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class="mw-page-title-main">Kyaung</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Buddhist Monasteries in Myanmar</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YangonDowntownStreetviewAnawrathaRd51stStreetAugust2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YangonDowntownStreetviewAnawrathaRd51stStreetAugust2013.jpg/220px-YangonDowntownStreetviewAnawrathaRd51stStreetAugust2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YangonDowntownStreetviewAnawrathaRd51stStreetAugust2013.jpg/330px-YangonDowntownStreetviewAnawrathaRd51stStreetAugust2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YangonDowntownStreetviewAnawrathaRd51stStreetAugust2013.jpg/440px-YangonDowntownStreetviewAnawrathaRd51stStreetAugust2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>An urban <i>kyaung</i> on <a href="/wiki/Anawrahta_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Anawrahta Road">Anawrahta Road</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <i><b>kyaung</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my" style="font-style: normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1204105569">.mw-parser-output .script-myanmar{line-height:100%;font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar",Pyidaungsu,"Myanmar Text",Myanmar3,Myanmar2,Myanmar1,Padauk,mm3web,TharLon,"Masterpiece Uni Sans",Parabaik,Yunghkio,Thanlwin,"Win Uni Innwa","MyMyanmar Unicode","WinUni Innwa"}</style><span class="script-myanmar">ဘုန်းကြီးကျောင်း</span></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/MLC_Transcription_System" title="MLC Transcription System">MLCTS</a>: <i><span title="Transcription in Myanmar Language Commission Transcription System">bhun:kyi: kyaung:</span></i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[pʰóʊɰ̃dʑí<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕáʊɰ̃]</a></span>) is a monastery (<a href="/wiki/Vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vihara">vihara</a>), comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monks</a>. Burmese <i>kyaungs</i> are sometimes also occupied by novice monks (<a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">samanera</a>), lay attendants (<i><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">kappiya</a></i>), nuns (<i><a href="/wiki/Thilashin" title="Thilashin">thilashin</a></i>), and white-robed <a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">acolytes</a> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဖိုးသူတော်</span></span> <i>phothudaw</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>kyaung</i> has traditionally been the center of village life in Burma, serving as both the educational institution for children and a community center, especially for merit-making activities such as construction of buildings, offering of food to monks and celebration of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist festival">Buddhist festivals</a>, and observance of <a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">uposatha</a>. Monasteries are not established by members of the <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">sangha</a>, but by laypersons who donate land or money to support the establishment. </p><p><i>Kyaungs</i> are typically built of wood, meaning that few historical monasteries built before the 1800s are extant.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kyaungs exist in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (Burma), as well as in neighboring countries with <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhist">Theravada Buddhist</a> communities, including neighboring China (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dehong_Dai_and_Jingpo_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture">Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture</a>). According to 2016 statistics published by the <a href="/wiki/State_Sangha_Maha_Nayaka_Committee" title="State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee">State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee</a>, Myanmar is home to 62,649 <i>kyaungs</i> and 4,106 nunneries.<sup id="cite_ref-mahana1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahana1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_and_etymology">Usage and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaung&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese language</a> term <i>kyaung</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကျောင်း</span></span>) descends from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Burmese" title="Old Burmese">Old Burmese</a> word <i>kloṅ</i> (က္လောင်).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strong connection between religion and schooling is reflected by fact that the <i>kyaung</i> is the same word now used to refer to secular <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kyaung</i> is also used to describe <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese temple">Chinese temples</a>. Mosques are an exception, as they use the term word <i>bali</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:ဗလီ">ဗလီ</a></span></span>), which is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> word for 'school.' </p><p><i>Kyaung</i> has also been borrowed into <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai languages</a>, including into <a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a> as <i>kyong</i> (spelt ၵျွင်း or ၵျေႃင်း)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and into <a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nuea</a> as <i>zông</i><sup>2</sup> (ᥓᥩᥒᥰ, rendered in Chinese as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">奘房</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaung&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Burmese-Pali commentaries of <a href="/wiki/Cullavagga" class="mw-redirect" title="Cullavagga">Cullavagga</a> identify five types of Buddhist monasteries, each typified by distinct architectural features.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, from an architectural standpoint, there are 3 main types of monasteries:<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Monasteries with contiguous roofs,</li> <li>Monasteries with cross-shaped roofs, and</li> <li>Staging monasteries and staging halls</li></ol> <p>In modern-day <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <i>kyaungs</i> may be divided into a number of categories, including monastic colleges called <i>sathintaik</i> (<a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my" style="font-style: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">စာသင်တိုက်</span></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/MLC_Transcription_System" title="MLC Transcription System">MLCTS</a>: <i><span title="Transcription in Myanmar Language Commission Transcription System">casang.tuik</span></i>) and remote forest monasteries called <i>tawya kyaung</i> (<a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my" style="font-style: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">တောရကျောင်း</span></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/MLC_Transcription_System" title="MLC Transcription System">MLCTS</a>: <i><span title="Transcription in Myanmar Language Commission Transcription System">tau:ra. kyaung:</span></i>). Myanmar's primary monastic university towns are <a href="/wiki/Bago,_Myanmar" title="Bago, Myanmar">Bago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakokku" title="Pakokku">Pakokku</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sagaing" title="Sagaing">Sagaing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaung&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felice_Beato_(British,_born_Italy_-_(King_Thibaw_Min%27s_School_Now_Used_as_a_Church)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Felice_Beato_%28British%2C_born_Italy_-_%28King_Thibaw_Min%27s_School_Now_Used_as_a_Church%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Felice_Beato_%28British%2C_born_Italy_-_%28King_Thibaw_Min%27s_School_Now_Used_as_a_Church%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Felice_Beato_%28British%2C_born_Italy_-_%28King_Thibaw_Min%27s_School_Now_Used_as_a_Church%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Felice_Beato_%28British%2C_born_Italy_-_%28King_Thibaw_Min%27s_School_Now_Used_as_a_Church%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Felice_Beato_%28British%2C_born_Italy_-_%28King_Thibaw_Min%27s_School_Now_Used_as_a_Church%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Felice_Beato_%28British%2C_born_Italy_-_%28King_Thibaw_Min%27s_School_Now_Used_as_a_Church%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4365" data-file-height="3164" /></a><figcaption>A traditional wooden monastery.</figcaption></figure><p>In pre-colonial times, the <i>kyaung</i> served as the primary source of education, providing nearly universal education for boys, representing the "bastion of civilization and knowledge" and "integral to the social fabric of pre-colonial Burma."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The connections between <i>kyaungs</i> and education were reinforced by <a href="/wiki/Monastic_examinations" title="Monastic examinations">monastic examinations</a>, which were first instituted in 1648 by King <a href="/wiki/Thalun" title="Thalun">Thalun</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Taungoo_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Taungoo Dynasty">Taungoo Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical learning was transmitted through monasteries, which served as venues for Burmese students to pursue higher education and further social advancement in the royal administration after disrobing.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, nearly all prominent historical figures such as <a href="/wiki/Kinwun_Mingyi_U_Kaung" title="Kinwun Mingyi U Kaung">Kinwun Mingyi U Kaung</a> spent their formative years studying at monasteries. </p><p>Traditional monastic education first developed in the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a>, in tandem with the proliferation of Theravada Buddhism learning in the 1100s.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The syllabus at <i>kyaungs</i> included the Burmese language, Pali grammar and Buddhist texts with a focus on discipline, morality and code of conduct (such as <a href="/wiki/Mangala_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangala Sutta">Mangala Sutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigalovada_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigalovada Sutta">Sigalovada Sutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jataka tales</a>), prayers and elementary arithmetic.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influential monasteries held vast libraries of manuscripts and texts.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ubiquity of monastic education was attributed with the high literacy rate for Burmese Buddhist men.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1901_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1901 Census of India">1901 Census of India</a> found that 60.3% of Burmese Buddhist men over twenty were literate, as compared to 10% for <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaw_Mingyi_Monastery.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Yaw_Mingyi_Monastery.PNG/220px-Yaw_Mingyi_Monastery.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Yaw_Mingyi_Monastery.PNG/330px-Yaw_Mingyi_Monastery.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Yaw_Mingyi_Monastery.PNG/440px-Yaw_Mingyi_Monastery.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yaw_Mingyi_Monastery" title="Yaw Mingyi Monastery">Yaw Mingyi Monastery</a>, a brick monastery in Mandalay modeled after a hotel in Southern Italy.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Kyaungs</i> called <i>pwe kyaungs</i> (ပွဲကျောင်း) also taught secular subjects, such as astronomy, astrology, medicine, massage, divination, horsemanship, swordsmanship, archery, arts and crafts, boxing, wrestling, music and dancing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Konbaung Dynasty">Konbaung Dynasty</a>, various kings, including <a href="/wiki/Bodawpaya" title="Bodawpaya">Bodawpaya</a> suppressed the proliferation of pwe kyaung, which were seen as potential venues for rebellions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">Sumptuary law</a> dictated the construction and ornamentation of Burmese <i>kyaungs</i>, which were among the few building structures in pre-colonial Burma to possess elaborate multi-tiered roofs called <a href="/wiki/Pyatthat" title="Pyatthat">pyatthat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mason <a href="/wiki/Balustrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Balustrade">balustrades</a> characterized royal monasteries. </p><p>Following the abolishment of the Burmese monarchy at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a>, monastic schools were largely superseded by secular, government-run schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_kyaung_features">Common <i>kyaung</i> features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaung&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Common kyaung features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodleian_Ms._Burm._a._5_fol012-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bodleian_Ms._Burm._a._5_fol012-3.jpg/220px-Bodleian_Ms._Burm._a._5_fol012-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bodleian_Ms._Burm._a._5_fol012-3.jpg/330px-Bodleian_Ms._Burm._a._5_fol012-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bodleian_Ms._Burm._a._5_fol012-3.jpg/440px-Bodleian_Ms._Burm._a._5_fol012-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century watercolor depicting a <i>kyaung</i> with masonry balustrades.</figcaption></figure> <p>The typical <i>kyaung</i> consists of a number of buildings called <i>kyaung zaung</i> (ကျောင်းဆောင်):<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Thein</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သိမ်</span></span>, from Pali <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/s%C4%ABm%C4%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:sīmā">sīmā</a></i>) - <a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">ordination hall</a> as prescribed by the <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i>Dhammayon</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဓမ္မာရုံ</span></span>) - assembly hall used for sermons and communal purposes</li> <li><i>Zedi</i> (စေတီ, from Pali <i><a href="/wiki/Cetiya" title="Cetiya">cetiya</a></i>) - <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a>, often covered with <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a> and containing a <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquary</a></li> <li><i>Gandhakuti</i> (ဂန္ဓကုဋိ, from Pali <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gandhaku%E1%B9%ADi" class="extiw" title="wikt:gandhakuṭi">gandhakuṭi</a></i>) - pavilion that houses the monastery's principal image of the Buddha</li> <li>Shrines to the <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arhats</a> <a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABvali" title="Sīvali">Sīvali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shin_Upagutta" title="Shin Upagutta">Shin Upagutta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tagundaing" title="Tagundaing">Tagundaing</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - ornamented flagstaff celebrating the submission of local <a href="/wiki/Nat_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat (spirit)">nats</a> (animistic spirits) to the <a href="/wiki/Dharma#Buddhism" title="Dharma">Dhamma</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zayat" title="Zayat">Zayat</a></i> - open-air pavilions used as rest houses</li> <li>Living quarters for the monks and the <a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">sayadaw</a></li> <li><i>Kyetthayei khan</i> (ကျက်သရေခန်း) - storage room</li> <li>Cooking quarters</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodleian_Ms._Burm._a._5_fol011-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bodleian_Ms._Burm._a._5_fol011-3.jpg/220px-Bodleian_Ms._Burm._a._5_fol011-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bodleian_Ms._Burm._a._5_fol011-3.jpg/330px-Bodleian_Ms._Burm._a._5_fol011-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bodleian_Ms._Burm._a._5_fol011-3.jpg/440px-Bodleian_Ms._Burm._a._5_fol011-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century watercolor depicting a more prominent <i>kyaung</i> as indicated by the presence of a multi-tiered <a href="/wiki/Pyatthat" title="Pyatthat">pyatthat</a> roof.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional monasteries of the <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Konbaung era">Konbaung era</a> consisted of the following halls: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyatthat" title="Pyatthat">Pyatthat</a> hsaung</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပြာသာဒ်ဆောင်</span></span>) - main chapel hall that housed images of the Buddha<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Hsaungmagyi</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဆောင်မကြီး</span></span>) or <i>hsaungma</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဆောင်မ</span></span>) - main assembly hall for lectures, ceremonies and housing junior monks</li> <li><i>Sanu hsaung</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">စနုဆောင်</span></span>) - residential hall of the monastery abbot</li> <li><i>Bawga hsaung</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဘောဂဆောင်</span></span>) - storage room for monks' provisions</li></ul> <p>In pre-colonial times, royal monasteries were organized as complexes known as <i>kyaung taik</i> (ကျောင်းတိုက်), composed of several residential buildings, including the main building, the <i>kyaunggyi</i> (ကျောင်းကြီး) or <i>kyaungma</i> (ကျောင်းမ), which was occupied by the residing <a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">sayadaw</a>, and smaller structures called <i>kyaungyan</i> (ကျောင်းရံ), which housed the sayadaw's disciples.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complexes were walled compounds, and also housed a library, ordination halls, meeting halls, water reservoirs and wells, and utility buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thayettaw_Monastery" title="Thayettaw Monastery">Thayettaw</a> is a major <i>kyaungtaik</i> in downtown Yangon, comprising over 60 individual monasteries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaung&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atumashi_Monastery" title="Atumashi Monastery">Atumashi Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaya_Monastery" title="Bagaya Monastery">Bagaya Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Htilin_Monastery" title="Htilin Monastery">Htilin Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahagandhayon_Monastery" title="Mahagandhayon Monastery">Mahagandhayon Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myadaung_Monastery" title="Myadaung Monastery">Myadaung Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salin_Monastery" title="Salin Monastery">Salin Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweinbin_Monastery" title="Shweinbin Monastery">Shweinbin Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwenandaw_Monastery" title="Shwenandaw Monastery">Shwenandaw Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwezedi_Monastery" title="Shwezedi Monastery">Shwezedi Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiktaw_Monastery" title="Taiktaw Monastery">Taiktaw Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_Mingyi_Monastery" title="Yaw Mingyi Monastery">Yaw Mingyi Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Pagoda,_Namsai" title="Golden Pagoda, Namsai">Kongmu Kham</a>, Arunachal Pradesh, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foguang_Temple_(Mangshi)" title="Foguang Temple (Mangshi)">Foguang Temple</a>, Yunnan, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammikarama_Burmese_Temple" title="Dhammikarama Burmese Temple">Dhammikarama Burmese Temple</a>, Penang, Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Buddhist_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese Buddhist Temple">Burmese Buddhist Temple</a>, Singapore</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaung&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_paths_to_liberation" title="Buddhist paths to liberation">Dhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Refuges" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Refuges">Three Refuges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Precepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Precepts">Five Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Precepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Precepts">Eight Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangala_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangala Sutta">Mangala Sutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha">Samatha</a> & <a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">Vipassanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetiya" title="Cetiya">Cetiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Maha_Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Maha Bodhi">Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathina" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathina">Kathina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbyu" title="Shinbyu">Shinbyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadaw" title="Gadaw">Gadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwedagon_Pagoda" title="Shwedagon Pagoda">Shwedagon Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadingyut_Festival" title="Thadingyut Festival">Thadingyut Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda_festival" title="Pagoda festival">Pagoda festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagodas_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagodas in Myanmar">Pagodas in Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agga_Maha_Pandita" title="Agga Maha Pandita">Agga Maha Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sangha_Maha_Nayaka_Committee" title="State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee">State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_S%C4%81sana_Azani_recipients" title="List of Sāsana Azani recipients">List of Sāsana Azani recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Theravada_Buddhist_Missionary_University" class="mw-redirect" title="International Theravada Buddhist Missionary University">International Theravada Buddhist Missionary University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Pariyatti_Sasana_University,_Yangon" title="State Pariyatti Sasana University, Yangon">State Pariyatti Sasana University, Yangon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Pariyatti_Sasana_University,_Mandalay" title="State Pariyatti Sasana University, Mandalay">State Pariyatti Sasana University, Mandalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_S%C4%81sana_Nuggaha" title="Buddha Sāsana Nuggaha">Buddha Sāsana Nuggaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Men%27s_Buddhist_Association_(Burma)" title="Young Men's Buddhist Association (Burma)">Young Men's Buddhist Association (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vihara">Vihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaung&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoutman1990" class="citation book cs1">Houtman, Gustaaf (1990). <i>Traditions of Buddhist Practice in Burma</i>. ILCAA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditions+of+Buddhist+Practice+in+Burma&rft.pub=ILCAA&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Houtman&rft.aufirst=Gustaaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_M._Johnston" class="mw-redirect" title="William M. Johnston">Johnston, William M.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WOZJAgAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Monasticism</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78715-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78715-7"><bdi>978-1-136-78715-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Monasticism&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-78715-7&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWOZJAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mahana1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mahana1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mahana.org.mm/en/religious-affairs/the-account-of-wazo-monks-and-nuns-in-1377-2016-year/">"The Account of Wazo Monks and Nuns in 1377 (2016 year)"</a>. <i>The State Samgha Maha Nayaka Committee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+State+Samgha+Maha+Nayaka+Committee&rft.atitle=The+Account+of+Wazo+Monks+and+Nuns+in+1377+%282016+year%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mahana.org.mm%2Fen%2Freligious-affairs%2Fthe-account-of-wazo-monks-and-nuns-in-1377-2016-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins2005" class="citation book cs1">Watkins, Justin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pPgNAAAAYAAJ"><i>Studies in Burmese Linguistics</i></a>. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, the Australian National University. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780858835597" title="Special:BookSources/9780858835597"><bdi>9780858835597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Burmese+Linguistics&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics%2C+Research+School+of+Pacific+and+Asian+Studies%2C+the+Australian+National+University&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780858835597&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpPgNAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChai" class="citation web cs1">Chai, Ada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commons.trincoll.edu/edreform/2014/05/the-effects-of-the-colonial-period-on-education-in-burma/">"The Effects of the Colonial Period on Education in Burma"</a>. <i>Educ 300: Education Reform, Past and Present</i>. Trinity College<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Educ+300%3A+Education+Reform%2C+Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+the+Colonial+Period+on+Education+in+Burma&rft.aulast=Chai&rft.aufirst=Ada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.trincoll.edu%2Fedreform%2F2014%2F05%2Fthe-effects-of-the-colonial-period-on-education-in-burma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSao_Tern_Moeng1995" class="citation book cs1">Sao Tern Moeng (1995). <i>Shan-English Dictionary</i>. 1995. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931745-92-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-931745-92-6"><bdi>0-931745-92-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shan-English+Dictionary&rft.pub=1995&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-931745-92-6&rft.au=Sao+Tern+Moeng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinne2003" class="citation journal cs1">Robinne, François (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00334262">"The monastic unity. A contemporary Burmese Artefact?"</a>. <i>Aséanie, Sciences humaines en Asie du Sud-Est</i>. <b>12</b>: 75–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=As%C3%A9anie%2C+Sciences+humaines+en+Asie+du+Sud-Est&rft.atitle=The+monastic+unity.+A+contemporary+Burmese+Artefact%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=75-92&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Robinne&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00334262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2005" class="citation book cs1">James, Helen (2005). <i>Governance and Civil Society in Myanmar: Education, Health, and Environment</i>. Psychology Press. pp. 78–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415355582" title="Special:BookSources/9780415355582"><bdi>9780415355582</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governance+and+Civil+Society+in+Myanmar%3A+Education%2C+Health%2C+and+Environment&rft.pages=78-83&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780415355582&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dra.gov.mm/?page_id=351">"သာသနာရေးဦးစီးဌာနက ကျင်းပသည့် စာမေးပွဲများ"</a>. <i>Department of Religious Affairs</i> (in Burmese). Ministry of Religious Affairs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Religious+Affairs&rft.atitle=%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%8C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%80+%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%9E%E1%80%8A%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA+%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dra.gov.mm%2F%3Fpage_id%3D351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuxley2007" class="citation journal cs1">Huxley, Andrew (2007). "Review of Powerful Learning: Buddhist Literati and the Throne in Burma's Last Dynasty, 1752–1885". <i>South East Asia Research</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 429–433. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23750265">23750265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+East+Asia+Research&rft.atitle=Review+of+Powerful+Learning%3A+Buddhist+Literati+and+the+Throne+in+Burma%27s+Last+Dynasty%2C+1752%26ndash%3B1885&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=429-433&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23750265%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Huxley&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1990" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Anthony (1990). <i>Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680: The Lands Below the Winds</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300047509" title="Special:BookSources/0300047509"><bdi>0300047509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+in+the+Age+of+Commerce%2C+1450-1680%3A+The+Lands+Below+the+Winds&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0300047509&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendelson1975" class="citation book cs1">Mendelson, E. Michael (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sanghastateinbur00mend"><i>Sangha and State in Burma: A Study of Monastic Sectarianism and Leadership</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801408755" title="Special:BookSources/9780801408755"><bdi>9780801408755</bdi></a>. <q>sangha and state in burma.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sangha+and+State+in+Burma%3A+A+Study+of+Monastic+Sectarianism+and+Leadership&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780801408755&rft.aulast=Mendelson&rft.aufirst=E.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsanghastateinbur00mend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser-Lu1994" class="citation book cs1">Fraser-Lu, Sylvia (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vx3rAAAAMAAJ"><i>Burmese Crafts: Past and Present</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195886085" title="Special:BookSources/9780195886085"><bdi>9780195886085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burmese+Crafts%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780195886085&rft.aulast=Fraser-Lu&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVx3rAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia</i>. Marshall Cavendish. 2007. p. 630. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7631-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7631-3"><bdi>978-0-7614-7631-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Eastern+and+Southern+Asia&rft.pages=630&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7631-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNisbet1901" class="citation book cs1">Nisbet, John (1901). <i>Burma Under British Rule--and Before</i>. A. Constable & Company, Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burma+Under+British+Rule--and+Before&rft.pub=A.+Constable+%26+Company%2C+Limited&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Nisbet&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndiaMarshall1904" class="citation book cs1">India, Archaeological Survey of; Marshall, Sir John Hubert (1904). <i>Annual Report</i>. Superintendent of Government Printing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report&rft.pub=Superintendent+of+Government+Printing&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=India&rft.aufirst=Archaeological+Survey+of&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Sir+John+Hubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLammerts2015" class="citation book cs1">Lammerts, D. Christian (2015). <i>Buddhist Dynamics in Premodern and Early Modern Southeast Asia</i>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814519069" title="Special:BookSources/9789814519069"><bdi>9789814519069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Dynamics+in+Premodern+and+Early+Modern+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789814519069&rft.aulast=Lammerts&rft.aufirst=D.+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thudhamma_Nikaya" title="Thudhamma Nikaya">Thudhamma Nikaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwegyin_Nikaya" title="Shwegyin Nikaya">Shwegyin Nikaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hngettwin_Nikaya" title="Hngettwin Nikaya">Hngettwin Nikaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwara Nikaya">Dwara Nikaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammayuttika_Nikaya" title="Dhammayuttika Nikaya">Dhammayutti Nikaya (Mahayin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Buddhist_titles" title="Burmese Buddhist titles">Burmese Buddhist titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidhaja_Maha_Rattha_Guru" title="Abhidhaja Maha Rattha Guru">Abhidhaja Maha Rattha Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agga_Maha_Pandita" title="Agga Maha Pandita">Agga Maha Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thathanabaing_of_Burma" title="Thathanabaing of Burma">Thathanabaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilashin" title="Thilashin">Thilashin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yogi_(Buddhism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yogi (Buddhism) (page does not exist)">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sangha_Maha_Nayaka_Committee" title="State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee">State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kyaung</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_schools_in_Myanmar" title="Monastic schools in Myanmar">Monastic schools in Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_examinations" title="Monastic examinations">Monastic examinations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awgatha" title="Awgatha">Okāsa</a> (Awgatha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phongyibyan" title="Phongyibyan">Phongyibyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nat_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat (spirit)">Nat (spirit)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Myanmar" title="Christianity in Myanmar">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Myanmar" title="Catholic Church in Myanmar">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Myanmar" title="Protestantism in Myanmar">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Myanmar" title="Hinduism in Myanmar">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Myanmar" title="Islam in Myanmar">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Myanmar" title="Freedom of religion in Myanmar">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Affairs_and_Culture_(Myanmar)" title="Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture (Myanmar)">Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture (Myanmar)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Category:Religion in Myanmar">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, 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<li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on 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