablespoons (19 grams) of canola oil daily may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease due to the unsaturated fat content in canola oil. To achieve this possible benefit, canola oil is to replace a similar amount of saturated fat and not increase the total number of calories you eat in a day. One serving of this product contains [x] grams of canola oil."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erucic_acid">Erucic acid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Erucic acid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Erucic_acid" title="Erucic acid">Erucic acid</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <th>Compound </th> <th>Family </th> <th>% of total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">Oleic acid</a> </td> <td>ω-9 </td> <td>61%<sup id="cite_ref-ccc_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccc-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">Linoleic acid</a> </td> <td>ω-6 </td> <td>21%<sup id="cite_ref-ccc_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccc-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">Alpha-linolenic acid</a> </td> <td>ω-3 </td> <td>11%<sup id="cite_ref-ccc_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccc-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />9%<sup id="cite_ref-usda_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated fatty acid">Saturated fatty acids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>7%<sup id="cite_ref-ccc_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccc-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">Palmitic acid</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>4%<sup id="cite_ref-usda_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stearic_acid" title="Stearic acid">Stearic acid</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>2%<sup id="cite_ref-usda_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>0.4%<sup id="cite_ref-usda22_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda22-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Erucic_acid" title="Erucic acid">Erucic acid</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>0.01%<sup id="cite_ref-CAN2015_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAN2015-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><0.1%<sup id="cite_ref-AUS2016_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUS2016-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BRA2011_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRA2011-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although wild rapeseed oil contains significant amounts of erucic acid,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the cultivars used to produce commercial, food-grade canola oil were <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">bred</a> to contain less than 2% erucic acid,<sup id="cite_ref-CFR21_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR21-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an amount deemed not significant as a health risk. The low-erucic trait was due to two mutations changing the activity of <i>LEA1</i> and <i>KCS17</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-QTL_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QTL-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LEA1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LEA1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The erucic acid content in canola oil has been reduced over the years. In western Canada, a reduction occurred from the average content of 0.5% between 1987 and 1996<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to a current content of 0.01% from 2008 to 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-CAN2015_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAN2015-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other reports also show a content lower than 0.1% in Australia<sup id="cite_ref-AUS2016_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUS2016-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-BRA2011_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRA2011-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To date, no health effects have been associated with dietary consumption of erucic acid by humans; but tests of erucic acid metabolism in other species imply that higher levels may be detrimental.<sup id="cite_ref-fsa_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsa-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hayes2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayes2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canola oil produced using <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified">genetically modified</a> plants has also not been shown to explicitly produce adverse effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayes1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayes1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canola oil is <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe" title="Generally recognized as safe">generally recognized as safe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CFR21_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR21-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glucosinolates">Glucosinolates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Glucosinolates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glucosinolates" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucosinolates">Glucosinolates</a></div> <p>Another chemical change in canola is the reduction of <a href="/wiki/Glucosinolates" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucosinolates">glucosinolates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-QTL_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QTL-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the oil is extracted, most of the glucosinolates are concentrated into the seed meal, an otherwise rich source of protein. Livestock have varying levels of tolerance to glucosinolates intake, with some being poisoned relatively easily.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien200837_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien200837-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small amount of glucosinolates also enters the oil, imparting a pungent odor.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further reduction of glucosinolate levels remains important for the use of rapeseed meal in animal feed.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not completely clear which genetic changes from plant breeding resulted in the current reduction in this group of chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-QTL_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QTL-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_to_other_vegetable_oils">Comparison to other vegetable oils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comparison to other vegetable oils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption align="center">Properties of <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oils</a><sup id="cite_ref-USDA_ndbcolumn_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA_ndbcolumn-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />The nutritional values are expressed as percent (%) by mass of total fat. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2">Type</th> <th rowspan="2">Processing<br />treatment<sup id="cite_ref-The_margarine_shall_be_made_from_one_or_more_of_the_following_vegetable_oils;_canola,_safflower,_sunflower,_corn,_soybean,_or_peanut_oil._72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_margarine_shall_be_made_from_one_or_more_of_the_following_vegetable_oils;_canola,_safflower,_sunflower,_corn,_soybean,_or_peanut_oil.-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated fatty acids">Saturated</a><br />fatty acids</th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Monounsaturated fatty acids">Monounsaturated</a><br />fatty acids</th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated fatty acids">Polyunsaturated</a><br />fatty acids</th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Smoke_point" title="Smoke point">Smoke point</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total<sup id="cite_ref-USDA_ndbcolumn_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA_ndbcolumn-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">Oleic</a><br />acid<br />(ω−9)</th> <th>Total<sup id="cite_ref-USDA_ndbcolumn_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA_ndbcolumn-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Linolenic acid">α-Linolenic</a><br />acid<br />(ω−3)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">Linoleic</a><br />acid<br />(ω−6)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_ratio_in_food" title="Fatty acid ratio in food">ω−6:3<br />ratio</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Avocado_oil" title="Avocado oil">Avocado</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>11.6</td> <td>70.6</td> <td>67.9</td> <td>13.5</td> <td>1</td> <td>12.5</td> <td>12.5:1</td> <td>250 °C (482 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut#Oil" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>24.8</td> <td>32.7</td> <td>31.3</td> <td>42.0</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>41.9</td> <td>419:1</td> <td>208 °C (406 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-Rao_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffff66"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canola</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>7.4</td> <td>63.3</td> <td>61.8</td> <td>28.1</td> <td>9.1</td> <td>18.6</td> <td>2:1</td> <td>204 °C (400 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-post_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>82.5</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>6</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>0.019</td> <td>1.68</td> <td>88:1</td> <td>175 °C (347 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-Rao_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">Corn</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>12.9</td> <td>27.6</td> <td>27.3</td> <td>54.7</td> <td>1</td> <td>58</td> <td>58:1</td> <td>232 °C (450 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-post_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">Cottonseed</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>25.9</td> <td>17.8</td> <td>19</td> <td>51.9</td> <td>1</td> <td>54</td> <td>54:1</td> <td>216 °C (420 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-post_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">Cottonseed</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogenated_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogenated fat">hydrogenated</a></td> <td>93.6</td> <td>1.5</td> <td></td> <td>0.6</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>1.5:1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Flaxseed/linseed</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>9.0</td> <td>18.4</td> <td>18</td> <td>67.8</td> <td>53</td> <td>13</td> <td>0.2:1</td> <td>107 °C (225 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" title="Grape seed oil">Grape seed</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td>9.6</td> <td>16.1</td> <td>15.8  </td> <td>69.9</td> <td>0.10</td> <td>69.6</td> <td>very high</td> <td>216 °C (421 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Hemp seed</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>7.0</td> <td>9.0</td> <td>9.0</td> <td>82.0</td> <td>22.0</td> <td>54.0</td> <td>2.5:1</td> <td>166 °C (330 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Safflower_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Safflower oil">High-oleic safflower oil</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>7.5</td> <td>75.2</td> <td>75.2</td> <td>12.8</td> <td>0</td> <td>12.8</td> <td>very high</td> <td>212 °C (414 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-Rao_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive</a> (extra virgin)<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>13.8</td> <td>73.0</td> <td>71.3</td> <td>10.5</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>9.8</td> <td>14:1</td> <td>193 °C (380 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-Rao_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>49.3</td> <td>37.0</td> <td>40</td> <td>9.3</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>9.1</td> <td>45.5:1</td> <td>235 °C (455 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>hydrogenated</td> <td>88.2</td> <td>5.7</td> <td></td> <td>0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Peanut_oil" title="Peanut oil">Peanut</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>16.2</td> <td>57.1</td> <td>55.4</td> <td>19.9</td> <td>0.318</td> <td>19.6</td> <td>61.6:1</td> <td>232 °C (450 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-post_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rice_bran_oil" title="Rice bran oil">Rice bran oil</a></td> <td></td> <td>25</td> <td><i>38.4</i></td> <td>38.4</td> <td><i>36.6</i></td> <td>2.2</td> <td>34.4<sup id="cite_ref-baileys_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baileys-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>15.6:1</td> <td>232 °C (450 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>14.2</td> <td>39.7</td> <td>39.3</td> <td>41.7</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>41.3</td> <td>138:1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>15.6</td> <td>22.8</td> <td>22.6</td> <td>57.7</td> <td>7</td> <td>51</td> <td>7.3:1</td> <td>238 °C (460 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-post_78-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogenated_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogenated fat">partially hydrogenated</a></td> <td>14.9</td> <td>43.0</td> <td>42.5</td> <td>37.6</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>34.9</td> <td>13.4:1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">Sunflower</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>8.99</td> <td>63.4</td> <td>62.9</td> <td>20.7</td> <td>0.16</td> <td>20.5</td> <td>128:1</td> <td>227 °C (440 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-post_78-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Walnut_oil" title="Walnut oil">Walnut oil</a><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>unrefined</td> <td>9.1</td> <td>22.8</td> <td>22.2</td> <td>63.3</td> <td>10.4</td> <td>52.9</td> <td>5:1</td> <td>160 °C (320 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-BoH_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoH-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from its use for human consumption, rapeseed oil is extensively used as a <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricant</a> for machinery. It was widely used in European domestic lighting before the advent of <a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">coal (city) gas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>. It was the preferred oil for train pot lamps, and was used for lighting <a href="/wiki/Passenger_car_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger car (rail)">railway coaches</a> in the United Kingdom before <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas lighting</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Electric_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric lighting">electric lighting</a>, were adopted. Burned in a <a href="/wiki/Carcel_lamp" title="Carcel lamp">Carcel lamp</a>, it was part of the definition of the French standard measure for <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">illumination</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carcel" title="Carcel">carcel</a>, for most of the nineteenth century. In <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouses</a>, for example in early Canada, rapeseed oil was used before the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a>. Rapeseed oil was used with the <a href="/wiki/Argand_burner" class="mw-redirect" title="Argand burner">Argand burner</a> because it was cheaper than <a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">whale oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapeseed oil was burned to a limited extent in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rapeseed oil was used in Gombault's Caustic Balsam,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a popular horse and human <a href="/wiki/Liniment" title="Liniment">liniment</a> at the turn of the 20th century. </p><p>Among the more unusual applications of rapeseed oil is the <a href="/wiki/Storm_oil" title="Storm oil">calming of choppy seas</a>, where the oil modifies the <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a> of the water and rapidly smooths the surface. For this purpose, rapeseed oil was carried in ship's lifeboats.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Biodiesel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></div> <p>Rapeseed oil is used as diesel fuel, either as <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>, straight in heated fuel systems, or blended with petroleum distillates for powering motor vehicles. Biodiesel may be used in pure form in newer engines without engine damage and is frequently combined with fossil-fuel <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a> in ratios varying from 2% to 20% biodiesel. Owing to the costs of growing, crushing, and refining rapeseed biodiesel, rapeseed-derived biodiesel from new oil costs more to produce than standard diesel fuel, so diesel fuels are commonly made from the used oil. Rapeseed oil is the preferred oil stock for biodiesel production in most of Europe, accounting for about 80% of the feedstock,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> partly because rapeseed produces more oil per unit of land area compared to other oil sources, such as soybeans, but primarily because canola oil has a significantly lower <a href="/wiki/Gel_point_(petroleum)" title="Gel point (petroleum)">gel point</a> than most other vegetable oils.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_edible_rapeseed_oils">Other edible rapeseed oils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other edible rapeseed oils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some less-processed versions of rapeseed oil are used for flavor in some countries. Chinese rapeseed oil was originally extracted from the <a href="/wiki/Field_mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Field mustard">field mustard</a>. In the 19th century, rapeseed (<i>B. rapa</i>) was introduced by European traders, and local farmers crossed the new plant with field mustard to produce semi-winter rapeseed.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their erucic acid content was reduced to modern "canola" levels by breeding with Canadian low-erucic acid cultivar "ORO".<sup id="cite_ref-LEA1_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LEA1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese rapeseed oil has a distinctive taste and a greenish colour due to the different processing method: seeds are roasted and expeller-pressed to obtain the oil. A centrifuge is used to remove solids, followed by a heating step. The resultant oil is heat-stable and fundamental to <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-caizi_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caizi-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_oil" title="Mustard oil">mustard oil</a> is used in cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom and Ireland, some chefs use a "cabbagey"-tasting rapeseed oil processed by cold-pressing.<sup id="cite_ref-rapeseed_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rapeseed-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cold process means that the oil has a low smoke point, and is therefore unsuitable for frying in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan cuisine</a>, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_rapeseed_poisoning_outbreak">Spanish rapeseed poisoning outbreak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Spanish rapeseed poisoning outbreak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Toxic_oil_syndrome" title="Toxic oil syndrome">Toxic oil syndrome</a></div> <p>In 1981, there was an oil poisoning outbreak, later known as toxic oil syndrome that was attributed to people consuming what they thought was olive oil but turned out to be rapeseed oil that had been <a href="/wiki/Denaturation_(food)" title="Denaturation (food)">denatured</a> with 2% <a href="/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline">aniline</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phenylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenylamine">phenylamine</a>). The substance was intended for industrial use but had been illegally refined in an attempt to remove the aniline.<sup id="cite_ref-Gepi2002_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gepi2002-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was then fraudulently sold as olive oil, mainly in street markets, mostly in the Madrid area.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rapeseed_oil" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rapeseed oil">Rapeseed oil</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanol" title="Botanol">Botanol</a>, a flooring material derived from canola oil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canola_diseases" title="List of canola diseases">List of canola diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_of_U" title="Triangle of U">Triangle of U</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">21 CFR 184.1555 also recognizes fully-hydrogenated rapeseed oil and superglycerinated fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil as GRAS, without limits on erucic acid levels. However, these two are not to be used as a regular cooking oil, but as an emusifier in foods in limited quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-CFR21_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR21-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien200837-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien200837_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien200837_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2008">O'Brien 2008</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBalakhialNaserianHeravi_moussaviValizadeh2022" class="citation journal cs1">Balakhial A, Naserian A, Heravi moussavi A, et al. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.58803%2Ffahn.v1i1.2">"Effect of Replacing Corn Silage with Canola Silage on Feed Intake, Nutrient Digestibility, Milk Yield, and Thyroid Hormones of Lactating Dairy Cows"</a>. <i>Farm Animal Health and Nutrition</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.58803%2Ffahn.v1i1.2">10.58803/fahn.v1i1.2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Farm+Animal+Health+and+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Replacing+Corn+Silage+with+Canola+Silage+on+Feed+Intake%2C+Nutrient+Digestibility%2C+Milk+Yield%2C+and+Thyroid+Hormones+of+Lactating+Dairy+Cows&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.58803%2Ffahn.v1i1.2&rft.aulast=Balakhial&rft.aufirst=Amir&rft.au=Naserian%2C+Abasali&rft.au=Heravi+moussavi%2C+Alireza&rft.au=Valizadeh%2C+Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.58803%252Ffahn.v1i1.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapeseed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESahasrabudhe1977323-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESahasrabudhe1977323_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSahasrabudhe1977">Sahasrabudhe 1977</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFR21-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CFR21_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFR21_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFR21_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFR21_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFR21_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFR21_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1555">"21 CFR 184.1555 "Rapeseed oil"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. US Food and Drug Administration. 1 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=21+CFR+184.1555+%22Rapeseed+oil%22&rft.pub=US+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessdata.fda.gov%2Fscripts%2Fcdrh%2Fcfdocs%2Fcfcfr%2FCFRSearch.cfm%3Ffr%3D184.1555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapeseed+oil" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-184/subpart-B/section-184.1555">ecfr.gov version</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32019R1870R(01)">Corrigendum to Commission Regulation (EC) No 2019/1870 of 7 November 2019 amending and correcting Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of erucic acid and hydrocyanic acid in certain foodstuffs</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02023R0915-20240722">Consolidated text: Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006R1881">Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No longer in force, Date of end of validity: 24/05/2023; Repealed by 32023R0915.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32023R2783">Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/2783 of 14 December 2023 laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the control of the levels of plant toxins in food and repealing Regulation (EU) 2015/705</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32015R0705">Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/705 of 30 April 2015 laying down methods of sampling and performance criteria for the methods of analysis for the official control of the levels of erucic acid in foodstuffs and repealing Commission Directive 80/891/EEC</a>. No longer in force, Date of end of validity: 31/03/2024; Repealed by 32023R2783.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31980L0891">Commission Directive 80/891/EEC of 25 July 1980 relating to the Community method of analysis for determining the erucic acid content in oils and fats intended to be used as such for human consumption and foodstuffs containing added oils or fats</a>. No longer in force, Date of end of validity: 21/05/2015; Repealed by 32015R0705.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVelíšek2013" class="citation book cs1">Velíšek J (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-IdyAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102"><i>The Chemistry of Food</i></a>. Wiley. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-38383-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-38383-4"><bdi>978-1-118-38383-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+Food&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-118-38383-4&rft.aulast=Vel%C3%AD%C5%A1ek&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-IdyAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapeseed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snowdon-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snowdon_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snowdon_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSnowdonLühsFriedt2007" class="citation book cs1">Snowdon R, Lühs W, Friedt W (2007). "Oilseed Rape". <i>Oilseeds</i>. Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding in Plants. Vol. 2. pp. <span class="nowrap">55–</span>114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-34388-2_2">10.1007/978-3-540-34388-2_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34387-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34387-5"><bdi>978-3-540-34387-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oilseed+Rape&rft.btitle=Oilseeds&rft.series=Genome+Mapping+and+Molecular+Breeding+in+Plants&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-34388-2_2&rft.isbn=978-3-540-34387-5&rft.aulast=Snowdon&rft.aufirst=Rod&rft.au=L%C3%BChs%2C+Wilfried&rft.au=Friedt%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapeseed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFanEskin2015" class="citation book cs1">Fan L, Eskin NM (2015). 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Reuters. 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Factbox%3A+Fake+olive+oil+scandal+that+caused+Spain%27s+worst+food+poisoning+epidemic+in+1981&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2021-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Ffake-olive-oil-scandal-that-caused-spains-worst-food-poisoning-epidemic-1981-2021-10-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapeseed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestfall,_Sammy2021" class="citation news cs1">Westfall, Sammy (19 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/19/mass-oil-posioning-protest-suicide-spain/">"Victims of a 1981 mass cooking-oil poisoning occupy Madrid museum"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Victims+of+a+1981+mass+cooking-oil+poisoning+occupy+Madrid+museum&rft.date=2021-10-19&rft.au=Westfall%2C+Sammy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2F10%2F19%2Fmass-oil-posioning-protest-suicide-spain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapeseed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2008" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien RD (2008). <i>Fats and Oils</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9781420061673">10.1201/9781420061673</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-14806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-14806-4"><bdi>978-0-429-14806-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fats+and+Oils&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1201%2F9781420061673&rft.isbn=978-0-429-14806-4&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapeseed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Fats_and_oils" title="Template:Fats and oils"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fats_and_oils" title="Template talk:Fats and oils"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fats_and_oils" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fats and oils"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edible_fats_and_oils120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Edible fats and oils</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pork_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork fat">Pork fats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatback" title="Fatback">Fatback</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lardo" title="Lardo">Lardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salo_(food)" title="Salo (food)">Salo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">Lard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardon" title="Lardon">Lardon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">Mutton</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dripping" title="Dripping">Dripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suet" title="Suet">Suet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_fat" title="Tail fat">Tail fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">Tallow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">Dairy</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarified_butter" title="Clarified butter">Clarified butter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manteiga-da-terra" title="Manteiga-da-terra">Manteiga-da-terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niter_kibbeh" title="Niter kibbeh">Niter kibbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smen" title="Smen">Smen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfa_butter" title="Urfa butter">Urfa butter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_fat" title="Chicken fat">Chicken fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Duck fat">Duck fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Goose fat">Goose fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmaltz" title="Schmaltz">Schmaltz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other animal fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blubber#Human_influences" title="Blubber">Blubber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktuk" title="Muktuk">Muktuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">Whale oil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vegetable fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_tallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo tallow">Borneo tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_butter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mango butter">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">Margarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">Palm kernel oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_shortening" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable shortening">Vegetable shortening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Marine oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_oil" title="Krill oil">Krill oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_oil" title="Seaweed oil">Seaweed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_liver_oil" title="Shark liver oil">Shark liver oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable <br /> oils</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetable_oils" title="List of vegetable oils">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stone_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone fruit">Fruit</a> oils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avocado_oil" title="Avocado oil">Avocado oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nut_(food)" title="Nut (food)">Nut</a> oils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almond_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Almond oil">Almond oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argan_oil" title="Argan oil">Argan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Cashew oil">Cashew oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazelnut oil">Hazelnut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_oil" title="Macadamia oil">Macadamia oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marula_oil" title="Marula oil">Marula oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongongo#Traditional_uses" title="Mongongo">Mongongo nut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_oil" title="Pecan oil">Pecan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut_oil" title="Pine nut oil">Pine nut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistachio_oil" title="Pistachio oil">Pistachio oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_oil" title="Walnut oil">Walnut oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed oil">Seed oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambadi_seed_oil" title="Ambadi seed oil">Ambadi seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_seed_oil" title="Apple seed oil">Apple seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">Castor oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">Corn oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">Cottonseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" title="Grape seed oil">Grape seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Hemp oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed (flaxseed) oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_oil" title="Mustard oil">Mustard oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_oil" title="Peanut oil">Peanut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequi_oil" title="Pequi oil">Pequi oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_oil" title="Perilla oil">Perilla oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppyseed_oil" title="Poppyseed oil">Poppyseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_seed_oil" title="Pumpkin seed oil">Pumpkin seed oil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rapeseed (canola) oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_bran_oil" title="Rice bran oil">Rice bran oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safflower_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Safflower oil">Safflower oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">Sunflower oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermelon_seed_oil" title="Watermelon seed oil">Watermelon seed oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Types_of_plant_oils" title="Types of plant oils">Plant oil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">Essential oil</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brassica568" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brassica" title="Template:Brassica"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brassica" title="Template talk:Brassica"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brassica" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brassica"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brassica568" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica" title="Brassica">Brassica</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_carinata" title="Brassica carinata">Brassica carinata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_elongata" title="Brassica elongata">Brassica elongata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_fruticulosa" title="Brassica fruticulosa">Brassica fruticulosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_hilarionis" title="Brassica hilarionis">Brassica hilarionis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">Brassica juncea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_napus" class="mw-redirect" title="Brassica napus">Brassica napus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_oleracea" title="Brassica oleracea">Brassica oleracea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_rapa" title="Brassica rapa">Brassica rapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_tournefortii" title="Brassica tournefortii">Brassica tournefortii</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultivars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bomdong" title="Bomdong">Bomdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canola" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola">Canola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cabbage" title="Chinese cabbage">Chinese cabbage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bok_choy" title="Bok choy">Bok choy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napa_cabbage" title="Napa cabbage">Napa cabbage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choy_sum" title="Choy sum">Choy sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collard_greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Collard greens">Collard greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlrabi" title="Kohlrabi">Kohlrabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">Mustard plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanohana" title="Nanohana">Nanohana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapini" title="Rapini">Rapini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutabaga" title="Rutabaga">Rutabaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_greens_(Brassica_oleracea)" title="Spring greens (Brassica oleracea)">Spring greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatsoi" title="Tatsoi">Tatsoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">Turnip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_of_U" title="Triangle of U">Triangle of U</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Brassica" title="Category:Brassica">Brassica</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Brassicaceae" title="Category:Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="font-size:88%;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cruciferous_vegetables" title="Cruciferous vegetables">Cruciferous vegetables</a>)</b>: <a href="/wiki/Template:Brassica" title="Template:Brassica">Brassica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cruciferous_Biochemistry" title="Template:Cruciferous Biochemistry">Cruciferous Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae#Genera" title="Brassicaceae">genera (list)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&oldid=1282136298">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed_oil&oldid=1282136298</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lubricants" title="Category:Lubricants">Lubricants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brassica" title="Category:Brassica">Brassica</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFHeidy_Aguilera_FuentesJose_OgliariaCarlos_DeschampsBarrera_Arellano2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuChenZhaoZhang2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuYuZhaoSun2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Barthet2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJhinganHarloffAbbadiWelsch2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazazMirayLepiniecBaud2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallett\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaull2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaull2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedersonStorgaard2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaeisi-DehkordiAmiriHumphriesSalehi-Abargouei2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReddyHayes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosqvistNiinistö2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahasrabudhe1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneeman,_B.O.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahidiNaczk1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnowdonLühsFriedt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThring2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVelíšek2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoonNgNgWong2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallaceTetyana2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestfall,_Sammy2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrigleyCorkeSeetharamanFaubion2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWuWuXiaoLi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhouTangJiaZheng2018\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"1/2\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Brassica\"] = 1,\n [\"CAN\"] = 1,\n [\"CELEX\"] = 6,\n [\"CHN\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite court\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 24,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Cs1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 2,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"FRA\"] = 1,\n [\"Fatsandoils\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"IND\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nutritional value\"] = 1,\n [\"Pb\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 4,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vegetable oils, composition\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b4fff7949-k8b4w","timestamp":"20250326152456","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Rapeseed oil","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rapeseed_oil","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q697248","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q697248","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2022-06-14T20:06:36Z","dateModified":"2025-03-24T15:32:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/77\/CanolaBlooms.JPG","headline":"vegetable oil"}</script> </body> </html>