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id="toc-Childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_travels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_travels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early travels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_travels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Author_and_orator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Predecessors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predecessors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_and_modern_critics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_and_modern_critics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Contemporary and modern critics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_and_modern_critics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Critical editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Herodotus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 140 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">140 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotos" title="Herodotos – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Herodotos" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Herodot" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%84%E1%88%AE%E1%8B%B6%E1%89%B6%E1%88%B5" title="ሄሮዶቶስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሄሮዶቶስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="हीरोडोटस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हीरोडोटस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA" title="هيرودوت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيرودوت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodoto" title="Herodoto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Herodoto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Իրոտոթոս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իրոտոթոս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Herodot" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotu" title="Herodotu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Herodotu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="हीरोडोटस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="हीरोडोटस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Herodot" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA" title="هرودوت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هرودوت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="হিরোডোটাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিরোডোটাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotos" title="Herodotos – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Herodotos" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Геродот – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Геродот" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Герадот – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Герадот" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Герадот – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Герадот" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="हेरोडोटस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हेरोडोटस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Herodotus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Херодот – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Херодот" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Herodot" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotos" title="Herodotos – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Herodotos" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%B2dot" title="Heròdot – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Heròdot" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Геродот – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Геродот" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Herodotus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rodotos" title="Hérodotos – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hérodotos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erodotu" title="Erodotu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Erodotu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Herodotus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Herodot" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herodot" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotos" title="Herodotos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Herodotos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ηρόδοτος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηρόδοτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Геродот – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Геродот" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%B3doto" title="Heródoto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Heródoto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodoto" title="Herodoto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Herodoto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%B3dotu" title="Heródotu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Heródotu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodoto" title="Herodoto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herodoto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA" title="هرودوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هرودوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rodote" title="Hérodote – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hérodote" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Herodotus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9aradatas" title="Héaradatas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Héaradatas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%B3doto" title="Heródoto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Heródoto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A4%D8%AF%D8%A4%D8%AA" title="هئرؤدؤت – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="هئرؤدؤت" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%A1%9C%EB%8F%84%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="헤로도토스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤로도토스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Հերոդոտոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հերոդոտոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="हिरोडोटस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिरोडोटस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Herodot" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotos" title="Herodotos – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Herodotos" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotos" title="Herodotos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Herodotos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodoto" title="Herodoto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Herodoto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%B3d%C3%B3tos" title="Heródótos – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heródótos" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erodoto" title="Erodoto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Erodoto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1" title="הרודוטוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרודוטוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Herodotus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹೆರೊಡೋಟಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೆರೊಡೋಟಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Геродот – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Геродот" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="ჰეროდოტე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰეროდოტე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Геродот – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Геродот" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Herodotus" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodoti" title="Herodoti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Herodoti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erodotos" title="Erodotos – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Erodotos" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rodote" title="Hérodote – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Hérodote" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AArodotos" title="Hêrodotos – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hêrodotos" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Геродот – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Геродот" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Herodot" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Herodotus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%93rodots" title="Hērodots – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hērodots" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Herodot" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotas" title="Herodotas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Herodotas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erodoto" title="Erodoto – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Erodoto" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodoto" title="Herodoto – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Herodoto" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rodotosz" title="Hérodotosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hérodotosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="हीरोडोटस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हीरोडोटस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Херодот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Херодот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%B4d%C3%B4t%C3%B4sy" title="Herôdôtôsy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Herôdôtôsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹെറോഡോട്ടസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെറോഡോട്ടസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="हिरोडोटस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिरोडोटस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="ჰეროდოტე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰეროდოტე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA" title="هيرودوت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيرودوت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هرودوتوس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هرودوتوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Herodotus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%81" title="ꯍꯦꯔꯣꯗꯣꯇꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯦꯔꯣꯗꯣꯇꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Herodotus" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Геродот – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Геродот" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ဟီရော့ဒိုးတပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟီရော့ဒိုးတပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Herodotus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="हेरोडोटस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हेरोडोटस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="हेरोडोटस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हेरोडोटस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%AD%E3%83%89%E3%83%88%E3%82%B9" title="ヘロドトス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘロドトス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Геродот – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Геродот" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Herodot" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Herodot" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Herodot" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erod%C3%B2t" title="Erodòt – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Erodòt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerodot" title="Gerodot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gerodot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B8" title="ਹੀਰੋਡਾਟਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੀਰੋਡਾਟਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%88%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B3" title="ہیروڈوٹس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیروڈوٹس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AA" title="هرودت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هرودت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroduotos" title="Eroduotos – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Eroduotos" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Herodot" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%B3doto" title="Heródoto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Heródoto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Herodot" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%B3dotos" title="Iródotos – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iródotos" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Геродот – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Геродот" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Геродот – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Геродот" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="हेरोडोटस – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हेरोडोटस" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erodoto" title="Erodoto – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Erodoto" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Herodotus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodoti" title="Herodoti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Herodoti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C3%B2dutu" title="Eròdutu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eròdutu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Herodotus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%8A%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%B3" title="هيروڊوٽس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هيروڊوٽس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rodotos" title="Hérodotos – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hérodotos" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Herodot" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8A" title="Иродотъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Иродотъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Herodot" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%AA" title="ھێرۆدۆت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێرۆدۆت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Херодот – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Херодот" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Herodot" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotos" title="Herodotos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Herodotos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotos" title="Herodotos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Herodotos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodoto" title="Herodoto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Herodoto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="எரோடோட்டசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எரோடோட்டசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Һеродот – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һеродот" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="เฮอรอโดทัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฮอรอโดทัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Herodot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerodot" title="Gerodot – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gerodot" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Геродот – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геродот" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%88%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B3" title="ہیروڈوٹس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیروڈوٹس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erodoto" title="Erodoto – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Erodoto" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotos" title="Herodotos – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Herodotos" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotos" title="Herodotos – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Herodotos" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotos" title="Herodotos – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Herodotos" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="希羅多德 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="希羅多德" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Herodotus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="希罗多德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="希罗多德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="希羅多德 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="希羅多德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Herodotus" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodots" title="Herodots – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Herodots" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="希羅多德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希羅多德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26825#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Greek historian and geographer (c.484–c.425 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Herodotus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Herodotus (disambiguation)">Herodotus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Herodotus</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="grc">Ἡρόδοτος</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_bust_of_Herodotos_MET_DT11742_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Marble_bust_of_Herodotos_MET_DT11742_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Marble_bust_of_Herodotos_MET_DT11742_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Marble_bust_of_Herodotos_MET_DT11742_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Marble_bust_of_Herodotos_MET_DT11742_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Marble_bust_of_Herodotos_MET_DT11742_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Marble_bust_of_Herodotos_MET_DT11742_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="2978" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Roman copy (2nd century AD) of a Greek <a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">bust</a> of Herodotus from the first half of the 4th century BC</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 484 BC</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Halicarnassus" title="Halicarnassus">Halicarnassus</a>, Caria, Asia Minor, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 425</span> BC (aged approximately 60)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Thurii, <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pella" title="Pella">Pella</a>, Macedon</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Historian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Lyxes (father)</li><li>Dryotus (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Theodorus (brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a> (uncle or cousin)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Herodotus</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%A9%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ἡρόδοτος">Ἡρόδοτος</a></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>Hēródotos</i></span></i></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 484</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 425</span> BC) was a Greek <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a> from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Greek city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Halicarnassus" title="Halicarnassus">Halicarnassus</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Bodrum" title="Bodrum">Bodrum</a>, Turkey) and a later citizen of <a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, Italy. He wrote the <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a></i>, a detailed account of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a>, and was the first writer to apply a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> to historical events. He has been described as "<a href="/wiki/The_Father_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Father of History">The Father of History</a>", a title conferred on him by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman">ancient Roman</a> orator <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Contemporary_and_modern_critics">Father of Lies</a>" by others. </p><p>The <i>Histories</i> primarily cover the lives of prominent kings and famous battles such as <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" title="Battle of Marathon">Marathon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Plataea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Mycale</a>. His work deviates from the main topics to provide a cultural, <a href="/wiki/Ethnographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnographical">ethnographical</a>, geographical, and <a href="/wiki/Historiographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiographical">historiographical</a> background that forms an essential part of the narrative and provides readers with a wellspring of additional information. </p><p>Herodotus was criticized in ancient times for his inclusion of "legends and fanciful accounts" in his work. The contemporaneous historian <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> accused him of making up stories for entertainment. He retorted that he reported what he could see and was told.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sizable portion of the <i>Histories</i> has since been confirmed by modern historians and <a href="/wiki/Archaeologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologists">archaeologists</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herodotus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern scholars generally turn to Herodotus's own writing for reliable information about his life,<sup id="cite_ref-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> supplemented with ancient yet much later sources, such as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a></i>, an 11th-century encyclopedia which possibly took its information from traditional accounts. Still, the challenge is great: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The data are so few – they rest upon such late and slight authority; they are so improbable or so contradictory, that to compile them into a biography is like building a house of cards, which the first breath of criticism will blow to the ground. Still, certain points may be approximately fixed ...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/George_Rawlinson" title="George Rawlinson">G. Rawlinson</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herodotus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Herodotus was, according to his own statement, at the beginning of his work, a native of <a href="/wiki/Halicarnassus" title="Halicarnassus">Halicarnassus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is generally accepted that he was born there around 485 BC. The <i><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a></i> says his family was influential, that he was the son of Lyxes and Dryo and the brother of Theodorus, and that he was also related to <a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a> – an epic poet of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Introduction">: Introduction </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Introduction">: Introduction </span></sup> </p><p>Halicarnassus was then within the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a>, making Herodotus a Persian subject,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it may be that the young Herodotus heard local eyewitness accounts of events within the empire and of Persian preparations for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">invasion of Greece</a>, including the movements of the local fleet under the command of <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia I of Caria</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Inscriptions recently discovered at Halicarnassus indicate that Artemesia's grandson <a href="/wiki/Lygdamis_II_of_Halicarnassus" title="Lygdamis II of Halicarnassus">Lygdamis</a> negotiated with a local assembly to settle disputes over seized property, which is consistent with a tyrant under pressure. His name is not mentioned later in the tribute list of the Athenian <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a>, indicating that there might well have been a successful uprising against him some time before 454 BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herodotusstatue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Herodotusstatue.JPG/260px-Herodotusstatue.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Herodotusstatue.JPG/390px-Herodotusstatue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Herodotusstatue.JPG/520px-Herodotusstatue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Romanticized statue of Herodotus in his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Halicarnassus" title="Halicarnassus">Halicarnassus</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Bodrum" title="Bodrum">Bodrum</a>, Turkey</figcaption></figure> <p>Herodotus wrote his <i>Histories</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionian dialect</a>, in spite of being born in a <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorian</a> settlement. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a></i>, Herodotus learned the Ionian dialect as a boy living on the island of Samos, to which he had fled with his family from the oppressions of Lygdamis, tyrant of Halicarnassus and grandson of Artemisia. <a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a>, the epic poet related to Herodotus, is reported to have taken part in a failed uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Suda</i> also states that Herodotus later returned home to lead the revolt that eventually overthrew the tyrant. Due to recent discoveries of inscriptions at Halicarnassus dated to about Herodotus's time, it is now known that the Ionic dialect was used in Halicarnassus in some official documents, so there is no need to assume (like the <i>Suda</i>) that he must have learned the dialect elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> The <i>Suda</i> is the only source placing Herodotus as the heroic liberator of his birthplace, casting doubt upon the veracity of that romantic account.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_travels">Early travels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herodotus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early travels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Herodotus himself reveals, Halicarnassus, though a Dorian city, had ended its close relations with its Dorian neighbours after an unseemly quarrel (I, 144),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and it had helped pioneer Greek trade with Egypt (II, 178). It was, therefore, an outward-looking, international-minded port within the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a>, and the historian's family could well have had contacts in other countries under Persian rule, facilitating his travels and his researches. </p><p>Herodotus's eyewitness accounts indicate that he traveled in Egypt in association with Athenians, probably sometime after 454 BC or possibly earlier, after an Athenian fleet had assisted the uprising against <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_Egypt" title="History of Persian Egypt">Persian rule</a> in 460–454 BC. He probably traveled to <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> next and then down the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> to <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>. For some reason, possibly associated with local politics, he subsequently found himself unpopular in Halicarnassus, and sometime around 447 BC, migrated to <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Periclean Athens</a> – a city whose people and democratic institutions he openly admired (V, 78). Athens was also the place where he came to know the local topography (VI, 137; VIII, 52–55), as well as leading citizens such as the <a href="/wiki/Alcmaeonids" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcmaeonids">Alcmaeonids</a>, a clan whose history is featured frequently in his writing. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herodotus was granted a financial reward by the Athenian assembly in recognition of his work. Plutarch, using <a href="/wiki/Diyllus" title="Diyllus">Diyllus</a> as a source, says this was 10 <a href="/wiki/Attic_talent" title="Attic talent">talents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herodotus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 443 BC or shortly afterwards, he migrated to <a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a>, in modern <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, as part of an Athenian-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">colony</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> refers to a version of the <i>Histories</i> written by "Herodotus of Thurium", and some passages in the <i>Histories</i> have been interpreted as proof that he wrote about <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> from personal experience there (IV, 15,99; VI, 127). According to <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaeus_Chennus" title="Ptolemaeus Chennus">Ptolemaeus Chennus</a>, a late source summarized in the Library of <a href="/wiki/Photius" class="mw-redirect" title="Photius">Photius</a>, Plesirrhous the Thessalian, the hymnographer, was the <a href="/wiki/Eromenos" title="Eromenos">eromenos</a> of Herodotus and his heir. This account has also led some historians to assume Herodotus died childless. Intimate knowledge of some events in the first years of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> (VI, 91; VII, 133, 233; IX, 73) suggests that he returned to Athens, in which case it is possible that he died there during an outbreak of the plague. It is also possible he died in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a> instead, after obtaining the patronage of the court there; or else he died back in Thurii. There is nothing in the <i>Histories</i> that can be dated to later than 430 BC with any certainty, and it is generally assumed that he died not long afterwards, possibly before his sixtieth year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Author_and_orator">Author and orator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herodotus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Author and orator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Herodotus would have made his researches known to the larger world through oral recitations to a public crowd. <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Marincola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Marincola (page does not exist)">John Marincola</a> writes in his introduction to the Penguin edition of the <i>Histories</i> that there are certain identifiable pieces in the early books of Herodotus's work which could be labeled as "performance pieces". These portions of the research seem independent and "almost detachable", so that they might have been set aside by the author for the purposes of an oral performance. The intellectual matrix of the 5th century, Marincola suggests, comprised many oral performances in which philosophers would dramatically recite such detachable pieces of their work. The idea was to criticize previous arguments on a topic and emphatically and enthusiastically insert their own in order to win over the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was conventional in Herodotus's day for authors to "publish" their works by reciting them at popular festivals. According to <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>, Herodotus took his finished work straight from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> and read the entire <i>Histories</i> to the assembled spectators in one sitting, receiving rapturous applause at the end of it.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 14">: 14 </span></sup> According to a very different account by an ancient grammarian,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herodotus refused to begin reading his work at the festival of Olympia until some clouds offered him a bit of shade – by which time the assembly had dispersed. (Hence the proverbial expression "Herodotus and his shade" to describe someone who misses an opportunity through delay.) Herodotus's recitation at Olympia was a favourite theme among ancient writers, and there is another interesting variation on the story to be found in the <i>Suda</i>: that of <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Photius)" title="Bibliotheca (Photius)">Photius</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tzetzes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzetzes">Tzetzes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which a young <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> happened to be in the assembly with his father, and burst into tears during the recital. Herodotus observed prophetically to the boy's father: "Your son's soul yearns for knowledge." </p><p>Eventually, Thucydides and Herodotus became close enough for both to be interred in Thucydides's tomb in Athens. Such at least was the opinion of <a href="/wiki/Marcellinus_(writer)" title="Marcellinus (writer)">Marcellinus</a> in his <i>Life of Thucydides</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Suda</i>, he was buried in Macedonian <a href="/wiki/Pella" title="Pella">Pella</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">agora</a> in Thurii.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 25">: 25 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Place_in_history">Place in history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herodotus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Place in history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HERODOTUS(1897)_p2.387_THE_WORLD_ACCORDING_TO_HERDOTUS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/HERODOTUS%281897%29_p2.387_THE_WORLD_ACCORDING_TO_HERDOTUS.jpg/440px-HERODOTUS%281897%29_p2.387_THE_WORLD_ACCORDING_TO_HERDOTUS.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/HERODOTUS%281897%29_p2.387_THE_WORLD_ACCORDING_TO_HERDOTUS.jpg/660px-HERODOTUS%281897%29_p2.387_THE_WORLD_ACCORDING_TO_HERDOTUS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/HERODOTUS%281897%29_p2.387_THE_WORLD_ACCORDING_TO_HERDOTUS.jpg/880px-HERODOTUS%281897%29_p2.387_THE_WORLD_ACCORDING_TO_HERDOTUS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3627" data-file-height="3339" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed map of the world based on the writings of Herodotus</figcaption></figure> <p>Herodotus announced the purpose and scope of his work at the beginning of his <i>Histories:</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hetrod-in-Encyc-Wrld-Bio_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hetrod-in-Encyc-Wrld-Bio-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Here are presented the results of the inquiry carried out by Herodotus of Halicarnassus. The purpose is to prevent the traces of human events from being erased by time, and to preserve the fame of the important and remarkable achievements produced by both Greeks and non-Greeks; among the matters covered is, in particular, the cause of the hostilities between Greeks and non-Greeks.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Herodotus, <i>The Histories</i> (tr. R. Waterfield, 2008)<sup id="cite_ref-Waterfield-Dewald-1998_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterfield-Dewald-1998-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herodotus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Predecessors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His record of the achievements of others was an achievement in itself, though the extent of it has been debated. Herodotus's place in history and his significance may be understood according to the traditions within which he worked. His work is the earliest Greek prose to have survived intact. <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>, a literary critic of <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Augustan Rome</a>, listed seven predecessors of Herodotus, describing their works as simple unadorned accounts of their own and other cities and people, Greek or foreign, including popular legends, sometimes melodramatic and naïve, often charming – all traits that can be found in the work of Herodotus himself.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern historians regard the chronology as uncertain, but according to the ancient account, these predecessors included <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Miletus" title="Dionysius of Miletus">Dionysius of Miletus</a>, Charon of Lampsacus, <a href="/wiki/Hellanicus_of_Lesbos" title="Hellanicus of Lesbos">Hellanicus of Lesbos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xanthus_(historian)" title="Xanthus (historian)">Xanthus of Lydia</a> and, the best attested of them all, <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hecataeus of Miletus</a>. Of these, only fragments of Hecataeus's works survived, and the authenticity of these is debatable,<sup id="cite_ref-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 27">: 27 </span></sup> but they provide a glimpse into the kind of tradition within which Herodotus wrote his own <i>Histories</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_and_modern_critics">Contemporary and modern critics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herodotus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contemporary and modern critics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is missing information</b> about substantive details of modern criticism.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Herodotus" title="Talk:Herodotus">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It is on account of the many strange stories and the folk-tales he reported that his critics have branded him "The Father of Lies".<sup id="cite_ref-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even his own contemporaries found reason to scoff at his achievement. In fact, one modern scholar<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has wondered whether Herodotus left his home in Greek <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, migrating westwards to Athens and beyond, because his own countrymen had ridiculed his work, a circumstance possibly hinted at in an epitaph said to have been dedicated to Herodotus at one of his three supposed resting places, <a href="/wiki/Thouria,_Messenia" title="Thouria, Messenia">Thuria</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Herodotus the son of Sphynx<br /> lies; in Ionic history without peer;<br /> a Dorian born, who fled from slander's brand<br /> and made in Thuria his new native land.<sup id="cite_ref-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 13">: 13 </span></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Yet it was in Athens where his most formidable contemporary critics could be found. In 425 BC, which is about the time that Herodotus is thought by many scholars to have died, the Athenian comic dramatist <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> created <i><a href="/wiki/The_Acharnians" title="The Acharnians">The Acharnians</a></i>, in which he blames the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> on the abduction of some prostitutes – a mocking reference to Herodotus, who reported the Persians' account of their <a href="/wiki/The_Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="The Persian Wars">wars with Greece</a>, beginning with the rapes of the mythical heroines <a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)" title="Europa (consort of Zeus)">Europa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, the Athenian historian <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> dismissed Herodotus as a story-teller.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray-1986-Grk-histns_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-1986-Grk-histns-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 191">: 191 </span></sup> Thucydides, who had been trained in <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, became the model for subsequent prose-writers as an author who seeks to appear firmly in control of his material, whereas with his frequent digressions Herodotus appeared to minimize (or possibly disguise) his authorial control.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterfield-Dewald-1998_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterfield-Dewald-1998-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Thucydides developed a historical topic more in keeping with the Greek world-view: focused on the context of the <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></i> or city-state. The interplay of civilizations was more relevant to Greeks living in Anatolia, such as Herodotus himself, for whom life within a foreign civilization was a recent memory.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray-1986-Grk-histns_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-1986-Grk-histns-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 191">: 191 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Before the Persian crisis, history had been represented among the Greeks only by local or family traditions. The "Wars of Liberation" had given to Herodotus the first genuinely historical inspiration felt by a Greek. These wars showed him that there was a corporate life, higher than that of the city, of which the story might be told; and they offered to him as a subject the drama of the collision between East and West. With him, the spirit of history was born into Greece; and his work, called after the nine Muses, was indeed the first utterance of <a href="/wiki/Clio" title="Clio">Clio</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Richard_Claverhouse_Jebb" title="Richard Claverhouse Jebb">R. C. Jebb</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Though Herodotus is generally considered a reliable source of ancient history, many present-day historians believe that his accounts are at least partially inaccurate, attributing the observed inconsistencies in the <i>Histories</i> to exaggeration.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herodotus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a>, <i>known as the Herodotus of the Arabs</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus_Machine" title="Herodotus Machine">Herodotus Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a> (the history of history and historians)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Homer_(Pseudo-Herodotus)" title="Life of Homer (Pseudo-Herodotus)">Life of Homer (Pseudo-Herodotus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sostratus_of_Aegina" title="Sostratus of Aegina">Sostratus of Aegina</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_editions">Critical editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herodotus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Critical editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>C. Hude (ed.) <i>Herodoti Historiae. Tomvs prior: Libros I–IV continens.</i> (Oxford 1908)</li> <li>C. Hude (ed.) <i>Herodoti Historiae. Tomvs alter: Libri V–IX continens.</i> (Oxford 1908)</li> <li>H. B. Rosén (ed.) <i>Herodoti Historiae. Vol. I: Libros I–IV continens.</i> (Leipzig 1987)</li> <li>H. B. Rosén (ed.) <i>Herodoti Historiae. Vol. II: Libros V–IX continens indicibus criticis adiectis</i> (Stuttgart 1997)</li> <li>N. G. Wilson (ed.) <i>Herodoti Historiae. Tomvs prior: Libros I–IV continens.</i> (Oxford 2015)</li> <li>N. G. Wilson (ed.) <i>Herodoti Historiae. Tomvs alter: Libri V–IX continens.</i> (Oxford 2015)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herodotus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several English translations of Herodotus's <i>Histories</i> are available in multiple editions, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cary_(judge)" title="Henry Cary (judge)">Henry Cary</a>, translation 1849: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herodotusnewlite00hero">text</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rawlinson" title="George Rawlinson">George Rawlinson</a>, translation 1858–1860. Public domain; many editions available, although <a href="/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library" title="Everyman's Library">Everyman's Library</a> and Wordsworth Classics editions are the most common ones still in print.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (revised in 1935 by <a href="/wiki/A._W._Lawrence" title="A. W. Lawrence">A. W. Lawrence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Campbell_Macaulay" title="George Campbell Macaulay">George Campbell Macaulay</a>, translation 1890, published in two volumes. London: Macmillan and Co.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._Godley" title="A. D. Godley">A. D. Godley</a> 1920; revised 1926. Reprinted 1931, 1946, 1960, 1966, 1975, 1981, 1990, 1996, 1999, 2004. Available in <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library#Herodotus" title="Loeb Classical Library">four volumes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99130-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99130-3">0-674-99130-3</a> Printed with Greek on the left and English on the right: <ul><li>A. D. Godley <i>Herodotus : The Persian Wars : Volume I : Books 1–2</i> (Cambridge, Massachusetts 1920)</li> <li>A. D. Godley <i>Herodotus : The Persian Wars : Volume II : Books 3–4</i> (Cambridge, Massachusetts 1921)</li> <li>A. D. Godley <i>Herodotus : The Persian Wars : Volume III : Books 5–7</i> (Cambridge, Massachusetts 1922)</li> <li>A. D. Godley <i>Herodotus : The Persian Wars : Volume IV : Books 8–9</i> (Cambridge, Massachusetts 1925)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubrey_de_S%C3%A9lincourt" title="Aubrey de Sélincourt">Aubrey de Sélincourt</a>, originally 1954; revised by John Marincola in 1996. Several editions from <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a> available.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Grene" title="David Grene">David Grene</a>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Waterfield" title="Robin Waterfield">Robin Waterfield</a>, with an Introduction and Notes by <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Dewald" title="Carolyn Dewald">Carolyn Dewald</a>, Oxford World Classics, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953566-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953566-8">978-0-19-953566-8</a></li> <li>Andrea L. Purvis, <i>The Landmark Herodotus</i>, edited by Robert B. Strassler. Pantheon, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42109-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42109-9">978-0-375-42109-9</a> with adequate ancillary information.</li> <li>Walter Blanco, <i>Herodotus: The Histories: The Complete Translation, Backgrounds, Commentaries</i>. Edited by Jennifer Tolbert Roberts. New York: W. W. Norton, 2013.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Holland_(author)" title="Tom Holland (author)">Tom Holland</a>, <i>The Histories, Herodotus</i>. Introduction and notes by Paul Cartledge. New York, Penguin, 2013.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herodotus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">hə-<span style="font-size:90%">ROD</span>-ə-təs</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For the past several hundred years, the title of Herodotus's work has been translated rather roughly as <i>Histories</i> or <i>The History</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The original title can be translated from the Greek as "researches" or "inquiries".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herodotus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 21em ;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Herodotus">"Herodotus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herodotus&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FHerodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuce2002" class="citation book cs1">Luce, T. James (2002). <i>The Greek Historians</i>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o7aHAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">26</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Historians&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Luce&rft.aufirst=T.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herodotus-Greek-Historian">"Herodotus"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210404062047/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herodotus-Greek-Historian">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herodotus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHerodotus-Greek-Historian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2014" class="citation book cs1">Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (11 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0awiBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-101675-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-101675-2"><bdi>978-0-19-101675-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Classical+Civilization&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft.isbn=978-0-19-101675-2&rft.aulast=Hornblower&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Spawforth%2C+Antony&rft.au=Eidinow%2C+Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0awiBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurn1972" class="citation book cs1">Burn, A.R. (1972). <i>Herodotus: The Histories</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotus%3A+The+Histories&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Burn&rft.aufirst=A.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawlinson1859" class="citation book cs1">Rawlinson, George (1859). <i>The History of Herodotus</i>. Vol. 1. New York, NY: D. Appleton and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Herodotus&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Rawlinson&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.html">"The History of Herodotus"</a>. Classics. Translated by Rawlinson, George. <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201230133/http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2001</span> – via The Internet Classics Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Herodotus&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FHerodotus%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1873" class="citation web cs1">Smith, William, ed. (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=herodotus-bio-1">"A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Hero'dotus"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i>. London: John Murray<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=A+Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+biography+and+mythology%2C+Hero%27dotus&rft.date=1873&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aentry%3Dherodotus-bio-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDandamaev1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Dandamayev" title="Muhammad Dandamayev">Dandamaev, M.A.</a> (1989). <i>A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire</i>. Brill. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09172-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09172-6"><bdi>978-90-04-09172-6</bdi></a>. <q>The 'Father of History', Herodotus, was born at Halicarnassus, and before his emigration to mainland Greece was a subject of the Persian empire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+History+of+the+Achaemenid+Empire&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09172-6&rft.aulast=Dandamaev&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKia2016" class="citation book cs1">Kia, Mehrdad (2016). <i>The Persian Empire: A historical encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-391-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-391-2"><bdi>978-1-61069-391-2</bdi></a>. <q>At the time of Herodotus' birth southwestern Asia Minor, including Halicarnassus, was under Persian Achaemenid rule.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Empire%3A+A+historical+encyclopedia&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-391-2&rft.aulast=Kia&rft.aufirst=Mehrdad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia804708.us.archive.org/30/items/historiesofherod00herorich/historiesofherod00herorich_djvu.txt">"Histories of Herodotus"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Histories+of+Herodotus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia804708.us.archive.org%2F30%2Fitems%2Fhistoriesofherod00herorich%2Fhistoriesofherod00herorich_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch <i>De Malign. Herod.</i> II p. 862 A, cited by.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Introduction">: Introduction </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonleadershipbuilders.com/plutarch/moralia/malice_of_herodotus.htm#26">"Plutarch on the Malice of Herodotus"</a>. <i>www.bostonleadershipbuilders.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bostonleadershipbuilders.com&rft.atitle=Plutarch+on+the+Malice+of+Herodotus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonleadershipbuilders.com%2Fplutarch%2Fmoralia%2Fmalice_of_herodotus.htm%2326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus2003" class="citation book cs1">Herodotus (2003). <i>The Histories</i>. Translated by de Selincourt, Aubrey. Introduction and notes by John Marincola. Penguin Books. pp. xii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Herodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montfaucon's <i>Bibliothec. Coisl. Cod.</i> clxxvii p. 609, cited by.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 14">: 14 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Photius <i>Bibliothec. Cod.</i> lx p. 59, cited by Ralinson<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 15">: 15 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Tzetzes <i>Chil.</i> 1.19, cited by.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 15">: 15 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcellinus, <i>in Vita. Thucyd.</i> p. ix, cited by.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson-1859-Hist-Herod-v1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 25">: 25 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hetrod-in-Encyc-Wrld-Bio-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hetrod-in-Encyc-Wrld-Bio_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/herodotus">"Herodotus"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of World Biography</i>. The Gale Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herodotus&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Biography&rft.pub=The+Gale+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhistory%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fherodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waterfield-Dewald-1998-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waterfield-Dewald-1998_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waterfield-Dewald-1998_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewald1998" class="citation book cs1">Dewald, Carolyn, ed. (1998). <i>The Histories by Herodotus</i>. Translated by Waterfield, Robin. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. "Introduction", p. xviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199535668" title="Special:BookSources/9780199535668"><bdi>9780199535668</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories+by+Herodotus&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=%22Introduction%22%2C+p.-xviii&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780199535668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">,<sup id="cite_ref-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burn-1972-Herod-Hists-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">: 23 </span></sup> citing Dionysius <i>On Thucydides</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes" class="citation web cs1">Pipes, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1998-9/Pipes.htm">"Herodotus: Father of History, Father of Lies"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080127105636/http://www.loyno.edu/history/journal/1998-9/Pipes.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herodotus%3A+Father+of+History%2C+Father+of+Lies&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loyno.edu%2F~history%2Fjournal%2F1998-9%2FPipes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTritle.2004" class="citation book cs1">Tritle., Lawrence A. (2004). <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 147–148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peloponnesian+War&rft.pages=147-148&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Tritle.&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1982" class="citation book cs1">Hart, John (1982). <i>Herodotus and Greek History</i>. Taylor and Francis. p. 174.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotus+and+Greek+History&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray-1986-Grk-histns-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murray-1986-Grk-histns_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray-1986-Grk-histns_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1986" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Oswyn (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofc00john/page/186">"Greek historians"</a>. In Boardman, John; Griffin, Jasper; Murray, Oswyn (eds.). <i>The Oxford History of the Classical World</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofc00john/page/186">186–203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872112-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872112-3"><bdi>978-0-19-872112-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+historians&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Classical+World&rft.pages=186-203&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-872112-3&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Oswyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofc00john%2Fpage%2F186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJebb" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Claverhouse_Jebb" title="Richard Claverhouse Jebb">Jebb, Richard C.</a> <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Genius of Sophocles#7"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Genius_of_Sophocles#7"><i>The Genius of Sophocles</i> </a></span>. section 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genius+of+Sophocles&rft.pages=section+7&rft.aulast=Jebb&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/27438/chapter/197305154">"8 Myth and Truth in Herodotus' Cyrus Logos"</a>. <i>Oxford Academic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Academic&rft.atitle=8+Myth+and+Truth+in+Herodotus%27+Cyrus+Logos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F27438%2Fchapter%2F197305154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/herodotus/">"Herodotus"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Herodotus&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fherodotus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarkin2022" class="citation web cs1">Larkin, Patrick (11 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://you.stonybrook.edu/undergraduatehistoryjournal/2022/03/11/herodotus-homer-and-the-histories/#:~:text=He%20inflated%20these%20numbers%20for,for%20many%20students%20of%20history.">"Herodotus, Homer, and The Histories"</a>. <i>Stony Brook Undergraduate History Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012152047/https://you.stonybrook.edu/undergraduatehistoryjournal/2022/03/11/herodotus-homer-and-the-histories/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stony+Brook+Undergraduate+History+Journal&rft.atitle=Herodotus%2C+Homer%2C+and+The+Histories&rft.date=2022-03-11&rft.aulast=Larkin&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyou.stonybrook.edu%2Fundergraduatehistoryjournal%2F2022%2F03%2F11%2Fherodotus-homer-and-the-histories%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DHe%2520inflated%2520these%2520numbers%2520for%2Cfor%2520many%2520students%2520of%2520history.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herodotus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchambault2002" class="citation book cs1">Archambault, Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/multiculturalwri0000unse_n8u0/page/168">"Herodotus (c. 480–c. 420)"</a>. In Amoia, Alba della Fazia; Knapp, Bettina Liebowitz (eds.). <i>Multicultural Writers from Antiquity to 1945: a bio-bibliographical sourcebook</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/multiculturalwri0000unse_n8u0/page/168">168–172</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30687-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30687-7"><bdi>978-0-313-30687-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herodotus+%28c.+480%E2%80%93c.+420%29&rft.btitle=Multicultural+Writers+from+Antiquity+to+1945%3A+a+bio-bibliographical+sourcebook&rft.pages=168-172&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30687-7&rft.aulast=Archambault&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmulticulturalwri0000unse_n8u0%2Fpage%2F168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsheriLloydCorcella2007" class="citation book cs1">Asheri, David; Lloyd, Alan; Corcella, Aldo (2007). <i>A Commentary on Herodotus, Books 1–4</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814956-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814956-9"><bdi>978-0-19-814956-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+Herodotus%2C+Books+1%E2%80%934&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814956-9&rft.aulast=Asheri&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+Alan&rft.au=Corcella%2C+Aldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubin2002" class="citation book cs1">Aubin, Henry (2002). <i>The Rescue of Jerusalem</i>. New York, NY: Soho Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56947-275-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56947-275-0"><bdi>978-1-56947-275-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rescue+of+Jerusalem&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Soho+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56947-275-0&rft.aulast=Aubin&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaragwanathde_Bakker2010" class="citation book cs1">Baragwanath, Emily; de Bakker, Mathieu (2010). <i>Herodotus</i>. Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-980286-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-980286-9"><bdi>978-0-19-980286-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotus&rft.series=Oxford+Bibliographies+Online+Research+Guide&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-980286-9&rft.aulast=Baragwanath&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft.au=de+Bakker%2C+Mathieu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotusBlanco2013" class="citation book cs1">Herodotus; Blanco, Walter (2013). <i>The Histories</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-93397-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-93397-0"><bdi>978-0-393-93397-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-393-93397-0&rft.au=Herodotus&rft.au=Blanco%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoedeker2000" class="citation book cs1">Boedeker, Deborah (2000). "Herodotus' genre(s)". In Depew, Mary; Obbink, Dirk (eds.). <i>Matrices of Genre: Authors, Canons, and Society</i>. Harvard University Press. pp. 97–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03420-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03420-4"><bdi>978-0-674-03420-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herodotus%27+genre%28s%29&rft.btitle=Matrices+of+Genre%3A+Authors%2C+Canons%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=97-114&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03420-4&rft.aulast=Boedeker&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2004" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Alan (2004). <i>Greek Mythography in the Roman World</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803821-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803821-4"><bdi>978-0-19-803821-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Mythography+in+the+Roman+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803821-4&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalley2003" class="citation book cs1">Dalley, S. (2003). "Why did Herodotus not mention the Hanging Gardens of Babylon?". In Derow, P.; Parker, R. (eds.). <i>Herodotus and his World</i>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 171–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925374-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925374-6"><bdi>978-0-19-925374-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+did+Herodotus+not+mention+the+Hanging+Gardens+of+Babylon%3F&rft.btitle=Herodotus+and+his+World&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=171-189&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925374-6&rft.aulast=Dalley&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalley2013" class="citation book cs1">Dalley, S. (2013). <i>The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an Elusive World Wonder Traced</i>. 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Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-048-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-048-8"><bdi>978-1-55652-048-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilization+or+Barbarism&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Lawrence+Hill+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-1-55652-048-8&rft.aulast=Diop&rft.aufirst=Cheikh+Anta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilizationorba0000diop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1968" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, J.A.S. (1968). 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Leeds: Francis Cairns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905205-70-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905205-70-0"><bdi>978-0-905205-70-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotos+and+His+%27Sources%27%3A+Citation%2C+Invention%2C+and+Narrative+Art&rft.place=Leeds&rft.series=Arca+Classical+and+Medieval+Texts%2C+Papers+and+Monographs&rft.pub=Francis+Cairns&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-905205-70-0&rft.aulast=Fehling&rft.aufirst=Detlev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFehling1994" class="citation book cs1">Fehling, Detlev (1994). "The art of Herodotus and the margins of the world". In von Martels, Z.R.W.M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travelfacttravel0000unse/page/1"><i>Travel Fact and Travel Fiction: Studies on Fiction, Literary Tradition, Scholarly Discovery, and Observation in Travel Writing</i></a>. Brill's studies in intellectual history. Vol. 55. 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London, UK: George Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-79339-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-79339-7"><bdi>978-0-297-79339-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotus&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.series=Historians+on+historians&rft.pub=George+Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-297-79339-7&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeeren1838" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Hermann_Ludwig_Heeren" title="Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren">Heeren, A.H.L.</a> (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalresear01heer"><i>Historical Researches into the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Carthaginians, Ethiopians, and Egyptians</i></a>. Oxford, UK: D.A. Talboys. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003B3P1Y8">B003B3P1Y8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Researches+into+the+Politics%2C+Intercourse%2C+and+Trade+of+the+Carthaginians%2C+Ethiopians%2C+and+Egyptians&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=D.A.+Talboys&rft.date=1838&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB003B3P1Y8%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Heeren&rft.aufirst=A.H.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricalresear01heer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImmerwahr1985" class="citation book cs1">Immerwahr, Henry R. (1985). "Herodotus". In <a href="/wiki/P._E._Easterling" title="P. 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Delhi, IN: Ocean Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8430-106-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8430-106-9"><bdi>978-81-8430-106-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+India+they+saw%3A+Foreign+Accounts&rft.place=Delhi%2C+IN&rft.pub=Ocean+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-8430-106-9&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Meenakshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd1993" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Alan B. (1993). <i>Herodotus, Book  II</i>. Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain. Vol. 43. 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(1981). <i>The Classical accounts of India: Being a compilation of the English translations of the accounts left by Herodotus, Megasthenes, Arrian, Strabo, Quintus, Diodorus, Siculus, Justin, Plutarch, Frontinus, Nearchus, Apollonius, Pliny, Ptolemy, Aelian, and others with maps</i>. Calcutta, IN: Firma KLM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-0704-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-0704-4"><bdi>978-0-8364-0704-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+accounts+of+India%3A+Being+a+compilation+of+the+English+translations+of+the+accounts+left+by+Herodotus%2C+Megasthenes%2C+Arrian%2C+Strabo%2C+Quintus%2C+Diodorus%2C+Siculus%2C+Justin%2C+Plutarch%2C+Frontinus%2C+Nearchus%2C+Apollonius%2C+Pliny%2C+Ptolemy%2C+Aelian%2C+and+others+with+maps&rft.place=Calcutta%2C+IN&rft.pub=Firma+KLM.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8364-0704-4&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarincola2001" class="citation book cs1">Marincola, John (2001). <i>Greek Historians</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922501-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922501-9"><bdi>978-0-19-922501-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Historians&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922501-9&rft.aulast=Marincola&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikalson2003" class="citation book cs1">Mikalson, Jon D. (2003). <i>Herodotus and Religion in the Persian Wars</i>. Chapel Hill, NC: Univ of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2798-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2798-7"><bdi>978-0-8078-2798-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotus+and+Religion+in+the+Persian+Wars&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-2798-7&rft.aulast=Mikalson&rft.aufirst=Jon+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen1997" class="citation book cs1">Nielsen, Flemming A.J. (1997). <i>The Tragedy in History: Herodotus and the deuteronomistic history</i>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-688-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-688-0"><bdi>978-1-85075-688-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+in+History%3A+Herodotus+and+the+deuteronomistic+history&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-688-0&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Flemming+A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeissel1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Peissel" title="Michel Peissel">Peissel, Michel</a> (1984). <i>The Ants' Gold: The discovery of the Greek el Dorado in the Himalayas</i>. Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-272514-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-272514-9"><bdi>978-0-00-272514-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ants%27+Gold%3A+The+discovery+of+the+Greek+el+Dorado+in+the+Himalayas&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-00-272514-9&rft.aulast=Peissel&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2011" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Jennifer T. (2011). <i>Herodotus: a Very Short Introduction</i>. OXford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957599-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957599-2"><bdi>978-0-19-957599-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotus%3A+a+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=OXford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957599-2&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomm1998" class="citation book cs1">Romm, James (1998). <i>Herodotus</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07229-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07229-7"><bdi>978-0-300-07229-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotus&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07229-7&rft.aulast=Romm&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaltzman2010" class="citation journal cs1">Saltzman, Joe (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijpc.uscannenberg.org/journal/index.php/ijpcjournal/article/viewFile/22/29">"Herodotus as an ancient journalist: Reimagining antiquity's historians as journalists"</a>. <i>The IJPC Journal</i>. <b>2</b>: 153–185. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001104609/http://ijpc.uscannenberg.org/journal/index.php/ijpcjournal/article/viewFile/22/29">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+IJPC+Journal&rft.atitle=Herodotus+as+an+ancient+journalist%3A+Reimagining+antiquity%27s+historians+as+journalists&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=153-185&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Saltzman&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fijpc.uscannenberg.org%2Fjournal%2Findex.php%2Fijpcjournal%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F22%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparks1998" class="citation book cs1">Sparks, Kenton L. (1998). <i>Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel: Prolegomena to the Study of Ethnic Sentiments and their Expression in the Hebrew Bible</i>. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-033-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-033-0"><bdi>978-1-57506-033-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+and+Identity+in+Ancient+Israel%3A+Prolegomena+to+the+Study+of+Ethnic+Sentiments+and+their+Expression+in+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+IN&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-033-0&rft.aulast=Sparks&rft.aufirst=Kenton+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardman1960" class="citation journal cs1">Wardman, A.E. (1960). "Myth in Greek historiography". <i><a href="/wiki/Historia:_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Alte_Geschichte" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte">Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</a></i>. <b>9</b> (4): 403–413. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4434671">4434671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=Myth+in+Greek+historiography&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=403-413&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4434671%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wardman&rft.aufirst=A.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters1985" class="citation book cs1">Waters, K.H. (1985). <i>Herodotos the Historian: His problems, methods and originality</i>. Tulsa, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1928-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1928-1"><bdi>978-0-8061-1928-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotos+the+Historian%3A+His+problems%2C+methods+and+originality&rft.place=Tulsa%2C+OK&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-1928-1&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=K.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelsby1996" class="citation book cs1">Welsby, Derek (1996). <i>The Kingdom of Kush</i>. London, UK: British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-0986-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-0986-2"><bdi>978-0-7141-0986-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Kush&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-0986-2&rft.aulast=Welsby&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herodotus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkerde_Jongvan_Wees2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Egbert_Bakker" title="Egbert Bakker">Bakker, Egbert J.</a>; de Jong, Irene J.F.; van Wees, Hans, eds. (2002). <i>Brill's companion to Herodotus</i>. Leiden: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12060-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12060-0"><bdi>978-90-04-12060-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+companion+to+Herodotus&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12060-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaragwanath2010" class="citation book cs1">Baragwanath, Emily (2010). <i>Motivation and Narrative in Herodotus</i>. Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964550-3"><bdi>978-0-19-964550-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Motivation+and+Narrative+in+Herodotus&rft.series=Oxford+Classical+Monographs&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-964550-3&rft.aulast=Baragwanath&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuryMeiggs1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">Bury, J.B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Russell_Meiggs" title="Russell Meiggs">Meiggs, Russell</a> (1975). <i>A History of Greece</i> (Fourth ed.). London: MacMillan Press. pp. 251–252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-15492-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-15492-2"><bdi>978-0-333-15492-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greece&rft.place=London&rft.pages=251-252&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=MacMillan+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-333-15492-2&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rft.au=Meiggs%2C+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Selincourt1962" class="citation book cs1">De Selincourt, Aubrey (1962). <i>The World of Herodotus</i>. London: Secker and Warburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Herodotus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Secker+and+Warburg&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=De+Selincourt&rft.aufirst=Aubrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewaldMarincola2006" class="citation book cs1">Dewald, Carolyn; Marincola, John, eds. (2006). <i>The Cambridge companion to Herodotus</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83001-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83001-0"><bdi>978-0-521-83001-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+companion+to+Herodotus&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83001-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2006" class="citation book cs1">Evans, J.A.S. (2006). <i>The beginnings of history: Herodotus and the Persian Wars</i>. Campbellville, Ont.: Edgar Kent. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88866-652-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88866-652-9"><bdi>978-0-88866-652-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+beginnings+of+history%3A+Herodotus+and+the+Persian+Wars&rft.place=Campbellville%2C+Ont.&rft.pub=Edgar+Kent&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-88866-652-9&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=J.A.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1982" class="citation book cs1">Evans, J.A.S. (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herodotus0000evan"><i>Herodotus</i></a></span>. Boston: Twayne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-6488-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-6488-8"><bdi>978-0-8057-6488-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotus&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Twayne&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8057-6488-8&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=J.A.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fherodotus0000evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1991" class="citation book cs1">Evans, J.A.S. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herodotusexplore0000evan"><i>Herodotus, explorer of the past: three essays</i></a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06871-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06871-8"><bdi>978-0-691-06871-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotus%2C+explorer+of+the+past%3A+three+essays&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-691-06871-8&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=J.A.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fherodotusexplore0000evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlory1987" class="citation book cs1">Flory, Stewart (1987). <i>The archaic smile of Herodotus</i>. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1827-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1827-0"><bdi>978-0-8143-1827-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+archaic+smile+of+Herodotus&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-1827-0&rft.aulast=Flory&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFornara1971" class="citation book cs1">Fornara, Charles W. (1971). <i>Herodotus: An Interpretative Essay</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotus%3A+An+Interpretative+Essay&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Fornara&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiessen2010" class="citation book cs1">Giessen, Hans W. Giessen (2010). <i>Mythos Marathon. Von Herodot über Bréal bis zur Gegenwart</i>. Landau: Verlag Empirische Pädagogik (= Landauer Schriften zur Kommunikations- und Kulturwissenschaft. Band 17). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-941320-46-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-941320-46-8"><bdi>978-3-941320-46-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythos+Marathon.+Von+Herodot+%C3%BCber+Br%C3%A9al+bis+zur+Gegenwart&rft.place=Landau&rft.pub=Verlag+Empirische+P%C3%A4dagogik+%28%3D+Landauer+Schriften+zur+Kommunikations-+und+Kulturwissenschaft.+Band+17%29&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-941320-46-8&rft.aulast=Giessen&rft.aufirst=Hans+W.+Giessen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington1973" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, John W. (1973). <i>To see a world</i>. Saint Louis: G.V. Mosby Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8016-2058-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8016-2058-4"><bdi>978-0-8016-2058-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+see+a+world&rft.place=Saint+Louis&rft.pub=G.V.+Mosby+Co.&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8016-2058-4&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartog2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hartog, François (2000). "The Invention of History: The Pre-History of a Concept from Homer to Herodotus". <i>History and Theory</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 384–395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0018-2656.00137">10.1111/0018-2656.00137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Theory&rft.atitle=The+Invention+of+History%3A+The+Pre-History+of+a+Concept+from+Homer+to+Herodotus&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=384-395&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0018-2656.00137&rft.aulast=Hartog&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartog1988" class="citation book cs1">Hartog, François (1988). <i>The mirror of Herodotus: the representation of the other in the writing of history</i>. Janet Lloyd, trans. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05487-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05487-5"><bdi>978-0-520-05487-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mirror+of+Herodotus%3A+the+representation+of+the+other+in+the+writing+of+history&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05487-5&rft.aulast=Hartog&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowWells1912" class="citation book cs1">How, Walter W.; Wells, Joseph, eds. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24146"><i>A Commentary on Herodotus</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009012256/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24146">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+Herodotus&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1912&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F24146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1982" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Virginia (1982). <i>Past and process in Herodotus and Thucydides</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03556-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03556-7"><bdi>978-0-691-03556-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Past+and+process+in+Herodotus+and+Thucydides&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03556-7&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImmerwahr1966" class="citation book cs1">Immerwahr, H. (1966). <i>Form and Thought in Herodotus</i>. Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Form+and+Thought+in+Herodotus&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Immerwahr&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapuściński2007" class="citation book cs1">Kapuściński, Ryszard (2007). <i>Travels with Herodotus</i>. Klara Glowczewska, trans. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4338-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4338-5"><bdi>978-1-4000-4338-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+with+Herodotus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4338-5&rft.aulast=Kapu%C5%9Bci%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Ryszard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLateiner1989" class="citation book cs1">Lateiner, Donald (1989). <i>The historical method of Herodotus</i>. Toronto: Toronto University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-5793-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-5793-8"><bdi>978-0-8020-5793-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+historical+method+of+Herodotus&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Toronto+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-5793-8&rft.aulast=Lateiner&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pitcher, Luke (2009). <i>Writing Ancient History: An Introduction to Classical Historiography</i>. New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarozzi2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Marozzi" title="Justin Marozzi">Marozzi, Justin</a> (2008). <i>The way of Herodotus: travels with the man who invented history</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81621-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81621-5"><bdi>978-0-306-81621-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+way+of+Herodotus%3A+travels+with+the+man+who+invented+history&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81621-5&rft.aulast=Marozzi&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomigliano1990" class="citation book cs1">Momigliano, Arnaldo (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520078703"><i>The classical foundations of modern historiography</i></a>. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06890-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06890-2"><bdi>978-0-520-06890-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+classical+foundations+of+modern+historiography&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=Univ.+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06890-2&rft.aulast=Momigliano&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780520078703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyres1971" class="citation book cs1">Myres, John L. (1971). <i>Herodotus : father of history</i>. Chicago: Henry Regnrey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924021-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924021-0"><bdi>978-0-19-924021-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotus+%3A+father+of+history&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Henry+Regnrey&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924021-0&rft.aulast=Myres&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchett1993" class="citation book cs1">Pritchett, W. Kendrick (1993). <i>The liar school of Herodotus</i>. Amsterdam: Gieben. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5063-088-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5063-088-7"><bdi>978-90-5063-088-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+liar+school+of+Herodotus&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Gieben&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-5063-088-7&rft.aulast=Pritchett&rft.aufirst=W.+Kendrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawlinson1880" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Rawlinson" title="George Rawlinson">Rawlinson, George</a> (1880). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Herodotus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Herodotus">"Herodotus" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XI (9th ed.). pp. 756–759.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herodotus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=756-759&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Rawlinson&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelden1999" class="citation journal cs1">Selden, Daniel (1999). "Cambyses' Madness, or the Reason of History". <i>Materiali e Discussioni per l'Analisi dei Testi Classici</i>. <b>42</b> (42): 33–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40236137">10.2307/40236137</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40236137">40236137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materiali+e+Discussioni+per+l%27Analisi+dei+Testi+Classici&rft.atitle=Cambyses%27+Madness%2C+or+the+Reason+of+History&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=33-63&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40236137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40236137%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Selden&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2000" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Rosalind (2000). <i>Herodotus in context: ethnography, science and the art of persuasion</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66259-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66259-8"><bdi>978-0-521-66259-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotus+in+context%3A+ethnography%2C+science+and+the+art+of+persuasion&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66259-8&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Rosalind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Waters, K.H. (1985). <i>Herodotus the Historian: His Problems, Methods and Originality</i>. Beckenham: Croom Helm Ltd.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herodotus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.html">The History of Herodotus</a>, at The Internet Classics Archive (translation by George Rawlinson).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/index.htm">Parallel Greek and English text of the History of Herodotus</a> at the Internet Sacred Text Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126">Herodotus <i>Histories</i></a> on the 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Godley translation with footnotes (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paxlibrorum.com/res/downloads/histories_5by8.pdf">"Direct link to PDF"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Direct+link+to+PDF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paxlibrorum.com%2Fres%2Fdownloads%2Fhistories_5by8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 MB)</span>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other links</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isidore-of-seville.com/herodotus/">Herodotus on the Web</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodotus/herodotus01.htm">Herodotus of Halicarnassus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301091829/http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodotus/herodotus01.htm">Archived</a> 1 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Livius.org</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Herodotus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Herodotus">"Herodotus" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 381–384.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herodotus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=381-384&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendelsohn,_Daniel2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Mendelsohn, Daniel (28 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2008/04/28/080428crbo_books_mendelsohn">"Arms and the Man"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Arms+and+the+Man&rft.date=2008-04-28&rft.au=Mendelsohn%2C+Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farts%2Fcritics%2Fbooks%2F2008%2F04%2F28%2F080428crbo_books_mendelsohn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerodotus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26825#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26825#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26825#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123530133">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100225976">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/32158790740938852706">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4183147907508079210004">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4194151247992944270005">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/361144647696882257017">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/165151776736318010617">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/753154381062630292484">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/402144647701834919908">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/80163510515710932408">9</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/216167803126417771311">10</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/210167803127817771329">11</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/245167803128617771338">12</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/662168049022538410002">13</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/40347/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjFvCFTDgPD3Yp7Ygc36yq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118549855">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Herodotus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79086888">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119073789">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119073789">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00443136">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Herodotus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV036084">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35757038">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001510&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000082455&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000031457&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000078723&CON_LNG=ENG">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX903903">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/17863">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06894845X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90136153">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000030389&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000051756&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=18899">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000046854">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199612186">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcf9swk0mbjv0l">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810549885405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/51630">Vatican</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/51631">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" 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