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<li id="toc-Transitional_period_(8th-7th_centuries_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transitional_period_(8th-7th_centuries_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Transitional period (8th-7th centuries BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transitional_period_(8th-7th_centuries_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location_and_identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_and_identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Location and identification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Location_and_identification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Location and identification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Location_and_identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Samara-Ural_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Samara-Ural_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Samara-Ural group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Samara-Ural_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_Sauromatian-Early_Sarmatian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Sauromatian-Early_Sarmatian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Late Sauromatian-Early Sarmatian period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Sauromatian-Early_Sarmatian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Lower_Volga_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Lower_Volga_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The Lower Volga group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Lower_Volga_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_and_economic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_economic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Social and economic development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_economic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Political development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle 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mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Iron Age archaeological culture in the Volga Steppe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the later people descended in part from the Sauromatians, see <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Sauromatian culture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border:none"><div 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Map_of_the_Sauromatians.png/300px-Map_of_the_Sauromatians.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Map_of_the_Sauromatians.png/450px-Map_of_the_Sauromatians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Map_of_the_Sauromatians.png/600px-Map_of_the_Sauromatians.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.014%;left:25.447%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-1px;top:-1px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sauromatian culture"><img alt="Sauromatian culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/2px-Basic_red_dot.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/3px-Basic_red_dot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/4px-Basic_red_dot.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.775%;left:27.272%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-1px;top:-1px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sauromatian culture"><img alt="Sauromatian culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/2px-Basic_red_dot.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/3px-Basic_red_dot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/4px-Basic_red_dot.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.642%;left:27.837%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-1px;top:-1px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sauromatian culture"><img alt="Sauromatian culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/2px-Basic_red_dot.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/3px-Basic_red_dot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/4px-Basic_red_dot.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.642%;left:27.837%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-1px;top:-1px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sauromatian culture"><img alt="Sauromatian culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/2px-Basic_red_dot.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/3px-Basic_red_dot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/4px-Basic_red_dot.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.417%;left:28.295%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-1px;top:-1px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sauromatian culture"><img alt="Sauromatian culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/2px-Basic_red_dot.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/3px-Basic_red_dot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/4px-Basic_red_dot.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.791%;left:20.961%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-1px;top:-1px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sauromatian culture"><img alt="Sauromatian culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/2px-Basic_red_dot.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/3px-Basic_red_dot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/4px-Basic_red_dot.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></div></div><div id="annotation_275x03" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:03px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCE_500&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCE 500 (page does not exist)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">-500</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_125x50" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:50px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SAKAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_130x37" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:37px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tasmola_culture" title="Tasmola culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Tasmola</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_145x18" style="position:absolute; left:145px; top:18px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kulay_culture" title="Kulay culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Kulay</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_102x35" style="position:absolute; left:102px; top:35px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Gorokhovo_culture" title="Gorokhovo culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Goro-<br />khovo</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_95x27" style="position:absolute; left:95px; top:27px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Itkul_culture" title="Itkul culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Itkul</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x27" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:27px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sargat_culture" title="Sargat culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Sargat</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_60x20" style="position:absolute; left:60px; top:20px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ananyino_culture" title="Ananyino culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Ananyino<br />culture</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_105x60" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:60px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Massagetae</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_65x39" style="position:absolute; left:65px; top:39px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sauromatians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauromatians"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Sauro-<br />matians</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_278x78" style="position:absolute; left:278px; top:78px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Mumun</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x110" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:110px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Dian<br />culture</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_51x136" style="position:absolute; left:51px; top:136px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaeans"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>SABEANS</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_225x74" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:74px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Ordos<br />culture</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x70" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:70px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Shajing_culture" title="Shajing culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Sha-<br />jing</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_162x40" style="position:absolute; left:162px; top:40px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Pazyryk</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_175x29" style="position:absolute; left:175px; top:29px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Tagar</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_180x47" style="position:absolute; left:180px; top:47px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chandman_culture" title="Chandman culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Chandman</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_190x37" style="position:absolute; left:190px; top:37px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Aldy-Bel_culture" title="Aldy-Bel culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Aldy-Bel</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_183x72" style="position:absolute; left:183px; top:72px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">YUEZHI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_170x60" style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:60px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Subeshi_culture" title="Subeshi culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Subeshi</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_38x90" style="position:absolute; left:38px; top:90px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">ACHAEMENID EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_140x110" style="position:absolute; left:140px; top:110px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MAHA-<br />JANAPADAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x94" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:94px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">ZHOU<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_220x42" style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:42px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#4F311CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Slab-grave_culture" title="Slab-grave culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Slab-grave<br />culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_250x63" style="position:absolute; left:250px; top:63px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">DONGHU</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_05x131" style="position:absolute; left:05px; top:131px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>MEROË</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_15x45" style="position:absolute; left:15px; top:45px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Scythians</b></i></span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of the Sauromatian culture and contemporary cultures circa 500 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data">Southern Ural</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">6th-4th century BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cimmerian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimmerian culture">Cimmerian culture</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sarmatian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatian culture">Sarmatian culture</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sauromatian culture</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Савроматская культура</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Savromatskaya kulʹtura</i></span>) was an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> culture of horse nomads in the area of the lower <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga River</a> to the southern <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural Mountain">Ural Mountain</a>, in southern <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, dated to the 6th to 4th centuries BCE. Archaeologically, the Sauromatian period itself is sometimes also called the "Blumenfeld period" (6th-4th centuries BCE), and is followed by a transitional Late Sauromatian-Early <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatian">Sarmatian</a> period (4th-2nd centuries BCE), also called the "Prokhorov period".<sup id="cite_ref-MG158_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG158-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name of this culture originates from the <b>Sauromatians</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Σαυρομάται</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Sauromatai</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sauromatae</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[sau̯ˈrɔmat̪ae̯]</a></span>), an ancient <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian</a> people mentioned by Graeco-Roman authors, and with whom it is identified. The Sauromatian culture was nomadic: no permanent settlements have been found, and they are only known from some temporary camps and large <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgan</a> tombs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauromatian_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sauromatian culture emerged during the 6th century BCE out of elements of the Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a> and the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a>, combined with <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> nomadic elements from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Y296_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Y296-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985189_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sauromatian culture was first mentioned and named by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (484–c.425 BCE), who explained that it was located to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Don_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River">Don River</a>, 15 days distance from the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transitional_period_(8th-7th_centuries_BCE)"><span id="Transitional_period_.288th-7th_centuries_BCE.29"></span>Transitional period (8th-7th centuries BCE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauromatian_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transitional period (8th-7th centuries BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formation_of_the_Sauromatians.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Formation_of_the_Sauromatians.png/330px-Formation_of_the_Sauromatians.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Formation_of_the_Sauromatians.png/495px-Formation_of_the_Sauromatians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Formation_of_the_Sauromatians.png/660px-Formation_of_the_Sauromatians.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>The Sauromatians (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="Rgba(210, 105, 30, 0.6)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:rgba(210, 105, 30, 0.6);color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>) formed from a substrate of <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Srubnaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Srubnaya">Srubnaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andronovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronovo">Andronovo</a> populations, with large admixture from <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> nomads (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="Rgba(255, 140, 0, 0.3)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:rgba(255, 140, 0, 0.3);color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>) from the 7th-6th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a> and the Timber Grave culture (<a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a>) seem to have merged into a transitional culture during the 8th–7th centuries BCE. Still, there are wide regional and ethnic variations: the western populations of the lower <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> were mainly influenced by the Timber Grave culture and their anthropomorphic type was Mediterranean, while smaller populations in the Samara-Ural area were mainly influenced by the Andronovo culture and had Europoïd-Andronovo anthropomorphic types.<sup id="cite_ref-Y296_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Y296-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sauromatian period (6th-4th century BCE) conventionally starts in the 6th century CE, after this transitional period. Throughout the period, an important influx of nomadic populations from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> took place, which shaped the Sauramatian culture of the southern Ural area.<sup id="cite_ref-SUM_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SUM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sauromatian culture also interacted with the western Ciscaucasian group of the Scythian culture, due to which it exhibited many resemblances to this latter group of the Scythian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985189_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 7th-6th century BCE, Sauromatian artistic designs started to appear in western Scythian art, which became more intricate as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Culturally, the Sauromatian culture was also affected by the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, whose influence reached them through Central Asia. This Achaemenid influence was most prominent in the north-eastern part of Sauromatian territory during the 6th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985187_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985187-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek influence took over from the 4th century BCE, and Greek artifacts can be found in the nomadic burials of this period, as far as the southern Urals.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_and_identification">Location and identification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauromatian_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Location and identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sauromatian culture covered an area ranging from the eastern foothills of the lower Don river in the west to the lower Volga river in the east, and from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ural" title="Southern Ural">southern Ural</a> Mountains in the north to the eastern foothills of the Caucasus in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985189_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sauromatian culture was divided into two main local groups: a Samara-Ural group from the southern <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, and a Lower Volga group located between the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Don_(river)" title="Don (river)">Don River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Transvolga" title="Transvolga">Transvolga</a>. The Samara-Ural group of the Sauromatian culture has not yet been identified with any population recorded by ancient authors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nomads of the south Uralian region are sometimes identified with the tribes mentioned by ancient authors, such as the <a href="/wiki/Issedones" title="Issedones">Issedones</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MGM86_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MGM86-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As can be inferred from their closeness, close kin connections existed between the Lower Volga and the Samara-Ural groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, an argument has been made that they also could be considered as two different cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Y296_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Y296-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Samara-Ural_group">The Samara-Ural group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauromatian_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Samara-Ural group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:223px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taksai-1_Barrow_6_lady_(reconstruction,_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Taksai-1_Barrow_6_lady_%28reconstruction%2C_detail%29.jpg/137px-Taksai-1_Barrow_6_lady_%28reconstruction%2C_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Taksai-1_Barrow_6_lady_%28reconstruction%2C_detail%29.jpg/206px-Taksai-1_Barrow_6_lady_%28reconstruction%2C_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Taksai-1_Barrow_6_lady_%28reconstruction%2C_detail%29.jpg/274px-Taksai-1_Barrow_6_lady_%28reconstruction%2C_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="1344" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:223px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saka_jewelry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Saka_jewelry.jpg/147px-Saka_jewelry.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Saka_jewelry.jpg/221px-Saka_jewelry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Saka_jewelry.jpg/294px-Saka_jewelry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="1915" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taksai_artifacts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Taksai_artifacts.jpg/185px-Taksai_artifacts.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Taksai_artifacts.jpg/278px-Taksai_artifacts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Taksai_artifacts.jpg/370px-Taksai_artifacts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:101px;max-width:101px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_jewelry_(Taksai_I_kurgan).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gold_jewelry_%28Taksai_I_kurgan%29.jpg/99px-Gold_jewelry_%28Taksai_I_kurgan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gold_jewelry_%28Taksai_I_kurgan%29.jpg/149px-Gold_jewelry_%28Taksai_I_kurgan%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gold_jewelry_%28Taksai_I_kurgan%29.jpg/198px-Gold_jewelry_%28Taksai_I_kurgan%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="2003" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">"Golden Lady " from the <a href="/wiki/Taksai_kurgans" title="Taksai kurgans">Taksai kurgans</a>, and some of her golden jewelry, c. 500 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her outfit has many similarities with the Saka "Golden men" discovered at <a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Baigetobe</a> kurgans.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The region south of the Urals was very sparsely populated, "almost uninhabited", during the end of the Bronze Age, as known burials, which were of the Andronovo type, were extremely few.<sup id="cite_ref-Y296_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Y296-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SUM_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SUM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological research suggests that the area only started to develop and population started to increase when it received waves of Asian nomadic migrations from the 7th-6th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-SUM_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SUM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 7th century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Pamir_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamir mountains">Pamir</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ferghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferghana">Ferghana</a> anthropological types started to appear, and Eastern influence became prevalent, mainly through migrations.<sup id="cite_ref-Y296_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Y296-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characteristic Saka-style <a href="/wiki/Deer_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Deer stones">deer stones</a> are recorded in near the kurgans of Gumarovo.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent studies suggest that the population of the southern Urals actually became quite multi-ethnic, and the term "Early nomads of the southern Ural piedmont" is now often preferred to the traditional historical term "Sauromatians".<sup id="cite_ref-SUM_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SUM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> nomads had started to settle in the Southern Urals as early as the 7th century BCE, coming from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Altai-Sayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Altai-Sayan">Altai-Sayan</a> region, and Central and Northern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MJE4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJE4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Itkul_culture" title="Itkul culture">Itkul culture</a> (7th-5th century BCE) is one of these Early Saka cultures, based in the eastern foothills of the Urals and specialized in metallurgy, which was assimilited into the Early Sarmatian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-MJE4_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJE4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circa 600 BCE, groups from the Saka <a href="/wiki/Tasmola_culture" title="Tasmola culture">Tasmola culture</a> settled in the southern Urals.<sup id="cite_ref-MJE4_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJE4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circa 500 BCE, other groups from the area of Ancient <a href="/wiki/Khorezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorezm">Khorezm</a> settled in the western part of the southern Urals, who also assimilated into the Early Sarmatians.<sup id="cite_ref-MJE4_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJE4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these nomadic populations are identified by their <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgan</a> burial mounds and their numerous artifacts, such as <a href="/wiki/Taksai_kurgans" title="Taksai kurgans">Taksai kurgans</a> (c.500 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-SUM_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SUM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other south Ural kurgans of the 6th-4th centuries BCE include the kurgans of Kyryk-Oba, Lebedevka, Tara-Butak, Akoba, Nagornoye, Zhalgyzoba etc...<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Sauromatian-Early_Sarmatian_period">Late Sauromatian-Early Sarmatian period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauromatian_culture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late Sauromatian-Early Sarmatian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result, a large-scale integrated union of nomads from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> formed in the area in the 5th–4th century BCE, with fairly uniformized cultural practices.<sup id="cite_ref-MJE4_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJE4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cultural complex, with notable ‘‘foreign elements’’, corresponds to the ‘‘royal’’ burials of the <a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a> (c. 400 BCE), and defines the "Early Prokhorovka period" of the Late Sauromatian-Early Sarmatians.<sup id="cite_ref-MJE4_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJE4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sauromatians of the southern Ural, such as those buried in the Filippovka kurgan (c.400 BCE), combined Western (<a href="/wiki/Timber_Grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber Grave">Timber Grave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andronovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronovo">Andronovo</a>) and Eastern characteristics, and generally displayed an increased incidence of eastern Asiatic features.<sup id="cite_ref-GD39_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GD39-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They most closely resembled the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> populations of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, particularly from the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a> region (<a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk</a>), and were very different from the western <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, or even the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> area to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-GD39_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GD39-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaic stle of the <a href="/wiki/Animal_style" title="Animal style">animal style</a> in the Filippovka kurgan prompted some authors to date it to the 6th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The culture of the Samara-Ural group ended in the first decades of the 3rd century BCE (circa 300-250 BCE), possibly due to changing climatic conditions and the arrival of new nomads from Central Asia and southern Western Siberia, possibly <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, which defined the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatian">Sarmatian</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-MJE4_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJE4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarmatian culture is generally thought to have formed in the Ural steppes, and the general westward mouvement of these nomadic tribes may have provoked the demise of the classical Volga Sauromatians, who may even have belonged to a different genetic profile.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Gold-plated_deer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two-planed stag, Filippovka kurgan, Late Sauromatian-Early Sarmatian, 4th century BCE.[29]"><img alt="Two-planed stag, Filippovka kurgan, Late Sauromatian-Early Sarmatian, 4th century BCE.[29]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Gold-plated_deer.jpg/127px-%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Gold-plated_deer.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Gold-plated_deer.jpg/190px-%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Gold-plated_deer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Gold-plated_deer.jpg/254px-%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Gold-plated_deer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3169" data-file-height="4994" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two-planed stag, <a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Filippovka kurgan">Filippovka kurgan</a>, Late Sauromatian-Early Sarmatian, 4th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian,_gold_vase.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amphora with argali-shaped handles, Filippovka kurgan 1, 4th century BCE."><img alt="Amphora with argali-shaped handles, Filippovka kurgan 1, 4th century BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian%2C_gold_vase.jpg/165px-%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian%2C_gold_vase.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian%2C_gold_vase.jpg/248px-%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian%2C_gold_vase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian%2C_gold_vase.jpg/331px-%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian%2C_gold_vase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="3332" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amphora with <a href="/wiki/Argali" title="Argali">argali</a>-shaped handles, <a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Filippovka kurgan">Filippovka kurgan</a> 1, 4th century BCE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Bear.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold bear, Filippovka kurgans, Late Sauromatian-Early Sarmatian, 5th-4th century BCE.[30]"><img alt="Gold bear, Filippovka kurgans, Late Sauromatian-Early Sarmatian, 5th-4th century BCE.[30]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Bear.jpg/200px-%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Bear.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Bear.jpg/300px-%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Bear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Bear.jpg/400px-%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Bear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4061" data-file-height="3164" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold bear, <a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a>, Late Sauromatian-Early Sarmatian, 5th-4th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filippovka,_individuals_on_a_dagger_blade,_Kurgan_4,_Burial_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warriors with daggers and bows. Dagger blade decoration from Kurgan 4, Burial 2, Filippovka, Late Sauromatian-Early Sarmatian, 5th-4th century BCE.[31]"><img alt="Warriors with daggers and bows. Dagger blade decoration from Kurgan 4, Burial 2, Filippovka, Late Sauromatian-Early Sarmatian, 5th-4th century BCE.[31]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Filippovka%2C_individuals_on_a_dagger_blade%2C_Kurgan_4%2C_Burial_2.jpg/200px-Filippovka%2C_individuals_on_a_dagger_blade%2C_Kurgan_4%2C_Burial_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Filippovka%2C_individuals_on_a_dagger_blade%2C_Kurgan_4%2C_Burial_2.jpg/300px-Filippovka%2C_individuals_on_a_dagger_blade%2C_Kurgan_4%2C_Burial_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Filippovka%2C_individuals_on_a_dagger_blade%2C_Kurgan_4%2C_Burial_2.jpg/400px-Filippovka%2C_individuals_on_a_dagger_blade%2C_Kurgan_4%2C_Burial_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="484" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Warriors with daggers and bows. Dagger blade decoration from Kurgan 4, Burial 2, Filippovka, Late Sauromatian-Early Sarmatian, 5th-4th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Lower_Volga_group">The Lower Volga group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauromatian_culture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Lower Volga group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The section of the Lower Volga group of the Sauromatian culture located between the Don and Volga rivers corresponds to the Sauromatians mentioned by Graeco-Roman authors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They first formed during the 7th century BCE, after the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> had migrated westwards and become the masters of the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a>. The historian Marek Jan Olbrycht has suggested that the Sauromatians might have been a Scythian group who migrated from <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a> during the period of <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1kuza" class="mw-redirect" title="Iškuza">Scythian presence in Western Asia</a>, after which they merged with <a href="/wiki/Maeotians" title="Maeotians">Maeotians</a> who had a matriarchal culture. These early Sauromatians lived in the area of the Don river, near the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their western neighbours were the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians proper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985189_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sauromatians may have been the <span title="Avestan-language romanization"><i lang="ae-Latn">Saⁱrima-</i></span> (<span title="Avestan-language text"><span lang="ae"><span style="font-family:'Alphabetum', 'Ahuramazda', 'Avestan', 'Noto Sans Avestan';">𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬨𐬀</span></span></span>) people mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht"><span title="Avestan-language romanization"><i lang="ae-Latn">Yašt</i></span>s</a> as one of the five peoples following the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> religion, along with the <span title="Avestan-language romanization"><i lang="ae-Latn">Aⁱriia-</i></span> (<span title="Avestan-language text"><span lang="ae"><span style="font-family:'Alphabetum', 'Ahuramazda', 'Avestan', 'Noto Sans Avestan';">𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀</span></span></span>), <span title="Avestan-language romanization"><i lang="ae-Latn">Tūⁱriia-</i></span> (<span title="Avestan-language text"><span lang="ae"><span style="font-family:'Alphabetum', 'Ahuramazda', 'Avestan', 'Noto Sans Avestan';">𐬙𐬏𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀</span></span></span>), <span title="Avestan-language text"><span lang="ae"><span style="font-family:'Alphabetum', 'Ahuramazda', 'Avestan', 'Noto Sans Avestan';">𐬛𐬁𐬵𐬀</span></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae"><span title="Avestan-language romanization"><i lang="ae-Latn">Dāha-</i></span></a>), and <span title="Avestan-language romanization"><i lang="ae-Latn">Sāinu-</i></span> (<span title="Avestan-language text"><span lang="ae"><span style="font-family:'Alphabetum', 'Ahuramazda', 'Avestan', 'Noto Sans Avestan';">𐬯𐬁𐬌𐬥𐬎</span></span></span>), although this identification is still uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogelsang1993_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogelsang1993-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_and_economic_development">Social and economic development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauromatian_culture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social and economic development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_reconstruction_of_a_young_man_(25-35)_from_the_Mayerovsky_III_cemetery,_kurgan_5,_burial_1A,_Lower_Volga,_Sauromatian_period,_6th-5th_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Digital_reconstruction_of_a_young_man_%2825-35%29_from_the_Mayerovsky_III_cemetery%2C_kurgan_5%2C_burial_1A%2C_Lower_Volga%2C_Sauromatian_period%2C_6th-5th_century_BCE.jpg/220px-Digital_reconstruction_of_a_young_man_%2825-35%29_from_the_Mayerovsky_III_cemetery%2C_kurgan_5%2C_burial_1A%2C_Lower_Volga%2C_Sauromatian_period%2C_6th-5th_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Digital_reconstruction_of_a_young_man_%2825-35%29_from_the_Mayerovsky_III_cemetery%2C_kurgan_5%2C_burial_1A%2C_Lower_Volga%2C_Sauromatian_period%2C_6th-5th_century_BCE.jpg/330px-Digital_reconstruction_of_a_young_man_%2825-35%29_from_the_Mayerovsky_III_cemetery%2C_kurgan_5%2C_burial_1A%2C_Lower_Volga%2C_Sauromatian_period%2C_6th-5th_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Digital_reconstruction_of_a_young_man_%2825-35%29_from_the_Mayerovsky_III_cemetery%2C_kurgan_5%2C_burial_1A%2C_Lower_Volga%2C_Sauromatian_period%2C_6th-5th_century_BCE.jpg/440px-Digital_reconstruction_of_a_young_man_%2825-35%29_from_the_Mayerovsky_III_cemetery%2C_kurgan_5%2C_burial_1A%2C_Lower_Volga%2C_Sauromatian_period%2C_6th-5th_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="1514" /></a><figcaption>Digital reconstruction of a young man (25-35) from the Lower Volga Mayerovsky III (Майеровский III) cemetery (<a href="/wiki/Nikolayevsky_District,_Volgograd_Oblast" title="Nikolayevsky District, Volgograd Oblast">Nikolaevsky District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a> region), kurgan 5, burial 1A, Sauromatian period, 6th-5th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sword_types_of_the_South_Urals,_Sauromatian_5th-4th_centuries_BCE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sword_types_of_the_South_Urals%2C_Sauromatian_5th-4th_centuries_BCE.png/220px-Sword_types_of_the_South_Urals%2C_Sauromatian_5th-4th_centuries_BCE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sword_types_of_the_South_Urals%2C_Sauromatian_5th-4th_centuries_BCE.png/330px-Sword_types_of_the_South_Urals%2C_Sauromatian_5th-4th_centuries_BCE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sword_types_of_the_South_Urals%2C_Sauromatian_5th-4th_centuries_BCE.png/440px-Sword_types_of_the_South_Urals%2C_Sauromatian_5th-4th_centuries_BCE.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>Sauromatian sword types (South Urals), 5th-4th centuries BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The burials of the Lower Volga Sauromatians were poorer and less sophisticated than those of their neighbours, either those of the Scythians to the southwest or the southern Urals Sauromatians to the northeast. This suggests that Lower Volga Sauromatians had a lesser level of social and property differentiation. The kurgans of the southern Urals Sauromatians were much larger and richer, suggesting the existence of a rich military aristocracy in the 5th century BCE. No such burials have been found in the Volga area, suggesting that a more basic clan structure remained in place, with a poorer and weaker military aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_development">Political development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauromatian_culture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, the Sauromatians were descendants of <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a> and young Scythians who lived in the area beyond the <a href="/wiki/Don_(river)" title="Don (river)">Tanais</a>. Women rode on horseback, joined their husbands in war, and wore the same dress as men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000111_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000111-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sauromatians spoke a "corrupt form" of the Scythian language, which might be explained by the influence of the Andronovo culture in the development of the Sauromatian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 6th to 5th centuries BCE, the Lower Volga Sauromatians were constituted of either a number of tribes or of a single tribe sharing a common ethnic identity, and united into a single polity bounded to the west by the Don river and to the east by the Volga river. By the end of the 5th century BCE, groups of the Sauromatians had moved to the west and settled around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maeotis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Maeotis">Lake Maeotis</a> along the Royal Scythians and the Maeotians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatty2007225-236_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatty2007225-236-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sauromatians maintained peaceful relations with their western neighbours, the Scythians, who were also an Iranic equestrian nomadic people. A long road starting in Scythia and continuing towards the eastern regions of Asia existed thanks to these friendly relations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> king <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Scythian_campaign_of_Darius_I" title="Scythian campaign of Darius I">attacked the Scythians in 513 BCE</a>, the Sauromatian king <a href="/wiki/Scopasis" title="Scopasis">Scopasis</a> supported the Scythians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 6th century BCE, related Iranic nomads from the Central Asian steppes migrated westwards into the country of the Lower Volga Sauromatians, due to which the bulk of the Sauromatians retreated to the west, in western Ciscaucasia.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this, the Scythians progressively lost their territories in the Kuban region to the Sauromatians over the late 6th century BCE, beginning with the territory to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Laba_(river)" title="Laba (river)">Laba</a> river, and then the whole Kuban territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991572_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991572-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 6th century BCE, the Scythians had lost their territories in the <a href="/wiki/Kuban_Steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuban Steppe">Kuban Steppe</a> and had been forced to retreat into the Pontic Steppe, except for the westernmost part of the Kuban Steppe, which included the <a href="/wiki/Taman_Peninsula" title="Taman Peninsula">Taman Peninsula</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985195_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985195-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the Scythian <a href="/wiki/Sindi_people" title="Sindi people">Sindi</a> tribe formed a ruling class over the native Maeotians, due to which this country was named Sindica. By the 5th century BCE, Sindica was the only place in the Caucasus where the Scythian culture survived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991572_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991572-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik2018_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik2018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The retreating Sauromatians continued to move westwards, migrating into <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a> itself<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985190_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985190-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over the course of 550 and 500 BCE and were absorbed by the Pontic Scythians with whom they mingled. A large number of settlements in the valleys of the steppe rivers were destroyed as a result of these various migratory movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985195_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985195-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik2018_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik2018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The retreat of the Scythians from the Kuban Steppe and the arrival of the Sauromatian immigrants into the Pontic steppe over the course of the late 6th to early 5th centuries BCE caused significant material changes in the Scythian culture soon after the Persian campaign which are not attributable to a normal evolution of it. Some of the changes were derived from the Sauromatian culture of the Volga steppe, while others originated among the Kuban Scythians, thus resulting in the sudden appearance within the lower Dnipro region of a fully formed Scythian culture with no local forerunners, and which included a notable increase in the number of Scythian funerary monuments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991568-573_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991568-573-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik2018_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik2018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauromatian_culture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Mirror,_Filoppovka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Mirror%2C_Filoppovka.jpg/220px-%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Mirror%2C_Filoppovka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Mirror%2C_Filoppovka.jpg/330px-%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Mirror%2C_Filoppovka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Mirror%2C_Filoppovka.jpg/440px-%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Mirror%2C_Filoppovka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3271" data-file-height="5677" /></a><figcaption>Filippovka mirror, 4th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Sites belonging to the Sauromatian culture consist of <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgans</a> whose contents are poorer than those of Scythian burials, attesting of the presence of less extensive class stratification among the Sauromatians as compared to their western Scythian neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camel_pendant,_Sauromatians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Camel_pendant%2C_Sauromatians.jpg/220px-Camel_pendant%2C_Sauromatians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Camel_pendant%2C_Sauromatians.jpg/330px-Camel_pendant%2C_Sauromatians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Camel_pendant%2C_Sauromatians.jpg/440px-Camel_pendant%2C_Sauromatians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2716" data-file-height="2483" /></a><figcaption>A camel pendant from Filippovka,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the kind found in Pyatimary burials.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The remains of the Sauromatian culture consist nearly only of graves, which were themselves mostly secondary burials that had reused older kurgans. The grave goods present in these burials characterised the Sauromatians as well-armed cavalry warriors, although many of them appear to have also fought on foot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985189_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sauromatian kurgans of the 5th century BCE found in the southern foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> were, however, more developed, large and rich, and belonged to a military aristocracy. One example of such rich Sauromatian sites is the Pyatimary (Пятимары) group, located on the <a href="/wiki/Ilek_(river)" title="Ilek (river)">Ilek river</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sauromatian kurgans of the Volga area were instead all poorer, and none of them possessed the stature and richness of the Ural kurgans. This is an attestation of the clan structure of Sauromatian society subsisting for longer in the region between the Don and the Volga, while the tribal aristocracy in this area was weaker in both economic and military terms as compared to the aristocracy near the Urals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of pedestalled sacrificial altars made of stone or flat stone dishes with raised rims in female Sarmatian graves also confirms that claims of Graeco-Roman authors that Sarmatian women were warriors as well as priestesses. These priestesses held a very important status in Sauromatian society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985190_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985190-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapons">Weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauromatian_culture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous weapons, armour, helmets were already found in the excavations of the Early Sarmatian <a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Filippovka kurgan">Filippovka kurgan</a> (c. 450-300 BCE):<sup id="cite_ref-LTY2013_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTY2013-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weapons are very similar to those of the <a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Out of all military Sauromatian burials which contain weapons, twenty percent of the graves belong to women warriors, with this relatively large number attesting of the veracity of Graeco-Roman authors' claims that Sauromatian women held a special role and participated in military operations and in social life. Women's burials occupied the central position and were the richest in multiple Sauromatian funerary complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985190_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985190-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filippovka_1_Iron_armour_from_burial_2_mound_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Filippovka 1 Iron armour from burial 2 mound 4"><img alt="Filippovka 1 Iron armour from burial 2 mound 4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Filippovka_1_Iron_armour_from_burial_2_mound_4.jpg/120px-Filippovka_1_Iron_armour_from_burial_2_mound_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Filippovka_1_Iron_armour_from_burial_2_mound_4.jpg/180px-Filippovka_1_Iron_armour_from_burial_2_mound_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Filippovka_1_Iron_armour_from_burial_2_mound_4.jpg/240px-Filippovka_1_Iron_armour_from_burial_2_mound_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1498" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Filippovka 1 Iron armour from burial 2 mound 4</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filippovka_1,_Horn_armour_from_mound_29.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Filippovka 1, Horn armour from mound 29"><img alt="Filippovka 1, Horn armour from mound 29" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Filippovka_1%2C_Horn_armour_from_mound_29.jpg/91px-Filippovka_1%2C_Horn_armour_from_mound_29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Filippovka_1%2C_Horn_armour_from_mound_29.jpg/137px-Filippovka_1%2C_Horn_armour_from_mound_29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Filippovka_1%2C_Horn_armour_from_mound_29.jpg/183px-Filippovka_1%2C_Horn_armour_from_mound_29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1316" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Filippovka 1, Horn armour from mound 29</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filippovka_1,_bronze_arrowheads_from_burial_2,_mound_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Filippovka 1, bronze arrowheads from burial 2, mound 4"><img alt="Filippovka 1, bronze arrowheads from burial 2, mound 4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Filippovka_1%2C_bronze_arrowheads_from_burial_2%2C_mound_4.jpg/87px-Filippovka_1%2C_bronze_arrowheads_from_burial_2%2C_mound_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Filippovka_1%2C_bronze_arrowheads_from_burial_2%2C_mound_4.jpg/130px-Filippovka_1%2C_bronze_arrowheads_from_burial_2%2C_mound_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Filippovka_1%2C_bronze_arrowheads_from_burial_2%2C_mound_4.jpg/174px-Filippovka_1%2C_bronze_arrowheads_from_burial_2%2C_mound_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="1088" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Filippovka 1, bronze arrowheads from burial 2, mound 4</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filippovka_1,_iron_helmets_from_mound_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Filippovka 1, iron helmets from mound 11"><img alt="Filippovka 1, iron helmets from mound 11" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Filippovka_1%2C_iron_helmets_from_mound_11.jpg/101px-Filippovka_1%2C_iron_helmets_from_mound_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Filippovka_1%2C_iron_helmets_from_mound_11.jpg/152px-Filippovka_1%2C_iron_helmets_from_mound_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Filippovka_1%2C_iron_helmets_from_mound_11.jpg/202px-Filippovka_1%2C_iron_helmets_from_mound_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="1516" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Filippovka 1, iron helmets from mound 11</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filippovka_1,_iron_sowrds_and_daggers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Filippovka 1, iron swords and daggers"><img alt="Filippovka 1, iron swords and daggers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Filippovka_1%2C_iron_sowrds_and_daggers.jpg/120px-Filippovka_1%2C_iron_sowrds_and_daggers.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Filippovka_1%2C_iron_sowrds_and_daggers.jpg/180px-Filippovka_1%2C_iron_sowrds_and_daggers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Filippovka_1%2C_iron_sowrds_and_daggers.jpg/240px-Filippovka_1%2C_iron_sowrds_and_daggers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2456" data-file-height="1472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Filippovka 1, iron swords and daggers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Dagger,_Kurgan_4,_Burial_2,_Filippovka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Filippovka 1, bronze and inlaid gold dagger"><img alt="Filippovka 1, bronze and inlaid gold dagger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Dagger%2C_Kurgan_4%2C_Burial_2%2C_Filippovka.jpg/120px-%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Dagger%2C_Kurgan_4%2C_Burial_2%2C_Filippovka.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Dagger%2C_Kurgan_4%2C_Burial_2%2C_Filippovka.jpg/180px-%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Dagger%2C_Kurgan_4%2C_Burial_2%2C_Filippovka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Dagger%2C_Kurgan_4%2C_Burial_2%2C_Filippovka.jpg/240px-%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9._Gold_of_the_Sarmatian_-_Dagger%2C_Kurgan_4%2C_Burial_2%2C_Filippovka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5624" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Filippovka 1, bronze and inlaid gold dagger </div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filippovka_kurgan_dagger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Filippovka_kurgan_dagger.jpg/700px-Filippovka_kurgan_dagger.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Filippovka_kurgan_dagger.jpg/1050px-Filippovka_kurgan_dagger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Filippovka_kurgan_dagger.jpg/1400px-Filippovka_kurgan_dagger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5624" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption>Gilded iron dagger, with designs of horses and warriors, from <a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Filippovka kurgan">Filippovka kurgan</a> 4, Burial 2.<sup id="cite_ref-LTY_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTY-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demise">Demise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauromatian_culture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarmatian_ancestry_proportions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sarmatian_ancestry_proportions.png/220px-Sarmatian_ancestry_proportions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sarmatian_ancestry_proportions.png/330px-Sarmatian_ancestry_proportions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sarmatian_ancestry_proportions.png/440px-Sarmatian_ancestry_proportions.png 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption>Sarmatian ancestry proportions. The Late Sauromatian-Early <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatian">Sarmatian</a> period (Prokhorovka period in Southern Ural) sees a marked influx of Central Asian nomads (<a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altaian</a>-like ancestry), which continued into the Late Sarmatian period, and made them genetically quite similar to Asian <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> populations.<sup id="cite_ref-JMK_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMK-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GD39_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GD39-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauromatians_horseman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sauromatians_horseman.jpg/220px-Sauromatians_horseman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sauromatians_horseman.jpg/330px-Sauromatians_horseman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sauromatians_horseman.jpg/440px-Sauromatians_horseman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2943" /></a><figcaption>Possible depiction of a Sauromatians warrior, with straight hair, saw-toothed patterned trousers, coat and bows. <a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Filippovka kurgan">Filippovka kurgan</a>, c.400 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Sauromatian culture came to an end when, in the 4th to 3rd centuries BCE, they were conquered by nomadic Central Asian populations from regions east of the Urals who moved into the trans-Ural steppes and the lower Volga region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sauromatians joined these new conquerors. Their combination with these eastern nomads gave rise to the Sarmatians.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were initially able to preserve their separate identity, although their name, modified into "<a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>" eventually came to be applied to the whole of the new people formed out of these migrations, whose constituent tribes were the <a href="/wiki/Aorsi" title="Aorsi">Aorsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roxolani" title="Roxolani">Roxolani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Iazyges" title="Iazyges">Iazyges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatty2007225-236_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatty2007225-236-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the Sarmatians having a similar name to the Sauromatians, ancient authors distinguished between the two, and Sarmatian culture did not directly develop from the Sauromatian culture; the core of the Sarmatians was instead composed of the newly arrived migrants from the southern Ural foothills.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatty2007225-236_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatty2007225-236-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This evolution is also reflected in the genetic profile of the Sauromatians and Sarmatians, which sees a marked influx of Central Asian nomads (<a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altaian</a>-like ancestry), continuing into the Late Sarmatian period.<sup id="cite_ref-JMK_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMK-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From an archaeological standpoint, there is no continuity between the lower Volga Sauromatians and the Sarmatians of the 3rd century BCE onward. The Sarmatians were instead derived from the southern Urals Sauromatians, combined with new migrants from beyond the Urals, who migrated into the lower Volga region and conquered the lower Volga Sauromatians. Sarmatians polities such as the Aorsi, the Roxolani, the Alans and the Iazyges then became known. These powerful tribes further expanded westward and conquered the Scythians. and the north Caucasus.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauromatian_culture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One Sauromatian from the Caspian region of the 7th century BCE had maternal haplogroup U5a1.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauromatian_Samara-Ural_DNA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sauromatian_Samara-Ural_DNA.png/250px-Sauromatian_Samara-Ural_DNA.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sauromatian_Samara-Ural_DNA.png/375px-Sauromatian_Samara-Ural_DNA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sauromatian_Samara-Ural_DNA.png/500px-Sauromatian_Samara-Ural_DNA.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Autosomal DNA Sauromatian culture of the Samara-Ural group from the north-eastern Caspian (7th century BCE)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauromatian_culture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSavelev2021" class="citation journal cs1">Savelev, Nikita S. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15688%2Fnav.jvolsu.2021.1">"SMALL GUMAROVO KURGANS OF SCYTHIAN-SARMATIAN TIME AT SOUTH URAL: CHRONOLOGY, FEATURES OF THE FUNERAL RITES AND ISSUES OF CULTURAL ATTRIBUTION (CC BY)"</a>. <i>Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15688%2Fnav.jvolsu.2021.1">10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2021.1</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nizhnevolzhskiy+Arheologicheskiy+Vestnik&rft.atitle=SMALL+GUMAROVO+KURGANS+OF+SCYTHIAN-SARMATIAN+TIME+AT+SOUTH+URAL%3A+CHRONOLOGY%2C+FEATURES+OF+THE+FUNERAL+RITES+AND+ISSUES+OF+CULTURAL+ATTRIBUTION+%28CC+BY%29&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15688%2Fnav.jvolsu.2021.1&rft.aulast=Savelev&rft.aufirst=Nikita+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15688%252Fnav.jvolsu.2021.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauromatian_culture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWcjhsRCWG4C&pg=PA43"><i>The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Scythian and Sarmatian Treasures from the Russian Steppes : the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, and the Archaeological Museum, Ufa</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2000. p. 43, Fig.44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-959-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-959-8"><bdi>978-0-87099-959-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Deer+of+Eurasia%3A+Scythian+and+Sarmatian+Treasures+from+the+Russian+Steppes+%3A+the+State+Hermitage%2C+Saint+Petersburg%2C+and+the+Archaeological+Museum%2C+Ufa&rft.pages=43%2C+Fig.44&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-959-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGWcjhsRCWG4C%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVyazovErshovaPonomarenkoGajewski2019" class="citation book cs1">Vyazov, Leonid A.; Ershova, Ekaterina G.; Ponomarenko, Elena V.; Gajewski, Konrad; Blinnikov, Mikhail S.; Sitdikov, Ayrat G. (2019). "Demographic Changes, Trade Routes, and the Formation of Anthropogenic Landscapes in the Middle Volga Region in the Past 2500 Years". <i>Socio-Environmental Dynamics along the Historical Silk Road</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">411–</span>452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-00728-7_19">10.1007/978-3-030-00728-7_19</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-00727-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-00727-0"><bdi>978-3-030-00727-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Demographic+Changes%2C+Trade+Routes%2C+and+the+Formation+of+Anthropogenic+Landscapes+in+the+Middle+Volga+Region+in+the+Past+2500+Years&rft.btitle=Socio-Environmental+Dynamics+along+the+Historical+Silk+Road&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E411-%3C%2Fspan%3E452&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-00728-7_19&rft.isbn=978-3-030-00727-0&rft.aulast=Vyazov&rft.aufirst=Leonid+A.&rft.au=Ershova%2C+Ekaterina+G.&rft.au=Ponomarenko%2C+Elena+V.&rft.au=Gajewski%2C+Konrad&rft.au=Blinnikov%2C+Mikhail+S.&rft.au=Sitdikov%2C+Ayrat+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MG158-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MG158_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGursoy2023" class="citation journal cs1">Gursoy, M. (28 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.51889%2F2022-1.1728-5461.16">"Жазба Және Археологиялық Деректер Негізінде Савромат-Сармат Тайпаларының Шығу Тегі"</a>. <i>BULLETIN Series Historical and Socio-political Sciences</i>. <b>1</b> (72): 158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.51889%2F2022-1.1728-5461.16">10.51889/2022-1.1728-5461.16</a></span>. <q>In particular, B. N. Grakov proposed a general four-stage chronology of the Savromat-Sarmatian tribes, based on the specifics of their burial structures, burial traditions and material world: 1.The Savromat period or Blumenfeld -VI-IV centuries BC. 2.Savromat-Sarmatian or Prokhorov period-IV-II Centuries BC. 3.The middle Sarmatian period or Suslov -II BC -II Centuries AD. 4.The late Sarmatian period or Shipov –II –IV centuries AD. Since this proposal is generally supported by the majority, this chronology is taken as a basis in the research papers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BULLETIN+Series+Historical+and+Socio-political+Sciences&rft.atitle=%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%96%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B+%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3+%D0%A8%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%83+%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=72&rft.pages=158&rft.date=2023-02-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.51889%2F2022-1.1728-5461.16&rft.aulast=Gursoy&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.51889%252F2022-1.1728-5461.16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangShaoPan2020" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Jianhua; Shao, Huiqiu; Pan, Ling (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dNLHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA287"><i>The metal road of the Eastern Eurasian steppe: the formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road</i></a>. Springer. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-329-155-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-329-155-3"><bdi>978-981-329-155-3</bdi></a>. <q>No permanent settlements were found in the Sauromatian culture; only some temporary camps were found. The excavation materials mainly focused on the tombs. Based on current research findings, the Sauromatian culture can be classified into two types: the Lower Volga type and the Samara-Ural type. The artifacts in these two types have regional differences. The tombs in the Sauromatian culture are covered with enormous mounds. The tombs of the Lower Volga type are covered with earthwork mounds, while those of the Samara-Ural type are covered with stone-piled mounds or cairns. Some of the tombs are surrounded by a layer of pebbles, while some are set with <a href="/wiki/Deer_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Deer stones">deer stones</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+metal+road+of+the+Eastern+Eurasian+steppe%3A+the+formation+of+the+Xiongnu+Confederation+and+the+Silk+Road&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-981-329-155-3&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Jianhua&rft.au=Shao%2C+Huiqiu&rft.au=Pan%2C+Ling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdNLHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Y296-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Y296_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Y296_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Y296_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Y296_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Y296_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangShaoPan2020" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Jianhua; Shao, Huiqiu; Pan, Ling (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dNLHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA296"><i>The metal road of the Eastern Eurasian steppe: the formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road</i></a>. Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">296–</span>297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-329-155-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-329-155-3"><bdi>978-981-329-155-3</bdi></a>. <q>It has long been speculated that the Andronovo culture and the Timber Grave culture merged into a transitional culture, which later developed into the Sauromatian culture. Because the tomb type of the lower Volga River was mainly influenced by the Timber Grave culture, the Samara-Ural type reflects the influence of the Andronovo culture (Sulimirski 1970, pp. 39–53). Most of the remains of the transitional culture can be dated to the 8th–7th century B.C. and were mostly found in the Don-Volga region, with only a few in the South Ural region. Most of the tombs of this period are catacomb tombs with flexed skeleton. The tombs in the Ural were similar in form to those of the Andronovo culture. Most grave goods (Fig. 5.17) continued to be prevalent in the Sauromatian culture. There are significant differences between the lower Volga type and the Samara-Ural type, not only in the burial customs but also in human bones. The bone data show that there were two main types of Sauromatian: the Europoid Andronovo type in the Kazakh steppe and the Mediterranean type in the Volga River valley. Not until the 5th century B.C. did the Pamir-Ferghana type (Sulimirski 1970, pp. 39–53) appear in the Central Asian steppes. Therefore, in recent years, some scholars have suggested that these two types should belong to different cultures (Moshkova 1995). However, the similarities and differences between these two types remain for further discussion. In the course of its development, the Sauromatian culture was constantly influenced by both eastern and western factors particularly the eastern one. This influence was likely to be achieved through population migration, as evidenced by the presence of Pamir-Ferghana-type humans in the cultural distribution. Due to the increase in mobility, the migration of the people was extensive, and large-scale migration of the people was consistent among cultures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+metal+road+of+the+Eastern+Eurasian+steppe%3A+the+formation+of+the+Xiongnu+Confederation+and+the+Silk+Road&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E296-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-981-329-155-3&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Jianhua&rft.au=Shao%2C+Huiqiu&rft.au=Pan%2C+Ling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdNLHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova1990_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelyukova1990">Melyukova 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985189-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985189_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985189_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985189_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985189_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985189_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirski1985">Sulimirski 1985</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2000">Olbrycht 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangShaoPan2020" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Jianhua; Shao, Huiqiu; Pan, Ling (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dNLHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA287"><i>The metal road of the Eastern Eurasian steppe: the formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road</i></a>. Springer. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-329-155-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-329-155-3"><bdi>978-981-329-155-3</bdi></a>. <q>The name of the Sauromatian culture was first seen in the book by the Greek historian Herodotus. In his book The Histories, Herodotus wrote that the Sauromatian tribe near the eastern part of the Scythians was located to the east of the Don River, 15 days distance from the northern part of the Sea of Azov (Herodotus 1999b).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+metal+road+of+the+Eastern+Eurasian+steppe%3A+the+formation+of+the+Xiongnu+Confederation+and+the+Silk+Road&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-981-329-155-3&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Jianhua&rft.au=Shao%2C+Huiqiu&rft.au=Pan%2C+Ling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdNLHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGursoy2023" class="citation journal cs1">Gursoy, M. (28 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.51889%2F2022-1.1728-5461.16">"Жазба Және Археологиялық Деректер Негізінде Савромат-Сармат Тайпаларының Шығу Тегі"</a>. <i>BULLETIN Series Historical and Socio-political Sciences</i>. <b>1</b> (72): 157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.51889%2F2022-1.1728-5461.16">10.51889/2022-1.1728-5461.16</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BULLETIN+Series+Historical+and+Socio-political+Sciences&rft.atitle=%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%96%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B+%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3+%D0%A8%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%83+%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=72&rft.pages=157&rft.date=2023-02-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.51889%2F2022-1.1728-5461.16&rft.aulast=Gursoy&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.51889%252F2022-1.1728-5461.16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SUM-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SUM_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SUM_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SUM_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SUM_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SUM_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSummerer2020">Summerer 2020</a>, p. 604, notes 82, 85: "The southern Ural piedmont is traditionally associated with the Sauromatians, a collective ethnonym used for all nomadic people living in the vast region east of the Don at the time of Herodotus. However, recent studies see the inhabitants of this region as multi-ethnic and favour the more neutral term of early nomads of the southern Ural piedmont. While the Bronze Age in the southern Ural region is archaeologically well evidenced, there seems to be a hiatus in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. It has been suggested that new nomad groups came into the region during the 6th century BC. The earliest archaeological evidence of this immigration is a group of kurgan burials of the late 6th or early 5th century BC, of which Taksai-1 is part."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangShaoPan2020" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Jianhua; Shao, Huiqiu; Pan, Ling (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dNLHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA284"><i>The metal road of the Eastern Eurasian steppe: the formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road</i></a>. Springer. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-329-155-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-329-155-3"><bdi>978-981-329-155-3</bdi></a>. <q>After the 6th century B.C., some Greek colonies appeared along the Black Sea. The Greeks exchanged wool, fur, and slaves for painted ceramics, textiles, decorations, weapons, wine, and olive oil. From that time, the impact of the Greek artistic style on the Scythian culture gradually increased, while the influence of the Assyrian artistic style from West Asia gradually decreased. In the meanwhile, the Scythian artistic style became more complicated, involving some Sauromatian and Persian cultural elements.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+metal+road+of+the+Eastern+Eurasian+steppe%3A+the+formation+of+the+Xiongnu+Confederation+and+the+Silk+Road&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-981-329-155-3&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Jianhua&rft.au=Shao%2C+Huiqiu&rft.au=Pan%2C+Ling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdNLHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985187-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985187_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirski1985">Sulimirski 1985</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreister2021" class="citation journal cs1">Treister, M. Yu. (24 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.archive.org/work/owy3guhmvrfjrkojjx5hnnz5re/access/wayback/https://adiu.com.ua/index.php/journal/article/download/424/417">"MEDITERRANEAN AND NORTH PONTIC GREEK IMPORTS IN THE NOMADIC BURIALS OF THE LOWER VOLGA REGION AND FOOTHILLS OF SOUTH URALS OF THE 4th — FIRST THIRD OF THE 3rd CENTURY BC"</a>. <i>Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine</i>. <b>41</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.37445%2Fadiu.2021.04.03">10.37445/adiu.2021.04.03</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+and+Early+History+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=MEDITERRANEAN+AND+NORTH+PONTIC+GREEK+IMPORTS+IN+THE+NOMADIC+BURIALS+OF+THE+LOWER+VOLGA+REGION+AND+FOOTHILLS+OF+SOUTH+URALS+OF+THE+4th+%E2%80%94+FIRST+THIRD+OF+THE+3rd+CENTURY+BC&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2021-03-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.37445%2Fadiu.2021.04.03&rft.aulast=Treister&rft.aufirst=M.+Yu.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.archive.org%2Fwork%2Fowy3guhmvrfjrkojjx5hnnz5re%2Faccess%2Fwayback%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fadiu.com.ua%2Findex.php%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F424%2F417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MGM86-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MGM86_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMOSHKOVA1995" class="citation book cs1">MOSHKOVA, MARINA G. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.podgorski.com/main/assets/documents/Nomads_of_the_Eurasian_Steppes.pdf"><i>A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF THE SAUROMATIAN AND SARMATIAN TRIBES (Chap.4)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Berkeley: ZINAT PRESS. pp. <span class="nowrap">86–</span>106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+BRIEF+REVIEW+OF+THE+HISTORY+OF+THE+SAUROMATIAN+AND+SARMATIAN+TRIBES+%28Chap.4%29&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=ZINAT+PRESS&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=MOSHKOVA&rft.aufirst=MARINA+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.podgorski.com%2Fmain%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2FNomads_of_the_Eurasian_Steppes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukpanova2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lukpanova, Ya.A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32899848">"Reconstruction of Female Costume From the Elite Burial Ground Taksay-I: a View of the Archaeology"</a>. <i>Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Arcaheology)</i>. <b>1</b> (19).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Povolzhskaya+Arkheologiya+%28The+Volga+River+Region+Arcaheology%29&rft.atitle=Reconstruction+of+Female+Costume+From+the+Elite+Burial+Ground+Taksay-I%3A+a+View+of+the+Archaeology.&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=19&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Lukpanova&rft.aufirst=Ya.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32899848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/9228922@N03/36214368340/in/album-72157684182450632/">"Golden Man from Shilikty and Golden Woman from Taksai"</a>. Nur-sultan - National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 23 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Golden+Man+from+Shilikty+and+Golden+Woman+from+Taksai&rft.pub=Nur-sultan+-+National+Museum+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan&rft.date=2017-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F9228922%40N03%2F36214368340%2Fin%2Falbum-72157684182450632%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a description of the earring, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankovaSimpson2017" class="citation book cs1">Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34533231"><i>Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia</i></a>. British Museum. p. 137, item 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scythians%3A+warriors+of+ancient+Siberia&rft.pages=137%2C+item+67&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft.aulast=Pankova&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rft.au=Simpson%2C+St+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34533231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreeva2023" class="citation journal cs1">Andreeva, Petya V. (23 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1362704X.2021.1991133">"Glittering Bodies: The Politics of Mortuary Self-Fashioning in Eurasian Nomadic Cultures (700 BCE-200 BCE)"</a>. <i>Fashion Theory</i>. <b>27</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">175–</span>204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1362704X.2021.1991133">10.1080/1362704X.2021.1991133</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240162003">240162003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fashion+Theory&rft.atitle=Glittering+Bodies%3A+The+Politics+of+Mortuary+Self-Fashioning+in+Eurasian+Nomadic+Cultures+%28700+BCE-200+BCE%29&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.date=2023-02-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1362704X.2021.1991133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240162003%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Andreeva&rft.aufirst=Petya+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F1362704X.2021.1991133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanov2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ivanov, Vladimir (25 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24852%2Fpa2017.4.22.8.23">"Southern Cis-Urals in the Great Migration Period – Archaeological and Geographical Context"</a>. <i>Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology)</i>. <b>4</b> (22): <span class="nowrap">8–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24852%2Fpa2017.4.22.8.23">10.24852/pa2017.4.22.8.23</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Povolzhskaya+Arkheologiya+%28The+Volga+River+Region+Archaeology%29&rft.atitle=Southern+Cis-Urals+in+the+Great+Migration+Period+%E2%80%93+Archaeological+and+Geographical+Context&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2017-12-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24852%2Fpa2017.4.22.8.23&rft.aulast=Ivanov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.24852%252Fpa2017.4.22.8.23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJärve2019" class="citation journal cs1">Järve, Mari (22 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.019">"Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>29</b> (14): <span class="nowrap">e4 –</span> <span class="nowrap">e5</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CBio...29E2430J">2019CBio...29E2430J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.019">10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31303491">31303491</a>. <q>Due to ecological and demographic factors, the Southern Urals steppe was practically uninhabited at the end of the Bronze Age, only a handful of burials are known from that period. More numerous burial sites reappear only in the 7th century BC, suggesting the population of the region by nomads.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Shifts+in+the+Genetic+Landscape+of+the+Western+Eurasian+Steppe+Associated+with+the+Beginning+and+End+of+the+Scythian+Dominance&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee4+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee5%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2019-07-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.019&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31303491&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019CBio...29E2430J&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4rve&rft.aufirst=Mari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2019.06.019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЧариков1980" class="citation journal cs1">Чариков, А.А. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kronk.spb.ru/library/charikov-aa-1980v.htm">"Оленный камень из Южного Приуралья. (Reindeer stone from the Southern Urals)"</a>. <i>Археология Южной Сибири (ИЛАИ)</i>. <b>11</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8+%28%D0%98%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%98%29&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F.+%28Reindeer+stone+from+the+Southern+Urals%29&rft.volume=11&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%90.%D0%90.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkronk.spb.ru%2Flibrary%2Fcharikov-aa-1980v.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MJE4-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MJE4_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJE4_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJE4_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJE4_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJE4_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJE4_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJE4_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJärveSaagScheibPathak2019" class="citation journal cs1">Järve, Mari; Saag, Lehti; Scheib, Christiana Lyn; Pathak, Ajai K.; Montinaro, Francesco; Pagani, Luca; Flores, Rodrigo; Guellil, Meriam; Saag, Lauri; Tambets, Kristiina; Kushniarevich, Alena; Solnik, Anu; Varul, Liivi; Zadnikov, Stanislav; Petrauskas, Oleg; Avramenko, Maryana; Magomedov, Boris; Didenko, Serghii; Toshev, Gennadi; Bruyako, Igor; Grechko, Denys; Okatenko, Vitalii; Gorbenko, Kyrylo; Smyrnov, Oleksandr; Heiko, Anatolii; Reida, Roman; Sapiehin, Serheii; Sirotin, Sergey; Tairov, Aleksandr; Beisenov, Arman; Starodubtsev, Maksim; Vasilev, Vitali; Nechvaloda, Alexei; Atabiev, Biyaslan; Litvinov, Sergey; Ekomasova, Natalia; Dzhaubermezov, Murat; Voroniatov, Sergey; Utevska, Olga; Shramko, Irina; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Metspalu, Mait; Savelev, Nikita; Kriiska, Aivar; Kivisild, Toomas; Villems, Richard (22 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.019">"Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>29</b> (14): <span class="nowrap">e4 –</span> <span class="nowrap">e5</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CBio...29E2430J">2019CBio...29E2430J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.019">10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31303491">31303491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Shifts+in+the+Genetic+Landscape+of+the+Western+Eurasian+Steppe+Associated+with+the+Beginning+and+End+of+the+Scythian+Dominance&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee4+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee5%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2019-07-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.019&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31303491&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019CBio...29E2430J&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4rve&rft.aufirst=Mari&rft.au=Saag%2C+Lehti&rft.au=Scheib%2C+Christiana+Lyn&rft.au=Pathak%2C+Ajai+K.&rft.au=Montinaro%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Pagani%2C+Luca&rft.au=Flores%2C+Rodrigo&rft.au=Guellil%2C+Meriam&rft.au=Saag%2C+Lauri&rft.au=Tambets%2C+Kristiina&rft.au=Kushniarevich%2C+Alena&rft.au=Solnik%2C+Anu&rft.au=Varul%2C+Liivi&rft.au=Zadnikov%2C+Stanislav&rft.au=Petrauskas%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Avramenko%2C+Maryana&rft.au=Magomedov%2C+Boris&rft.au=Didenko%2C+Serghii&rft.au=Toshev%2C+Gennadi&rft.au=Bruyako%2C+Igor&rft.au=Grechko%2C+Denys&rft.au=Okatenko%2C+Vitalii&rft.au=Gorbenko%2C+Kyrylo&rft.au=Smyrnov%2C+Oleksandr&rft.au=Heiko%2C+Anatolii&rft.au=Reida%2C+Roman&rft.au=Sapiehin%2C+Serheii&rft.au=Sirotin%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Tairov%2C+Aleksandr&rft.au=Beisenov%2C+Arman&rft.au=Starodubtsev%2C+Maksim&rft.au=Vasilev%2C+Vitali&rft.au=Nechvaloda%2C+Alexei&rft.au=Atabiev%2C+Biyaslan&rft.au=Litvinov%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Ekomasova%2C+Natalia&rft.au=Dzhaubermezov%2C+Murat&rft.au=Voroniatov%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Utevska%2C+Olga&rft.au=Shramko%2C+Irina&rft.au=Khusnutdinova%2C+Elza&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Mait&rft.au=Savelev%2C+Nikita&rft.au=Kriiska%2C+Aivar&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+Toomas&rft.au=Villems%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2019.06.019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyshkin2017" class="citation journal cs1">Myshkin, V. N. (1 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/292/389">"Scythian Age Barrows with Burials on the Ground Surface in the Southern Ural Steppes: Features of the Funerary Rite"</a>. <i>Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia</i>. <b>45</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">96–</span>105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17746%2F1563-0110.2017.45.3.096-105">10.17746/1563-0110.2017.45.3.096-105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology%2C+Ethnology+%26+Anthropology+of+Eurasia&rft.atitle=Scythian+Age+Barrows+with+Burials+on+the+Ground+Surface+in+the+Southern+Ural+Steppes%3A+Features+of+the+Funerary+Rite&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17746%2F1563-0110.2017.45.3.096-105&rft.aulast=Myshkin&rft.aufirst=V.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.archaeology.nsc.ru%2Fjour%2Farticle%2Fview%2F292%2F389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GD39-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GD39_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GD39_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GD39_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWcjhsRCWG4C&pg=PA39"><i>The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Scythian and Sarmatian Treasures from the Russian Steppes : the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, and the Archaeological Museum, Ufa</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2000. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-959-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-959-8"><bdi>978-0-87099-959-8</bdi></a>. <q>In skull shape and facial structure, the Filippovka specimens differ considerably from remains of Scythians and Volga River-area Sarmatians. The Filipovka skulls most closely resemble those of <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> region, and those of the <a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Usuns</a> from Eastern Kazhakhstan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Deer+of+Eurasia%3A+Scythian+and+Sarmatian+Treasures+from+the+Russian+Steppes+%3A+the+State+Hermitage%2C+Saint+Petersburg%2C+and+the+Archaeological+Museum%2C+Ufa&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-959-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGWcjhsRCWG4C%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYablonsky2010" class="citation journal cs1">Yablonsky, Leonid Teodorovich (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20627646">"New Excavations of the Early Nomadic Burial Ground at Filippovka (Southern Ural Region, Russia)"</a>. <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>114</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3764%2Faja.114.1.129">10.3764/aja.114.1.129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20627646">20627646</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191399666">191399666</a>. <q>The Filippovka barrows also produced a large and varied series of artifacts made in the so-called Scytho Siberian Animal Style. This style looks so archaic that some researchers have dated it to as early as the sixth century B.C.E., thus placing the date of the barrows to the Sauromatian (i.e., pre-Sarmatian) Age.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=New+Excavations+of+the+Early+Nomadic+Burial+Ground+at+Filippovka+%28Southern+Ural+Region%2C+Russia%29&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191399666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20627646%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3764%2Faja.114.1.129&rft.aulast=Yablonsky&rft.aufirst=Leonid+Teodorovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20627646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMOSHKOVA1995" class="citation book cs1">MOSHKOVA, MARINA G. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.podgorski.com/main/assets/documents/Nomads_of_the_Eurasian_Steppes.pdf"><i>A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF THE SAUROMATIAN AND SARMATIAN TRIBES (Chap.4)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Berkeley: ZINAT PRESS. p. 95. <q>A recently published article by A.S. Skripkin (1988, p.28) assumes that because the Prokhorovskaya or Early Sarmatian Culture spread from the southern Ural steppes as the result of military expansion, the possibility of a Sauromatian and Sarmatian genetic continuity must be excluded.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+BRIEF+REVIEW+OF+THE+HISTORY+OF+THE+SAUROMATIAN+AND+SARMATIAN+TRIBES+%28Chap.4%29&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=ZINAT+PRESS&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=MOSHKOVA&rft.aufirst=MARINA+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.podgorski.com%2Fmain%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2FNomads_of_the_Eurasian_Steppes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYablonsky2010" class="citation journal cs1">Yablonsky, Leonid Teodorovich (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20627646">"New Excavations of the Early Nomadic Burial Ground at Filippovka (Southern Ural Region, Russia)"</a>. <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>114</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3764%2Faja.114.1.129">10.3764/aja.114.1.129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20627646">20627646</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191399666">191399666</a>. <q>Russian scholars all agree that the Sarmatian proto-homeland, the place of origin for this centuries-old culture, was in the southern Ural steppes and the forest steppe of the eastern Urals. And it is in these regions that the earliest cemeteries of Sarmatian type are located. One of these cemetery sites includes the barrows of Filippovka(fig. 1), which Pshenichniuk, a pioneer of scientific research on them, dated to no later than the fourth century B.C.E</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=New+Excavations+of+the+Early+Nomadic+Burial+Ground+at+Filippovka+%28Southern+Ural+Region%2C+Russia%29&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191399666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20627646%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3764%2Faja.114.1.129&rft.aulast=Yablonsky&rft.aufirst=Leonid+Teodorovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20627646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkorokovPerevodchikova2020" class="citation journal cs1">Okorokov, Konstantin; Perevodchikova, Elena (July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2020.1.2">"The 2013 Finds in the Context of the Animal Style of the Kurgan 1 of the Necropolis Filippovka 1"</a>. <i>Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik</i> (1): <span class="nowrap">28–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15688%2Fnav.jvolsu.2020.1.2">10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2020.1.2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nizhnevolzhskiy+Arheologicheskiy+Vestnik&rft.atitle=The+2013+Finds+in+the+Context+of+the+Animal+Style+of+the+Kurgan+1+of+the+Necropolis+Filippovka+1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2020-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15688%2Fnav.jvolsu.2020.1.2&rft.aulast=Okorokov&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rft.au=Perevodchikova%2C+Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15688%2Fnav.jvolsu.2020.1.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulyaev2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gulyaev, V. I. (21 September 2019). "The Bear Cult and Kurgans of the Scythian Elite". <i>Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia</i>. <b>47</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">85–</span>93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17746%2F1563-0110.2019.47.3.085-093">10.17746/1563-0110.2019.47.3.085-093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology%2C+Ethnology+%26+Anthropology+of+Eurasia&rft.atitle=The+Bear+Cult+and+Kurgans+of+the+Scythian+Elite&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=2019-09-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17746%2F1563-0110.2019.47.3.085-093&rft.aulast=Gulyaev&rft.aufirst=V.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYablonsky2010" class="citation journal cs1">Yablonsky, Leonid Teodorovich (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20627646">"New Excavations of the Early Nomadic Burial Ground at Filippovka (Southern Ural Region, Russia)"</a>. <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>114</b> (1): 137, Fig.13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3764%2Faja.114.1.129">10.3764/aja.114.1.129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9114">0002-9114</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20627646">20627646</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191399666">191399666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=New+Excavations+of+the+Early+Nomadic+Burial+Ground+at+Filippovka+%28Southern+Ural+Region%2C+Russia%29&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137%2C+Fig.13&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0002-9114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191399666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20627646%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3764%2Faja.114.1.129&rft.aulast=Yablonsky&rft.aufirst=Leonid+Teodorovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20627646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogelsang1993-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogelsang1993_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVogelsang1993">Vogelsang 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalabanovaNechvaloda2022" class="citation journal cs1">Balabanova, Maria; Nechvaloda, Aleksey (December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366524989">"Ancient Population of the Lower Volga Region According to Craniology and Anthropological Facial Sculptural Reconstruction from a Skull"</a>. <i>Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik</i> (2): <span class="nowrap">158–</span>173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15688%2Fnav.jvolsu.2022.2.10">10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.2.10</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nizhnevolzhskiy+Arheologicheskiy+Vestnik&rft.atitle=Ancient+Population+of+the+Lower+Volga+Region+According+to+Craniology+and+Anthropological+Facial+Sculptural+Reconstruction+from+a+Skull&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E173&rft.date=2022-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15688%2Fnav.jvolsu.2022.2.10&rft.aulast=Balabanova&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Nechvaloda%2C+Aleksey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F366524989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСергеевич2018" class="citation journal cs1">Сергеевич, Савельев Никита (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nahodki-mechey-i-kinzhalov-skifo-sarmatskogo-vremeni-iz-yugo-zapadnyh-predgoriy-yuzhnogo-urala-k-voprosu-ob-osvoenii-territorii-i/viewer">"Находки мечей и кинжалов скифо-сарматского времени из юго-западных предгорий Южного Урала (к вопросу об освоении территории и особенностях расселения кочевников)"</a>. <i>Oriental Studies</i>. <b>4</b>: <span class="nowrap">24–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22162%2F2619-0990-2018-37-3-24-31">10.22162/2619-0990-2018-37-3-24-31</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriental+Studies&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%28%D0%BA+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83+%D0%BE%D0%B1+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%29&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22162%2F2619-0990-2018-37-3-24-31&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft.aufirst=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fnahodki-mechey-i-kinzhalov-skifo-sarmatskogo-vremeni-iz-yugo-zapadnyh-predgoriy-yuzhnogo-urala-k-voprosu-ob-osvoenii-territorii-i%2Fviewer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelyukova1990">Melyukova 1990</a>, p. 111: "In level of social and economic development as well as in culture the Sauromatian tribes were somewhat more primitive than the Scythian, although a number of common characteristics can be found. The Sauromatian kurgans which have been excavated are as a whole poorer than those of the Scythians; they also show that there was less social and property differentiation between the Sauromatian aristocracy and the ordinary members of the community. More developed, evidently, were the tribes from the southern foothills of the Urals, where the large and rich kurgans of a military aristocracy dating to the 5th century B.C. - such as the Pyatimary group on the River llek - are known. No such burial grounds have to date been discovered in the Volga area. This has led scholars to suppose that the clan structure disintegrated more slowly amongst the Sauromatae in the area between the Volga and the Don and that the clan-tribal aristocracy here was economically and militarily weaker than the aristocracy near the Urals."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000111-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000111_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2000">Olbrycht 2000</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatty2007225-236-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatty2007225-236_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatty2007225-236_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatty2007225-236_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBatty2007">Batty 2007</a>, p. 225-236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirski1985">Sulimirski 1985</a>, p. 189:"Sauromatian armament differed only slightly from that of the Scyths. By the end of the 5th century B.C. articles and weapons of Central Asian types, mostly modelled on Achaemenian prototypes, began to appear first in the South Urals, and then also on the lower Volga. This was due to the influx of the Sarmatian Alanic nomads from the Kazakhstan and Central Asian steppes who overran the Sauromatian country. The bulk of the Sauromatians yielded to the invaders and retreated southwards into the northwest Caucasus, and westwards into the Ukraine, where they brought about great changes in Scythian culture and initiated the Late Scythian Period."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991572-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991572_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991572_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 572.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985195-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985195_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985195_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirski1985">Sulimirski 1985</a>, pp. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik2018-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik2018_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik2018_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik2018_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvantchik2018">Ivantchik 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985190-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985190_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985190_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985190_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirski1985">Sulimirski 1985</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991568-573-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991568-573_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 568-573.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkorokovPerevodchikova2020" class="citation journal cs1">Okorokov, Konstantin; Perevodchikova, Elena (July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15688%2Fnav.jvolsu.2020.1.2">"The 2013 Finds in the Context of the Animal Style of the Kurgan 1 of the Necropolis Filippovka 1"</a>. <i>Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik</i> (1): <span class="nowrap">28–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15688%2Fnav.jvolsu.2020.1.2">10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2020.1.2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nizhnevolzhskiy+Arheologicheskiy+Vestnik&rft.atitle=The+2013+Finds+in+the+Context+of+the+Animal+Style+of+the+Kurgan+1+of+the+Necropolis+Filippovka+1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2020-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15688%2Fnav.jvolsu.2020.1.2&rft.aulast=Okorokov&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rft.au=Perevodchikova%2C+Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15688%252Fnav.jvolsu.2020.1.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkorokovPerevodchikova2020" class="citation journal cs1">Okorokov, Konstantin; Perevodchikova, Elena (July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15688%2Fnav.jvolsu.2020.1.2">"The 2013 Finds in the Context of the Animal Style of the Kurgan 1 of the Necropolis Filippovka 1"</a>. <i>Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik</i> (1): <span class="nowrap">28–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15688%2Fnav.jvolsu.2020.1.2">10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2020.1.2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nizhnevolzhskiy+Arheologicheskiy+Vestnik&rft.atitle=The+2013+Finds+in+the+Context+of+the+Animal+Style+of+the+Kurgan+1+of+the+Necropolis+Filippovka+1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2020-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15688%2Fnav.jvolsu.2020.1.2&rft.aulast=Okorokov&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rft.au=Perevodchikova%2C+Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15688%252Fnav.jvolsu.2020.1.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bashenc.online/ru/articles/78266/">"PYATIMARY, archaeol. monument ПЯТИМАРЫ, археол. памятник"</a>. <i>bashenc.online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bashenc.online&rft.atitle=PYATIMARY%2C+archaeol.+monument+%D0%9F%D0%AF%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%AB%2C+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB.+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbashenc.online%2Fru%2Farticles%2F78266%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LTY2013-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LTY2013_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYablonsky2013" class="citation journal cs1">Yablonsky, L.T. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archtat.ru/content/uploads/2017/12/PA_2013_24.pdf">"РАННЕСАРМАТСКИЙ РЫЦАРЬ (Sarmatian warrior)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Поволжская археология (The Volga River Region Archaeology)</i>. <b>2</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">104–</span>135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F+%28The+Volga+River+Region+Archaeology%29&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%99+%D0%A0%D0%AB%D0%A6%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%AC+%28Sarmatian+warrior%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Yablonsky&rft.aufirst=L.T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchtat.ru%2Fcontent%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F12%2FPA_2013_24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangShaoPan2020" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Jianhua; Shao, Huiqiu; Pan, Ling (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dNLHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA291"><i>The metal road of the Eastern Eurasian steppe: the formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road</i></a>. Springer. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-329-155-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-329-155-3"><bdi>978-981-329-155-3</bdi></a>. <q>These artifacts have great similarities with those in the Tagar culture that flourished in South Siberia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+metal+road+of+the+Eastern+Eurasian+steppe%3A+the+formation+of+the+Xiongnu+Confederation+and+the+Silk+Road&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-981-329-155-3&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Jianhua&rft.au=Shao%2C+Huiqiu&rft.au=Pan%2C+Ling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdNLHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LTY-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LTY_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYablonsky2010" class="citation journal cs1">Yablonsky, Leonid Teodorovich (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20627646">"New Excavations of the Early Nomadic Burial Ground at Filippovka (Southern Ural Region, Russia)"</a>. <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>114</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3764%2Faja.114.1.129">10.3764/aja.114.1.129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20627646">20627646</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191399666">191399666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=New+Excavations+of+the+Early+Nomadic+Burial+Ground+at+Filippovka+%28Southern+Ural+Region%2C+Russia%29&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191399666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20627646%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3764%2Faja.114.1.129&rft.aulast=Yablonsky&rft.aufirst=Leonid+Teodorovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20627646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMK-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JMK_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JMK_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJärveSaagScheibPathak2019" class="citation journal cs1">Järve, Mari; Saag, Lehti; Scheib, Christiana Lyn; Pathak, Ajai K.; Montinaro, Francesco; Pagani, Luca; Flores, Rodrigo; Guellil, Meriam; Saag, Lauri; Tambets, Kristiina; Kushniarevich, Alena; Solnik, Anu; Varul, Liivi; Zadnikov, Stanislav; Petrauskas, Oleg; Avramenko, Maryana; Magomedov, Boris; Didenko, Serghii; Toshev, Gennadi; Bruyako, Igor; Grechko, Denys; Okatenko, Vitalii; Gorbenko, Kyrylo; Smyrnov, Oleksandr; Heiko, Anatolii; Reida, Roman; Sapiehin, Serheii; Sirotin, Sergey; Tairov, Aleksandr; Beisenov, Arman; Starodubtsev, Maksim; Vasilev, Vitali; Nechvaloda, Alexei; Atabiev, Biyaslan; Litvinov, Sergey; Ekomasova, Natalia; Dzhaubermezov, Murat; Voroniatov, Sergey; Utevska, Olga; Shramko, Irina; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Metspalu, Mait; Savelev, Nikita; Kriiska, Aivar; Kivisild, Toomas; Villems, Richard (22 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.019">"Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>29</b> (14): 2430–2441.e10. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CBio...29E2430J">2019CBio...29E2430J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.019">10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31303491">31303491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Shifts+in+the+Genetic+Landscape+of+the+Western+Eurasian+Steppe+Associated+with+the+Beginning+and+End+of+the+Scythian+Dominance&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=2430-2441.e10&rft.date=2019-07-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.019&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31303491&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019CBio...29E2430J&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4rve&rft.aufirst=Mari&rft.au=Saag%2C+Lehti&rft.au=Scheib%2C+Christiana+Lyn&rft.au=Pathak%2C+Ajai+K.&rft.au=Montinaro%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Pagani%2C+Luca&rft.au=Flores%2C+Rodrigo&rft.au=Guellil%2C+Meriam&rft.au=Saag%2C+Lauri&rft.au=Tambets%2C+Kristiina&rft.au=Kushniarevich%2C+Alena&rft.au=Solnik%2C+Anu&rft.au=Varul%2C+Liivi&rft.au=Zadnikov%2C+Stanislav&rft.au=Petrauskas%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Avramenko%2C+Maryana&rft.au=Magomedov%2C+Boris&rft.au=Didenko%2C+Serghii&rft.au=Toshev%2C+Gennadi&rft.au=Bruyako%2C+Igor&rft.au=Grechko%2C+Denys&rft.au=Okatenko%2C+Vitalii&rft.au=Gorbenko%2C+Kyrylo&rft.au=Smyrnov%2C+Oleksandr&rft.au=Heiko%2C+Anatolii&rft.au=Reida%2C+Roman&rft.au=Sapiehin%2C+Serheii&rft.au=Sirotin%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Tairov%2C+Aleksandr&rft.au=Beisenov%2C+Arman&rft.au=Starodubtsev%2C+Maksim&rft.au=Vasilev%2C+Vitali&rft.au=Nechvaloda%2C+Alexei&rft.au=Atabiev%2C+Biyaslan&rft.au=Litvinov%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Ekomasova%2C+Natalia&rft.au=Dzhaubermezov%2C+Murat&rft.au=Voroniatov%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Utevska%2C+Olga&rft.au=Shramko%2C+Irina&rft.au=Khusnutdinova%2C+Elza&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Mait&rft.au=Savelev%2C+Nikita&rft.au=Kriiska%2C+Aivar&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+Toomas&rft.au=Villems%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2019.06.019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangShaoPan2020" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Jianhua; Shao, Huiqiu; Pan, Ling (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dNLHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA295"><i>The metal road of the Eastern Eurasian steppe: the formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road</i></a>. Springer. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-329-155-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-329-155-3"><bdi>978-981-329-155-3</bdi></a>. <q>The horse, with a long tail, is decorated on the body with S-shaped spirals, which also appear on the background (Fig. 5.15: 28). The knight, who has short and straight hair, a pair of saw-toothed patterned trousers and a waistband coat and who is carrying another bow on his back, is drawing the bow. Through this design, the craftsman may have intended to show the image of a Sauromatian warrior at war or of a hunter hunting.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+metal+road+of+the+Eastern+Eurasian+steppe%3A+the+formation+of+the+Xiongnu+Confederation+and+the+Silk+Road&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-981-329-155-3&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Jianhua&rft.au=Shao%2C+Huiqiu&rft.au=Pan%2C+Ling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdNLHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWcjhsRCWG4C&pg=PA4"><i>The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Scythian and Sarmatian Treasures from the Russian Steppes : the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, and the Archaeological Museum, Ufa</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2000. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-959-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-959-8"><bdi>978-0-87099-959-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Deer+of+Eurasia%3A+Scythian+and+Sarmatian+Treasures+from+the+Russian+Steppes+%3A+the+State+Hermitage%2C+Saint+Petersburg%2C+and+the+Archaeological+Museum%2C+Ufa&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-959-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGWcjhsRCWG4C%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelyukova1990">Melyukova 1990</a>, p. 112: "Archeologists have established that no direct line of development can be drawn from Herodotus' Sauromatae, that is the 6th~4th centuries B.C. population of the area between the Volga and the Don, to the Sarmatians of the 3rd century B.C. It appears that the nucleus of the Sarmatian people formed in the foothills of the south Urals, with the participation of migrants from the foreststeppes beyond the Urals. In the 4th~3rd centuries B.C. part of the population of the south Urals moved into the lower Volga and the trans-Urals steppes and conquered the Sauromatae living here. As a result new Sarmatian polities - known to the ancient world as the Aorsi, the Roxolani, the Alans and the Iazyges - were formed. These were the threatening and militarily powerful unions of tribes which from the 3rd century B.C. began their great advance westwards, across the Don and into the steppes of the north Black Sea area, where they "devastated a considerable part of Scythia and, exterminating the conquered to the last man, they turned the greater part of the country into a desert." They also moved southwards, into the north Caucasus"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (9 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2">"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>557</b> (7705). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a>: <span class="nowrap">369–</span>373. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.557..369D">2018Natur.557..369D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2">10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3202709">1887/3202709</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29743675">29743675</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13670282">13670282</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=137+ancient+human+genomes+from+across+the+Eurasian+steppes&rft.volume=557&rft.issue=7705&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E369-%3C%2Fspan%3E373&rft.date=2018-05-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F3202709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13670282%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.557..369D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29743675&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&rft.aulast=Damgaard&rft.aufirst=P.+B.&rft.au=Marchi%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllentoftSikoraRefoyo-MartínezIrving-Pease2024" class="citation journal cs1">Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Refoyo-Martínez, Alba; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Fischer, Anders; Barrie, William; Ingason, Andrés; Stenderup, Jesper; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Pearson, Alice; Sousa da Mota, Bárbara; Schulz Paulsson, Bettina; Halgren, Alma; Macleod, Ruairidh; Jørkov, Marie Louise Schjellerup (January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10781627">"Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>625</b> (7994): <span class="nowrap">301–</span>311. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Natur.625..301A">2024Natur.625..301A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06865-0">10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10781627">10781627</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38200295">38200295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Population+genomics+of+post-glacial+western+Eurasia&rft.volume=625&rft.issue=7994&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E311&rft.date=2024-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10781627%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024Natur.625..301A&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38200295&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06865-0&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.aulast=Allentoft&rft.aufirst=Morten+E.&rft.au=Sikora%2C+Martin&rft.au=Refoyo-Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+Alba&rft.au=Irving-Pease%2C+Evan+K.&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Anders&rft.au=Barrie%2C+William&rft.au=Ingason%2C+Andr%C3%A9s&rft.au=Stenderup%2C+Jesper&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6gren%2C+Karl-G%C3%B6ran&rft.au=Pearson%2C+Alice&rft.au=Sousa+da+Mota%2C+B%C3%A1rbara&rft.au=Schulz+Paulsson%2C+Bettina&rft.au=Halgren%2C+Alma&rft.au=Macleod%2C+Ruairidh&rft.au=J%C3%B8rkov%2C+Marie+Louise+Schjellerup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10781627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauromatian_culture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatty2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Batty" title="Roger Batty">Batty, Roger</a> (2007). <i>Rome and the Nomads: The Pontic-Danubian Realm in Antiquity</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-14936-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198-14936-1"><bdi>978-0-198-14936-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Nomads%3A+The+Pontic-Danubian+Realm+in+Antiquity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-198-14936-1&rft.aulast=Batty&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvantchik2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Askold_Ivantchik" title="Askold Ivantchik">Ivantchik, Askold</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/scythians">"Scythians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a 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Translated by Crookenden, Julia. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">97–</span>117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9"><bdi>978-0-521-24304-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom%3B+New+York+City%2C+United+States&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24304-9&rft.aulast=Melyukova&rft.aufirst=A.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht2000" class="citation book cs1">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11934986">"Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations"</a>. <i>Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>: <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99garnia_Akademicka" class="extiw" title="pl:Księgarnia Akademicka">Księgarnia Akademicka</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">105–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-371-88337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-371-88337-8"><bdi>978-8-371-88337-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+the+Presence+of+Iranian+Peoples+in+Europe+and+Their+Asiatic+Relations&rft.btitle=Collectanea+Celto-Asiatica+Cracoviensia&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%99garnia+Akademicka&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8-371-88337-8&rft.aulast=Olbrycht&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11934986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulimirski1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Sulimirski" title="Tadeusz Sulimirski">Sulimirski, T.</a> (1985). "The Scyths". In <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Gershevitch" title="Ilya Gershevitch">Gershevitch, I.</a> (ed.). <i>The Median and Achaemenian Periods</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Iran" title="The Cambridge History of Iran">The Cambridge History of Iran</a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">149–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05493-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05493-5"><bdi>978-1-139-05493-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scyths&rft.btitle=The+Median+and+Achaemenian+Periods&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.series=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05493-5&rft.aulast=Sulimirski&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Sulimirski" title="Tadeusz Sulimirski">Sulimirski, Tadeusz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Taylor_(archaeologist)" title="Timothy Taylor (archaeologist)">Taylor, T. F.</a> (1991). "The Scythians". In <a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">Boardman, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/I._E._S._Edwards" title="I. E. S. Edwards">Edwards, I. E. S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, N. G. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Sollberger" title="Edmond Sollberger">Sollberger, E.</a>; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.). <i>The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Ancient_History" title="The Cambridge Ancient History">The Cambridge Ancient History</a>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">547–</span>590. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05429-4"><bdi>978-1-139-05429-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scythians&rft.btitle=The+Assyrian+and+Babylonian+Empires+and+other+States+of+the+Near+East%2C+from+the+Eighth+to+the+Sixth+Centuries+B.C.&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.series=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E547-%3C%2Fspan%3E590&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05429-4&rft.aulast=Sulimirski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft.au=Taylor%2C+T.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummerer2020" class="citation book cs1">Summerer, Lâtife (1 January 2020). "The wooden comb of the 'golden lady': a new battle image from the Taksai-1 kurgan (western Kazakhstan)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44982093"><i>Masters of the Steppe: the Impact of the Scythians and Later Nomad Societies of Eurasia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Archaeopress" title="Archaeopress">Archaeopress</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">588–</span>760.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+wooden+comb+of+the+%E2%80%98golden+lady%E2%80%99%3A+a+new+battle+image+from+the+Taksai-1+kurgan+%28western+Kazakhstan%29&rft.btitle=Masters+of+the+Steppe%3A+the+Impact+of+the+Scythians+and+Later+Nomad+Societies+of+Eurasia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E588-%3C%2Fspan%3E760&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.aulast=Summerer&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A2tife&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F44982093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauromatian+culture" 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scythia" title="Template:Scythia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scythia" title="Template talk:Scythia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scythia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scythia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scythia111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaei" title="Achaei">Achaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathyrsi" title="Agathyrsi">Agathyrsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amardi" title="Amardi">Amardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androphagi" title="Androphagi">Androphagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arimaspi" title="Arimaspi">Arimaspi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budini" title="Budini">Budini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercetae" title="Cercetae">Cercetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrtians" title="Cyrtians">Cyrtians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parni" title="Parni">Parni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelonians" title="Gelonians">Gelonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanchlaeni" title="Melanchlaeni">Melanchlaeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrgians" title="Amyrgians">Amyrgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sauromatians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agaragantes" title="Agaragantes">Agaragantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aorsi" title="Aorsi">Aorsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cissianti" title="Cissianti">Cissianti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limigantes" title="Limigantes">Limigantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoristae" title="Phoristae">Phoristae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimphaces" title="Rimphaces">Rimphaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxolani" title="Roxolani">Roxolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serboi" title="Serboi">Serboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraces" title="Siraces">Siraces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spondolici" title="Spondolici">Spondolici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yancai" title="Yancai">Yancai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazyges" title="Iazyges">Iazyges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abii" title="Abii">Abii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadusii" title="Cadusii">Cadusii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dareitai" title="Dareitai">Dareitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelae_(tribe)" title="Gelae (tribe)">Gelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaxobii" title="Hamaxobii">Hamaxobii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legae" title="Legae">Legae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindi_people" title="Sindi people">Sindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spali" title="Spali">Spali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapurei" title="Tapurei">Tapurei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapuri" title="Tapuri">Tapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauri" title="Tauri">Tauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyssagetae" title="Thyssagetae">Thyssagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxii" title="Uxii">Uxii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygii" title="Zygii">Zygii</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_(Shaded_Relief_BG).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/180px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/270px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/360px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Scythian and related populations</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_jewellery_in_Ukraine" title="History of jewellery in Ukraine">Jewellery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_culture" title="Scythian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scytho-Siberian_world" title="Scytho-Siberian world">Horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakasene" title="Sakasene">Sakasene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parama_Kamboja_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Parama Kamboja Kingdom">Parama Kamboja Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alania" title="Alania">Alania</a></li> <li>Scythia Minor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Crimea)" title="Scythia Minor (Crimea)">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Dobruja)" title="Scythia Minor (Dobruja)">Lower Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatia" title="Sarmatia">Sarmatia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatia_Asiatica_and_Sarmatia_Europea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea">Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_western_steppe" title="History of the western steppe">History of the western steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li> <li>Iranian origin hypotheses of <a href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Croats#Iranian_theory" title="Origin hypotheses of the Croats">Croats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Serbs#Iranian_theory" title="Origin hypotheses of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Scythia" title="Category:Scythia">Category:Scythia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_ancient_Scythia" title="Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia">Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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25 Template:Cite_journal"," 13.23% 183.567 47 Template:Sfn"," 9.61% 133.379 19 Template:Cite_book"," 8.65% 120.063 2 Template:Langx"," 7.41% 102.748 1 Template:Infobox_archaeological_culture"," 7.18% 99.581 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.47% 89.785 1 Template:Scythia"," 6.16% 85.497 1 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.911","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17649425,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAllentoftSikoraRefoyo-MartínezIrving-Pease2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndreeva2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalabanovaNechvaloda2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatty2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGulyaev2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGursoy2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFIvanov2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvantchik2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJärve2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJärveSaagScheibPathak2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLukpanova2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMOSHKOVA1995\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMelyukova1990\"] = 1,\n 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