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View source for Christmas in the Philippines - Wikipedia
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The parol is regarded as one of the most iconic and important symbols of the Filipino Christmas season.<ref name="cnn">{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Sarah |date=December 5, 2012 |title=The Philippines shows the world how to celebrate Christmas |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/12/05/world/asia/irpt-xmas-philippines-traditions/index.html |access-date=May 15, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=December 2, 2021 |title=Paskong Pinoy at Kultura |trans-title=Filipino Christmas and Culture |work=[[The Manila Times]] |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/12/02/entertainment-lifestyle/life-times/paskong-pinoy-at-kultura/1824324 |url-access=limited |access-date=March 20, 2022 |quote=In the Philippines, the parol has become an iconic symbol of the Filipino Christmas and is as important to Filipinos as the Christmas tree is to Western cultures.}}</ref>]] In the Philippines, [[Christmas]] ({{langx|fil|Pasko}}; {{IPA|tl|pɐsˈkɔʔ||Tl-PH-Pasko.ogg }}){{efn|For the names of Christmas in other languages spoken in the Philippines, see {{slink||Etymology and nomenclature}}.}} is a major annual celebration, as in most countries of the [[Christendom|Christian world]]. It is celebrated as a [[Public holidays in the Philippines|public holiday in the country]] on December 25, concurrent with [[Observance of Christmas by country|other countries]]. As one of the two predominantly [[Catholic Church by country#Asia|Catholic countries in Asia]] (the other one being [[East Timor]]), the Philippines celebrates the world's longest [[Christmas and holiday season|Christmas season]] ({{langx|fil|Kapaskuhan|link=no}}),<ref name="cnn" /><ref name="cnbc">{{Cite news |last=Pitrelli |first=Monica Buchanan |date=December 20, 2021 |title=The country that celebrates Christmas for more than 4 months a year |work=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/21/philippines-the-longest-christmas-celebrations-in-the-world-.html |access-date=October 11, 2022}}</ref> spanning what it refers to as the "ber months".{{efn|The months ending with the ''-ber'' suffix, i.e. September, October, November, and December}} With [[Christmas music]] played as early as August,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maxabella |first=Bron |date=December 20, 2021 |title=A very Filipino Christmas: Early starts, pigs and plenty of flan |work=[[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS Food]] |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2021/12/20/very-filipino-christmas-early-starts-pigs-and-plenty-flan |access-date=October 9, 2022}}</ref> the holiday season gradually begins by September, reaches its peak in December during [[Christmastide]], and concludes within the week after [[New Year's Day]];<ref name="manila-bulletin-1">{{Cite news |date=September 1, 2021 |title=The 'ber' months are here, bringing good tidings |work=[[Manila Bulletin]] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/09/01/the-ber-months-are-here-bringing-good-tidings/ |access-date=September 7, 2021}}</ref> however, festivities may last until the third Sunday of January, the feast day of the [[Santo Niño de Cebú|Santo Niño]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=de Guzman |first=Odi M. |date=January 5, 2016 |orig-date=January 8, 2015 |title=Black or white: The Nazarene and the Pinoy devotion |work=[[GMA Integrated News and Public Affairs|GMA News]] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/550047/lifestyle/artandculture/black-or-white-the-nazarene-and-the-pinoy-devotion/ |access-date=October 3, 2022}}</ref><ref name="inquirerpop">{{Cite news |title=Origins of Pinoy Christmas traditions |work=Inquirer Pop! |publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://pop.inquirer.net/christmas2017 |url-status=dead |access-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019221229/https://pop.inquirer.net/christmas2017 |archive-date=October 19, 2021 }}</ref> [[Liturgical year|Liturgically]], the Christmas season is observed by the [[Catholic Church in the Philippines|Catholic Church]] from the first day of [[Advent]] (the fourth Sunday before Christmas)<ref name="business-mirror-1">{{Cite news |last=Medenilla |first=Samuel P. |date=September 6, 2021 |title=Avoid commercialization of Christmas–CBCP exec |work=[[BusinessMirror]] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/09/06/avoid-commercialization-of-christmas-cbcp-exec/ |access-date=September 7, 2021}}</ref> to [[Epiphany (holiday)|Three Kings' Day]], which falls on the Sunday between January 2 and 8.{{efn|Also known as [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]], which is generally observed on January 6 in the [[General Roman Calendar]]; however, some countries, including the Philippines, observe it between January 2 and 8.<ref name="manila-bulletin-2">{{Cite news |last=Hermoso |first=Christina P. |date=January 3, 2021 |title=Feast of the Epiphany marks end of Christmas Season |work=[[Manila Bulletin]] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/01/03/feast-of-the-epiphany-marks-end-of-christmas-season/ |access-date=September 9, 2021}}</ref>}} ==Etymology and nomenclature== In [[Filipino language|Filipino]] and most [[Philippine languages]], the word ''[[:wikt:Pasko#Tagalog|paskó]]'' commonly refers to Christmas.{{efn|In the [[Filipino language|Filipino-language]] phrase ''Paskó ng (Muling) Pagkabuhay'' ({{literal translation|Pasch of the Resurrection}}), ''Paskó'' means "Pasch" or "[[Easter]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pangalangan |first=Raul C. |date=March 30, 2007 |title=Ritualizing the faith |page=14 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |department=Passion for Reason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lY1AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA14 |access-date=August 22, 2022 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> ''Paskó'', when used by itself, specifically refers to Christmas.}} It comes from the Spanish phrase ''pascua de navidad'' ({{literal translation|Easter of the Nativity}});<ref>{{Cite book |title=Daluyan: Journal ng Wikang Filipino |publisher=[[Sentro ng Wikang Filipino]] and the [[University of the Philippines]] |year=1990 |volume=1–2 |pages=7 |language=tl |quote=''Pasku'' at ''Paskwa'' ang hiniram ng mga Pilipino sa Kastilang pascua...}}</ref> the latter part, ''de navidad'', fell out of use, leaving the word ''[[:wikt:pascua#Spanish|pascua]]'' to be [[Loanword|assimilated]] into the local languages [[History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|over the years]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tan |first=Nigel |date=December 24, 2016 |title=How Filipinos celebrated Christmas in the Spanish era |work=[[Rappler]] |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/46535-ph-christmas-spanish-era/ |access-date=February 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tan |first=Michael L. |date=December 6, 2013 |title=Translating 'Silent Night' |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/66799/translating-silent-night |access-date=February 7, 2022}}</ref> Meanwhile, the Spanish word ''pascua'' is descended from Latin ''[[:wikt:pascha#Latin|pascha]]'', which was borrowed from Ancient Greek [[:wikt:πάσχα#Ancient Greek|πάσχα]] (''páskha''), meaning "[[Passover]]".{{efn|Ancient Greek [[:wikt:πάσχα#Ancient Greek|πάσχα]] (''páskha'') was itself borrowed from Aramaic [[:wikt:פסחא#Aramaic|פסחא]] (''paskha''), which in turn was borrowed from Hebrew [[:wikt:פסח#Hebrew|פסח]] (''pésakh'').}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=pascua |url=https://dle.rae.es/pascua |access-date=February 8, 2022 |website=[[Diccionario de la lengua española]] |language=es}}</ref> In other [[Languages of the Philippines|languages spoken in the country]], including [[Chavacano]] (a [[Spanish-based creole]]),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Garcia |first=Bong |date=November 24, 2018 |title=Mayor leads opening of 'Pascua na Zamboanga 2018' |work=[[SunStar]] |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1775637/zamboanga/local-news/mayor-leads-opening-of-pascua-na-zamboanga-2018 |access-date=August 23, 2022}}</ref> [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]],<ref name="cpu">{{Cite web |last=Jalando-on |first=Francis Neil G. |date=January 29, 2019 |title=Jesus is Paskwa |url=https://cpu.edu.ph/uncategorized/jesus-is-paskwa/ |access-date=February 8, 2022 |publisher=[[Central Philippine University]]}}</ref> and [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]],{{sfn|Bernabe|Lapid|Sibayan|2019|p=315}} the Spanish-derived word ''pascua'' is still in use, although its spelling may vary.{{efn|For example, in the aforementioned Hiligaynon and Ilocano languages, it is spelled ''Paskwa''<ref name="cpu" /> and ''Paskua'',{{sfn|Bernabe|Lapid|Sibayan|2019|p=315}} respectively.}} In [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], ''Pasku'' (also spelled ''Pascu''), a word related to [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] ''Paskó'', is used.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rutao |first=Gracie |date=September 24, 2020 |title=Unique traditional Christmas delicacy in Pampanga lives on |work=[[ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs|ABS-CBN News]] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/life/09/24/20/unique-traditional-christmas-delicacy-in-pampanga-lives-on |access-date=August 23, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Orejas |first=Tonette |date=December 25, 2006 |title=Popular Christmas carols go local in Pampanga |page=4 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |department=Inquirer Central Luzon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFc1AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA4 |access-date=August 23, 2022 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> ''Krismas'', a Filipinized rendering of the English word ''Christmas'', is also used occasionally in non-formal contexts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tan |first=Michael L. |date=December 20, 2001 |title=Gifts that keep giving |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |department=Pinoy Kasi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=An42AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA6 |access-date=October 26, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tan |first=Michael L. |author-link=Michael Tan |date=December 25, 2012 |title=Christmas old and new |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/43445/christmas-old-and-new |access-date=September 19, 2022}}</ref> The word ''Paskó'' serves as the root word of some Christmas-related terms,<ref name="inquirer-1">{{Cite news |last=Tan |first=Michael L. |date=December 28, 2005 |title='Pamasko' |trans-title=Christmas gift |pages=11 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFc1AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA11 |access-date=April 12, 2022 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> such as ''[[:wikt:Kapaskuhan#Tagalog|Kapaskuhán]]'', the name for the Christmas season;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abelgas |first=Gus |author-link=Gus Abelgas |date=December 3, 2021 |title=Kampanya na ba? |language=tl |trans-title=Has the campaign [period] begun? |work=Pang-Masa |publisher=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2021/12/03/2145393/kampanya-na-ba |access-date=February 12, 2022}}</ref> ''namamaskó'', a [[Christmas carol|caroller]];<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vila |first=Alixandra Caole |date=December 24, 2015 |title=Namamasko po: Christmas scenarios we can all relate to |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/news-commentary/2015/12/24/1536217/namamasko-po-christmas-scenarios-we-can-all-relate-to |access-date=August 23, 2022}}</ref> ''[[:wikt:mamasko#Tagalog|pamamaskó]]'', the act of caroling;<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 7, 2007 |title=Daygon, a Cebuano Christmas caroling tradition |pages=5 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1k1AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA49 |access-date=April 12, 2022 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="inquirer-2">{{Cite news |last=Robas |first=Sharon Wendy A. |date=December 16, 2005 |title=One family keeps the tradition |pages=16–17 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFc1AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA91 |access-date=April 12, 2022 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> ''pamaskó'', a [[Christmas gift]] or present;<ref name="inquirer-1" /><ref name="inquirer-2" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ismael |first=Javier Joe |date=December 27, 2020 |title=Bong Go's 'pamasko' lifts spirits of Tacloban residents |work=[[The Manila Times]] |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/12/27/news/regions/bong-gos-pamasko-lifts-spirits-of-tacloban-residents/818409 |url-access=limited |access-date=August 22, 2022}}</ref> and ''pampaskó'', or ''pang-Paskó'', which literally means "for Christmas" and may refer to clothing worn on the day of the holiday.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 5, 2021 |title=Mga Pinoy kaniya-kaniyang pakulo 20 araw bago ang Pasko |language=tl |trans-title=Filipinos having their own gimmick 20 days before Christmas |work=[[ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs|ABS-CBN News]] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/life/12/05/21/mga-pinoy-kaniya-kaniyang-pakulo-20-araw-bago-ang-pasko |access-date=August 23, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Greenfield |first=Joseph |date=December 12, 2015 |title=BF ang wish ngayong Pasko (2) |language=tl |trans-title=A boyfriend is [their] wish for Christmas (2) |work=[[Inquirer Bandera|Bandera]] |publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://bandera.inquirer.net/110444/bf-ang-wish-ngayong-pasko-2 |access-date=August 23, 2022}}</ref> Add to this, pamamasko is the act of Christian children going from house to house greeting Christmas cheers their relatives or friends and asking Christmas gifts whether in cash or in kind. It is the time after they went to church on every Christmas morning. ==History== The celebrations of Christmas in the Philippines have deep influences of [[Catholicism]], tracing their roots back to Spanish colonial rule from 1521 to 1898. Currently, the Philippines holds the longest running festivity of the [[Christmas season]] in the world, which begins on September 1. ==Activities== The various [[ethnic groups in the Philippines]] observe different Christmas traditions, and the following are generally common. == Christmas traditions == ===Simbang Gabi and Misa de Gallo=== {{Main|Simbang Gabi}} [[File:Manila Cathedral (Simbang Gabi) (006) 2023-12-20.jpg|thumb|The altar of the [[Manila Cathedral]] decorated with [[Christmas tree]]s for Simbang Gabi.]] {{lang|fil|Simbang Gabi}} ("Night Mass"; [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]]: ''[[Misa de Gallo]]'', "Rooster's Mass", or {{lang|es|Misa de Aguinaldo}}, "Gift Mass")<ref name="mb-aguinaldo">{{cite web|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/misa-de-gallo-or-misa-de-aguinaldo-whats-the-difference/ |title=Misa de Gallo or Misa de Aguinaldo – What's the difference? |author=Lilia Borlongan – Alvarez |date=December 15, 2013 |work=Manila Bulletin |access-date=December 24, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224150417/http://www.mb.com.ph/misa-de-gallo-or-misa-de-aguinaldo-whats-the-difference/ |archive-date=December 24, 2014 }}</ref> is a [[novena]] of dawn [[Mass (liturgy)|Masses]] from December 16 to 24 (Christmas Eve). The ''Simbang Gabi'' is practiced mainly by [[Catholic Church in the Philippines|Catholic]]s and [[Philippine Independent Church|Aglipayan]]s, with some [[Evangelical Christian]] and independent [[Protestantism in the Philippines|Protestant]] churches having adopted the practise of pre-Christmas dawn services. Attending the Masses is meant to show devotion to God and heightened anticipation for [[Nativity of Jesus|Christ's birth]], and folk belief holds that God grants the special wish of a devotee who hears all nine Masses. Morning observance of {{lang|fil|Simbang Gabi}} during this holiday begins as early as 04:00 (or rarely, 02:30) or as late as 06:00 (or rarely, 06:30) [[Philippine Standard Time|PST]], while in some parishes, some churches and others, anticipated Masses begin the previous evening at 20:00 PST, or as early as 16:00 or as late as 21:00 PST or even 22:00 PST. After hearing Mass, Catholic families buy [[Cuisine of the Philippines|traditional Filipino holiday fare]] for breakfast outside the church and eat it either within the church precincts or at home. Vendors offer many native delicacies, including ''[[bibingka]]'' (rice flour and egg-based cake, cooked using coal burners above and under); ''putò bumbóng'' (a purple, sticky rice delicacy steamed in bamboo tubes, buttered then sprinkled with [[brown sugar]] and shredded dried [[coconut]] meat). Drinks include coffee, ''salabát'' (ginger tea) and ''[[tsokolate]]'' (thick, Spanish-style [[hot chocolate]]). Some Aglipayan churches invite the congregation to partake of the "''paínit''" (literally, "heater"), a post-Mass snack of mostly rice pastries served with coffee or cocoa at the house of the Mass sponsor. The ''bibingka'' and ''putò bumbóng'' are also served to those attending the anticipated evening Masses together with dinner. === Christmas Eve === {{See also|Christmas Eve#Philippines}} [[File:Traditional Filipino cuisine.jpg|thumb|Typical traditional ''noche buena'' meal in the [[Philippines]], with a [[Filipino lechon|lechón]] as the centerpiece]] For Catholic Filipinos, [[Christmas Eve]] ("{{langx|fil|Bisperas ng Pasko}}"; {{langx|es|Víspera de Navidad}}) on December 24 is celebrated with the [[Midnight Mass]], and the traditional ''[[Nochebuena|Noche Buena]]'' ([[Spanish language in the Philippines|Filipino Spanish]] "Good Night") feast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/angela-dimayuga-christmas-menu|title=A Merry and Bright Filipino-American Christmas|first=Angela Dimayuga, as told to Karen|last=Leibowitz|date=December 4, 2017 |access-date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> Family members dine together at around midnight. Some families would also open presents at this time. ====''Noche Buena''==== {{See also|Christmas dinner#Philippines}} The [[Christmas dinner]] eaten around midnight on [[Christmas Eve]] is known as ''Noche Buena'' (not to be confused with the [[New Year's Eve]] dinner known as ''[[New Year's Eve#Philippines|Medianoche]]''). Common traditional dishes served for the meal include: [[Filipino lechon|lechón]], various types of [[pancit]] (noodles), [[Filipino spaghetti]], ''[[hamonado]]'', ''[[Christmas ham|jamón]]'', ''[[Edam (cheese)|queso de bola]]'', ''[[Morcón (Filipino cuisine)|morcón]]'', ''[[Embutido (Filipino cuisine)|embutido]]'', [[chicken galantina]], ''[[almondigas]]'' (meatballs), ''[[paelya]]'' (''[[arroz valenciana]]'', ''[[bringhe]]'', etc.), ''[[lumpia]]'', ''[[Menudo (stew)|menudo]]'', ''[[mechado]]'', ''[[caldereta]]'', ''[[callos]]'', [[chicken pastel]], ''[[relleno|relyenong]] [[bangus|bangús]]'' (stuffed milkfish), ''[[lengua estofado]]'', ''[[Adobo (Filipino cuisine)|adobo]]'', and various types of barbecue (''[[inihaw]]''). Almost all of these dishes are eaten with white rice. Desserts and side dishes include ''[[Ube halaya|úbe halayá]]'', [[Turon (food)|turon]], [[leche flan]], [[macaroni salad]], ''[[Dulce de membrillo|membrilyo]]'', [[fruit salad]], [[buko salad]], ''[[crema de fruta]]'', ''[[ensaymada]]'', [[champorado]], [[mango float]], [[fruitcake]], ''castañas'' ([[roasted chestnuts]]), and various other ''[[kakanin]]'' (rice cakes) like ''[[puto bumbong]]'', ''[[bibingka]]'', ''[[suman (food)|suman]]'', ''[[Biko (food)|biko]]'', and ''[[sapin-sapin]]''. Popular beverages are ''[[tsokolate]]'' as well as coffee, [[soft drinks|soda]], wine, beer, alcoholic drinks, and fruit juices.<ref name="Koppe">{{cite news |last1=Koppe |first1=Jaclyn Clemente |title=A Filipino Christmas Feast: 11 Nostalgic Food to Serve on Noche Buena |url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/dining/food/nostalgic-filipino-christmas-food |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=Tatler |date=23 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Tan">{{cite web |last1=Tan |first1=Kim Shelly |title=17 Traditional Filipino Christmas Foods That Every Filipino Should've Had At Least Once |url=https://thesmartlocal.ph/filipino-christmas-foods/ |website=TheSmartLocal Philippines |date=September 29, 2023 |access-date=18 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=10 Classic Filipino Noche Buena Food and Dishes |url=https://www.beholdphilippines.com/classic-filipino-noche-buena-food-and-dishes/ |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=Behold Philippines |date=22 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Sarah |title=Here's What Christmas Dinner Looks Like In The Philippines |url=https://www.foodrepublic.com/1446359/what-is-filipino-christmas-food/ |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=Food Republic |date=19 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=12 Uniquely Filipino Christmas Dishes during Noche Buena |url=https://filipinotimes.net/feature/2018/12/24/12-uniquely-filipino-christmas-dishes-noche-buena/ |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=The Filipino Times |date=24 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Filipino Christmas Countdown: 12 Dishes for the Noche Buena |url=https://www.pinoykitchen.eu/recipes/the-filipino-christmas-countdown-12-dishes-for-the-noche-buena |website=Pinoy Kitchen |access-date=18 April 2024}}</ref> ====''Panunulúyan''==== [[File:Panuluyan sa Ibaan Batangas 2023-12-24.jpg|thumb|Panunulúyan in [[Ibaan]], [[Batangas]]]] In different provinces and schools, the journey of [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]] and the pregnant [[Virgin Mary]] in search of lodging is re-enacted. The pageant, traditionally called the "''Panunulúyan''", "''Pananawágan''", or "''Pananapátan''", is modeled after the Spanish ''[[Las Posadas]]''. The ''Panunulúyan'' is performed after dark, with the actors portraying Joseph and the Virgin Mary going to pre-designated houses. They perform a chant meant to rouse the "owners of the house" (also actors) to request for lodging. The owners then cruelly turn them away, sometimes also in song, saying that their house is already filled with other guests. Finally, Joseph and Mary make their way to the parish church where a replica of the stable is set up. The birth of Jesus is celebrated at midnight with the ''Misa de Gallo''. ===Christmas Day=== [[Christmas|Christmas Day]] in the Philippines is primarily a family affair. The ''[[Misa de Gallo]]'' is celebrated on December 25 and is usually one of several Masses that all family members (including non-churchgoers) are present and is often celebrated between 10 pm and midnight, a schedule preferred by many Filipinos who stay up late on Christmas Eve for the night-long celebration of the ''Noche Buena''. Fireworks and most merrymaking devices are sometimes used at the start of Christmas. Preferably in the morning, Filipinos typically visit their extended family, especially to pay their respects to senior relatives. This custom of giving respect is enacted through the "''[[Mano (gesture)|Págmamáno]]''". A supplicant takes the back of an elder's hand and presses it against the forehead while giving the greeting, ''Máno, pô'' (lit. "[Thy] hand, please"). The elder often responds by reciting a blessing or simply acknowledging the gesture, and in return gives "''Aguinaldo''" or money in the form of crisp [[banknotes]], often placed in a sealed envelope such as an ''[[Red envelope|ang pao]]''. Godparents, in particular, are socially obligated to give presents or ''aguinaldo'' to their godchildren, to whom they often give larger amounts compared to other younger relatives. A festive lunch may follow the "''Págmamáno''". The menu is heavily dependent upon the finances of the family, with richer families preparing grand feasts while poorer families choose to cook simple yet special dishes. Some families choose to open presents on this day after the lunch. When nighttime falls, members of the family usually return home or linger to drink, play parlor games, and chat. Some may opt to have another feast for dinner, while a minority spend the entire day at home to rest after the previous days' festivities. ===''Niños Inocentes''=== [[Holy Innocents]]' Day or [[Childermas]] is commemorated on December 28 as {{lang|es|Niños Inocentes}}. Filipinos once celebrated the day by playing [[practical joke]]s on one another, similar to [[April Fool's Day]].<ref name="prank">{{Cite web |url=http://www.philstar.com/funfare/article.aspx?articleid=536184&publicationsubcategoryid=70 |title=FunFare with Ricardo F. Lo |website=[[The Philippine Star]] |access-date=September 7, 2011 |archive-date=May 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516174834/http://www.philstar.com/funfare/article.aspx?articleid=536184&publicationsubcategoryid=70 |url-status=dead }}</ref> One of the widely practiced pranks on this day is to borrow money without the intention of paying back. Creditors are usually helpless in getting remuneration from borrower, and are instead forewarned not to lend money on this day. Victims of such pranks were once called out, "''Na-Niños Inocentes ka!''" ===New Year's Eve=== [[File:BGC Bonifacio High Street, NYE 2022 fireworks display (Taguig; 12-31-2021).jpg|thumb|Fireworks at [[Bonifacio High Street]], [[Bonifacio Global City]] in [[Taguig]].]] On December 31 ({{lang|fil|Bisperas ng Bagong Taón}}), Filipino families gather for the {{lang|es|Media Noche}} a lavish midnight feast that supposedly symbolizes their hopes for prosperity in the coming year, and lasts until the following morning as with the [[Nochebuena|Noche Buena]] taken on Christmas Eve. Filipinos make noise both to greet the New Year and in the belief that the din exorcises their surroundings of malevolent spirits. In spite of the yearly ban (due to the national government restrictions), people in most towns and cities customarily light [[firecrackers]], or employ safer methods of merrymaking such as banging on pots and pans and blowing car horns. Other traditions and beliefs include encouraging children to jump at the stroke of midnight to increase their height; displaying circular fruit such as oranges; wearing clothes with dots and other circular designs to symbolize coins and money; eating twelve grapes at midnight for good luck in the twelve months of the year (a Spanish custom); and opening all windows and doors to let in the blessings on the first day of the year. ===Three Kings' Day=== Christmas officially ends on the [[Epiphany (Christian)|Feast of the Epiphany]], more commonly known as Three Kings' Day ({{langx|es|Día de los Tres Reyes}}; {{langx|fil|Araw ng Tatlóng Harì}}), which falls on the first Sunday after [[New Year's Day]].<ref name="epiphany-1">{{Cite news|title=Feast of the Epiphany marks end of Christmas Season |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/01/03/feast-of-the-epiphany-marks-end-of-christmas-season/ |first=Christina |last=Hermoso |date=2021-01-03 |work=Manila Bulletin |access-date=2023-12-10}}</ref> A dying tradition is the Hispanic custom of children leaving their shoes out by the window or the door, so that the Three Kings can leave small gifts like candy or money inside upon their descent on [[Twelfth Night (holiday)|Twelfth Night]]. ===Feast of the Black Nazarene=== {{Main|Feast of the Black Nazarene}} [[File:Feast of Black Nazarene, Quiapo, Manila.JPG|thumb|[[Feast of the Black Nazarene]] procession in [[Quiapo, Manila]] on January 9, 2012]] The [[Black Nazarene]], whose devotees are primarily centered in [[Manila]] and [[Cagayan de Oro]], is borne in procession on January 9 after a [[novena]] in its honor. The date commemorates the image's 1787 ''Traslación'' (solemn transfer) from its original location in what is now [[Rizal Park]] to [[Quiapo Church|its present shrine]] in the Quiapo District of the city. ===Feast of the Santo Niño=== The latest date for the end of popular Christmas celebrations is the Feast of the ''[[Santo Niño de Cebú|Santo Niño]]'' (Christ Child) on the third Sunday of January. The image depiction most associated with this day is the purportedly miraculous [[Santo Niño de Cebú]], the first Christian icon brought to the islands. In 1521, [[Ferdinand Magellan]] came to [[Cebu Island|Cebú]] and gave the image as a present to Humamay, chief consort of the local monarch, [[Humabon|Raja Humabon]], when she, together with her husband and a number of his subjects, were [[Baptism|baptized]] into the Catholic faith. Tradition holds that Humamay—who received the Christian name ''Juana'' after [[Joan of Castile]]—danced for joy upon receiving the ''Santo Niño'', providing a legendary origin for the fervent religious dancing during the ''[[Sinulog]]'' held in honor of the Christ Child. Celebrations are mostly focused in Cebu, where the Sinulog Festival is held, while there are other celebrations held nationwide in its honor, including the [[Ati-Atihan Festival]] in [[Aklan]] Province, the [[Dinagyang]] in Iloilo, the Kahimunan in Butuan, and the feasts of the Holy Child in the districts of Tondo and Pandacan in Manila. The National Cathedral or the Central Church of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente or [[Philippine Independent Church|Aglipayan]]s is dedicated to the Santo Niño and other several parishes and missions around the country. {{multiple image | total_width = 800 | align = center | direction = horizontal | header = Santo Niño feasts in the Philippines | caption_align = center | image1 = SINULOG_FESTIVAL_CONTINGENTS_IN_STREET_DANCE_10.jpg | caption1 = [[Sinulog]] in [[Cebu City]] | image2 = Parade-Goers At Kalibo Ati-Atihan Festival, Philippines.jpg | caption2 = [[Ati-Atihan Festival|Ati-Atihan]] in [[Kalibo, Aklan]] | image3 = Dinagyang Festival 2013.jpg | caption3 = [[Dinagyang]] in [[Iloilo City]] }} ===The Feast of Our Lady of the Candles=== In older traditions (which are still kept in the liturgical calendar of the Extraordinary Form of the Mass) Christmas lasted until [[Candlemas]], or the Feast of the Purification of Mary and the Presentation of the Baby Jesus at the Temple. This marked the end of a long 40-day "Christmastide" corresponding to the 40 days of Lent. This date falls on February 2, after Mary had participated in a rite of purification in according to the ancient Candlemas festival rooted in [[Halakha]] (Jewish law). This is also when Simeon makes his well-known prophecy to Mary and Joseph about the Holy Child, of Jesus being a light for the Gentiles. Many parishes, if possible will still keep their nativity scenes displayed up until the celebration of the Presentation of the Lord on February 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholiccompany.com/blog/does-christmas-end-on-epiphany|title=Does Christmas End on Epiphany?|date=January 6, 2017|access-date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> This final salvo is marked by the Feast of Our Lady of the Candles in [[Jaro, Iloilo City]], where the image is enshrined in the [[Jaro Cathedral]], the National Shrine of Our Lady of the Candles, where [[Tridentine Mass]]es are celebrated in commemoration. Similar celebrations are held nationwide in towns where Our Lady of the Candles is its patroness, including [[Candelaria, Quezon]], whose town fiesta is celebrated on this date. ==Decorations== [[File:A Dapitan tiangge stall sells Santa Claus figurines and other Christmas decorations ahead of the 'ber months' in Quezon City on August 31, 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Santa Claus]] figurines and other [[Christmas decoration]]s sold in [[Quezon City]] ahead of the "ber" months on August 31, 2022]] Due to [[secularization]], decorations such as [[Santa Claus]], [[Christmas tree]]s, tinsel, faux evergreens, reindeer, and snow have become popular. [[Christmas lights (holiday decoration)|Christmas lights]] are strung about in [[festoon]]s, as the tail of the [[Star of Bethlehem]] in ''[[Nativity scene|Belens]]'', star shapes, [[Christmas tree]]s, [[angels]], and in a large variety of other ways, going as far as draping the whole outside of the house in lights. Despite these, the Philippines still retains its traditional decorations. ===''Paról''=== [[File:Barnstar on Philippine house as Christmas decoration.jpg|thumb|left|A traditional ''[[parol]]'' on a house as Christmas decoration]] Every Christmas season, Filipino homes and buildings are adorned with star-shaped lanterns, called ''[[parol|paról]]'' from the Spanish ''farol'', meaning "lantern" or "lamp".<ref>'Merriam Webster – English English- Spanish Dictionary</ref> These lanterns represent the [[Star of Bethlehem]] that guided the magi, also known as the [[Biblical Magi|Three Kings]] ([[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]: ''Tatlóng Harì''). Paról are as beloved and iconic to Filipinos as [[Christmas tree]]s are to Westerners. The most common form of the lantern is a [[pentagram|5-pointed star]] with two "tails" at the lower two tips. Other popular variations are four, eight, and ten-pointed stars, while rarer ones sport six, seven, nine, and more than twelve points. The earliest paróls were made from simple materials like bamboo, Japanese rice paper (known as "''papél de Hapón''") or crêpe paper, and were lit by a candle or coconut oil lamp. Simple paróls can be easily constructed with just ten [[bamboo]] sticks, paper, and glue. Present-day paról has endless possible shapes and forms and is made of a variety of materials, such as cellophane, plastic, rope, [[capiz]] [[Exoskeleton|shell]], glass, and even recycled refuse. Paról-making is a folk craft, and many [[Filipino people|Filipino]] children often craft them as a school project or for leisure. The [[Giant Lantern Festival]] is an annual festival held the Saturday before Christmas Eve in [[San Fernando, Pampanga]]. The festival features a competition of giant lanterns, and the popularity of the festival, has earned the city the moniker, "Christmas Capital of the Philippines". ===''Belén''=== {{See also|Nativity scene}} [[File:A Catholic nun looks at the nativity scene figures inside the Manila Cathedral-Basilica in Intramuros, Manila on December 7, 2022 (58377).jpg|thumb|A Catholic nun looks at the [[nativity scene]] figures inside the [[Manila Cathedral]]-Basilica in [[Intramuros]], Manila on December 7, 2022]] Another traditional Filipino Christmas symbol is the ''belén''—a [[Nativity scene|creche]] or tableau depicting the Birth of Christ. Derived from the Spanish name for [[Bethlehem]], ''Belén'', it depicts the infant Jesus in the [[manger]], surrounded by the [[Virgin Mary]], [[St. Joseph]], the shepherds, their flock, the [[Magi]] and some stable animals, and is surmounted by an [[angel]], the Star or both. ''Belén'' were introduced by the Spanish since the 16th century. They are an ubiquitous and iconic Christmas symbol in the Philippines, on par with the [[parol]] (Christmas lanterns depicting the [[Star of Bethlehem]]) which are often incorporated into the scene as the source of illumination. Both the ''Belén'' and the ''parol'' were the traditional [[Christmas decorations]] in Filipino homes before [[American colonial period of the Philippines|Americans]] introduced the [[Christmas tree]].<ref name="Bondoc">{{cite news |last1=Bondoc |first1=Joshua |title=Christmas in our isles, a long enduring feast (First published 1978, TV Times magazine) |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2021/12/22/2149349/christmas-our-isles-long-enduring-feast-first-published-1978-tv-times-magazine |access-date=December 24, 2021 |work=PhilStar Global |date=December 22, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ferrolino">{{cite news |last1=Ferrolino |first1=Mark Louis F. |title=A Christmas like no other |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/christmas-like-no/ |access-date=December 24, 2021 |work=BusinessWorld |date=December 15, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Macairan">{{cite news |last1=Macairan |first1=Evelyn |title='Belen most important Christmas decor' |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2010/12/19/640363/belen-most-important-christmas-decor |access-date=December 24, 2021 |work=PhilStar Global |date=December 19, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Gonzalez">{{cite book |last1=Gonzalez |first1=Joaquin Jay |title=Filipino American Faith in Action: Immigration, Religion, and Civic Engagement |date=2009 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=9780814732977 |page=18}}</ref><ref name="Laquian">{{cite news |last1=Laquian |first1=Eleanor R. |title=Christmas Belen tradition brings Baby Jesus to Vancouver homes |url=https://www.canadianfilipino.net/sections/culture/christmas-belen-tradition-brings-baby-jesus-to-vancouver-homes?start=8 |access-date=December 24, 2021 |work=CanadianFilipino.net}}</ref> Most churches in the Philippines also transform their altars into a ''Belén'' at Christmas. They are also found in schools (which also hold [[nativity play]]s), government buildings, commercial establishments, and in public spaces.<ref name="Dice">{{cite book |last1=Dice |first1=Elizabeth A. |title=Christmas and Hanukkah |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438119717 |page=33}}</ref><ref name="Bowler">{{cite book |last1=Bowler |first1=Gerry |title=The World Encyclopedia of Christmas |date=2012 |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |isbn=9781551996073}}</ref><ref name="Llamas">{{cite news |last1=Llamas |first1=Cora |title=The Philippines Has the Longest Christmas Season in the World |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2021/december/philippines-longest-christmas-season-commercialism-catholic.html |access-date=December 24, 2021 |work=Christianity Today |date=December 20, 2021}}</ref> [[File:Candon Church Christmas 2009.JPG|thumb|upright|A ''Belén'' set up in the altar of the [[Candon Church]] with a [[parol]] above it]] ''Belén'' can be seen in homes, churches, schools and even office buildings; the ones on office buildings can be extravagant, using different materials for the figures and using Christmas lights, ''parol''s for the Star, and painted background scenery. A notable outdoor belén in [[Metro Manila]] is the one that used to be at the Manila COD department store building in [[Rizal Avenue|Avenida Rizal]] in [[Manila]] from 1952 until the store and display itself was relocated to [[Quezon City#Cubao|Cubao]], [[Quezon City]] in 1966. In 2003, the ''belén'' was transferred to the [[Greenhills Shopping Center]] in [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]] when the COD building closed down in 2002. The last known display in Greenhills was held from November 2016 to January 2017, before returning to Cubao in 2018 at the Times Square Park.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Michelle Anne P.|last=Soliman|title=COD display returns to Cubao|url=https://www.bworldonline.com/cod-display-returns-to-cubao/|work=BusinessWorld|date=November 27, 2018|access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> This ''belén'' is a lights and sounds presentation, the story being narrated over speakers set up and most probably using [[automaton]]s to make the figures move up and down, or turn, etc. Each year, the company owning it changes the theme from the Nativity Story, with variations such as a fairground story, and [[Santa Claus]]' journey. [[Tarlac City]], [[Tarlac]] is known as the "''Belén'' Capital of the Philippines" holds the annual "Belenísmo sa Tarlac". It is a ''belén''-making contest which is participated by establishments and residents in [[Tarlac]]. Giant versions of the ''belén'' with different themes are displayed in front of the establishments and roads of Tarlac for the entire season. ==Caroling== In the Philippines, children in small groups go from house to house singing Christmas carols, which they called ''pangangaroling''. Makeshift instruments include [[tambourine]]s made with ''tansan''s (aluminum bottle caps) strung on a piece of wire. With the traditional chant of "''Namamasko po!''", these carolers wait expectantly for the homeowners to reward them with coins. Afterward, the carolers thank the generous homeowners by singing "Thank you, thank you, ''ang babait ninyo'' (you are so kind), thank you!" An example of a traditional Filipino carol is a part of a series known as ''"Maligayang Pasko"'', which is commonly called ''"Sa maybahay ang aming bati"''. The tradition of carols stems from the long years of Spanish rule, in which traditions practiced in Spanish Latin America during this time of the year were adopted to suit Philippine conditions. ==Aguinaldo== This is a word heard repeatedly during the Christmas Season in the Philippines. Presently, the term is interpreted as gift or money received from benefactors. ''Aguinaldo'' is a Spanish term for bonus. Its prevalent use may have originated from Filipino workers of the Spanish era, receiving extra pay from the generosity of the rich employers during the celebration of the Christmas season. ==Rice cakes == Several rice cakes often sold outside churches during [[Simbang Gabi]], providing a warm, sweet treat in the early morning hours.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=Top 10 Unique Filipino Christmas Traditions |url=https://www.asiamediacentre.org.nz/features/10-ways-of-celebrating-christmas-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Asia Media Centre {{!}} New Zealand}}</ref> * [[Puto bumbong]] has a distinctive purple color which comes naturally from a sticky rice called “pirurutong”<ref>{{Cite web |title=The many ways to enjoy puto bumbong |url=https://mb.com.ph/2020/11/11/the-many-ways-to-enjoy-puto-bumbong/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Manila Bulletin |language=en}}</ref> * [[Bibingka]] is made from rice flour, coconut milk, and water, which are poured into a clay pot lined with banana leaves<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=The traditional Philippines' Christmas dawn Mass treats |url=https://aleteia.org/2023/12/18/the-philippines-christmas-dawn-mass-treats/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Aleteia — Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture |language=en}}</ref> * [[Puto (food)|Puto]] is made from mixing fermented rice with yeast overnight to create a dough which is then wrapped in banana leaves and steamed to create small, puffy, rounded cakes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puto - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/puto |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> * [[Kutsinta]], looking like a rounded piece of toffee, is made by steaming a mix of rice flour, tapioca, brown sugar, and lye, which is then colored with yellow food coloring or annatto tree extract<ref name=":0" /> ==Songs == {{Further|List of Filipino Christmas carols and songs}} The song "[[Christmas in Our Hearts]]", released by [[Jose Mari Chan]] in 1990,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jose Mari Chan deserves to be named National Artist for immortal Christmas song--solon |url=https://mb.com.ph/2023/12/23/jose-mari-chan-deserves-national-artist-title-for-immortal-xmas-song-solon |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Manila Bulletin |language=en}}</ref> has become the most famous song for Christmas in the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abunda |first=Boy |title=Jose Mari Chan shares an interesting story about Christmas in Our Hearts |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2023/09/15/2296296/jose-mari-chan-shares-interesting-story-about-christmas-our-hearts |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Philstar.com}}</ref> It is synonymous with the start of the Christmas season, often played in homes, shopping malls, and on radio stations as early as September.<ref name=":1" /> ==Countdowns == For [[Filipinos]] in the Philippines and abroad, the countdown to Christmas gradually begins by September, reaching its peak in December, and concludes at midnight between December 24 ([[Christmas Eve]]) and December 25 ([[Christmas|Christmas Day]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://konigle.com/glossary/b/ber-months | title=Ber Months | date=2024 }}</ref><ref>https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/showbiznews/news/21385/jose-mari-chan-trends-online-a-day-before-the-start-of-the-ber-months/photo</ref> == See also == {{Portal|Christianity|Philippines}} * [[Holy Week in the Philippines]] == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} ===Works cited=== * {{Cite book |last1=Bernabe |first1=Emma |last2=Lapid |first2=Virginia |last3=Sibayan |first3=Bonifacio |title=Ilokano Lessons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1nGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA315 |date=March 31, 2019 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |isbn=978-0-8248-7899-3 |access-date=August 23, 2022}} == External links == * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{Wikivoyage inline}} 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