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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF:Gloss" title="Халип:Gloss – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Халип:Gloss" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F:Gloss" title="টেমপ্লেট:Gloss – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেমপ্লেট:Gloss" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%80:Gloss" title="틀:Gloss – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="틀:Gloss" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF:Gloss" title="आकृति:Gloss – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="आकृति:Gloss" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Gloss" title="Templat:Gloss – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Templat:Gloss" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80:Gloss" title="Загвар:Gloss – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Загвар:Gloss" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gloss" title="Template:Gloss – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Template:Gloss" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predloga:Gloss" title="Predloga:Gloss – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Predloga:Gloss" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%9A%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Шаблон:Појашњење – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шаблон:Појашњење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Gloss" title="Шаблон:Gloss – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шаблон:Gloss" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gloss" title="Template:Gloss – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Template:Gloss" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Gloss" title="Templat:Gloss – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Templat:Gloss" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q120670813#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-template" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gloss" title="View the template [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Template</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gloss" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Template:Gloss" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Gloss&oldid=1220750151" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Gloss&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#template" title="This high-risk template is permanently template-protected to prevent vandalism"><img alt="Permanently protected template" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Template-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Template-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Template-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Template-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Template-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Template-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">{{{1}}}</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237875617">.mw-parser-output .documentation,.mw-parser-output .documentation-metadata{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#ecfcf4;clear:both}.mw-parser-output .documentation{margin:1em 0 0 0;padding:1em}.mw-parser-output .documentation-metadata{margin:0.2em 0;font-style:italic;padding:0.4em 1em}.mw-parser-output .documentation-startbox{padding-bottom:3px;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;margin-bottom:1ex}.mw-parser-output .documentation-heading{font-weight:bold;font-size:125%}.mw-parser-output .documentation-clear{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .documentation-toolbar{font-style:normal;font-size:85%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg/100px-Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> Template documentation</span><span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks">[<a href="/wiki/Template:Gloss/doc" title="Template:Gloss/doc">view</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gloss/doc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gloss/doc">edit</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Special:PageHistory/Template:Gloss/doc" title="Special:PageHistory/Template:Gloss/doc">history</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Special:Purge/Template:Gloss" title="Special:Purge/Template:Gloss">purge</a>]</span></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2></div> <p>Use this template to apply the correct styling to a <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)#In_linguistics" title="Gloss (annotation)">gloss</a>, given as the first (and often only) parameter. </p> <ul><li>Based on linguistic standards, for linguistic material</li> <li>Based on default <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">WP:Manual of Style</a> expectations, out of a linguistic context</li> <li>Adjustable in <a href="/wiki/Help:User_style" title="Help:User style">user stylesheets</a></li></ul> <p><b>Typical usage:</b> </p><p>     <code>Foreign term {{gloss|English term}}</code> </p><p>E.g.: </p><p>     <code>{{langx|es|casa}} {{gloss|house}}</code> </p><p>yields: </p><p>     <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">casa</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">house</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </p><p><b>With parentheses (round brackets):</b> </p><p>See below for when to use this option. </p><p>     <code>Technical or ambiguous term {{gloss<b>|mode=def</b>|contextual plain-English meaning}}</code> </p><p>E.g.: </p><p>     <code>billiards {{gloss|mode=def|cue sports on a pocketless table}}</code> </p><p>yields: </p><p>     billiards <span class="gloss-quot">(</span><span class="gloss-text">cue sports on a pocketless table</span><span class="gloss-quot">)</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inline_glosses">Inline glosses</h3></div> <p>Most translations and definitions are worded as <i>glosses</i>. That is, the words in the definition or translation function with the same part of speech and semantics as the defined or translated material. For example, a contextual gloss of the word <i>cats</i> (a noun) might be the noun phrase <i>members of the family <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a></i> (to distinguish it from the narrow meaning <i>domestic cats</i>), and a translating gloss of the Spanish verb <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">vivir</i></span> is a verb phrase in English, <i>to live</i>. Some terms are difficult or impossible to define with a gloss. For example, one of the definitions of the word <i>of</i> in English that a dictionary could give might be <i>Connects a noun derived from a verb with the object of that verb.</i> That definition is not a gloss, because the words in the definition cannot be used as a substitute for <i>of</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_a_dictionary" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary">Wikipedia is not a dictionary</a>, and thus we do not usually specially format glosses (or non-gloss explanations) of terms or concepts in any particular way, but present this content as best fits the context: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The flower is available in many specific <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The flower is available in many specific cultivated varieties (<a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>).</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The flower is available in many specific <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> (cultivated varieties).</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The flower is available in many specific cultivated varieties or <i><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a></i>.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The flower is available in many specific <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> (short for <i>cultivated varieties</i>).</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The flower is available in many specific cultivated varieties, technically termed <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>.</span></li> <li>And so on.</li></ul> <p>There are some exceptions, where a consistent approach can be helpful: </p> <ol><li>In the presentation of translations of non-English content into English, it is useful to both readers and editors to consistently distinguish meaning, as in <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>: <span title="Lao-language text"><i lang="lo-Latn">khwaay</i></span> 'water buffalo'</span>, from other annotations, as in <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>: <span title="Lao-language text"><i lang="lo-Latn">khwaay</i></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">noun</span></span>, or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>: <span title="Lao-language text"><i lang="lo-Latn">khwaay</i></span> (<span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">kwai</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>)</span>. <b>Standard linguistic practice (and WP practice – see <a href="/wiki/MOS:SINGLE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:SINGLE">MOS:SINGLE</a>) is to place English translation glosses of foreign terms in 'single quotation marks', non-italicized, non-bracketed, and without intervening punctuation (e.g. comma); and to italicize the non-English original (see <a href="/wiki/MOS:FOREIGN" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:FOREIGN">MOS:FOREIGN</a>).</b> This is the default behavior of this template: <code>[[Lao language|Lao]]: {{lang|lo-Latn|khwaay}} {{gloss|water buffalo}}</code> produces: <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>: <span title="Lao-language text"><i lang="lo-Latn">khwaay</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">water buffalo</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> – without need of any further parameters.</li> <li>When glossing a literal but ambiguous English translation (itself a different kind of gloss), to make the meaning clearer: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">trâu</i> 'water buffalo' (domestic water buffalo, <i><a href="/wiki/Bubalus_bubalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubalus bubalis">Bubalus bubalis</a></i>)</span>, since "water buffalo" by itself could be misinterpreted as inclusive of the wild species. This additional kind of gloss is most often put in parentheses (round brackets), and is not italicized in most contexts. (They are italicized or otherwise distinguished in some dictionaries, for distinction from the definition as such.) The typical non-italicized use is the second of this template's basic functions: <code>... playing billiards {{gloss|mode=def|cue sports on a pocketless table}} ...</code> produces: ... playing billiards <span class="gloss-quot">(</span><span class="gloss-text">cue sports on a pocketless table</span><span class="gloss-quot">)</span> .... If this use of the template becomes common, it will be possible for <a href="/wiki/Help:User_style" title="Help:User style">user stylesheets</a> to hide them for more concise presentation (e.g. on mobile devices) or perhaps a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gadget" title="Wikipedia:Gadget">Wikipedia:Gadget</a> to toggle display/hide mode on the fly.</li> <li>When quickly explaining jargon, slang, or other possibly unfamiliar wording, and without need for elaboration, the use of parentheses is the most common and concise approach, and usually the least likely to lead to a comprehension difficulty: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">cultivars (cultivated varieties)</span>, or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">cats (felids)</span> vs. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">cats (domesticated felines)</span>. Note that the <i>or</i> format can easily imply an alternative term instead of a gloss, and is frequently confused for this reason: <span class="example deprecated-content example-deprecated" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-subtle, #696969);">cats or felids</span>. The use of double quotation marks can easily be misinterpreted as skepticism or sarcasm, whichever direction they are applied: <span class="example deprecated-content example-deprecated" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-subtle, #696969);">cultivar ("cultivated variety")</span> and <span class="example deprecated-content example-deprecated" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-subtle, #696969);">cultivated variety ("cultivar")</span>. The use of italics for <i><a href="/wiki/Words_as_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Words as words">words as words</a></i> can similarly lead to difficulty, such as applying the wrong style to a taxonomic group that is never italicized, as in <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">cats (<i>Felidae</i>)</span>, or being misinterpreted as <em>emphasis</em> or as a <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">terme non-anglais</i></span></i>. This is another case for use of <code>{{<a class="mw-selflink selflink">gloss</a>|mode=def|...}}</code>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interlinear_glosses">Interlinear glosses</h2></div> <p>Other templates have been provided for <a href="/wiki/Interlinear_gloss" title="Interlinear gloss">interlinear glossing</a>: </p> <ul><li>Use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear" title="Template:Interlinear">interlinear</a>}}</code> for glossed text</li> <li>Use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Gcl" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Gcl">gcl</a>}}</code> for individual glossing abbreviations</li></ul> <p>However, <code>{{<a class="mw-selflink selflink">gloss</a>}}</code> can technically be used (possibly awkwardly) to provide glosses (the bottom line) of an interlinear gloss. </p><p>It is not presently suited for a gloss spread out over several table columns, because it generates 'single quotes' on each use. A parameter could be added to suppress this, but may never be needed since we have <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear" title="Template:Interlinear">interlinear</a>}}</code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Don't_over-do_it"><span id="Don.27t_over-do_it"></span>Don't over-do it</h3></div> <p>Regardless what template you use, please note that excessively complex interlinear glosses (such as might be found in a linguistics journal paper) are usually <i>not appropriate</i> in an encyclopedia. As the <i>Leipzig Glossing Rules</i> states: "Depending on the author's purposes and the readers' assumed background knowledge, different degrees of detail will be chosen."<sup id="cite_ref-Leipzig_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leipzig-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Our readers have <em>zero assumed background knowledge</em> other than enough English-language competence to get the gist of articles on the English Wikipedia. Many of our readers are elementary school children, and learners of <a href="/wiki/English_as_a_second_language" class="mw-redirect" title="English as a second language">English as a second language</a> (ESL). Even a native speaker with a masters degree may have no knowledge of linguistics jargon. </p><p>In most contexts, it is thus not necessary, and may be confusing, to provide a great deal of metalanguage <i>morpheme-by-morpheme correspondence</i> information, between the original text and the free English gloss (much less to mix such information into the gloss). </p><p>When such information is provided, e.g. in an article on detailed linguistic matters, link at least the first occurrence of standardized linguistics abbreviations (given in <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SMALLCAPS</span></span>) to the corresponding article about that feature of language, as in: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">stay-<a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</span></span></a>-<a href="/wiki/Affirmative_and_negative" class="mw-redirect" title="Affirmative and negative"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</span></span></a></span>. Use the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Gcl" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Gcl">gcl</a>}}</code> template, as it was created to do this without having to resort to a bunch of manual markup. </p><p>Interlinear glosses of any complexity are best arranged in a bare table, to preserve vertical alignment between elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Literal_translation" title="Template:Literal translation">Literal translation</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Lit">Lit</a>}}</code> - similar template but with a "lit." lead-in.</li> <li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Language_with_name/for" title="Template:Language with name/for">Language with name/for</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Langnf" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Langnf">Langnf</a>}}</code></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_further_reading">References and further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Leipzig-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leipzig_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Linguistics2008" class="citation web cs1">Department of Linguistics (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php">"Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses"</a>. Revised Version. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leipzig+Glossing+Rules%3A+Conventions+for+interlinear+morpheme-by-morpheme+glosses&rft.series=Revised+Version&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+Evolutionary+Anthropology&rft.date=2008-02&rft.au=Department+of+Linguistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eva.mpg.de%2Flingua%2Fresources%2Fglossing-rules.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3AGloss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="documentation-clear"></div> </div> <div role="note" class="documentation-metadata plainlinks">The above <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_documentation" title="Wikipedia:Template documentation">documentation</a> is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/Template:Gloss/doc" title="Template:Gloss/doc">Template:Gloss/doc</a>. <span class="documentation-toolbar">(<a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gloss/doc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gloss/doc">edit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:PageHistory/Template:Gloss/doc" title="Special:PageHistory/Template:Gloss/doc">history</a>)</span><br />Editors can experiment in this template's <a href="/wiki/Template:Gloss/sandbox" title="Template:Gloss/sandbox">sandbox</a> <span class="documentation-toolbar">(<a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gloss/sandbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gloss/sandbox">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AComparePages&page1=Template%3AGloss&page2=Template%3AGloss%2Fsandbox">diff</a>)</span> and testcases <span class="documentation-toolbar">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Gloss/testcases&action=edit&preload=Template%3ADocumentation%2Fpreload-testcases">create</a>)</span> pages.<br />Add categories to the <a href="/wiki/Template:Gloss/doc" title="Template:Gloss/doc">/doc</a> subpage. <a href="/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Template:Gloss/" title="Special:PrefixIndex/Template:Gloss/">Subpages of this template</a>.</div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Gloss&oldid=1220750151">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Gloss&oldid=1220750151</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_formatting_and_function_templates" title="Category:Language formatting and function templates">Language formatting and function templates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_templates" title="Category:Translation templates">Translation templates</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_template-protected_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia template-protected templates">Wikipedia template-protected templates</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 April 2024, at 18:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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