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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Innervation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innervation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Innervation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innervation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scapular_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scapular_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Scapular movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scapular_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spinal_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spinal_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Spinal movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spinal_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palsy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palsy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Palsy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palsy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facioscapulohumeral_muscular_dystrophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facioscapulohumeral_muscular_dystrophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facioscapulohumeral_muscular_dystrophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underdevelopment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underdevelopment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Underdevelopment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underdevelopment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exercises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exercises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Exercises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exercises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Trapezius</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9" title="عضلة شبه منحرفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عضلة شبه منحرفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Трапецападобная цягліца – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трапецападобная цягліца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Трапецовиден мускул – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трапецовиден мускул" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAscul_trapezi" title="Múscul trapezi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Múscul trapezi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sval_trap%C3%A9zov%C3%BD" title="Sval trapézový – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sval trapézový" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezius" title="Trapezius – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trapezius" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculus_trapezius" title="Musculus trapezius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Musculus trapezius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapetslihas" title="Trapetslihas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Trapetslihas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%BC%CF%85%CF%82" title="Τραπεζοειδής μυς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τραπεζοειδής μυς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsculo_trapecio" title="Músculo trapecio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Músculo trapecio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezio_(muskulua)" title="Trapezio (muskulua) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trapezio (muskulua)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%87_%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="ماهیچه ذوزنقه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماهیچه ذوزنقه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_trap%C3%A8ze_(anatomie_humaine)" title="Muscle trapèze (anatomie humaine) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Muscle trapèze (anatomie humaine)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsculo_trapecio" title="Músculo trapecio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Músculo trapecio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%B9%EB%AA%A8%EA%B7%BC" title="승모근 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="승모근" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezni_mi%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Trapezni mišić – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trapezni mišić" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otot_trapezius" title="Otot trapezius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Otot trapezius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscolo_trapezio" title="Muscolo trapezio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Muscolo trapezio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%96" title="שריר הטרפז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שריר הטרפז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculus_trapezius" title="Musculus trapezius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Musculus trapezius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap%C3%A9zizom" title="Trapézizom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Trapézizom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculus_trapezius" title="Musculus trapezius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Musculus trapezius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E5%B8%BD%E7%AD%8B" title="僧帽筋 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="僧帽筋" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezius" title="Trapezius – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trapezius" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculus_trapezius" title="Musculus trapezius – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Musculus trapezius" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99sie%C5%84_czworoboczny" title="Mięsień czworoboczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mięsień czworoboczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsculo_trap%C3%A9zio" title="Músculo trapézio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Músculo trapézio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C8%99chi_trapez" title="Mușchi trapez – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mușchi trapez" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Трапециевидная мышца – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трапециевидная мышца" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezius_muscle" title="Trapezius muscle – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Trapezius muscle" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezius_muscle" title="Trapezius muscle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Trapezius muscle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichobe%C5%BEn%C3%ADkov%C3%BD_sval" title="Lichobežníkový sval – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lichobežníkový sval" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezasta_mi%C5%A1ica" title="Trapezasta mišica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trapezasta mišica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%B5" title="ماسوولکەی کۆڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماسوولکەی کۆڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%9B" title="Трапезасти мишић – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трапезасти мишић" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%A4k%C3%A4slihas" title="Epäkäslihas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Epäkäslihas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezius" title="Trapezius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trapezius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA" title="กล้ามเนื้อทราพีเซียส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กล้ามเนื้อทราพีเซียส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezius" title="Trapezius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Trapezius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Muscle between the lower spine and the shoulder blade</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Trapezium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Trapezium (disambiguation)">trapezium</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:antiquewhite">Trapezius</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Trapezius.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Trapezius.png/250px-Trapezius.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Trapezius.png/375px-Trapezius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Trapezius.png/500px-Trapezius.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="504" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The trapezius muscle (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: trapezii) is a surface muscle of <a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">back</a>, shown in red above and below.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Trapezius_Gray409.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Trapezius_Gray409.PNG/250px-Trapezius_Gray409.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Trapezius_Gray409.PNG/375px-Trapezius_Gray409.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Trapezius_Gray409.PNG/500px-Trapezius_Gray409.PNG 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="1156" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle#Insertion_and_origin" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Origin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Medial one-third of superior nuchal line, <a href="/wiki/External_occipital_protuberance" title="External occipital protuberance">external occipital protuberance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinous_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinous process">spinous processes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrae">vertebrae</a> C7-T12, <a href="/wiki/Nuchal_ligament" title="Nuchal ligament">Nuchal ligament</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle#Insertion_and_origin" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Insertion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Posterior border of the lateral one-third of the <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acromion_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Acromion process">acromion process</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spine_of_scapula" title="Spine of scapula">spine of scapula</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Superficial_branch_of_transverse_cervical_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial branch of transverse cervical artery">Superficial branch of transverse cervical artery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Superficial_cervical_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial cervical artery">superficial cervical artery </a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_nerve" title="Accessory nerve">Accessory nerve</a> (motor)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical spinal nerve">cervical spinal nerves</a> C3 and C4 (motor and sensation)<sup id="cite_ref-Moore's_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore's-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion" title="Anatomical terms of motion">Actions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Rotation, <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion#Special_motion" title="Anatomical terms of motion">retraction</a>, elevation, and depression of <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Antagonist_(muscle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antagonist (muscle)">Antagonist</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serratus_anterior_muscle" title="Serratus anterior muscle">Serratus anterior muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latissimus_dorsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Latissimus dorsi">latissimus dorsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_major" title="Pectoralis major">pectoralis major</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>musculus trapezius</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/04.3.01.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A04.3.01.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=2226">2226</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma9626">9626</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Anatomical terms of muscle</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204113" class="extiw" title="d:Q204113">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>trapezius</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a large paired <a href="/wiki/Trapezoid" title="Trapezoid">trapezoid</a>-shaped surface <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> that extends longitudinally from the <a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">occipital bone</a> to the lower <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae" title="Thoracic vertebrae">thoracic vertebrae</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_spine" class="mw-redirect" title="Human spine">spine</a> and laterally to the spine of the <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a>. It moves the scapula and supports the <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arm</a>. </p><p>The trapezius has three functional parts: </p> <ul><li>an upper (descending) part which supports the weight of the arm;</li> <li>a middle region (transverse), which retracts the scapula; and</li> <li>a lower (ascending) part which medially rotates and depresses the scapula.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_history">Name and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trapezius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The trapezius muscle resembles a <a href="/wiki/Trapezoid" title="Trapezoid">trapezium</a>, also known as a trapezoid, or diamond-shaped <a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral" title="Quadrilateral">quadrilateral</a>. The word "spinotrapezius" refers to the human trapezius, although it is not commonly used in modern texts. In other mammals, it refers to a portion of the analogous muscle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trapezius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trapezius_animation_small2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Trapezius_animation_small2.gif/220px-Trapezius_animation_small2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Trapezius_animation_small2.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Position of trapezius and its parts:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> Superior fibers of the trapezius</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> Middle fibers of the trapezius</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:maroon; color:white;"> </span> Inferior fibers of the trapezius</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>superior</i> or <i>upper</i> (or descending) fibers of the trapezius originate from the <a href="/wiki/Spinous_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinous process">spinous process</a> of C7, the <a href="/wiki/External_occipital_protuberance" title="External occipital protuberance">external occipital protuberance</a>, the medial third of the <a href="/wiki/Superior_nuchal_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior nuchal line">superior nuchal line</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">occipital bone</a> (both in the back of the head), and the <a href="/wiki/Ligamentum_nuchae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligamentum nuchae">ligamentum nuchae</a>. From this origin, they proceed downward and laterally to be inserted into the posterior border of the lateral third of the <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a>. </p><p>The middle fibers, or transverse of the trapezius arise from the <a href="/wiki/Spinous_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinous process">spinous process</a> of the seventh cervical (both in the back of the neck), and the spinous processes of the first, second, and third <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae" title="Thoracic vertebrae">thoracic vertebrae</a>. They are inserted into the medial margin of the <a href="/wiki/Acromion" title="Acromion">acromion</a>, and into the superior lip of the posterior border of the <a href="/wiki/Spine_of_the_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Spine of the scapula">spine of the scapula</a>. </p><p>The <i>inferior</i> or <i>lower</i> (or ascending) fibers of the trapezius arise from the spinous processes of the remaining thoracic vertebrae (T4–T12). From this origin, they proceed upward and laterally to converge near the scapula and end in an <a href="/wiki/Aponeurosis" title="Aponeurosis">aponeurosis</a>, which glides over the smooth triangular surface on the medial end of the spine, to be inserted into a tubercle at the apex of this smooth triangular surface. </p><p>At its occipital origin, the trapezius is connected to the bone by a thin fibrous lamina, firmly adherent to the skin. The superficial and deep <a href="/wiki/Epimysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Epimysia">epimysia</a> are continuous with an investing deep fascia that encircles the neck and also contains both <a href="/wiki/Sternocleidomastoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sternocleidomastoid">sternocleidomastoid</a> muscles. </p><p>At the middle, the muscle is connected to the spinous processes by a broad semi-elliptical <a href="/wiki/Aponeurosis" title="Aponeurosis">aponeurosis</a>, which reaches from the sixth cervical to the third thoracic vertebræ and forms, with that of the opposite muscle, a tendinous ellipse. The rest of the muscle arises by numerous short tendinous fibers. </p><p>It is possible to feel the muscles of the superior trapezius as they become active by holding a weight in one hand in front of the body and, with the other hand, touching the area between the shoulder and the neck.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Images of the trapezius and the bones to which it attaches, with muscular attachments shown in red</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muscle_trap%C3%A8ze.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Trapezius muscle"><img alt="Trapezius muscle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Muscle_trap%C3%A8ze.png/77px-Muscle_trap%C3%A8ze.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Muscle_trap%C3%A8ze.png/116px-Muscle_trap%C3%A8ze.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Muscle_trap%C3%A8ze.png/155px-Muscle_trap%C3%A8ze.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="734" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trapezius muscle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray129.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Occipital bone"><img alt="Occipital bone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gray129.png/120px-Gray129.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gray129.png/180px-Gray129.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gray129.png/240px-Gray129.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="529" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">Occipital bone</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray200.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Left clavicle. Superior surface."><img alt="Left clavicle. Superior surface." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gray200.png/120px-Gray200.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gray200.png/180px-Gray200.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gray200.png/240px-Gray200.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Left <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a>. Superior surface.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray203.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Left scapula. Posterior surface."><img alt="Left scapula. Posterior surface." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gray203.png/83px-Gray203.png" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gray203.png/125px-Gray203.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gray203.png/167px-Gray203.png 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Left <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a>. Posterior surface.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innervation">Innervation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trapezius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Innervation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Motor function is supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Accessory_nerve" title="Accessory nerve">accessory nerve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sensation, including pain and the sense of joint position (<a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a>), travel via the <a href="/wiki/Ventral_rami" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral rami">ventral rami</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_3" title="Cervical spinal nerve 3">third (C3)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_4" title="Cervical spinal nerve 4">fourth (C4)</a> cervical <a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerve" title="Spinal nerve">spinal nerves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since it is a muscle of the upper limb, the trapezius is not innervated by <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_rami" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal rami">dorsal rami</a>, despite being placed superficially in the back. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trapezius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contraction of the trapezius muscle can have two effects: movement of the scapulae when the spinal origins are stable, and movement of the spine when the scapulae are stable.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its main function is to stabilize and move the scapula.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scapular_movements">Scapular movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trapezius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scapular movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The upper fibers elevate the scapulae, the middle fibers retract the scapulae, and the lower fibers depress the scapulae.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to scapular translation, the trapezius induces scapular rotation. The upper and lower fibers tend to rotate the scapula around the <a href="/wiki/Sternoclavicular_articulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sternoclavicular articulation">sternoclavicular articulation</a> so that the <a href="/wiki/Acromion" title="Acromion">acromion</a> and inferior angles move up and the medial border moves down (upward rotation). The upper and lower fibers work in tandem with <a href="/wiki/Serratus_anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Serratus anterior">serratus anterior</a> to upwardly rotate the scapulae, and work in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Levator_scapulae_muscle" title="Levator scapulae muscle">levator scapulae</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rhomboid_muscles" title="Rhomboid muscles">rhomboids</a>, which effect downward rotation. </p><p>An example of trapezius function is an <a href="/wiki/Overhead_press" title="Overhead press">overhead press</a>. When activating together, the upper and lower fibers also assist the middle fibers (along with other muscles such as the <a href="/wiki/Rhomboid_muscles" title="Rhomboid muscles">rhomboids</a>) with scapular retraction/adduction. </p><p>The trapezius also assists in abduction of the shoulder above 90 degrees by rotating the glenoid upward. Injury to cranial nerve XI will cause weakness in abducting the shoulder above 90 degrees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spinal_movements">Spinal movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trapezius&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spinal movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the scapulae are stable, a co-contraction of both sides can extend the neck. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trapezius&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dysfunction of the trapezius can result in <a href="/wiki/Winged_scapula" title="Winged scapula">winged scapula</a>, sometimes further specified as "lateral winging"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in an abnormal mobility or function of the scapula (scapular dyskinesia).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31430250_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31430250-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are multiple causes of trapezius dysfunction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palsy">Palsy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trapezius&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Palsy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Accessory_nerve_disorder" title="Accessory nerve disorder">Trapezius palsy</a>, due to damage of the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_accessory_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal accessory nerve">spinal accessory nerve</a>, is characterized by difficulty with arm <a href="/wiki/Adduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Adduction">adduction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abduction_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abduction (anatomy)">abduction</a>, and associated with a drooping shoulder, and shoulder and <a href="/wiki/Neck_pain" title="Neck pain">neck pain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intractable trapezius palsy can be surgically managed with an <a href="/wiki/Eden%E2%80%93Lange_procedure" title="Eden–Lange procedure">Eden–Lange procedure</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facioscapulohumeral_muscular_dystrophy">Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trapezius&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The trapezius muscle is one of the commonly affected muscles in <a href="/wiki/Facioscapulohumeral_muscular_dystrophy" title="Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy">facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy</a> (FSHD). The lower and middle fibers are affected initially, and the upper fibers are commonly spared until late in the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underdevelopment">Underdevelopment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trapezius&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Underdevelopment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although rare, underdevelopment or absence of the trapezius has been reported to correlate to neck pain and poor scapular control that are not responsive to <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physical therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Absence of the trapezius has been reported in association with <a href="/wiki/Poland_syndrome" title="Poland syndrome">Poland syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trapezius&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exercises">Exercises</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trapezius&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Exercises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The upper portion of the trapezius can be developed by elevating the shoulders. Common exercises for this movement are any version of the <a href="/wiki/Clean_and_jerk#Clean_phase" title="Clean and jerk">clean</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Hang_clean_(weightlifting)" title="Hang clean (weightlifting)">hang clean</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_shrug" title="Shoulder shrug">shoulder shrug</a>. The uppermost area can be trained through neck extension.</li> <li>Middle fibers are developed by pulling shoulder blades together. This adduction also uses the upper/lower fibers.</li> <li>The lower part can be developed by drawing the shoulder blades downward while keeping the arms almost straight and stiff.</li></ul> <p>It is mainly used in throwing, with the <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_muscle" title="Deltoid muscle">deltoid muscle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rotator_cuff" title="Rotator cuff">rotator cuff</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trapezius&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRockwood2009" class="citation book cs1">Rockwood, Charles A. 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href="/wiki/Template:Muscles_of_the_thorax_and_back" title="Template:Muscles of the thorax and back"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muscles_of_the_thorax_and_back" title="Template talk:Muscles of the thorax and back"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscles_of_the_thorax_and_back" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muscles of the thorax and back"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muscles_of_the_thorax_and_back" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">back</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">Back</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Splenius_muscles" title="Splenius muscles">splenius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Splenius_capitis_muscle" title="Splenius capitis muscle">capitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenius_cervicis_muscle" title="Splenius cervicis muscle">cervicis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Erector_spinae_muscles" title="Erector spinae muscles">erector spinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iliocostalis" title="Iliocostalis">iliocostalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longissimus" title="Longissimus">longissimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinalis" title="Spinalis">spinalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transversospinales" title="Transversospinales">Transversospinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semispinalis_muscles" title="Semispinalis muscles">semispinalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifidus_muscle" title="Multifidus muscle">multifidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotatores_muscles" title="Rotatores muscles">rotatores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspinales_muscles" title="Interspinales muscles">interspinales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertransversarii" title="Intertransversarii">intertransversarii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">trapezius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latissimus_dorsi_muscle" title="Latissimus dorsi muscle">latissimus dorsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomboid_muscles" title="Rhomboid muscles">rhomboid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhomboid_major_muscle" title="Rhomboid major muscle">major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomboid_minor_muscle" title="Rhomboid minor muscle">minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levator_scapulae_muscle" title="Levator scapulae muscle">levator scapulae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">Fascia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thoracolumbar_fascia" title="Thoracolumbar fascia">thoracolumbar fascia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intercostal_muscles" title="Intercostal muscles">Intercostal muscles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_intercostal_muscles" title="External intercostal muscles">external</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_intercostal_muscles" title="Internal intercostal muscles">internal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innermost_intercostal_muscle" title="Innermost intercostal muscle">innermost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcostalis_muscle" title="Subcostalis muscle">subcostalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transversus_thoracis_muscle" title="Transversus thoracis muscle">transversus thoracis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levatores_costarum_muscles" title="Levatores costarum muscles">levatores costarum</a></li> <li>serratus posterior <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serratus_posterior_inferior_muscle" title="Serratus posterior inferior muscle">inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serratus_posterior_superior_muscle" title="Serratus posterior superior muscle">superior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">thoracic diaphragm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_cavity" title="Thoracic cavity">Thoracic cavity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_major" title="Pectoralis major">pectoralis major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_minor" title="Pectoralis minor">pectoralis minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subclavius_muscle" title="Subclavius muscle">subclavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serratus_anterior_muscle" title="Serratus anterior muscle">serratus anterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternalis_muscle" title="Sternalis muscle">sternalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">Fascia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_fascia" title="Pectoral fascia">pectoral fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavipectoral_fascia" title="Clavipectoral fascia">clavipectoral fascia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public domain" 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