Aviation - IEA

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class="g-nav__menu" id="navigation-1" role="menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="g-nav__menu-inner"> <div class="g-nav__menu-header"> <span class="g-nav__menu-title">Explore the energy system by fuel, technology or sector</span> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-thumbnails g-nav__menu-thumbnails--no-xl-list"> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-items"> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/fossil-fuels" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/727f5e9d-39d4-4b20-9e8f-fa9c19474abd/shutterstock_2135903469.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4400%2C2475&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/727f5e9d-39d4-4b20-9e8f-fa9c19474abd/shutterstock_2135903469.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4400%2C2475&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 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sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Oil and natural gas supply" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Fossil Fuels</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/renewables" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=310 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Photo depicts a solar panels and windmills in the power plant" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Renewables</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/electricity" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=309 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="photo from the perspective of looking up to the top of electricity tower pylons with a colorful blue and yellow background in the sky" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Electricity</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/low-emissions-fuels" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=310 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=620 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=676 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Low-emission fuels" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Low-Emissions Fuels</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/transport" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=310 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=676 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Transport" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Transport</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/industry" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=310 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=620 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=676 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Tracking industry" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Industry</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/buildings" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=309 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Tracking buildings" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Buildings</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/energy-efficiency-and-demand" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=600&h=336&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=112 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=308 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=617 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=336 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=673 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Hector Martinez Ruupyvdsnek Unsplash" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Energy Efficiency and Demand</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=310 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=620 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=676 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Ccus Tall" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/decarbonisation-enablers" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=309 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="LED screen macro" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Decarbonisation Enablers</p> </a> </div> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-thumbnails-list"> <ul> <li class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-item"> <a class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-link" href="/energy-system/buildings" tabindex="-1"> <span>Buildings</span> <span class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-icon" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" 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href="/energy-system/decarbonisation-enablers" tabindex="-1"> <span>Decarbonisation Enablers</span> <span class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-icon" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--sm-right icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--sm-right"></use></svg></span></span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-link"> <a class="a-button-rounded a-button-rounded--soft-accent" href="/energy-system" data-focus-tabbed > <span class="a-button-rounded__label">Explore all</span> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="g-nav__item"> <a href="/topics" aria-controls="navigation-2" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" data-nav-link>Topics <span class="g-nav__item-chevron"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use 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100w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=471 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=514 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Electricity security report cover" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Energy Security</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/artificial-intelligence" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=600&h=133&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=22 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1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=133 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=266 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Photo Depicts Abstract Curly Tendrils Against Blue Background Gettyimages 1041976390" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Artificial Intelligence</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/critical-minerals" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img 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600w,https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=516 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Climate Change</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/cop28-tracking-the-energy-outcomes" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=600&h=132&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=22 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=44 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=121 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=242 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=132 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=264 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Photo of planet earth taken from space" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">COP28: Tracking the Energy Outcomes</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/net-zero-emissions" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img 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550w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=471 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=514 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Aerial View Of Wind Turbines" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Net Zero Emissions</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/russias-war-on-ukraine" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=600&h=257&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=472 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=515 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Russias War On Ukraine Topic Page Cover An Empty Train Station In Lviv Urkaine" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Russia's War on Ukraine</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/energy-and-gender" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=600&h=132&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=22 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=44 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=121 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=242 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=132 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=264 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Thisisengineering X7cls0azgkg Unsplash" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Energy and Gender</p> </a> </div> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-thumbnails-list"> <ul> <li class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-item"> <a class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-link" href="/topics/cop28-tracking-the-energy-outcomes" tabindex="-1"> <span>COP28: Tracking the Energy Outcomes</span> <span class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-icon" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--sm-right icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--sm-right"></use></svg></span></span> </a> </li> <li 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class="container"> <div class="g-nav__menu-inner"> <div class="g-nav__menu-header"> <span class="g-nav__menu-title">Read the latest analysis from the IEA</span> </div> <ul class="m-card-listing m-card-listing--nav"> <li class="m-card-listing-item m-card-listing-item--report m-card-listing-item--fuel-report"> <a class="m-card m-card--report-default m-card--report-fuel m-card--report-default" href="/reports/oil-market-report-february-2025" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Oil Market Report - February 2025</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Fuel report — February 2025 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/d8db2a59-f44b-45a4-a27d-876705cafe74/GettyImages-1126422240.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C94%2C2000%2C1335&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/d8db2a59-f44b-45a4-a27d-876705cafe74/GettyImages-1126422240.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C94%2C2000%2C1335&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/d8db2a59-f44b-45a4-a27d-876705cafe74/GettyImages-1126422240.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C94%2C2000%2C1335&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/d8db2a59-f44b-45a4-a27d-876705cafe74/GettyImages-1126422240.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C94%2C2000%2C1335&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/d8db2a59-f44b-45a4-a27d-876705cafe74/GettyImages-1126422240.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C94%2C2000%2C1335&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/d8db2a59-f44b-45a4-a27d-876705cafe74/GettyImages-1126422240.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C94%2C2000%2C1335&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/d8db2a59-f44b-45a4-a27d-876705cafe74/GettyImages-1126422240.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C94%2C2000%2C1335&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Oil tanker" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </li> <li class="m-card-listing-item m-card-listing-item--report m-card-listing-item--flagship-report"> <a class="m-card m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-default" href="/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2024" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__background"> <img 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With selective focus and bokeh." class="" /> </div> <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Energy Technology Perspectives 2024</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Flagship report — October 2024 </p> </div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="m-card-listing-item m-card-listing-item--report m-card-listing-item--flagship-report"> <a class="m-card m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-default" href="/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__background"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=348&h=471&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" 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Scene of Desert with glossy metallic arches geometric design" class="" /> </div> <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Net Zero Roadmap: A Global Pathway to Keep the 1.5 °C Goal in Reach</h2> <p class="f-ui-1 m-card__desc">2023 Update</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Flagship report — September 2023 </p> </div> </div> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="g-nav__menu-link"> <a class="a-button-rounded a-button-rounded--soft-accent" href="/analysis?type=report" data-focus-tabbed tabindex='-1' > <span class="a-button-rounded__label">All reports</span> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="g-nav__tool g-nav__tool--search"> <a href="/search" data-behavior="openSearch"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--search icon--24-25"><svg><title>Search</title><use 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data-behavior="stickyNav tabs" data-stickynav-offset="60" data-tabs-check-url="true" data-tabs-select-first="true" data-tabs-scroll-update="true" > <div class="m-nav-page__bar "> <div class="container m-nav-page__inner"> <div class="m-nav-page__scroller" data-tabs-scroller> <div class="m-nav-page__ctas"> <nav class="m-nav-page__tabs m-nav-page__tabs--strong"> <a href="#overview" class="m-nav-page__tab " data-tabs-btn > Overview </a> <a href="#tracking" class="m-nav-page__tab " data-tabs-btn > Tracking </a> <a href="#programmes" class="m-nav-page__tab " data-tabs-btn > Programmes </a> <span class="m-nav-page__active-tab" data-tabs-status></span> </nav> </div> </div> <div data-buy-generic></div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="m-tab-wrapper" data-stickyNav-tracker> <section class="page__section" id="overview" data-tab-anchor="Overview"> <div class="page__section page__section--padded-b"> <section class="m-energy-questions container"> <div class="m-animation-reveal" data-behavior="animationReveal" > <div class="m-energy-questions__cards"> <div class="m-energy-questions__card"> <div class="m-card-energy-question"> <h3 class="m-card-energy-question__title">Why is aviation important?</h3> <p class="m-card-energy-question__desc"> Aviation accounts for a relatively small share of global emissions but is one of the most challenging sectors to decarbonise. Despite reductions in flying during the Covid-19 lockdowns, demand is expected to grow rapidly through 2030. New aircraft can be up to 20% more efficient than the models they replace, but growth in activity has historically outpaced efficiency improvement.</p> </div> </div> <div class="m-energy-questions__card"> <div class="m-card-energy-question"> <h3 class="m-card-energy-question__title">Where do we need to go?</h3> <p class="m-card-energy-question__desc"> Technology innovation is needed across the sector, including in production of low-emission fuels, improvements in aircraft and engines, and operational optimisation. Demand restraint solutions will also be needed to get on track with the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario – to curb growth in emissions and ultimately reduce them this decade.</p> </div> </div> <div class="m-energy-questions__card"> <div class="m-card-energy-question"> <h3 class="m-card-energy-question__title">What are the challenges?</h3> <p class="m-card-energy-question__desc"> Planned production capacity for sustainable aviation fuels will provide just a small fraction of jet fuel demand by 2030. Increasing the use of these fuels to get in line with the Net Zero Scenario will require supportive policies and a significant ramp-up of investments in production capacity.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-energy-questions__accordions" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-forceFirstOpen="1" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom"> <div class="m-accordion-unity " > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h2 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="1" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="why-is-aviation-important-cbbfaaa2-ee47-11ef-bb3a-6045bd192725-content" id="why-is-aviation-important-cbbfaaa2-ee47-11ef-bb3a-6045bd192725"> Why is aviation important? <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h2> </div> <div id="why-is-aviation-important-cbbfaaa2-ee47-11ef-bb3a-6045bd192725-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="why-is-aviation-important-cbbfaaa2-ee47-11ef-bb3a-6045bd192725" data-accordion-item data-accordion-init="" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> Aviation accounts for a relatively small share of global emissions but is one of the most challenging sectors to decarbonise. Despite reductions in flying during the Covid-19 lockdowns, demand is expected to grow rapidly through 2030. New aircraft can be up to 20% more efficient than the models they replace, but growth in activity has historically outpaced efficiency improvement. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity " > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h2 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="where-do-we-need-to-go-cbbfb11e-ee47-11ef-a1dc-6045bd192725-content" id="where-do-we-need-to-go-cbbfb11e-ee47-11ef-a1dc-6045bd192725"> Where do we need to go? <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h2> </div> <div id="where-do-we-need-to-go-cbbfb11e-ee47-11ef-a1dc-6045bd192725-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="where-do-we-need-to-go-cbbfb11e-ee47-11ef-a1dc-6045bd192725" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> Technology innovation is needed across the sector, including in production of low-emission fuels, improvements in aircraft and engines, and operational optimisation. Demand restraint solutions will also be needed to get on track with the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario – to curb growth in emissions and ultimately reduce them this decade. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity " > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h2 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="what-are-the-challenges-cbbfb3f8-ee47-11ef-9a22-6045bd192725-content" id="what-are-the-challenges-cbbfb3f8-ee47-11ef-9a22-6045bd192725"> What are the challenges? <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h2> </div> <div id="what-are-the-challenges-cbbfb3f8-ee47-11ef-9a22-6045bd192725-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="what-are-the-challenges-cbbfb3f8-ee47-11ef-9a22-6045bd192725" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> Planned production capacity for sustainable aviation fuels will provide just a small fraction of jet fuel demand by 2030. Increasing the use of these fuels to get in line with the Net Zero Scenario will require supportive policies and a significant ramp-up of investments in production capacity. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </section> <div class="page__section page__section--padded page__section--dark page__section--no-border" data-tab-anchor="tracking"> <section id="tracking" class="m-energy-tracking-section container"> <header class="m-energy-tracking-section__header "> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__col"> <h2 class="f-title-6 m-energy-tracking-section__title">Tracking Aviation</h2> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__status-container"> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__status"> <div class="a-status a-status--not-on-track a-status--strong"> <span class="a-status__dot"></span> <div class="a-status__slot"> <span class="a-status__content">Not on track</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__status-tooltip"> <span class="a-help" data-behavior="tooltip"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--help icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--help"></use></svg></span> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--help-inverse icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--help-inverse"></use></svg></span> <script type="x-template" data-tooltip-template> <div> <div class="a-status a-status--on-track a-status--strong"> <span class="a-status__dot"></span> <div class="a-status__slot"> <span class="a-status__content">On track</span> </div> </div> <div class="a-status a-status--more-efforts-needed a-status--strong"> <span class="a-status__dot"></span> <div class="a-status__slot"> <span class="a-status__content">More efforts needed</span> </div> </div> <div class="a-status a-status--not-on-track a-status--strong"> <span class="a-status__dot"></span> <div class="a-status__slot"> <span class="a-status__content">Not on track</span> </div> </div> </div> </script> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__col"> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__desc f-rte f-subtitle-1"><p>In 2023, aviation accounted for 2.5% of global energy-related CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, having grown faster between 2000 and 2019 than rail, road or shipping. As international travel demand recovered following the Covid-19 pandemic, aviation emissions in 2023 reached almost 950 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>, more than 90% of pre-Covid-19 levels. To start reducing emissions this decade in line with the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE Scenario), stakeholders must increase low-carbon fuel shares, improve airframe and engine design, optimise operations and implement demand restraint solutions.<br class="softbreak"></p></div> </div> </header> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__items container"> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="country-and-regional-highlights-cbc27da4-ee47-11ef-8ff2-6045bd192725-content" id="country-and-regional-highlights-cbc27da4-ee47-11ef-8ff2-6045bd192725"> Country and regional highlights <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Political agreement on net zero targets for aviation has been complemented by fiscal and regulatory policies to promote sustainable aviation fuels </p> </div> <div id="country-and-regional-highlights-cbc27da4-ee47-11ef-8ff2-6045bd192725-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="country-and-regional-highlights-cbc27da4-ee47-11ef-8ff2-6045bd192725" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Political agreement on net zero targets for aviation has been complemented by fiscal and regulatory policies to promote sustainable aviation fuels </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Notable progress towards getting aviation on track includes the following: </p><ul><li>In 2024 <strong>Brazil</strong> adopted the <a href="https://www.gov.br/planalto/en/latest-news/2024/10/lula-enacts-fuel-of-the-future-law-201cbrazil-will-drive-the-worlds-largest-energy-revolution201d" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Fuel of the Future</a> law, which requires fuel operators to reduce GHG emissions from domestic flights by 1% in 2027, increasing to 10% in 2037, through use of SAFs.</li><li>In 2023 the<strong> European Union </strong>adopted <a href="https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-modes/air/environment/refueleu-aviation_en" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">ReFuelEU Aviation</a>, which mandates minimum sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) blend-in shares through 2050, with sub-targets for synthetic fuels.</li><li>In 2022 <strong>the United States</strong> announced important tax credits and a competitive grant programme under the <a href="https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/032923-us-based-united-airlines-expects-inflation-reduction-act-to-spur-more-saf-output#:~:text=Tax%20credits%20for%20SAF%20in,in%20lifecycle%20greenhouse%20gas%20emissions." rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Inflation Reduction Act</a> (IRA), granting up to <a href="https://afdc.energy.gov/laws/13321" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">USD 1.75</a> per gallon of SAF produced, with the aim of meeting the <a href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/sustainable-aviation-fuel-grand-challenge" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">milestones</a> of 3 and 35 billion gallons per year by 2030 and 2050, respectively. By 2024, <a href="https://www.faa.gov/newsroom/biden-harris-administration-announces-nearly-300-million-awards-sustainable-aviation-fuels" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">USD 245 million</a> in grants had been announced through the IRA, and the Department of Energy issued nearly <a href="https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/air-travel/doe-makes-3b-commitment-to-two-sustainable-aviation-fuel-projects" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">USD 3 billion</a> of <a href="https://www.energy.gov/lpo/articles/getting-know-lpo-what-conditional-commitment-and-how-it-different-loan-or-loan" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">loan guarantees</a> for scaling up SAF production</li><li>The 193 member states of the <strong>International Civil Aviation Organization</strong> (ICAO) adopted a <a href="https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Pages/LTAG.aspx" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">long-term aspirational goal (LTAG)</a> in 2022 of net zero carbon emissions from international aviation by 2050.<br class="softbreak"></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="co2-emissions-cbc7bd96-ee47-11ef-837a-6045bd192725-content" id="co2-emissions-cbc7bd96-ee47-11ef-837a-6045bd192725"> CO2 emissions <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">CO2 emissions from aviation have reached 90% of their pre-Covid-19 peak </p> </div> <div id="co2-emissions-cbc7bd96-ee47-11ef-837a-6045bd192725-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="co2-emissions-cbc7bd96-ee47-11ef-837a-6045bd192725" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>CO2 emissions from aviation have reached 90% of their pre-Covid-19 peak </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:charts:full:1"> <div class="m-block m-block--charts m-block--charts-full"> <div class="m-chart-block" data-behavior="chart" data-chart-identifier ="co2-emissions-in-aviation-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2000-2030" data-chart-download="1" data-chart-downloadcsv="0" data-chart-listing="0" data-chart-permalink="0" data-chart-datasource="0" data-chart-csv=";Domestic aviation;International aviation;Domestic aviation NZE;International aviation NZE 2000;320.76;344.15;; 2001;311.68;338.33;; 2002;298.26;358.06;; 2003;295.88;356.08;; 2004;302.32;390.96;; 2005;305.74;416.46;; 2006;299.36;431.47;; 2007;304.12;446.2;; 2008;290.61;453.4;; 2009;272.61;431.58;; 2010;288.32;457.28;; 2011;296.41;469.22;; 2012;300.85;471.75;; 2013;310.58;480.28;; 2014;321.67;494.69;; 2015;338.88;534.35;; 2016;356.43;558.43;; 2017;380.63;587.74;; 2018;395.57;613.46;; 2019;402.21;622.6;; 2020;277.93;294.45;; 2021;328.98;324.78;; 2022;330.84;469.64;; 2023;395.69;544.91;; 2030;;;351.63;570.56" data-chart-csvfile="" data-chart-year="" data-chart-startyear="" data-chart-endyear="" data-chart-products="" data-chart-countries="" data-chart-flows="" data-chart-series="" data-chart-decimals="2" data-chart-tooltip="1" data-chart-queryparams="" data-chart-xaxisdimension="" data-chart-yaxisdimension="" data-chart-lasthistoricalyear="2023" data-chart-futurescenariolabel="NZE" data-chart-issingleyear="0" data-chart-charttype="area" data-chart-chartoptions="{ \"series\": [ {},{}, {\"type\":\"column\", \"colorIndex\": 0}, {\"type\":\"column\" , \"colorIndex\": 1} ] }" data-chart-colorpalette="default" data-chart-credit="IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0" data-chart-crediturl="https://www.iea.org/terms/creative-commons-cc-licenses" data-chart-units="Mt CO2" data-chart-highlights="" data-chart-stacking="normal" data-chart-legendtype="legend" > <header> <h3 class="f-ui-2-bold">CO2 emissions in aviation in the Net Zero Scenario, 2000-2030</h3> <span> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary a-link-icon--oneliner" href="/data-and-statistics/charts/co2-emissions-in-aviation-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2000-2030" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed data-panel-open='' data-behavior='track' data-track-event='ChartsOpen' data-track-eventcategory='Charts' data-track-eventaction='click open chart' data-track-eventlabel='CO2 emissions in aviation in the Net Zero Scenario, 2000-2030' > <span>Open</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--expand icon--20"><svg><title>expand</title><use xlink:href="#icon--expand"></use></svg></span> </a> </span> </header> <div class="m-chart-block__container" data-chart-container> <div class="m-chart-block__placeholder"> <span class="a-loader"> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Aviation emissions rose in 2023 to reach more than 90% of their 2019 pre-pandemic peak level. After increasing at an average of 2.2% per year from 1990 to 2019, direct CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from fossil fuel combustion plummeted from more than 1 000 Mt CO<sub>2</sub> in 2019 to less than 600 Mt CO<sub>2</sub> in 2020, in the context of the pandemic. As demand from air passengers recovered in 2022 and 2023, emissions increased in all regions, with the exception of Russia (due to Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine and consequent international sanctions), reaching almost 950 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>. CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are expected to surpass their 2019 level in 2025.</p><p>A comprehensive set of measures aiming to promote innovative technologies, scale up SAFs, and implement demand-side management will be needed to bring the currently rising emissions level below 1 000 Mt CO<sub>2</sub> by 2030, in line with the NZE Scenario. Policy and fiscal support can drive improvements in energy efficiency, stimulate investment in pre-commercial and low-emissions SAFs, and accelerate the development of alternatives to jet kerosene-powered aircraft, such as electric or hydrogen-powered aircraft. The use of SAF or flight altitude <a href="https://sites.research.google/contrails/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">optimisation</a> could reduce the effect of other important contributors to the aviation industry’s overall climate impact, such as <a href="https://www.iata.org/contentassets/726b8a2559ad48fe9decb6f2534549a6/aviation-contrails-climate-impact-report.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">contrails</a>.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="energy-cbccdb1e-ee47-11ef-8abc-6045bd192725-content" id="energy-cbccdb1e-ee47-11ef-8abc-6045bd192725"> Energy <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Improvements in energy intensity have not been sufficient to counterbalance energy demand growth in recent years </p> </div> <div id="energy-cbccdb1e-ee47-11ef-8abc-6045bd192725-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="energy-cbccdb1e-ee47-11ef-8abc-6045bd192725" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Improvements in energy intensity have not been sufficient to counterbalance energy demand growth in recent years </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:charts:full:1"> <div class="m-block m-block--charts m-block--charts-full"> <div class="m-chart-block" data-behavior="chart" data-chart-identifier ="energy-intensity-of-commercial-passenger-aviation-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2000-2030" data-chart-download="1" data-chart-downloadcsv="1" data-chart-listing="0" data-chart-permalink="0" data-chart-datasource="0" data-chart-csv=";Commercial passenger aviation;NZE 2000;2.6; 2001;2.6; 2002;2.6; 2003;2.6; 2004;2.4; 2005;2.3; 2006;2.2; 2007;2.1; 2008;2; 2009;2; 2010;1.8; 2011;1.7; 2012;1.7; 2013;1.6; 2014;1.6; 2015;1.6; 2016;1.5; 2017;1.5; 2018;1.5; 2019;1.4; 2020;2.3; 2021;2.1; 2022;1.8; 2023;1.5; 2030;;1.1" data-chart-csvfile="" data-chart-year="" data-chart-startyear="" data-chart-endyear="" data-chart-products="" data-chart-countries="" data-chart-flows="" data-chart-series="" data-chart-decimals="1" data-chart-tooltip="1" data-chart-queryparams="" data-chart-xaxisdimension="" data-chart-yaxisdimension="" data-chart-lasthistoricalyear="2023" data-chart-futurescenariolabel="NZE" data-chart-issingleyear="0" data-chart-charttype="line" data-chart-chartoptions="{ \"series\": [ {}, {\"marker\": { \"enabled\": true }, \"showInLegend\": false, \"zIndex\": 999, \"colorIndex\": 0} ] }" data-chart-colorpalette="default" data-chart-credit="IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0" data-chart-crediturl="https://www.iea.org/terms/creative-commons-cc-licenses" data-chart-units="MJ/RTK equivalent" data-chart-highlights="" data-chart-stacking="" data-chart-legendtype="legend" > <header> <h3 class="f-ui-2-bold">Energy intensity of commercial passenger aviation in the Net Zero Scenario, 2000-2030</h3> <span> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary a-link-icon--oneliner" href="/data-and-statistics/charts/energy-intensity-of-commercial-passenger-aviation-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2000-2030" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed data-panel-open='' data-behavior='track' data-track-event='ChartsOpen' data-track-eventcategory='Charts' data-track-eventaction='click open chart' data-track-eventlabel='Energy intensity of commercial passenger aviation in the Net Zero Scenario, 2000-2030' > <span>Open</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--expand icon--20"><svg><title>expand</title><use xlink:href="#icon--expand"></use></svg></span> </a> </span> </header> <div class="m-chart-block__container" data-chart-container> <div class="m-chart-block__placeholder"> <span class="a-loader"> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>From 2010 to 2019, average fuel efficiency per revenue passenger kilometre (RPK) improved by over 2.5% per year. On a revenue tonne kilometre (RTK) basis, which includes passengers, their luggage, and freight, fuel efficiency improved by 1.7%, nearly reaching ICAO’s aspirational goal of <a href="https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Documents/Assembly/Resolution_A40-18_Climate_Change.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">2% per annum</a> (measured per RTK) through 2050. However, efficiency improvements have not kept up with demand growth to date, with RPK growing at an average rate of more than 6% annually between 2010 and 2019. To get on track with the NZE Scenario, efficiency will need to improve at a rate of 2.6% per year through 2030 on an RPK basis, in line with the historical average improvements over the past two decades.</p><p>In addition to technical efficiency improvements in engine and airframe designs, improvements in <a href="https://theicct.org/aviation-fuel-efficiency-jan22/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">payload and traffic efficiency</a> (i.e. the weight of cargo and number of passengers carried per aircraft) have also contributed to reducing the energy intensity of aircraft operation. Payload energy efficiency deteriorated in 2020, as planes were flown with fewer passengers, but recovered to about the same level as 2019 by the end of 2023.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="activity-cbd1f4b4-ee47-11ef-a3a3-6045bd192725-content" id="activity-cbd1f4b4-ee47-11ef-a3a3-6045bd192725"> Activity <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Passenger activity has nearly closed the gap with pre-Covid levels </p> </div> <div id="activity-cbd1f4b4-ee47-11ef-a3a3-6045bd192725-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="activity-cbd1f4b4-ee47-11ef-a3a3-6045bd192725" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Passenger activity has nearly closed the gap with pre-Covid levels </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:charts:full:1"> <div class="m-block m-block--charts m-block--charts-full"> <div class="m-chart-block" data-behavior="chart" data-chart-identifier ="global-total-commercial-air-passenger-traffic-2019-2023" data-chart-download="1" data-chart-downloadcsv="0" data-chart-listing="0" data-chart-permalink="0" data-chart-datasource="0" data-chart-csv=";Global activity;Average load factor 2015;6.64;80 2016;7.13;80 2017;7.70;81 2018;8.26;82 2019;8.67;82 2020;2.99;65 2021;3.66;68 2022;5.98;78 2023;8.18;82" data-chart-csvfile="" data-chart-year="" data-chart-startyear="" data-chart-endyear="" data-chart-products="" data-chart-countries="" data-chart-flows="" data-chart-series="" data-chart-decimals="0" data-chart-tooltip="1" data-chart-queryparams="" data-chart-xaxisdimension="" data-chart-yaxisdimension="" data-chart-lasthistoricalyear="" data-chart-futurescenariolabel="" data-chart-issingleyear="0" data-chart-charttype="column" data-chart-chartoptions="{ \"series\": [{},{\"yAxis\": 1, \"zIndex\": 999, \"type\": \"scatter\", \"tooltip\": {\"valueSuffix\": \"%\"}}], \"yAxis\": [ {\"min\": 0, \"max\": 10, \"tickInterval\": 2, \"tickAmount\": 6, \"title\": {\"text\": \"Trillion passengers per km\"} }, { \"min\": 0, \"max\": 100, \"tickInterval\": 20, \"tickAmount\": 6, \"title\": {\"text\": \"\"}, \"labels\": {\"format\": \"{value}%\"} } ] }" data-chart-colorpalette="default" data-chart-credit="IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0" data-chart-crediturl="https://www.iea.org/terms/creative-commons-cc-licenses" data-chart-units="Trillion passenger per km" data-chart-highlights="" data-chart-stacking="" data-chart-legendtype="legend" > <header> <h3 class="f-ui-2-bold">Global total commercial air passenger traffic, 2019-2023</h3> <span> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary a-link-icon--oneliner" href="/data-and-statistics/charts/global-total-commercial-air-passenger-traffic-2019-2023-2" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed data-panel-open='' data-behavior='track' data-track-event='ChartsOpen' data-track-eventcategory='Charts' data-track-eventaction='click open chart' data-track-eventlabel='Global total commercial air passenger traffic, 2019-2023' > <span>Open</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--expand icon--20"><svg><title>expand</title><use xlink:href="#icon--expand"></use></svg></span> </a> </span> </header> <div class="m-chart-block__container" data-chart-container> <div class="m-chart-block__placeholder"> <span class="a-loader"> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Total commercial air passenger activity (domestic and international combined) rebounded to nearly 95% of pre-pandemic levels in 2023, with domestic aviation growing by 30% and international aviation by more than 40% year-on-year. This was primarily driven by growth in the Asia Pacific region, with demand for international flights that increased by more than <a href="https://www.iata.org/en/iata-repository/publications/economic-reports/air-passenger-market-analysis-december-2023/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">120%</a> compared to 2022 due to the re-opening of international travel from China.</p><p>Air cargo volumes <a href="https://www.iata.org/en/iata-repository/publications/economic-reports/air-cargo-market-analysis-december-2023/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">contracted</a> by 8% in 2022 and 2% in 2023 after a historical peak in 2021, as the share of freight transported on passenger flights has <a href="https://www.iata.org/en/iata-repository/publications/economic-reports/uneven-recovery-trends-in-air-cargo-traffic-and-capacity/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">slowly approached</a> pre-pandemic levels.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="technology-deployment-cbd209ae-ee47-11ef-88d9-6045bd192725-content" id="technology-deployment-cbd209ae-ee47-11ef-88d9-6045bd192725"> Technology deployment <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Sustainable aviation fuels are critical to decarbonising aviation </p> </div> <div id="technology-deployment-cbd209ae-ee47-11ef-88d9-6045bd192725-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="technology-deployment-cbd209ae-ee47-11ef-88d9-6045bd192725" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Sustainable aviation fuels are critical to decarbonising aviation </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Currently, demand for aviation fuel is dominated by jet kerosene, while SAFs account for less than 0.1% of all aviation fuels consumed. <a href="https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2022-11-airbus-a330mrtt-completes-first-100-saf-test-flight-on-both-engines" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Manufacturers</a> and <a href="https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-operates-milestone-demonstration-flight-powered-with-100-sustainable-aviation-fuel/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">operators</a> are testing flights that are entirely fuelled by SAFs, which can be deployed in current infrastructure, engines and aircraft. The maximum SAF share allowed under current regulation is <a href="https://www.iata.org/contentassets/d13875e9ed784f75bac90f000760e998/saf-handbook.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">50%</a>, but dedicated task groups within fuel standard committees are assessing options to facilitate the use of <a href="https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2024-06-worlds-first-in-flight-study-of-commercial-aircraft-using-100" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">100%</a> SAF and to have approved fuels ready by <a href="https://www.easa.europa.eu/eco/eaer/topics/sustainable-aviation-fuels/what-are-sustainable-aviation-fuels#non-drop-in-saf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">2030</a>. However, existing and planned SAF projects in advanced stages will meet just <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2024" rel="noopener noreferrer">2-4%</a> of jet fuel demand by 2030. Increasing SAF use in aviation to over 10% by 2030, in line with the NZE Scenario, will require a significant ramp-up of investment in capacity to produce SAFs, and supportive policies such as fuel taxes and low-carbon fuels standards.</p><p>Commercial adoption of SAFs will be driven by policies such as the incentives for SAF production in the <a href="https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/032923-us-based-united-airlines-expects-inflation-reduction-act-to-spur-more-saf-output#:~:text=Tax%20credits%20for%20SAF%20in,in%20lifecycle%20greenhouse%20gas%20emissions." rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">United States</a> and the <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/skys-the-limit-as-uk-sets-out-strategy-to-reach-net-zero-aviation-and-deliver-guilt-free-flying" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">United Kingdom</a>, and mandates for minimum GHG emissions through SAFs as per the <a href="https://www.gov.br/planalto/en/latest-news/2024/10/lula-enacts-fuel-of-the-future-law-201cbrazil-will-drive-the-worlds-largest-energy-revolution201d" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Fuel of the Future</a> law in Brazil or minimum SAF share as per the European Union’s <a href="https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-modes/air/environment/refueleu-aviation_en" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">ReFuelEU</a> regulation. <a href="https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-modes/air/environment/refueleu-aviation_en" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">ReFuelEU</a> excludes SAFs produced through food and feed crops due to sustainability concerns, and the potential to scale up biojet kerosene supply based on animal fat and waste oil feedstocks (which are included in the regulation) is limited by their supply. Supporting R&D on <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/biofuels" rel="noopener noreferrer">advanced biofuel technologies</a> can unlock more abundant and cheaper feedstocks such as agricultural residues, dedicated energy crops and municipal solid waste. In the longer term, synthetic fuels based on hydrogen produced using electrolysers (and running on low-emissions electricity), combined with CO<sub>2</sub> from biogenic, concentrated waste streams or atmospheric sources can provide an alternative, although commercialisation may be challenging.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content"> <h4 class="m-block__title f-title-5">Revolutionary designs are needed to achieve efficiency improvements of more than 2% annually in the longer term</h4> </div> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Incremental improvements to engines, materials, aerodynamics and mild hybridisation can and should be implemented. However, <a href="https://www.iata.org/contentassets/8d19e716636a47c184e7221c77563c93/aircraft-technology-net-zero-roadmap.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">“revolutionary” designs</a>, such as new airframe configurations and alternative propulsion technologies such as <a href="https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/etp-clean-energy-technology-guide?layout=trl&selectedTechID=bfd818d2" rel="noopener noreferrer">electric</a> or <a href="https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/etp-clean-energy-technology-guide?layout=trl&selectedTechID=63c8cd70" rel="noopener noreferrer">hydrogen-powered</a> aircraft, are needed in order to make a leap towards significant CO<sub>2</sub> emissions reduction.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="innovation-cbd222b8-ee47-11ef-a178-6045bd192725-content" id="innovation-cbd222b8-ee47-11ef-a178-6045bd192725"> Innovation <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Tests and prototypes showcase innovations in hydrogen-powered aircraft </p> </div> <div id="innovation-cbd222b8-ee47-11ef-a178-6045bd192725-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="innovation-cbd222b8-ee47-11ef-a178-6045bd192725" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Tests and prototypes showcase innovations in hydrogen-powered aircraft </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Hydrogen can be used via <a href="https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/etp-clean-energy-technology-guide?layout=trl&selectedTechID=18b6f172" rel="noopener noreferrer">direct combustion</a> in jet engines, or in <a href="https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/etp-clean-energy-technology-guide?layout=trl&selectedTechID=63c8cd70" rel="noopener noreferrer">fuel cells</a> to generate electricity for electric motors, or in a combination of the two. However, using hydrogen in aircraft poses significant challenges, including the need for innovative fuel storage and delivery methods, low-cost and lightweight cryogenic tanks, and redesigned airframes to accommodate them. In addition, questions on the impact of hydrogen-powered aircrafts on <a href="https://www.iata.org/contentassets/726b8a2559ad48fe9decb6f2534549a6/aviation-contrails-climate-impact-report.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">contrails</a> still need to be answered and dedicated <a href="https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/stories/2023-11-contrail-chasing-blue-condor-makes-airbus-first-full-hydrogen-powered" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">studies</a> are still underway.</p><p>Test flights for aircraft equipped with fuel cell-powered electric propulsion systems took place in early 2023, with <a href="https://www.zeroavia.com/do228-first-flight" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">ZeroAvia</a> flying a 19-seat aircraft equipped with a hydrogen-electric engine on its left wing, and <a href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230302005768/en/Universal-Hydrogen-Successfully-Completes-First-Flight-of-Hydrogen-Regional-Airliner" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Universal Hydrogen</a> flying a 40-seat regional aircraft, with one of its engines powered by fuel cell. This followed its demonstration at the Blagnac airport in Toulouse, France, of prototype modular <a href="https://hydrogentoday.info/en/universal-hydrogen-hydrogen-capsules/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">capsules</a> that can store liquid hydrogen.</p><p>Demonstrations of alternative hydrogen propulsion systems have also progressed. In early 2024, Airbus's <a href="https://www.airbus.com/en/innovation/energy-transition/hydrogen/zeroe" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">ZEROe</a> engines were <a href="https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/stories/2024-01-first-zeroe-engine-fuel-cell-successfully-powers-on" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">tested</a> successfully. In 2022, <a href="https://www.rolls-royce.com/media/press-releases/2022/28-11-2022-rr-and-easyjet-set-new-aviation-world-first-with-successful-hydrogen-engine-run" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Rolls-Royce and easyJet</a> tested combusting hydrogen to run a regional jet engine with hydrogen produced from wind and tidal power. In the same year, <a href="https://www.avioaero.com/en/media/media-releases/avio-aero-launches-hybrid-electric-technology-demonstration-program-in-europe" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Avio Aero</a> launched a demonstration programme for megawatt-level hybrid electric propulsion technologies, coupling a propulsion engine with a fuel cell-powered electric motor. <a href="https://fuelcellsworks.com/news/h2fly-and-partners-mark-a-significant-step-toward-zero-emission-commercial-flight-following-developments-of-liquid-tank-integration/?mc_cid=47fbff2b40&mc_eid=da4624d261" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">H2FLY</a> has also begun the integration of a liquid hydrogen storage system tank in its four-seat aircraft with hydrogen-electric propulsion.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content"> <h4 class="m-block__title f-title-5">Battery electric propulsion is currently limited to very small aircraft and short ranges</h4> </div> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p><a href="https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/etp-clean-energy-technology-guide?layout=trl&selectedTechID=bfd818d2" rel="noopener noreferrer">Battery electric aircraft</a> have no direct emissions, potentially much lower operational and maintenance costs (dependent on battery durability) and high efficiency, as well as creating far less noise pollution. However, current battery energy density and weight severely restrict the range of battery electric flights and the size of the aircraft. In September 2022 <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/are-electric-planes-ready-for-takeoff/a-64491147" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Eviation</a> performed a test flight of its nine-seat electric aircraft, with a maximum flight range of around 450 km. In 2024, in collaboration with the battery company CATL, a 4-tonne civil electric aircraft was <a href="https://cnevpost.com/2024/06/25/catl-batteries-to-power-electric-aircraft-3000-km/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">successfully tested</a>.</p><p>The success of deploying electric aircraft technologies will largely depend on the evolution of battery technologies. The energy density of today’s state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries ranges between 180 and 300 Wh/kg at the pack level. In 2023, CATL released a <a href="https://www.catl.com/en/news/6015.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">condensed state battery</a> (500 Wh/kg) targeting passenger aircraft applications. However, further breakthrough innovations are still required in this sector for passenger flights of 1 000 km or beyond, as a battery pack energy density of at least <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-018-0294-x" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">800 Wh/kg</a> would be needed.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content"> <h4 class="m-block__title f-title-5">World’s first airport liquid hydrogen refuelling facility under construction</h4> </div> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p><a href="https://airportindustry-news.com/liquid-hydrogen-refuelling-facility-to-be-built-at-toulouse-blagnac-airport/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Airbus and ArianeGroup</a> are working towards building the first liquid hydrogen refuelling facility for ZEROe aircraft at Blagnac airport in Toulouse, France.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="policy-cbdcc056-ee47-11ef-a615-6045bd192725-content" id="policy-cbdcc056-ee47-11ef-a615-6045bd192725"> Policy <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Governments are increasing fiscal support for SAF production and mandating SAF use </p> </div> <div id="policy-cbdcc056-ee47-11ef-a615-6045bd192725-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="policy-cbdcc056-ee47-11ef-a615-6045bd192725" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Governments are increasing fiscal support for SAF production and mandating SAF use </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>SAF production gained substantial support through the passage in 2022 of the <a href="https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/treasury-irs-issue-guidance-on-new-sustainable-aviation-fuel-credit" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">IRA</a> in the United States, which provides up to <a href="https://energycommunities.gov/funding-opportunity/clean-fuel-production-credit-26-u-s-code-%C2%A4-45z/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">USD 1.75</a> per gallon of <a href="https://afdc.energy.gov/laws/13321" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">SAF produced</a>.</p><p>In addition to amending the EU Emissions Trading System to phase out allowances given to the aviation industry by the beginning of <a href="https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/transport/reducing-emissions-aviation_en" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">2027</a>, the <a href="https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-modes/air/environment/refueleu-aviation_en" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">ReFuelEU Aviation</a> mandates minimum SAF blend-in shares, with sub-targets for synthetic fuels, through 2050. Individual countries such as <a href="https://www.eurocontrol.int/article/sustainable-aviation-fuels-saf-europe-eurocontrol-and-ecac-cooperate-saf-map" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">France and Norway</a> have already had SAF blending mandates in place since early 2022. Sweden’s GHG emissions intensity reduction target will also drive SAF adoption, and in 2023 the Swedish government announced its aim to invest <a href="https://www.flightglobal.com/aerospace/sweden-charges-up-electric-aviation-push-with-funding-pledge-and-pso-analysis/151631.article" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">SEK 15 million</a> (Swedish Kronor) annually to support R&D of electric aircraft. The United Kingdom, following its 2022 <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/skys-the-limit-as-uk-sets-out-strategy-to-reach-net-zero-aviation-and-deliver-guilt-free-flying" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Jet Zero </a>pledge, has dedicated <a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/62e931d48fa8f5033896888a/jet-zero-strategy.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">GBP 180 million</a> to support SAF projects, with funding allocation running to 2025. In 2024 the United Kingdom legislated the <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/sustainable-aviation-fuel-initiatives" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">sustainable aviation fuel initiatives</a>, mandating minimum targets of 2% in 2025, 10% in 2030, and 22% in 2040, with sub-targets for synthetic fuels.</p><p>In the Asia Pacific region, <a href="https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/energy_environment/saf/pdf/002_05_00.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Japan</a> proposed legislation in late 2022 mandating that SAFs must account for 10% of aviation fuel by 2030. In the same period the <a href="http://www.caac.gov.cn/en/XWZX/202202/t20220211_211718.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Civil Aviation Administration of China</a> also set ambitions to increase SAF use and lower GHG emissions intensity.</p><p>In South America, Brazil adopted the <a href="https://www.gov.br/planalto/en/latest-news/2024/10/lula-enacts-fuel-of-the-future-law-201cbrazil-will-drive-the-worlds-largest-energy-revolution201d" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Fuel of the Future</a> law, which requires airlines to reduce domestic flight greenhouse gas emissions by 1% in 2027 and increasing to 10% in 2037 through SAFs.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:relatedLink"> <div class="m-block m-block--links"> <div class="m-block__content"> <div class="m-block__links-highlight"> <p class="m-block__links-description f-body">View all aviation policies</p> <ul class="m-block__links"> <li><a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary" href="https://www.iea.org/policies?qs=aviation&technology%5B0%5D=Aviation%20infrastructure" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed > <span>Policies and Measures database (PAMS)</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><title>circle-arrow</title><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="international-collaboration-cbdccc7c-ee47-11ef-bb8b-6045bd192725-content" id="international-collaboration-cbdccc7c-ee47-11ef-bb8b-6045bd192725"> International collaboration <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Member states of the International Civil Aviation Organization pledge to reach net zero emissions by 2050 </p> </div> <div id="international-collaboration-cbdccc7c-ee47-11ef-bb8b-6045bd192725-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="international-collaboration-cbdccc7c-ee47-11ef-bb8b-6045bd192725" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Member states of the International Civil Aviation Organization pledge to reach net zero emissions by 2050 </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>In late 2022, ICAO member states adopted a <a href="https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Pages/LTAG.aspx" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">long-term aspirational goal (LTAG)</a> to achieve net zero carbon emissions from international aviation by 2050. The agreement aims to reduce emissions within the sector itself (i.e. directly from aviation activity, as opposed to by offsetting emissions through the purchase of credits). Although it remains non-binding and lacks intermediate goals, governments are expected to produce national plans within a set timeframe. Similarly, in 2021 the world’s largest airline industry association, the International Air Transport Association (IATA), agreed on its <a href="https://www.iata.org/en/programs/sustainability/flynetzero/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Net Zero Initiative</a> setting targets for net zero emissions from aviation by 2050.</p><p>In addition, in late 2022 countries agreed on a new baseline for the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (<a href="https://www.iata.org/en/iata-repository/pressroom/fact-sheets/fact-sheet-corsia/#:~:text=In%20October%202022%2C%20at%20its,planned%2C%20which%20the%20industry%20supported." rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">CORSIA</a>), at 85% of the 2019 emissions level of international aviation from 2024 until the end of the scheme in 2035. Emissions beyond this would need to be reduced by using SAFs or by purchasing certified emissions reductions to offset CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. In 2024, ICAO published updated <a href="https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CORSIA/Documents/CORSIA%20Eligible%20Emissions%20Units/CORSIA_EEU_Oct2024.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">CORSIA eligible emission rules</a>, many of which rely on offsets outside the energy sector.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="private-sector-strategies-cbdcd762-ee47-11ef-af31-6045bd192725-content" id="private-sector-strategies-cbdcd762-ee47-11ef-af31-6045bd192725"> Private sector strategies <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Airlines are moving towards offtake agreements with fuel suppliers to supply SAF </p> </div> <div id="private-sector-strategies-cbdcd762-ee47-11ef-af31-6045bd192725-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="private-sector-strategies-cbdcd762-ee47-11ef-af31-6045bd192725" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Airlines are moving towards offtake agreements with fuel suppliers to supply SAF </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Increasing announcements of <a href="https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/GFAAF/Pages/Offtake-Agreements.aspx" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">SAF offtake agreements</a> between fuel suppliers and airlines marked a stark increase in contracted volume from 9 billion litres in 2021 to 22 billion litres in 2022. Almost 12 billion litres were contracted in 2023, meaning that cumulatively, offtake agreements have reached over 40 billion litres. The <a href="https://www.greencarcongress.com/2021/09/20210910-alder.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">largest</a> offtake volume per year purchase to date was agreed between <a href="https://www.alderrenewables.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Alder Fuels</a> and United Airlines, accounting for over 5.6 billion litres, followed by <a href="https://gevo.com/product/sustainable-aviation-fuel/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Gevo</a> and <a href="https://www.oneworld.com/members" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">OneWorld Alliance</a>, accounting for over 3.7 billion litres to be sourced from ethanol from inedible corn products. Many of the contracted volumes have planned delivery after 2025, and new SAF plants take around <a href="https://www.opportunitylouisiana.gov/led-news/news-releases/news/2023/03/21/dg-fuels-proposes-$3.1-billion-sustainable-aviation-fuel-complex-in-st.-james-parish" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">3 years</a> to build after a final investment decision has been taken.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="acknowledgements-cbdcdfbe-ee47-11ef-a8c0-6045bd192725-content" id="acknowledgements-cbdcdfbe-ee47-11ef-a8c0-6045bd192725"> Acknowledgements <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">We would like to thank the following external reviewers: </p> </div> <div id="acknowledgements-cbdcdfbe-ee47-11ef-a8c0-6045bd192725-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="acknowledgements-cbdcdfbe-ee47-11ef-a8c0-6045bd192725" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>We would like to thank the following external reviewers: </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <ul><li>Lynnette Dray, University College London</li><li>Haldane Dodd, Air Transport Action Group<br class="softbreak"></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="m-energy-recommendations container"> <header class="m-section-title m-section-title--blue m-section-title--no-spacing m-section-title--y-center" > <h2 class="m-section-title__title f-title-6 " > Recommendations </h2> </header> <ol class="m-energy-recommendations__list"> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-16"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">1</span> Supply-side and demand-side policies will need to mutually reinforce each other to scale up SAF production and demand <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-16" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>Policies to support SAF consumption and boost growth are needed to make SAFs more widely available and economically viable.</p><p>On the demand side, blending mandates provide clear long-term demand signals beyond offtake agreements. Low-carbon fuel standards provide less clarity on required volumes, but this is balanced by providing a clear regulatory framework to reduce the lifecycle emissions of SAFs. By combining blending mandates with GHG emissions and sustainability criteria, regulatory frameworks such as <a href="https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-modes/air/environment/refueleu-aviation_en" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">ReFuelEU Aviation</a> aim to provide market certainty at the same time as incentivising the uptake of less mature and higher-cost SAF production pathways in the mid- to long-term.</p><p>Funding and financial de-risking will be needed to promote continued innovation around sustainable production processes including novel feedstocks (wastes, residues, marginal land, double cropping) and to support the leap from demonstration to commercial plants. This will also be needed to drive investment at all stages of research and to enable power-to-liquid jet kerosene to scale up rapidly.</p><p>Both supply and demand of SAFs are highly concentrated in advanced economies today. Meeting the growing demand for air travel in emerging and developing economies will require <a href="https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Pages/act-saf.aspx" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">technical assistance and capacity building</a> to accelerate the availability and use of SAFs. Such support can help emerging markets and developing economies to leverage domestic natural resource endowments such as biomass, solar and wind, and thereby scale up high value-added industries in the clean energy economy.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-61"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">2</span> Tax aviation fuels according to impact, acknowledging that only a minority of the world flies <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-61" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>Taxing GHG emissions beyond the CORSIA scheme is critical to more <a href="https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-world-s-top-1-of-emitters-produce-over-1000-times-more-co2-than-the-bottom-1" rel="noopener noreferrer">equitably reflect</a> the climate impacts of air travel. As the additional costs of these taxes are passed on to passengers, they can help curb demand growth, while revenues generated could be used to foster low-carbon innovation in SAF production or engine and airframe design.</p><p>Since frequent flyers likely account for <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378020307779" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">half of all aviation emissions</a>, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/10/10/frequent-flyer-tax-aviation/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">progressive tax rates</a> that increase with flight frequency, as well as <a href="https://www.ledevoir.com/documents/pdf/chancelpiketty2015.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">higher taxes on premium class tickets</a>, could discourage excessive flying or <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/17/tax-on-europes-frequent-flyers-could-raise-64bn-a-year-study" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">raise funding</a> for investments in SAF production or less-emitting transport modes, especially as <a href="https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/39fa0090-1750-11eb-b57e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">jet kerosene is currently taxed at lower levels than residential electricity or automotive fuels</a> in many regions. Reducing demand through <a href="https://www.iea.org/energy-system/energy-efficiency-and-demand/behavioural-changes" rel="noopener noreferrer">behavioural change</a> could also play an important role in reducing emissions from the aviation sector. This could include, for example, a reduction in short-haul flights when a direct high-speed train connection is available, replacement of some long-haul flights for business with teleconferencing, and a decrease in leisure flights due to a frequent flyer levy, with the latter having the largest impact in our <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model" rel="noopener noreferrer">modelling</a>. <a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5d30896202a18c0001b49180/t/6553878f99724e3133ee4893/1699973029319/CHHJ9481-ESP-146-Aviation-False-Solution-231110.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Curbing demand</a> for air travel could play a particularly important role in the short term, as supply-side options such as SAFs will require time to scale up production and for costs to come down.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-764"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">3</span> The aviation sector can lead on bringing nascent decarbonisation options to scale <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-764" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>Certain airlines propose offset options to consumers, such as <a href="https://www.finnair.com/fr-en/sustainable-travel" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">paying extra towards SAFs</a>. Some have set <a href="https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_EMBARGOED_CST_Ambition_Statement_for_Signatories.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">corporate targets to supply increasing shares of fuel with SAFs</a>, and are actively seeking <a href="https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/GFAAF/Pages/Offtake-Agreements.aspx" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">offtake agreements</a> that secure demand for nascent SAF markets.</p><p>Actions from leading airlines and airports that serve as key international and domestic hubs can generate the market pull needed to catalyse the adoption of efficient operations, best-in-class technologies and SAFs. Those that act early will benefit not only from asserting their leadership in corporate social responsibility, but from being the first to gain experience in innovative practices and technologies that will eventually need to be adopted more widely.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ol> <div class="m-energy-recommendations__footer"> <p class="f-ui-1 ">Last update on 16 January 2025</p> <a class="a-link a-link--tertiary " href="#" data-focus-tabbed data-behavior='modal' data-modal='recommendations-authors' role='button' > <span class="a-link__label">Authors and contributors</span></a> </div> </section> </div> <div id="programmes" data-tab-anchor="programmes"> <div class="container"> <header class="m-section-title m-section-title--blue" > <h2 class="m-section-title__title f-title-6 " > Programmes and partnerships </h2> </header> <div class="m-slider m-slider--mobile-nav m-slider--program" data-behavior="slider" data-inViewport-item> <div class="container"> <div class="m-slider__container"> <div class="m-slider__list" data-slider-list role="list"> <div role="listitem" class="m-slider__item"> <a href="https://iea-amf.org/content/projects/map_projects/63" class="m-card-program"> <h3 class="m-card-program__title f-title-9">The Advanced Motor Fuels TCP</h3> <p class="m-card-program__desc f-ui-1">The Advanced Motor Fuels TCP Task 63 focuses on Sustainable Aviation Fuels. It assesses the current policy environment and current and future SAF production technologies, and explores how to ensure sustainable SAF production.</p> <span class="m-card-program__tag f-ui-3">Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP)</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page__section"> <div class="m-animation-reveal" data-behavior="animationReveal" > <div class="m-must-read-report container m-must-read-report--report "> <div class="m-must-read-report__content"> <div class="m-must-read-report__col"> <h3 class="m-must-read-report__title">Renewables 2024</h3> <p class="m-must-read-report__desc"> By 2030, aviation and shipping are responsible for more than 75% of new biofuel demand. Average annual consumption in these sectors expands 30% between 2023 and 2030 to meet targets in North America, Europe and Japan.</p> <div class="m-must-read-report__link"> <a class="a-button-rounded a-button-rounded--weak a-button-rounded--overlay" href="/reports/renewables-2024" data-focus-tabbed > <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--show-password icon--24"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--show-password"></use></svg></span> <span class="a-button-rounded__label">Read more</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="m-must-read-report__col-report"> <div class="m-must-read-report__report"> <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-fuel m-card--report-default" href="/reports/renewables-2024" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Renewables 2024</h2> <p class="f-ui-1 m-card__desc">Analysis and forecasts to 2030</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Fuel report — October 2024 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/3a76d0e6-8159-4b9d-b0eb-1164e9d7582c/Photoshowingagroupofwindmillsaboveclouds_bysander-weeteling-N64QxLFs2qg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=653%2C22%2C2726%2C1815&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/3a76d0e6-8159-4b9d-b0eb-1164e9d7582c/Photoshowingagroupofwindmillsaboveclouds_bysander-weeteling-N64QxLFs2qg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=653%2C22%2C2726%2C1815&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/3a76d0e6-8159-4b9d-b0eb-1164e9d7582c/Photoshowingagroupofwindmillsaboveclouds_bysander-weeteling-N64QxLFs2qg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=653%2C22%2C2726%2C1815&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/3a76d0e6-8159-4b9d-b0eb-1164e9d7582c/Photoshowingagroupofwindmillsaboveclouds_bysander-weeteling-N64QxLFs2qg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=653%2C22%2C2726%2C1815&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/3a76d0e6-8159-4b9d-b0eb-1164e9d7582c/Photoshowingagroupofwindmillsaboveclouds_bysander-weeteling-N64QxLFs2qg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=653%2C22%2C2726%2C1815&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/3a76d0e6-8159-4b9d-b0eb-1164e9d7582c/Photoshowingagroupofwindmillsaboveclouds_bysander-weeteling-N64QxLFs2qg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=653%2C22%2C2726%2C1815&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/3a76d0e6-8159-4b9d-b0eb-1164e9d7582c/Photoshowingagroupofwindmillsaboveclouds_bysander-weeteling-N64QxLFs2qg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=653%2C22%2C2726%2C1815&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Photo Showing A Group Of Windmills Above Clouds By Sander Weeteling N64qxlfs2qg Unsplash" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="g-footer"> <div class="g-footer-section"> <div class="container"> <section class="m-related-content container" data-behavior="slider" data-slider-related-content> <header class="m-section-title m-section-title--" > <h2 class="m-section-title__title f-title-6 " > Related content </h2> <div class="m-section-title__link"> <div 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