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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effekter_och_användningsområden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effekter_och_användningsområden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Effekter och användningsområden</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effekter_och_användningsområden-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Effekter och användningsområden</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effekter_och_användningsområden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psykoterapi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psykoterapi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Psykoterapi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psykoterapi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psykologiska_effekter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psykologiska_effekter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Psykologiska effekter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psykologiska_effekter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fysiska_effekter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fysiska_effekter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fysiska effekter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fysiska_effekter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avtändning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avtändning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Avtändning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avtändning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurotoxicitet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurotoxicitet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Neurotoxicitet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurotoxicitet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ravekulturen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ravekulturen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ravekulturen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ravekulturen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicitet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicitet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Toxicitet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicitet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beroendepotential" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beroendepotential"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Beroendepotential</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beroendepotential-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juridiska_aspekter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juridiska_aspekter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Juridiska aspekter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juridiska_aspekter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anmärkningar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anmärkningar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Anmärkningar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anmärkningar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innehållsförteckning" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">MDMA</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 64 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="اکستازی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اکستازی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecstasy" title="Ecstasy – bayerska" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ecstasy" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bayerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext%C3%A1ze_(droga)" title="Extáze (droga) – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Extáze (droga)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstazilo" title="Ekstazilo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekstazilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="اکستازی – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اکستازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecstasy" title="Ecstasy – färöiska" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ecstasy" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="färöiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%ED%8B%B8%EB%A0%8C%EB%94%94%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%9C%EB%A9%94%EC%8A%A4%EC%95%94%ED%8E%98%ED%83%80%EB%AF%BC" title="메틸렌디옥시메스암페타민 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메틸렌디옥시메스암페타민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%8F" title="एमडीएमए – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एमडीएमए" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metilendioksimetamfetamina" title="Metilendioksimetamfetamina – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Metilendioksimetamfetamina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85_%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="ایم ڈی ایم اے – kashmiriska" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ایم ڈی ایم اے" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xtc" title="Xtc – limburgiska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Xtc" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metil%C3%A9ndioxi-metamfetamin" title="Metiléndioxi-metamfetamin – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Metiléndioxi-metamfetamin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB" title="മെത്തലീൻ ഡയോക്സി മെത് ആംഫ്റ്റമൈൻ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെത്തലീൻ ഡയോക്സി മെത് ആംഫ്റ്റമൈൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89" title="اكستاسى – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اكستاسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%81%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3" title="メチレンジオキシメタンフェタミン – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メチレンジオキシメタンフェタミン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%8F" title="ଏମ୍‌ଡିଏମ୍‌ଏ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଏମ୍‌ଡିଏମ୍‌ଏ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-Metylenodioksymetamfetamina" title="3,4-Metylenodioksymetamfetamina – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="3,4-Metylenodioksymetamfetamina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – skotska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext%C3%A1za_(droga)" title="Extáza (droga) – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Extáza (droga)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstazi" title="Ekstazi – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ekstazi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ئێکستسی – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێکستسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%94%D0%9C%D0%90" title="МДМА – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="МДМА" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metilendioksimetamfetamin" title="Metilendioksimetamfetamin – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metilendioksimetamfetamin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstazi" title="Ekstazi – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ekstazi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85_%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="ایم ڈی ایم اے – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایم ڈی ایم اے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%91c_l%E1%BA%AFc" title="Thuốc lắc – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuốc lắc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%82%E5%96%9C" title="狂喜 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="狂喜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="MDMA" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q69488#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:MDMA" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ändra språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">svenska</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> 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</nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktyg" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktyg</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Fler alternativ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Åtgärder </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/MDMA"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&action=history"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allmänt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:L%C3%A4nkar_hit/MDMA" title="Lista över alla wikisidor som länkar hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sidor som länkar hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_relaterade_%C3%A4ndringar/MDMA" rel="nofollow" title="Visa senaste ändringarna av sidor som den här sidan länkar till [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterade ändringar</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&oldid=56833678" title="Permanent länk till den här versionen av sidan"><span>Permanent länk</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&action=info" title="Mer information om denna sida"><span>Sidinformation</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citera&page=MDMA&id=56833678&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information om hur den här artikeln kan användas som referens"><span>Använd som referens</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMDMA"><span>Hämta förkortad url</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMDMA"><span>Ladda ner QR-kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut/exportera </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Bok&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=MDMA"><span>Skapa en bok</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=MDMA&action=show-download-screen"><span>Ladda ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvänlig version av den här sidan [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvänlig version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andra projekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:MDMA" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q69488" title="Länk till anslutet databasobjekt [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-objekt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MDMA_image.svg/375px-MDMA_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MDMA_image.svg/500px-MDMA_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="83" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Strukturformel" title="Strukturformel">Strukturformel</a> för 3,4-metylendioxymetamfetamin.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:MDMA-enantiomers-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/MDMA-enantiomers-3D-balls.png/250px-MDMA-enantiomers-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/MDMA-enantiomers-3D-balls.png/375px-MDMA-enantiomers-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/MDMA-enantiomers-3D-balls.png/500px-MDMA-enantiomers-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>MDMA, tredimensionell strukturformel</figcaption></figure> <p><b>MDMA</b> (systematiskt namn 3,4-metylendioximetamfetamin alternativt (1-(3,4-metylendioxifenyl)-2-metyletylamin)), på gatan oftast kallat <b>ecstasy</b>, <b>XTC</b>, <b>Molly</b> eller <b>E</b> (med flera),<sup id="cite_ref-dea.gov_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dea.gov-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> är ett <a href="/wiki/Centralstimulerande" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralstimulerande">centralstimulerande</a> <a href="/wiki/Narkotika" title="Narkotika">narkotikapreparat</a>. Drogen är ett centralstimulerande <a href="/wiki/Amfetamin" title="Amfetamin">amfetaminpreparat</a>, och räknas som <a href="/wiki/Empatogen" title="Empatogen">empatogen</a> vilket innebär att det påverkar sinnestillståndet snarare än varseblivningen. </p><p>Även om substansen MDMA är synonym med ecstasy säljs det tabletter under detta namn som även innehåller andra hallucinogena amfetaminpreparat och andra substanser såsom <a href="/wiki/Amfetamin" title="Amfetamin">amfetamin</a> och <a href="/wiki/Koffein" title="Koffein">koffein</a>. I vissa fall saknar de även helt MDMA. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Europeiska_centrumet_f%C3%B6r_kontroll_av_narkotika_och_narkotikamissbruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeiska centrumet för kontroll av narkotika och narkotikamissbruk">Europeiska centrumet för kontroll av narkotika och narkotikamissbruk</a> noterar att även om det finns vissa rapporter i Europa om tabletter som säljs för så lite som en euro, så redovisar de flesta länder nu priser i slutledet som vanligen ligger i intervallet 3–9 euro per tablett.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historik">Historik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Substansen MDMA togs fram inom läkemedelsindustrin, och fick en marknad bland 70-talets drogliberala amerikanska terapeuter där en krets behandlare gav det till sina patienter. Under 1980-talet<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fick ämnet en spridning som rekreationsdrog, med början i USA. </p><p>Patentansökan för MDMA (metylsafrylamin) skickades in 24 december 1912 av det tyska läkemedelsföretaget <a href="/wiki/Merck_KGAA" title="Merck KGAA">Merck KGAA</a>, efter att först ha syntetiserats av den tyske kemisten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Kollisch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Kollisch [inte skriven än]">Anton Köllisch</a> i <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a> tidigare samma år.<sup id="cite_ref-merckarchive_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merckarchive-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-merckehistory_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merckehistory-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patentet beviljades 1914. </p><p>Ibland hävdas att Merck tänkt använda MDMA som bantningspiller, vilket dock inte är korrekt. I det läge då substansen patenterades, var den ett mellansteg i en syntesväg av <a href="/wiki/Blodkoagulering" title="Blodkoagulering">blodkoaguleringsmedel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-merckarchive_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merckarchive-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Kalla_kriget" title="Kalla kriget">kalla kriget</a> experimenterade <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> med MDMA, då i egenskap av psykologisk vapenföring. Under 1950-talet använde CIA MDMA i projektet MK-Ultra i syfte att deltagarna skulle få bättre "mind-control", testerna utfördes dock inte på människor. Även amerikanska armén forskade på drogen under kalla kriget.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shulgin" title="Alexander Shulgin">Alexander Shulgin</a> på läkemedelsföretaget Dow Chemicals sysselsatte sig med att forska fram nya kemikalier med intressanta effekter på psyket. Sedan han lämnade företaget koncentrerade han sig på MDMA, den av de substanser han tagit fram och beskrivit som han menade hade störst chans att bli det perfekta psykiatriska läkemedlet.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shulgin framställde MDMA för första gången <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a>, och <a href="/wiki/1967" title="1967">1967</a> prövade han medlet på sig själv och introducerade det till andra.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leo Zeff, en psykolog som var på väg att pensionera sig prövade MDMA <a href="/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a> och beslutade sig därefter att inte pensionera sig. Istället började han använda det i sin egen praktik och introducera andra terapeuter för substansen. Vid Zeffs bortgång hade antalet terapeuter som använde sig av MDMA vuxit till 4000.<sup id="cite_ref-thedea.org_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thedea.org-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MDMA spred sig även utanför terapikretsar, men var fortfarande inte särskilt vanlig som rekreationsdrog. Prästen Michaell Clegg kom över MDMA och gav substansen smeknamnet ecstasy, vilket idag är det vanligaste namnet i folkmun. Ecstasy blev hans andra kall i livet, och han såg sig själv som en ecstasy-missionär. Han såg det som sin uppgift att introducera medlet till den breda allmänheten och gav bort (för att sedan sälja) ecstasy till alla som ville ha. Som mest, innan det blev olagligt, sålde han en halv miljon ecstasytabletter i månaden i och kring Dallas. </p><p>Den explosionsartade ökningen av Ecstasyanvändandet fick de amerikanska myndigheterna att reagera.<sup id="cite_ref-thedea.org_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thedea.org-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I början av 1980-talet lanserades kampanjen "<a href="/wiki/Kriget_mot_droger" title="Kriget mot droger">war on drugs</a>", varpå MDMA narkotikaklassades 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den 23 mars 1988 klassificerades MDMA permanent som Schedule 1, vilket innebar att den ansågs vara bland de farligaste drogerna och helt saknade medicinskt och terapeutiskt värde.<sup id="cite_ref-thedea.org_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thedea.org-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Först den 23 september 2003 fick utvalda forskare lov att återuppta forskningen kring MDMA och dess eventuella roll inom psykoterapi. Den 6 april 2006 inleddes en studie. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Ecstasy_monogram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ecstasy_monogram.jpg/250px-Ecstasy_monogram.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ecstasy_monogram.jpg/375px-Ecstasy_monogram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Ecstasy_monogram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Ecstasy förekommer vanligtvis i tablettform.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effekter_och_användningsområden"><span id="Effekter_och_anv.C3.A4ndningsomr.C3.A5den"></span>Effekter och användningsområden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Effekter och användningsområden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Effekter och användningsområden"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psykoterapi">Psykoterapi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Psykoterapi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Psykoterapi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MDMA förhöjer temporärt individens empati/medkänsla under rustiden. Detta tog man vara på inom <a href="/wiki/Psykoterapi" title="Psykoterapi">psykoterapin</a> när Ecstasy blev populärt. I takt med att Ecstasy blev olagligt omöjliggjordes forskningen. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) i USA har fått tillåtelse att utföra en studie där man behandlar människor som drabbats av <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatisk_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatisk stress">posttraumatiskt stressyndrom</a> (PTSD), med MDMA.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> År 2020 var studierna gällande MDMA som del av behandlingen i Fas 3.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amerikanska Läkemedelsverket (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a>) väntas godkänna behandlingen 2023. För godkännande i <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> har <a href="/wiki/Europeiska_l%C3%A4kemedelsmyndigheten" title="Europeiska läkemedelsmyndigheten">Europeiska läkemedelsmyndigheten</a> (EMA) krävt att studier även ska genomföras i Europa. År 2022 pågick studier i <a href="/wiki/Nederl%C3%A4nderna" title="Nederländerna">Nederländerna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norge" title="Norge">Norge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanien" title="Spanien">Spanien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">Storbritannien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tjeckien" title="Tjeckien">Tjeckien</a> och <a href="/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland">Tyskland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studierna som genomförs bygger på 15 terapitillfällen där MDMA används vid två eller tre av sessionerna. Sessionerna pågår då från morgon till kväll.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psykologiska_effekter">Psykologiska effekter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Psykologiska effekter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Psykologiska effekter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hjärnan utsöndrar enorma mängder <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> under ruset. Detta är den bakomliggande orsaken till den ökade empatiförmågan. Subjektiva upplevelser i samband med detta är ofta en extremt ökad tillit och känsla av närhet till människor i omgivningen och förmågan att förlåta andra förstärks avsevärt. En av de vanligaste rapporterade subjektiva upplevelserna är en starkt ökad öppenhet vilket ofta leder till att personer under ruset kan berätta om sina djupaste problem och svåra upplevelser för varandra. Detta har ofta ett stort terapeutiskt värde. Neurotiskt baserade rädslor kan också upplösas. Ruset håller i sig cirka 3–5 timmar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fysiska_effekter">Fysiska effekter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Fysiska effekter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Fysiska effekter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kroppens inbyggda förmåga att reglera kroppstemperaturen kan störas vid större doser. Eftersom doser som köps på den svarta marknaden kan variera avsevärt i styrka är det därför viktigt för den som använder drogen att få i sig tillräckligt med vätska för att förhindra ett eventuellt överhettningstillstånd. Att kombinera MDMA med alkohol kan avsevärt öka risken för användaren om ett sådant uppstår. MDMA kan även påverka <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolismen</a>. Blodtryck och puls ökar även normalt under ruset. Andra märkbara bieffekter kan vara ofrivillig tandgnissling, svettningar eller skakningar.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avtändning"><span id="Avt.C3.A4ndning"></span>Avtändning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Avtändning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Avtändning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det är vanligt att uppleva några dagar upp till en veckas depression och trötthet efter en MDMA-session.<sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2019-11)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup> Detta tycks öka i relation till hur ofta MDMA används.<sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2019-11)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neurotoxicitet">Neurotoxicitet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Neurotoxicitet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Neurotoxicitet"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intag av MDMA leder till primärt uttömning av serotoninförrådet i de serotonerga <a href="/wiki/Neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuron">neuronerna</a>, men även en utsöndring av <a href="/wiki/Dopamin" title="Dopamin">dopamin</a> och <a href="/wiki/Noradrenalin" title="Noradrenalin">noradrenalin</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> För att transportera och destruera serotoninet i hjärnan existerar det så kallade <a href="/wiki/Serotonintransportprotein" title="Serotonintransportprotein">serotonintransportproteinet</a> som för tillbaka serotoninet från <a href="/wiki/Synaps" title="Synaps">synapsen</a> till nervcellen där serotoninet bryts ner av enzymet <a href="/wiki/MAO" class="mw-disambig" title="MAO">MAO</a> (monoaminoxidas). När halten serotonin är så låg som den är i slutet av ett MDMA rus kommer det att finnas "tomma" serotonintransportproteiner. Eftersom hastigheten för metaboliseringen av dopamin och serotonin skiljer sig avsevärt åt då serotonin bryts ner mycket snabbare kommer detta att leda till att halten dopamin i hjärnan kommer att vara mycket högre än halten serotonin i slutet av MDMA-ruset. Det kvarstående dopaminet kommer då att transporteras in i den serotonerga nervcellen genom transportproteinerna. Dopamin i sig är toxiskt för serotonerga neuroner; men också så är nedbrytningen av dopamin via serotoninneuronernas MAO-enzym toxiskt då <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4teperoxid" title="Väteperoxid">väteperoxid</a> bildas, som är ett starkt <a href="/wiki/Oxideringsmedel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxideringsmedel">oxideringsmedel</a> och kan potentiellt skada vitala delar av hjärnan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Religion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Religion"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MDMA används utanför ramverket av enskilda medlemmar i olika religiösa traditioner som ett andligt verktyg, oftast i kombination med meditation. Den USA-baserade, icke-kommersiella organisationen <a href="/wiki/MAPS" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="MAPS">MAPS</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multidisciplinary_Association_for_Psychedelic_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies [inte skriven än]">Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies</a>) har i ett nyhetsbrev publicerat en längre artikel om lärare och elever i olika religioner där de redogjort för sina erfarenheter av MDMA och hur det påverkat dem i deras andliga utveckling.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ravekulturen">Ravekulturen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Ravekulturen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Ravekulturen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ecstasy/MDMA är nära förknippat med <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">ravekulturen</a> som dök upp i USA och Europa under 1980-talet, ungefär samtidigt som drogen blev populär på gatan. Den blev snabbt populär på ravefester där den används i samband med dans till elektronisk musik i syfte att "förbättra sensorisk uppfattning och skapa känslor av eufori".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flera dödsfall relaterade till drogen har inträffat på högprofilerade elektroniska dansmusikfestivaler sedan mitten av 2000-talet så som på <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_Daisy_Carnival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electric Daisy Carnival [inte skriven än]">Electric Daisy Carnival</a> och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_Zoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electric Zoo [inte skriven än]">Electric Zoo</a>. Ett flertal av dödsfallen har kunnat härledas till biverkningar från MDMA, nämligen överhettning.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicitet">Toxicitet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Toxicitet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Toxicitet"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MDMA kan vara skadligt för levern.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beroendepotential">Beroendepotential</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Beroendepotential" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&action=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Beroendepotential"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ecstasy är inte fysiskt beroendeframkallande. Dock erfar många en stark längtan efter att återuppleva ruset.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Juridiska_aspekter">Juridiska aspekter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Juridiska aspekter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&action=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Juridiska aspekter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MDMA är <a href="/wiki/Narkotikaklassning" class="mw-redirect" title="Narkotikaklassning">narkotikaklassad</a> och ingår i förteckning P I i <a href="/wiki/1971_%C3%A5rs_psykotropkonvention" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 års psykotropkonvention">1971 års psykotropkonvention</a>, samt i förteckning I i Sverige, vilket innebär "narkotika som normalt inte har medicinsk användning".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Narkotikaklassningen i Sverige har varit i bruk sedan 1987 och substansen är olaglig att hantera. Detsamma gäller i de flesta länder. Begränsad användning av forskare i studier kring MDMA och psykoterapi är dock tillåten i vissa länder förutsatt att de fått tillåtelse av ansvariga myndigheter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anmärkningar"><span id="Anm.C3.A4rkningar"></span>Anmärkningar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitt: Anmärkningar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&action=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Anmärkningar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56657865">.mw-parser-output .fotnotslista .references{list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .skin-minerva .fotnotslista .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}</style><div class="fotnotslista" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <span class="reference-text">"to enhance sensory perception and create feelings of euphoria"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDMA&action=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dea.gov-1"><a href="#cite_ref-dea.gov_1-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/ecstasy-or-mdma-also-known-molly">”Ecstasy Or MDMA (also Known As Molly)”</a> (på engelska). dea.gov<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/ecstasy-or-mdma-also-known-molly">https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/ecstasy-or-mdma-also-known-molly</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 9 februari 2025</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ecstasy+Or+MDMA+%28also+Known+As+Molly%29&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=dea.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dea.gov%2Ffactsheets%2Fecstasy-or-mdma-also-known-molly&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:MDMA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFEuropeiska_centrumet_för_kontroll_av_narkotika_och_narkotikamissbruk2008">Europeiska centrumet för kontroll av narkotika och narkotikamissbruk (2008). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_64227_EN_EMCDDA_AR08_sv.pdf">Årlig rapport: situationen på narkotikaområdet i Europa</a></i>. Luxemburg: Byrån för Europeiska gemenskapernas officiella publikationer. sid. 49. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-92-9168-324-6" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-92-9168-324-6">ISBN 978-92-9168-324-6</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_64227_EN_EMCDDA_AR08_sv.pdf">http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_64227_EN_EMCDDA_AR08_sv.pdf</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%85rlig+rapport%3A+situationen+p%C3%A5+narkotikaomr%C3%A5det+i+Europa&rft.aulast=Europeiska+centrumet+f%C3%B6r+kontroll+av+narkotika+och+narkotikamissbruk&rft.au=Europeiska+centrumet+f%C3%B6r+kontroll+av+narkotika+och+narkotikamissbruk&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B49&rft.place=Luxemburg&rft.pub=Byr%C3%A5n+f%C3%B6r+Europeiska+gemenskapernas+officiella+publikationer&rft.isbn=978-92-9168-324-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emcdda.europa.eu%2Fattachements.cfm%2Fatt_64227_EN_EMCDDA_AR08_sv.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:MDMA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-1564288654365150131">http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-1564288654365150131</a> video.google.com besökt 20121205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-merckarchive-4">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-merckarchive_4-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-merckarchive_4-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Roland W. Freudenmann, Florian Öxler, Sabine Bernschneider-Reif (2006). The origin of MDMA (ecstasy) revisited: the true story reconstructed from the original documents. Addiction 101, 1241–1245. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16911722">16911722</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdma.net/merck/ecstasy-mdma.pdf">PDF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-merckehistory-5"><a href="#cite_ref-merckehistory_5-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Benzenhöfer, U. and Passie, T. (2006). The early history of "Ecstasy." Nervenarzt 77, 95–99. (Artikel på tyska) PMID <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdma.net/mdma.pdf">PDF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/crime/history-of-mdma">”MDMA | HISTORY”</a>. <i><span>www.history.com</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/crime/history-of-mdma">https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/crime/history-of-mdma</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 13 augusti 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MDMA+%7C+HISTORY&rft.atitle=www.history.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2F.amp%2Ftopics%2Fcrime%2Fhistory-of-mdma&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:MDMA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/M0Go">”The Invention of MDMA or Ecstasy”</a> (på engelska). inventors.about.com. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980311.htm">originalet</a> den 25 maj 2012<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.is/M0Go">https://archive.is/M0Go</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+MDMA+or+Ecstasy&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=inventors.about.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.is%2FM0Go&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:MDMA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/mdma/mdma_timeline.php">[1]</a> MDMA Timeline by Erowid</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thedea.org-9">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-thedea.org_9-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thedea.org_9-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thedea.org_9-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://thedea.org/drughistory.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070816033752/http://thedea.org/drughistory.html">Arkiverad</a> 16 augusti 2007 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>. TheDEA.org: The History of MDMA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Rick Doblin, Ph.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.org/news-letters/v12n3/12305dob.pdf">A Clinical Plan for MDMA (Ecstasy) in the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):Partnering with the FDA</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png/14px-Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png/21px-Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png/28px-Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <small><a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyheter.ki.se/kalender/mdma-assisterad-terapi-for-ptsd-initial-evidens-for-en-genombrottsbehandling">”MDMA-assisterad terapi för PTSD: Initial evidens för en genombrottsbehandling | Karolinska Institutet Nyheter”</a>. <i><span>nyheter.ki.se</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://nyheter.ki.se/kalender/mdma-assisterad-terapi-for-ptsd-initial-evidens-for-en-genombrottsbehandling">https://nyheter.ki.se/kalender/mdma-assisterad-terapi-for-ptsd-initial-evidens-for-en-genombrottsbehandling</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 13 augusti 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MDMA-assisterad+terapi+f%C3%B6r+PTSD%3A+Initial+evidens+f%C3%B6r+en+genombrottsbehandling+%7C+Karolinska+Institutet+Nyheter&rft.atitle=nyheter.ki.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyheter.ki.se%2Fkalender%2Fmdma-assisterad-terapi-for-ptsd-initial-evidens-for-en-genombrottsbehandling&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:MDMA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFBergendorff2022">Bergendorff, Johan (24 april 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svt.se/nyheter/vetenskap/ecstacy-verkar-bota-ptsd-trauma">”Ecstasy verkar bota posttraumatisk stress”</a>. <i>SVT Nyheter</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.svt.se/nyheter/vetenskap/ecstacy-verkar-bota-ptsd-trauma">https://www.svt.se/nyheter/vetenskap/ecstacy-verkar-bota-ptsd-trauma</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 13 augusti 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ecstasy+verkar+bota+posttraumatisk+stress&rft.jtitle=SVT+Nyheter&rft.aulast=Bergendorff&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft.au=Bergendorff%2C+Johan&rft.date=24+april+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svt.se%2Fnyheter%2Fvetenskap%2Fecstacy-verkar-bota-ptsd-trauma&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:MDMA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psykologtidningen.se/2018/12/13/forskare-vill-bota-ptsd-med-mdma/">”Forskare vill bota PTSD med MDMA”</a>. <i><span>Psykologtidningen</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://psykologtidningen.se/2018/12/13/forskare-vill-bota-ptsd-med-mdma/">https://psykologtidningen.se/2018/12/13/forskare-vill-bota-ptsd-med-mdma/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 13 augusti 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Forskare+vill+bota+PTSD+med+MDMA&rft.atitle=Psykologtidningen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsykologtidningen.se%2F2018%2F12%2F13%2Fforskare-vill-bota-ptsd-med-mdma%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:MDMA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/ecstasy.html">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100416171337/http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/ecstasy.html">Arkiverad</a> 16 april 2010 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>. NIDA InfoFacts: MDMA (Ecstasy)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dancesafe.org/drug-information/ecstasy-slideshow">http://dancesafe.org/drug-information/ecstasy-slideshow</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v06n1/06133spi.html">[4]</a> MAPS - Volume 6 Number 1 Autumn 1995 - spiritual uses of MDMA in traditional religion</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Acute Liver Failure Following the Use of Ecstasy (MDMA) by Lange-Brock N, Berg T, Muller AR, Fliege H, Neuhaus P, Wiedenmann B, Klapp BF, Monnikes H. Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Universitatsklinikum Charite der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin. Gastroenterol 2002 Aug;40(8):581-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <span class="reference-text">MDMA Effects by Erowid</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629234352/http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/konsoliderade/LVFS_1997_12_konsoliderad_tom_2010_1.pdf">”Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 1997:12) om förteckningar över narkotika, konsoliderad version t.o.m. LVFS 2010:1”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/konsoliderade/LVFS_1997_12_konsoliderad_tom_2010_1.pdf">originalet</a> den 29 juni 2012<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629234352/http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/konsoliderade/LVFS_1997_12_konsoliderad_tom_2010_1.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20120629234352/http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/konsoliderade/LVFS_1997_12_konsoliderad_tom_2010_1.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 13 augusti 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=L%C3%A4kemedelsverkets+f%C3%B6reskrifter+%28LVFS+1997%3A12%29+om+f%C3%B6rteckningar+%C3%B6ver+narkotika%2C+konsoliderad+version+t.o.m.+LVFS+2010%3A1&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20120629234352%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.lakemedelsverket.se%2Fupload%2Flvfs%2Fkonsoliderade%2FLVFS_1997_12_konsoliderad_tom_2010_1.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:MDMA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist auktoritetsdata navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Auktoritetsdata" title="Auktoritetsdata">Auktoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> • <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh89002646">sh89002646</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4359402-5">4359402-5</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Tjeckiska_nationalbiblioteket" title="Tjeckiska nationalbiblioteket">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph215900&CON_LNG=ENG">ph215900</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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