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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>19th Century: Migration, Colonialism and Socio-Political Changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_Century:_Migration,_Colonialism_and_Socio-Political_Changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_Century:_Participation_in_World_War_II_and_the_Malayan_Emergency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_Century:_Participation_in_World_War_II_and_the_Malayan_Emergency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>20th Century: Participation in World War II and the Malayan Emergency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_Century:_Participation_in_World_War_II_and_the_Malayan_Emergency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ibanic_regional_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ibanic_regional_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ibanic regional groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ibanic_regional_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture and customs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_customs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and customs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handicrafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handicrafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Handicrafts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handicrafts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Land ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture_and_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_and_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Agriculture and economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_and_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Piracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Military history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Military contributions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Academia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Artist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_heroes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_heroes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>National heroes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_heroes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beauty_pageant_titleholder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beauty_pageant_titleholder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Beauty pageant titleholder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beauty_pageant_titleholder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Politicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_personalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_personalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Sports personalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_personalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>General bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iban people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="إيبان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيبان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ібан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ібан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban_(%C3%A8tnia)" title="Iban (ètnia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iban (ètnia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban_(Volksgruppe)" title="Iban (Volksgruppe) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iban (Volksgruppe)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibanid" title="Ibanid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ibanid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مردم ایبان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم ایبان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban_(peuple)" title="Iban (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iban (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_iban" title="Pobo iban – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo iban" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Dayak_Iban" title="Suku Dayak Iban – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Dayak Iban" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ибандар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ибандар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibanai" title="Ibanai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ibanai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ايبان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايبان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban" title="Iban – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iban" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Iban" title="Urang Iban – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Iban" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban_(volk)" title="Iban (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iban (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban_(lud)" title="Iban (lud) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iban (lud)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibans" title="Ibans – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ibans" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Ибаны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ибаны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iban people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Ибан (народ) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ибан (народ)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibanit" title="Ibanit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ibanit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban" title="Iban – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iban" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இபான் மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இபான் மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ชาวอีบัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวอีบัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Ібани – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ібани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%8F%AD%E6%97%8F" title="伊班族 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊班族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%8F%AD%E4%BA%BA" title="伊班人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊班人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban" title="Iban – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Iban" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban" title="Iban – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Iban" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Iban" title="Jolma Iban – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Iban" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q973254#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org"><b>Iban<br /><small>Iban / Sea Dayak / Telanying</small></b></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iban_Dayak_Couple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Iban_Dayak_Couple.jpg/280px-Iban_Dayak_Couple.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Iban_Dayak_Couple.jpg/420px-Iban_Dayak_Couple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Iban_Dayak_Couple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="663" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Iban traditional wedding attire in <a href="/wiki/Kapuas_Hulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapuas Hulu">Kapuas Hulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, 2019.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">approximately <b>700,000+</b></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a></b>:</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><span data-sort-value="Malaysia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">702,579<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">19,978<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data">17,000<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Predominantly:</b> <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a> (native)<br /> <b>Also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Standard Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambas_Malay" title="Sambas Malay">Sambas Malay</a>, Ulu Kapuas Malay,<sup id="cite_ref-Papan_Turai_Gawai_Batu:_Historical_Significance_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papan_Turai_Gawai_Batu:_Historical_Significance-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (Majority) (<a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> and Mainly <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a> (Minority)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Iban</b> are an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> ethnic group native to <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, primarily found in the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. They are one of the largest groups among the broader <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak peoples</a>, a term historically used to describe the indigenous communities of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_invented_the_Dayaks?_:_historical_case_studies_in_art,_material_culture_and_ethnic_identity_from_Borneo_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_invented_the_Dayaks?_:_historical_case_studies_in_art,_material_culture_and_ethnic_identity_from_Borneo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iban are best known for their rich cultural traditions, which include distinctive practices in agriculture, music, weaving and social organisation. </p><p>Historically, the Iban were known for their warrior culture, particularly the practice of <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">headhunting</a>, which was a central element of their societal structure and spiritual beliefs until the early 20th century. The Iban’s traditional social units are based around <a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">longhouses</a>, which serve as communal living spaces for extended families.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of agriculture, the Iban have long practiced <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">shifting cultivation</a>, particularly of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> and gathering. </p><p>The Iban trace their origins to the <a href="/wiki/Kapuas_River" title="Kapuas River">Kapuas basin</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">Kalimantan Barat</a>, specifically the Ketungau tributary which is considered their ancestral land prior to their migration into the territory of modern-day Sarawak from the middle of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-A_History_of_Migrations_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_History_of_Migrations-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their migration was influenced by factors such as tribal conflict, territorial expansion and the search for fertile land. Central to their cultural and spiritual identity is Tembawai Tampun Juah, located in the Segumon region of <a href="/wiki/Sanggau_Regency" title="Sanggau Regency">Sanggau</a>, West Kalimantan, which is considered the symbolic birthplace of the Iban people.<sup id="cite_ref-Awal_Peradaban_Masyarakat_Iban_Di_Tembawai_Tampun_Juah:_Satu_Penelitian_Awal_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Awal_Peradaban_Masyarakat_Iban_Di_Tembawai_Tampun_Juah:_Satu_Penelitian_Awal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the colonial administration of the <a href="/wiki/Brooke_family" title="Brooke family">Brooke family</a> in the 19th century, the Iban played an important role in military campaigns, where they were recruited as soldiers and contributed to the defense of Sarawak and later, Malaysia. Over time, their migratory culture extended beyond Borneo, leading to the establishment of visible diaspora communities in <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Malaysia">Peninsula Malaysia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hari_Gawai_disambut_meriah,_DAP_rai_masyarakat_Iban_di_Johor_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hari_Gawai_disambut_meriah,_DAP_rai_masyarakat_Iban_di_Johor-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the contemporary context, the Iban remain a prominent <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sarawak" title="Demographics of Sarawak">ethnic group in Sarawak</a>, constituting 28.8% of the total population. Despite the influences of modernisation, they have preserved a strong cultural identity. The Iban continue to uphold traditional practices, including their <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pua_Kumbu" title="Pua Kumbu">Pua Kumbu</a> weaving and ceremonial music, while also participating actively in the region’s contemporary social and economic spheres. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Raj of Sarawak</a> in 1841, the term "Iban" was an <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">exonym</a> used by neighboring ethnic groups to describe the people who would later identify as Iban. At that time, the Iban did not commonly use the term "Iban" for themselves. Instead, they identified by the rivers they inhabited, such as <i>Kami Saribas</i> (We of the Saribas River), <i>Kami Skrang</i> (We of the Skrang River) or <i>Kami Sebuyau</i> (We of the Sebuyau River). In addition to river-based identifiers, the Iban also used names based on geographical areas, for instance, identifying themselves as the people of a particular locality. These identifiers were used to signify their regional and social affiliations, often reflecting their local settlements or areas of influence.<sup id="cite_ref-ChongShin_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChongShin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Iban" is commonly believed to have originated as a corruption of the <a href="/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a> word <i>hivan</i>, meaning "wanderer." The Kayan people, who lived in the upper reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Rajang_River" title="Rajang River">Rejang River</a>, used the term disparagingly to refer to the Iban pioneers, whose restless nature and migration patterns made them unwelcome neighbors. This term remained largely confined to the Rejang area and was not known to other Dayak groups until the mid-1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-ChongShin_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChongShin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the 19th century, non-Malay indigenous groups in Borneo were often grouped together under the term "Dyaks" or "<a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayaks</a>" by outsiders, including Westerners and the <a href="/wiki/White_Rajahs" title="White Rajahs">Brooke administration</a>. The term was used to describe various indigenous groups, though it was not specific to any one ethnic group. <a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a>, the first Rajah of Sarawak, coined the term "Sea Dayak" to distinguish the Iban from the "Land Dayaks" (such as the Bidayuh). This distinction reflected the Iban's more mobile, riverine lifestyle in contrast to the more settled, agricultural lifestyle of other Dayak groups.<sup id="cite_ref-ChongShin_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChongShin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "Iban" became more widely accepted by the group over time, particularly after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Despite its origins as an outsider's term, the word "Iban" has been embraced by the people themselves and is now the commonly used term to refer to the group, especially in Sarawak.<sup id="cite_ref-ChongShin_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChongShin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-19th_Century:_Early_Origin_and_Cultural_Development">Pre-19th Century: Early Origin and Cultural Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-19th Century: Early Origin and Cultural Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iban_Expansion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Iban_Expansion.png/220px-Iban_Expansion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Iban_Expansion.png/330px-Iban_Expansion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Iban_Expansion.png/440px-Iban_Expansion.png 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Iban northern expansion between 1800–1941</figcaption></figure> <p>The Iban people have a rich indigenous historical tradition, passed down primarily through oral literature, written records on <i>Papan Turai</i> (wooden plaques) and cultural practices. These sources preserve important details about the Iban’s historical migration and settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A central aspect of Iban identity is their deep connection to their <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_home" title="Ancestral home">ancestral homeland</a>, reflected in both their <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">spiritual beliefs</a> and historical narratives. One key site in this regard is <i>Tembawai Tampun Juah</i>, located in the Segumon region of <a href="/wiki/Sanggau_Regency" title="Sanggau Regency">Sanggau</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>, Indonesia. According to Iban oral traditions, <i>Tembawai Tampun Juah</i> is considered the first settlement of the Iban people, symbolising their journey after being separated from their ancestral figures. This site remains culturally and historically significant, embodying the Iban’s connection to their land and heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-Awal_Peradaban_Masyarakat_Iban_Di_Tembawai_Tampun_Juah:_Satu_Penelitian_Awal_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Awal_Peradaban_Masyarakat_Iban_Di_Tembawai_Tampun_Juah:_Satu_Penelitian_Awal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Ibans,_or_Sea_Dayaks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Young_Ibans%2C_or_Sea_Dayaks.jpg/220px-Young_Ibans%2C_or_Sea_Dayaks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Young_Ibans%2C_or_Sea_Dayaks.jpg/330px-Young_Ibans%2C_or_Sea_Dayaks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Young_Ibans%2C_or_Sea_Dayaks.jpg/440px-Young_Ibans%2C_or_Sea_Dayaks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="2274" /></a><figcaption>Young Ibans, 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the spiritual significance of <i>Tembawai Tampun Juah</i>, the Iban trace their geographical origins to the <a href="/wiki/Kapuas_Hulu_Regency" title="Kapuas Hulu Regency">Kapuas region</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>, specifically the Ketungau tributary, which is traditionally regarded as the birthplace of early Iban leaders and communities.<sup id="cite_ref-A_History_of_Migrations_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_History_of_Migrations-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Papan_Turai_Gawai_Batu:_Historical_Significance_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papan_Turai_Gawai_Batu:_Historical_Significance-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the middle of the sixteenth century, the Iban began migrating to <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> due to tribal conflicts and the search for fertile land. Key locations along their migration included Melanjan in the Kapuas Valley, Pangkalan Tubau near the Kalimantan-Sarawak border, and Lubok Antu, their first major settlement in Sarawak. While Tembawai Tampun Juah represents their mythic origins, the Kapuas River region is considered the historical starting point of their migration. Key locations along their migration route include Melanjan in the Kapuas Valley, Pangkalan Tubau near the Kalimantan-Sarawak border and <a href="/wiki/Lubok_Antu_District" title="Lubok Antu District">Lubok Antu</a>, their first major settlement in Sarawak. The migration narrative highlights influential figures such as Lau Moa, a migration leader and ancestral chiefs like Ambau, Mawar Biak and Mawar Tuai, who are said to have guided the Iban to their new territories. This migration story is preserved in the Papan Turai and Iban oral traditions, which continue to hold a central place in Iban cultural identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Papan_Turai_Gawai_Batu:_Historical_Significance_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papan_Turai_Gawai_Batu:_Historical_Significance-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A pivotal figure in the Iban migration narrative is Sengalang Burung, who holds an important place in Iban <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a>. According to these traditions, Sengalang Burung and his followers initially settled along the Kapuas River in southwestern Borneo. His grandson, Sera Gunting, later led the Iban further westward into the Tiang Laju Range, now part of Sarawak. It is said that at Merakai, a tributary of the Kapuas River, Sengalang Burung convened a council with his followers to plan their migration to Batang Ai, a region that would become a major center of Iban settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-Leka_Main:_Puisi_Rakyat_Iban_-_Satu_Analisis_Bentuk_dan_Fungsi_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leka_Main:_Puisi_Rakyat_Iban_-_Satu_Analisis_Bentuk_dan_Fungsi-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historical timeline of the Iban migration has been further supported by the work of <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Sandin" title="Benedict Sandin">Benedict Sandin</a> (1968), who suggested that the Iban began their migration from the Kapuas Hulu region in the 1550s. The first group of settlers moved into the Batang Lupar area, establishing a community near the Undop River. Over the course of five generations, the Iban expanded their settlements further west, east and north, founding new communities along the Batang Lupar, Batang Sadong, Saribas, and Batang Layar rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Modern linguistic</a> studies, such as those conducted by Asmah Haji Omar (1981), Rahim Aman (1997), Chong Shin and James T. Collins (2019), as well as material culture research by M. Heppell (2020), also support the claim that the Iban language and culture have their roots in the upper Kapuas region. These studies trace the development of the Iban people to this area, reinforcing the historical narratives preserved in oral and written forms.<sup id="cite_ref-ChongShin_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChongShin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_Century:_Migration,_Colonialism_and_Socio-Political_Changes"><span id="19th_Century:_Migration.2C_Colonialism_and_Socio-Political_Changes"></span>19th Century: Migration, Colonialism and Socio-Political Changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th Century: Migration, Colonialism and Socio-Political Changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punan%27s_heads_taken_by_Sea_Dayaks_Wellcome_M0005506_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Punan%27s_heads_taken_by_Sea_Dayaks_Wellcome_M0005506_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Punan%27s_heads_taken_by_Sea_Dayaks_Wellcome_M0005506_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Punan%27s_heads_taken_by_Sea_Dayaks_Wellcome_M0005506_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Punan%27s_heads_taken_by_Sea_Dayaks_Wellcome_M0005506_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Punan%27s_heads_taken_by_Sea_Dayaks_Wellcome_M0005506_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Punan%27s_heads_taken_by_Sea_Dayaks_Wellcome_M0005506_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3579" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>A historical photograph of <a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan</a> heads taken by the Sea Dayaks (Iban). <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">Headhunting</a> was a notable practice in Iban culture during the 19th century, closely linked to warfare, spiritual beliefs and the assertion of social status.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 19th century marked a crucial period in Iban history, particularly with the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Brooke_family" title="Brooke family">Brooke family</a> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Raj of Sarawak</a>. This era significantly impacted Iban society, influencing their social, economic and political structures. The period also witnessed large-scale migration that helped consolidate the Iban as one of the dominant ethnic groups in Sarawak today. The expansion of the Iban was not merely a physical relocation, but also a cultural and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic shift">demographic shift</a>, with their customs, language and traditions spreading throughout the western Borneo region. </p><p>During this period, the Iban encountered various <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunting and gathering societies</a>, as well as some <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> communities. The presence of the Iban often resulted in the assimilation or displacement of these groups. While some of the original inhabitants were incorporated into Iban society, others were either destroyed or forced to leave their traditional territories.<sup id="cite_ref-A_History_of_Migrations_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_History_of_Migrations-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Who_invented_the_Dayaks?_:_historical_case_studies_in_art,_material_culture_and_ethnic_identity_from_Borneo_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_invented_the_Dayaks?_:_historical_case_studies_in_art,_material_culture_and_ethnic_identity_from_Borneo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1800s, the Iban began migrating into the <a href="/wiki/Rajang_River" title="Rajang River">Rejang River</a> basin, which is now divided into Sarawak's Third, Sixth, and Seventh Divisions. These early migrants primarily came from the northern tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Batang_Lupar" title="Batang Lupar">Batang Lupar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saribas" title="Saribas">Saribas rivers</a>, moving southward into the Rejang's southern tributaries. Others, from the upper Batang Lupar (such as <a href="/wiki/Batang_Ai" title="Batang Ai">Batang Ai</a>), traveled through the Leboyan and Kanyau (Embaloh) rivers, eventually reaching the <a href="/wiki/Katibas_River" title="Katibas River">Katibas River</a>, a tributary of the Rejang in central Sarawak.<sup id="cite_ref-A_History_of_Migrations_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_History_of_Migrations-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Brooke_family" title="Brooke family">Brooke</a> administration played a key role in facilitating Iban migration during Sarawak’s territorial expansion, which helped establish the Iban as a dominant ethnic group in the region. <a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a>, a British adventurer, arrived in Borneo in 1838 at the request of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Brunei" title="List of sultans of Brunei">Sultan of Brunei</a> to suppress a rebellion. After his success, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/White_Rajahs" title="White Rajahs">Rajah of Sarawak</a> in 1841, where he focused on controlling piracy and regulating indigenous practices like <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">headhunting</a>, which were common among the <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak groups</a>, including the Iban.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarawak;_Sea_Dayaks_with_weapons_and_head-dresses._Photograp_Wellcome_V0037431.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sarawak%3B_Sea_Dayaks_with_weapons_and_head-dresses._Photograp_Wellcome_V0037431.jpg/220px-Sarawak%3B_Sea_Dayaks_with_weapons_and_head-dresses._Photograp_Wellcome_V0037431.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sarawak%3B_Sea_Dayaks_with_weapons_and_head-dresses._Photograp_Wellcome_V0037431.jpg/330px-Sarawak%3B_Sea_Dayaks_with_weapons_and_head-dresses._Photograp_Wellcome_V0037431.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sarawak%3B_Sea_Dayaks_with_weapons_and_head-dresses._Photograp_Wellcome_V0037431.jpg/440px-Sarawak%3B_Sea_Dayaks_with_weapons_and_head-dresses._Photograp_Wellcome_V0037431.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3189" data-file-height="2195" /></a><figcaption>Sarawak; Sea Dayaks with weapons and head-dresses</figcaption></figure> <p>Brooke’s most significant opposition came from <a href="/wiki/Rentap" title="Rentap">Rentap</a>, a prominent Dayak leader. Brooke led three military expeditions against Rentap, culminating in Rentap’s defeat at the Battle of Sadok Hill. Throughout these campaigns, Brooke relied heavily on local Dayak soldiers, famously stating, "Only Dayaks can kill Dayaks," underscoring both his dependence on local fighters and the complex dynamics of colonial military alliances. In 1851, Brooke faced accusations of excessive force against the Dayak people, allegedly under the pretext of anti-piracy operations. This led to a <a href="/wiki/Royal_commission" title="Royal commission">Commission of Inquiry</a> in 1854, which cleared him of any wrongdoing. Despite the controversy, Brooke continued to employ Dayak soldiers in various military campaigns, against the Chinese-led uprising of <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shan_Bang" title="Liu Shan Bang">Liu Shan Bang</a> and local Malay resistance movements led by <a href="/wiki/Syarif_Masahor" title="Syarif Masahor">Syarif Masahor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif/220px-Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif/330px-Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif/440px-Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>The Brooke administration also assisted the migration of the Ibans northwards during Sarawak's territorial expansion, thus resulting in the Ibans becoming one of the dominant ethnic groups in Sarawak today</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1870, large populations of Iban were reported to have established settlements along the <a href="/wiki/Oya,_Malaysia" title="Oya, Malaysia">Oya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mukah" title="Mukah">Mukah Rivers</a>. In the early 20th century, Iban migration extended further to regions such as <a href="/wiki/Tatau" title="Tatau">Tatau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bintulu" title="Bintulu">Bintulu</a> (formerly Kemena), <a href="/wiki/Balingian" title="Balingian">Balingian</a> and the northern parts of Sarawak, including the Limbang River and Baram Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-ChongShin_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChongShin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Iban populations grew, local resources came under strain, particularly in areas practicing traditional swidden agriculture. To manage this, the Brooke administration imposed migration restrictions to prevent overpopulation and resource depletion, leading to tensions in regions like the Balleh Valley. However, the government also encouraged Iban settlement in newly annexed territories, recognizing their expertise in resource management, including the exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">camphor</a>, damar and <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">wild rubber</a>. Government-supported migration was encouraged in regions such as <a href="/wiki/Limbang" title="Limbang">Limbang</a> (annexed in 1890) and <a href="/wiki/Baram_(federal_constituency)" title="Baram (federal constituency)">Baram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChongShin_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChongShin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1800s, as areas like Batang Lupar, Skrang Valley, and Batang Ai became overcrowded, the Brooke government facilitated Iban migration to less populated areas. Iban from regions like Simanggang, Batang Lupar, and the Second Division were encouraged to settle in places like Bintulu, Baram, Lundu, and Limbang. </p><p>This migration played a crucial role in spreading Iban language, culture, and agricultural practices throughout Sarawak. However, it also led to social and political changes, such as the assimilation of the <a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan people</a> in Batang Lupar and the Lugat people through intermarriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_invented_the_Dayaks?_:_historical_case_studies_in_art,_material_culture_and_ethnic_identity_from_Borneo_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_invented_the_Dayaks?_:_historical_case_studies_in_art,_material_culture_and_ethnic_identity_from_Borneo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other areas, including those inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Ukit_people" title="Ukit people">Ukits</a>, Seru, <a href="/wiki/Miriek_people" title="Miriek people">Miriek</a> and Biliun, Iban migration led to violent conflicts and the near-total annihilation of these indigenous populations.<sup id="cite_ref-ChongShin_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChongShin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_Century:_Participation_in_World_War_II_and_the_Malayan_Emergency">20th Century: Participation in World War II and the Malayan Emergency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th Century: Participation in World War II and the Malayan Emergency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malayan_Emergency_Iban_headhunter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Malayan_Emergency_Iban_headhunter.jpg/220px-Malayan_Emergency_Iban_headhunter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Malayan_Emergency_Iban_headhunter.jpg/330px-Malayan_Emergency_Iban_headhunter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Malayan_Emergency_Iban_headhunter.jpg/440px-Malayan_Emergency_Iban_headhunter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>An Iban headhunter during the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)</a> prepares a human scalp above a container of human body parts.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 20th century, significant Iban migrations continued, with key movements including the settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Baleh_(state_constituency)" title="Baleh (state constituency)">Baleh tributary</a> of the Rejang River in 1922, the establishment of Iban communities in the Suai, <a href="/wiki/Niah_National_Park" title="Niah National Park">Niah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sibuti" title="Sibuti">Sibuti</a> regions in 1927, and a government-supported relocation to <a href="/wiki/Lundu,_Sarawak" title="Lundu, Sarawak">Lundu</a> in 1955. Additional migrations occurred in line with government development schemes in the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aman_Division" title="Sri Aman Division">Second</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miri" title="Miri">Fourth Divisions</a> of Sarawak.<sup id="cite_ref-A_History_of_Migrations_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_History_of_Migrations-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Iban migrants arrived in Merotai, <a href="/wiki/Tawau" title="Tawau">Tawau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> around 1920, and the Iban population there grew significantly from the 1960s onward.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_Histories_of_Migrants:_Bejalai_Experiences_of_the_Iban_in_Sabah,_Malaysia_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life_Histories_of_Migrants:_Bejalai_Experiences_of_the_Iban_in_Sabah,_Malaysia-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> had a significant impact on the Iban and other indigenous groups in Borneo. Following the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> invasion, indigenous populations, including the Iban and Malay, faced severe mistreatment and massacres, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Kapit_Division" title="Kapit Division">Kapit Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, a force of Dayak fighters, including Iban, was formed to assist the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a>. Trained by a small team of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">US airmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_commandos" title="Australian commandos">Australian special operatives</a>, the Dayak force successfully killed or captured approximately 1,500 Japanese soldiers. They also provided critical intelligence about Japanese-held oil fields.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the post-war period, during the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> (1948–1960), the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Army</a> enlisted Iban personnel to assist in counterinsurgency operations against the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_National_Liberation_Army" title="Malayan National Liberation Army">Malayan National Liberation Army</a> (MNLA).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These individuals, often with extensive local knowledge and experience as trackers, were attached to British patrols to help navigate the difficult terrain. The involvement of the Iban in these operations became controversial when, in 1952, photographs were published by <a href="/wiki/Morning_Star_(British_newspaper)" title="Morning Star (British newspaper)"><i>The Daily Worker</i></a> (a British communist newspaper) showing Iban personnel and British soldiers posing with severed heads of suspected insurgents. Initially, the British government denied any official sanction for such practices. However, Colonial Secretary <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lyttelton,_1st_Viscount_Chandos" title="Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos">Oliver Lyttleton</a> later confirmed that Iban troops had been authorized to engage in these actions as part of their military role. The incident led to the <a href="/wiki/British_Malayan_headhunting_scandal" title="British Malayan headhunting scandal">British Malayan headhunting scandal</a>, which attracted widespread criticism. After the conclusion of the conflict, all Dayak troops, including the Iban, were disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ibanic_regional_groups">Ibanic regional groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ibanic regional groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iban_language_distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Iban_language_distribution.svg/220px-Iban_language_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Iban_language_distribution.svg/330px-Iban_language_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Iban_language_distribution.svg/440px-Iban_language_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1477" data-file-height="1858" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the distribution of the Iban language, reflecting the settlement of the Iban people across Borneo, with dark blue indicating areas where it is a majority language and light blue representing regions where it is a minority language</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Ibans generally speak various dialects which are mutually intelligible, they can be divided into different branches which are named after the geographical areas where they reside.<sup id="cite_ref-ChongShin_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChongShin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: center;">Sub-ethnic group </th> <th style="text-align: center;">Regions with significant population </th> <th style="text-align: center;">Note </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Kantu' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kapuas" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Kapuas">Upper Kapuas</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Ketungau (Sebaru', Demam) </td> <td>Ketungau River, <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Mualang </td> <td>Belitang River, <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Seberuang </td> <td>Seberuang and Suhaid Rivers, <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Desa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sintang" class="mw-redirect" title="Sintang">Sintang</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Iban </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Sentarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Sentarum">Lake Sentarum</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Bugau </td> <td>Kalimantan–Sarawak border </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Ulu Ai/batang ai </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lubok_Antu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubok Antu">Lubok Antu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td> <td>The first region settled by the Ibans in Sarawak after their migration from Kapuas, West Kalimantan.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Remun" class="mw-redirect" title="Remun">Remuns</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serian,_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Serian, Sarawak">Serian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Sebuyaus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lundu,_Sarawak" title="Lundu, Sarawak">Lundu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarahan_Division" title="Samarahan Division">Samarahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Balaus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simanggang" title="Simanggang">Sri Aman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Saribas </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Betong,_Sarawak" title="Betong, Sarawak">Betong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saratok" title="Saratok">Saratok</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Sarikei" title="Sarikei">Sarikei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Undup </td> <td>Undup, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Rajang/Bilak Sedik </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajang_River" title="Rajang River">Rajang River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibu" title="Sibu">Sibu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapit" title="Kapit">Kapit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belaga,_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Belaga, Sarawak">Belaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanowit" title="Kanowit">Kanowit</a>, Song, Sarikei, Bintangor, <a href="/wiki/Bintulu" title="Bintulu">Bintulu</a>, Limbang, Lawas and Miri, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> <br /> <p>Belait and Temburong, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> </p> </td> <td>The largest Iban sub-ethnic group </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Merotai </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tawau" title="Tawau">Tawau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban language</a> (<i>jaku Iban</i>) is spoken by the Iban, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> ethnic group formerly known as "Sea Dayak". The language belongs to <a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic languages</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayo-Polynesian">Malayo-Polynesian</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language family">Austronesian language family</a>. It is thought that the homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic languages</a> is in <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">western Borneo</a>, where the Ibanic languages remain. The Malayic branch represents a secondary dispersal, probably from central <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> but possibly also from <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religions of Ibans (Malaysia only)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DodgerBlue; width:76.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">76.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion-Animist" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk religion-Animist">Folk religion-Animist</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:MediumVioletRed; width:13.63%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">13.63%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:LimeGreen; width:1.54%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.54%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other religions</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gray; width:1.35%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.35%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion / Unknown</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Black; width:5.91%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.91%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>For hundreds of years, the Iban's ancestors practiced their own traditional custom and <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> religious system. <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonial</a> invaders, after the arrival of <a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a>, led to the influence of European missionaries and conversions to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Although the majority are now <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a>; many continue to observe both Christian and traditional pagan ceremonies, particularly during marriages or festivals, although some ancestral practices such as 'Miring' are still prohibited by certain churches. After being Christianized, the majority of Iban people have changed their traditional name to a Hebrew-based "Christian name" followed by the Ibanese name such as David Dunggau, Joseph Jelenggai, Mary Mayang, etc. </p><p>For the majority of Ibans who are Christians, some Christian festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> are also celebrated. Some Ibans are devout Christians and follow the Christian faith strictly. Since conversion to Christianity, some Iban people celebrate their ancestors' pagan festivals using Christian ways and the majority still observe <a href="/wiki/Gawai_Dayak" title="Gawai Dayak">Gawai Dayak</a> (the Dayak Festival), which is a generic celebration in nature unless a <span title="Iban-language text"><i lang="iba">gawai</i></span> proper is held and thereby preserves their ancestors' culture and tradition. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, 1,503 Ibans have converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> from 2009 to 2019 according to official statistics. Many Bruneian Ibans intermarry with <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Malay people">Malays</a> and convert to Islam as a result. Nevertheless, most Iban in Brunei are devout Christians similar to the Iban in Malaysia. Bruneian Ibans also often intermarry with the <a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Murut</a> or Christian <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Brunei" title="Ethnic Chinese in Brunei">Chinese</a> due to their shared faith.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the difference in faiths, Ibans of different faiths do live and help each other regardless of faith but some do split their longhouses due to different faiths or even political affiliations. The Ibans believe in helping and having fun together. Some elder Ibans are worried that among most of the younger Iban generation, their culture has faded since the conversion to Christianity and the adoption of a more modern life style. Nevertheless, most Iban embrace modern progress and development. </p><p>Many Christian Dayaks have adopted European names, but some continue to maintain their ancestors' traditional names. Since the conversion of most Iban people to Christianity, some have generally abandoned their ancestors' beliefs such as 'Miring' or the celebration of 'Gawai Antu', and many celebrate only Christianized traditional festivals. </p><p>Numerous local people and certain missionaries have sought to document and preserve traditional Dayak religious practices. For example, Reverend William Howell contributed numerous articles on the Iban language, lore, and culture between 1909 and 1910 to the <i>Sarawak Gazette</i>. The articles were later compiled in a book in 1963 entitled, <i>The Sea Dayaks and Other Races of Sarawak</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_customs">Culture and customs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture and customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarian_Penyambutan_Gadis_Dayak_Iban_Kalimantan_Perbatasan_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tarian_Penyambutan_Gadis_Dayak_Iban_Kalimantan_Perbatasan_Indonesia.jpg/220px-Tarian_Penyambutan_Gadis_Dayak_Iban_Kalimantan_Perbatasan_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tarian_Penyambutan_Gadis_Dayak_Iban_Kalimantan_Perbatasan_Indonesia.jpg/330px-Tarian_Penyambutan_Gadis_Dayak_Iban_Kalimantan_Perbatasan_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tarian_Penyambutan_Gadis_Dayak_Iban_Kalimantan_Perbatasan_Indonesia.jpg/440px-Tarian_Penyambutan_Gadis_Dayak_Iban_Kalimantan_Perbatasan_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Iban maidens of <a href="/wiki/Kapuas_Hulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapuas Hulu">Kapuas Hulu</a> performing their traditional dance</figcaption></figure> <p>Iban music is percussion-oriented. The Iban have a musical heritage consisting of various types of <a href="/wiki/Agung#In_agung_ensembles" title="Agung">agung ensembles</a> – percussion ensembles composed of large hanging, suspended or held, bossed/knobbed <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">gongs</a> which act as drums without any accompanying melodic instrument. The typical Iban agung ensemble will include a set of <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">engkerumung</i></span> (small gongs arranged together side by side and played like a <a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophone</a>), a <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">tawak</i></span> (the so-called "bass gong"), a <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">bebendai</i></span> (which acts as a <a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare</a>) and also a <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">ketebung</i></span> or <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">bedup</i></span> (a single sided drum/percussion instrument). </p><p>One example of Iban traditional music is the <i>taboh</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Matusky_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matusky-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are various kinds of <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">taboh</i></span> (music), depending the purpose and types of <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">ngajat</i></span>, like <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">alun lundai</i></span> (slow tempo). The <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">gendang</i></span> can be played in some distinctive types corresponding to the purpose and type of each ceremony. The most popular ones are called <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">gendang rayah</i></span> (swinging blow) and <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">gendang pampat</i></span> (sweeping blow). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handicrafts">Handicrafts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Handicrafts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pua_(ritual_cloth),_Borneo,_Iban_people,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art,_14445.1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pua_%28ritual_cloth%29%2C_Borneo%2C_Iban_people%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_14445.1.JPG/150px-Pua_%28ritual_cloth%29%2C_Borneo%2C_Iban_people%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_14445.1.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pua_%28ritual_cloth%29%2C_Borneo%2C_Iban_people%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_14445.1.JPG/225px-Pua_%28ritual_cloth%29%2C_Borneo%2C_Iban_people%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_14445.1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pua_%28ritual_cloth%29%2C_Borneo%2C_Iban_people%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_14445.1.JPG/300px-Pua_%28ritual_cloth%29%2C_Borneo%2C_Iban_people%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_14445.1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="3996" /></a><figcaption>An Iban <i>Pua kombu</i> (ceremonial cloth) from <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> being displayed in the <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Museum_of_Art" title="Honolulu Museum of Art">Honolulu Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Woven products are known as <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">betenun</i></span>. Several types of woven blankets made by the Ibans are <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">pua kumbu, pua ikat, kain karap</i></span> and <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">kain sungkit</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using weaving, the Iban make blankets, bird shirts (<span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">baju burong</i></span>), <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">kain kebat, kain betating</i></span> and <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">selampai</i></span>. Weaving is the women's warpath while <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">kayau</i></span> (headhunting) is the men's warpath. The <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">pua kumbu</i></span> blanket do have conventional or ritual motives depending on the purpose of the woven item. Those who finish the weaving lessons are called <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">tembu kayu</i></span> (finish the wood).<sup id="cite_ref-Kedit2009_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kedit2009-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among well-known ritual motifs are Gajah Meram (Brooding Elephant), Tiang Sandong (Ritual Pole), Meligai (Shrine) and Tiang Ranyai.<sup id="cite_ref-Kedit2009_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kedit2009-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_ownership">Land ownership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Land ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, Iban agriculture was based on actual integrated indigenous farming system. Iban Dayaks tend to plant paddy on hill slopes. Agricultural Land in this sense was used and defined primarily in terms of hill rice farming, ladang (garden), and hutan (forest). According to Prof Derek Freeman in his Report on Iban Agriculture, Iban Dayaks used to practice twenty-seven stages of hill rice farming once a year and their shifting cultivation practices allow the forest to regenerate itself rather than to damage the forest, thereby to ensure the continuity and sustainability of forest use and/or survival of the Iban community itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Freedman1970_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman1970-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freedman1955_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman1955-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iban Dayaks love virgin forests for their dependency on forests but that is for migration, territorial expansion, and/or fleeing enemies. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iban_Langhaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Iban_Langhaus.jpg/220px-Iban_Langhaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Iban_Langhaus.jpg/330px-Iban_Langhaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Iban_Langhaus.jpg/440px-Iban_Langhaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>An Iban longhouse, 1896</figcaption></figure> <p>Once the Iban migrated into a riverine area, they will divide the area into three basic areas i.e. farming area, territorial domain (pemakai menoa) and forest reserve (pulau galau). The farming area is distributed accordingly to each family based on consensus. The chief and elders are responsible to settle any disputes and claims amicably. The territorial domain is a common area where the families of each longhouse are allowed to source for foods and confined themselves without encroachment into domains of other longhouses. The forest reserve is for common use, as a source of natural materials for building longhouse (ramu), boat making, plaiting, etc. </p><p>The whole riverine region can consist of many longhouses and thus the entire region belongs to all of them and they shall defend it against encroachment and attack by outsiders. Those longhouses sharing and living in the same riverine region call themselves shared owners (sepemakai). </p><p>Each track of virgin forest cleared by each family (rimba) will automatically belong to that family and inherited by its descendants as heirloom (pesaka) unless they migrate to other regions and relinquish their ownership of their land, which is symbolized by a token payment using a simple item in exchange for the land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_economy">Agriculture and economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Agriculture and economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hornbill_Figure_from_Borneo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Hornbill_Figure_from_Borneo.jpg/220px-Hornbill_Figure_from_Borneo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Hornbill_Figure_from_Borneo.jpg/330px-Hornbill_Figure_from_Borneo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Hornbill_Figure_from_Borneo.jpg/440px-Hornbill_Figure_from_Borneo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2534" /></a><figcaption>A 19th century Iban carving of a <a href="/wiki/Hornbill" title="Hornbill">hornbill</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, Iban agriculture was based on actual integrated indigenous farming system. Ibans plant hill rice paddies once a year in twenty-seven stages as described by Freeman in his report on Iban Agriculture. Agricultural Land in this sense was used and defined primarily in terms of hill rice farming, ladang (garden), and hutan (forest).<sup id="cite_ref-Freedman1955_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman1955-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freedman1970_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman1970-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The main stages of the paddy cultivation is followed by the Iban lemambang bards to compose their ritual incantations. The bards also analogizes the headhunting expedition with the paddy cultivation stages. Other crops planted include <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">ensabi</i></span>, cucumber (<span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">rampu amat and rampu betu</i></span>), <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">brinjal</i></span>, corn, <span title="Ibino-language text"><i lang="ibn">lingkau</i></span>, millet and cotton (tayak). Downriver Iban plant wet rice paddy at the low-lying riverine areas which are beyond the reach of the salt water tide.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For cash, the Ibans find jungle produce to sell at the market or town. Later, they planted rubber, pepper and cocoa. Nowadays, many Ibans work in towns to seek better sources of income.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trading is not a natural activity for the Iban. They did trade paddy for jars or salted fish coming from the sea in the old days but paddy lost its economic value a long time ago. Not much yield can be produced from repetitively replanted areas anyway because their planting relies on the natural source of fertilizer from the forest itself and the source of water for irrigation is from the rain, hence the cycle of the weather season is important and need to be correctly followed. Trading of sundries, jungle produce or agricultural produce is normally performed by the Chinese who commuted between the town and the location of the shop.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piracy">Piracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Piracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mate_of_the_Lily_Fight_with_the_Prahus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/The_Mate_of_the_Lily_Fight_with_the_Prahus.jpg/220px-The_Mate_of_the_Lily_Fight_with_the_Prahus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/The_Mate_of_the_Lily_Fight_with_the_Prahus.jpg/330px-The_Mate_of_the_Lily_Fight_with_the_Prahus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/The_Mate_of_the_Lily_Fight_with_the_Prahus.jpg/440px-The_Mate_of_the_Lily_Fight_with_the_Prahus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="1101" /></a><figcaption>Iban Dayak <a href="/wiki/Bangkong" title="Bangkong">bangkong</a> fleet attacking <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</a> Lily.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sea Dayaks, as their name implies, are a maritime set of tribes, and fight chiefly in canoes and boats. One of their favorite tactics is to conceal some of their larger boats, and then to send some small and badly manned canoes forward to attack the enemy to lure them. The canoes then retreat, followed by the enemy, and as soon as they pass the spot where the larger boats are hidden, they are attacked by them in the rear, while the smaller canoes, which have acted as decoys, turn and join in the fight. The rivers bends are chosen for this kind of attack, the overhanging branches of trees and the dense foliage of the bank affording excellent hiding places for the boats.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the sea dayaks were also <a href="/wiki/Pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirates">pirates</a>. In the 19th century there was a great deal of piracy, and it was secretly encouraged by the native rulers, who obtained a share of the spoil, and also by the Malays who knew well how to handle a boat. The Malay fleet consisted of a large number of long war boats or <i>prahu</i>, each about 90 feet (27 m) long or more, and carrying a brass gun in the bow, the pirates being armed with swords, spears and <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a>. Each boat was paddled by from 60 to 80 men. These boats skulked about in the sheltered coves waiting for their prey, and attacked merchant vessels making the passage between <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. The Malay pirates and their Dayak allies would wreck and destroy every trading vessel they came across, murder most of the crew who offered any resistance, and the rest were made as slaves. The Dayak would cut off the heads of those who were slain, smoke them over the fire to dry them, and then take them home to treasure as valued possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_history">Military history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Military history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iban_shield_with_%27tree_of_life%27_design_from_Sarawak.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Iban_shield_with_%27tree_of_life%27_design_from_Sarawak.JPG/100px-Iban_shield_with_%27tree_of_life%27_design_from_Sarawak.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="426" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Iban_shield_with_%27tree_of_life%27_design_from_Sarawak.JPG/150px-Iban_shield_with_%27tree_of_life%27_design_from_Sarawak.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Iban_shield_with_%27tree_of_life%27_design_from_Sarawak.JPG/200px-Iban_shield_with_%27tree_of_life%27_design_from_Sarawak.JPG 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="2439" /></a><figcaption>Iban shield with 'tree of life' design from Sarawak</figcaption></figure> <p>A Dayak war party in <a href="/wiki/Proas" class="mw-redirect" title="Proas">proas</a> and canoes fought a battle with <a href="/wiki/Murray_Maxwell" title="Murray Maxwell">Murray Maxwell</a> following the wreck of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Alceste" title="HMS Alceste">HMS Alceste</a> in 1817 at the Gaspar Strait.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Iban Dayak's first direct encounter with the Brooke and his men was in 1843, during the attack by Brooke's forces on the Batang Saribas region i.e. Padeh, Paku, and Rimbas respectively. The finale of this battle was the conference at Nagna Sebuloh to sign a peace Saribas treaty to end piracy and headhunting but the natives refused to sign it, rendering the treaty moot.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1844, Brooke's force attacked Batang Lupar, Batang Undop, and Batang Skrang to defeat the Malay sharifs and Dayak living in these regions. The Malay sharifs were easily defeated at Patusin in Batang Lupar, without a major fight despite their famous reputation and power over the native inlanders. However, during the battle of Batang Undop, one of Brooke's men, British Navy officer Mr. Charles Wade was killed in action at the battle of Ulu Undop while chasing the Malay sheriffs upriver. Subsequently, Brooke's Malay force headed by <a href="/wiki/Datu_Patinggi_Ali" title="Datu Patinggi Ali">Datu Patinggi Ali</a> and Mr. Steward was totally defeated by the Skrang Iban force at the battle of Kerangan Peris in the Batang Skrang region.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1849, at the Battle of Beting Maru, a convoy of Dayak boats that were returning from a sojourn at the <a href="/wiki/Rajang_River" title="Rajang River">River Rajan</a> spotted Brooke's man of war, the <i>Nemesis</i>. They then landed on the Beting Maru sandbar and retreated to their villages, with two Dayak boats acting as a diversion by sailing towards the <i>Nemesis</i> and engaging her, with the two boats managing to retreat safely after a few shots were exchanged. The next day, the Dayak ambushed Brooke's pursuing force, killing two of Brooke's Iban entourage before pulling back.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Layang, the son-in-law of Libau "<a href="/wiki/Rentap" title="Rentap">Rentap</a>" was known as the first Iban slayer of a white man in the person of Mr. Alan Lee "Ti Mati Rugi" (<a href="/wiki/Died_in_vain" class="mw-redirect" title="Died in vain">died in vain</a>) at the Battle of Lintang Batang in 1853, above the Skrang fort built by Brooke in 1850. The Brooke government had to launch three successive punitive expeditions against Libau Rentap to conquer his fortress known as Sadok Mount. In total, the Brooke government conducted 52 punitive expeditions against the Iban including one against the Kayan.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sarawak Rangers which were mostly Dayak participated in the anti-communist insurgency during the Malayan Emergency between 1948 and 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sarawak Rangers were despatched by the British to fight during the Brunei Rebellion in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_contributions">Military contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Military contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanang_anak_Langkau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kanang_anak_Langkau.jpg/220px-Kanang_anak_Langkau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Kanang_anak_Langkau.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kanang_anak_Langkau" title="Kanang anak Langkau">Kanang anak Langkau</a>, a Malaysian war hero</figcaption></figure> <p>The Iban are famous for being fearsome warriors in the past in defence of homeland or for migration to virgin territories. Two highly decorated Iban Dayak soldiers from Sarawak in Malaysia are Temenggung Datuk and <a href="/wiki/Kanang_anak_Langkau" title="Kanang anak Langkau">Kanang anak Langkau</a> (awarded the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Knight_of_Valour" title="Grand Knight of Valour">Seri Pahlawan Gagah Perkasa or Grand Knight of Valour</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Awang_anak_Raweng" title="Awang anak Raweng">Awang anak Raweng</a> of Skrang (awarded a George Cross).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So far, only one Dayak has reached the rank of general in the military, Brigadier-General Stephen Mundaw in the Malaysian Army, who was promoted on 1 November 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaysia's most decorated war hero is <a href="/wiki/Kanang_anak_Langkau" title="Kanang anak Langkau">Kanang Anak Langkau</a> for his military service helping to liberate Malaya (and later Malaysia) from the communists, being the only soldier awarded both <a href="/wiki/Seri_Pahlawan_Gagah_Perkasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Seri Pahlawan Gagah Perkasa">Seri Pahlawan</a> (The Star of the Commander of Valour) and <a href="/wiki/Panglima_Gagah_Berani" class="mw-redirect" title="Panglima Gagah Berani">Panglima Gagah Berani</a> (The Star of Valour). Among all the heroes are 21 holders of the Panglima Gagah Berani (PGB) including 2 recipients of the Seri Pahlawan. Of this total, there are 14 Ibans, two Chinese army officers, one Bidayuh, one Kayan and one Malay. But the majority of the Armed Forces are Malays, according to a book – <i>Crimson Tide over Borneo</i>. The youngest of the PGB holders is ASP Wilfred Gomez of the police force.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were six holders of Sri Pahlawan (SP) and Panglima Gagah Perkasa from Sarawak, and with the death of Kanang Anak Langkau, there is one SP holder in the person of Sgt. Ngalinuh (an <a href="/wiki/Orang_Ulu" title="Orang Ulu">Orang Ulu</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The episode "Into the Jungle" from <i><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bourdain:_No_Reservations" title="Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations">Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations</a></i> included the appearance of Itam, a former <a href="/wiki/The_Sarawak_Rangers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sarawak Rangers">Sarawak Ranger</a> and one of the Iban people's last members with the <i>entegulun</i> (Iban traditional hand <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoos</a>) signifying his taking of an enemy's head.</li> <li>The film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sleeping_Dictionary" title="The Sleeping Dictionary">The Sleeping Dictionary</a></i> features Selima (<a href="/wiki/Jessica_Alba" title="Jessica Alba">Jessica Alba</a>), an Anglo-Iban girl who falls in love with John Truscott (<a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dancy" title="Hugh Dancy">Hugh Dancy</a>). The movie was filmed primarily in Sarawak, Malaysia.</li> <li>Malaysian singer <a href="/wiki/Noraniza_Idris" title="Noraniza Idris">Noraniza Idris</a> released "Ngajat Tampi" in 2000, followed by "Tandang Bermadah" in 2002, both inspired by traditional Iban music compositions. These songs gained popularity in Malaysia and neighboring countries.</li> <li><i>Chinta Gadis Rimba</i> (or Love of a Forest Maiden), a 1958 film directed by L. Krishnan and based on the novel by Harun Aminurrashid, tells the story of an Iban girl named Bintang who defies her parents' wishes and runs away with her Malay lover. This film marks the first full-length feature to be shot in Sarawak and the first time an Iban woman played the lead role<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Bejalai</i> is a 1987 film directed by Stephen Teo, notable for being the first film to be made in the Iban language and also the first Malaysian film to be selected for the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="Berlin International Film Festival">Berlin International Film Festival</a>. The film is an experimental feature about the custom among the Iban young men to do a "bejalai" (go on a journey) before attaining maturity.<sup id="cite_ref-imdb_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imdb-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Farewell_to_the_King_(novel)" title="Farewell to the King (novel)">Farewell to the King</a></i>, a 1969 novel by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schoendoerffer" title="Pierre Schoendoerffer">Pierre Schoendoerffer</a> plus its subsequent <a href="/wiki/Farewell_to_the_King" title="Farewell to the King">1989 film adaptation</a>, the prisoner-of-war Learoyd escapes a Japanese firing squad by hiding in the wilds of Borneo, where he is adopted by an Iban community.</li> <li>In 2007, Malaysian company <a href="/wiki/Maybank" title="Maybank">Maybank</a> produced a wholly Iban-language commercial commemorating Malaysia's <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Malaysia)" title="Independence Day (Malaysia)">50th anniversary of independence</a>. The advert, directed by <a href="/wiki/Yasmin_Ahmad" title="Yasmin Ahmad">Yasmin Ahmad</a> with help of the <a href="/wiki/Leo_Burnett_Worldwide" title="Leo Burnett Worldwide">Leo Burnett</a> agency, was shot in Bau and Kapit and used an all-Sarawakian cast.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A conflict between a <a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">proa</a> of "sea-dyaks" and the shipwrecked <a href="/wiki/Jack_Aubrey" title="Jack Aubrey">Jack Aubrey</a> and his crew forms much of the first part of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nutmeg_of_Consolation" title="The Nutmeg of Consolation">The Nutmeg of Consolation</a></i> (1991), <a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian" title="Patrick O'Brian">Patrick O'Brian</a>'s fourteenth <a href="/wiki/Aubrey%E2%80%93Maturin_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Aubrey–Maturin novels">Aubrey-Maturin novel</a>.</li> <li>See American writer Terence Clarke's story collection, The Day Nothing Happened and his novel The King of Rumah Nadai, both of which are placed in Sarawak, Malaysia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academia">Academia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Academia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Sandin" title="Benedict Sandin">Benedict Sandin</a>, historian and academic</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artist">Artist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Artist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Golding" title="Henry Golding">Henry Golding</a>, Hollywood actor; has an English father and Iban mother</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_heroes">National heroes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: National heroes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanang_anak_Langkau" title="Kanang anak Langkau">Kanang anak Langkau</a>, national hero of Malaysia; awarded the medal of valour "Sri Pahlawan Gagah Berani" by the Malaysian government</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentap" title="Rentap">Rentap</a>, leader of a rebellion against the Brooke administration and used the title of Raja Ulu (King of the Interior)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beauty_pageant_titleholder">Beauty pageant titleholder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Beauty pageant titleholder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisca_Luhong_James" title="Francisca Luhong James">Francisca Luhong James</a>, Miss Universe Malaysia 2020; has an Orang Ulu father and Iban mother</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politicians">Politicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Politicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jugah_anak_Barieng" class="mw-redirect" title="Jugah anak Barieng">Jugah Barieng</a>, second Paramount Chief of the Dayak people and the key signatory on behalf of Sarawak to the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kalong_Ningkan" title="Stephen Kalong Ningkan">Stephen Kalong Ningkan</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Sarawak">Chief Minister of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawi_Sli" title="Tawi Sli">Tawi Sli</a>, the second Chief Minister of Sarawak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Sophia_Brodi" title="Doris Sophia Brodi">Doris Sophia Brodi</a>, Members of Parliament (MP) for <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aman_(federal_constituency)" title="Sri Aman (federal constituency)">Sri Aman</a> and (the first woman) & former Deputy Speaker of <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Negara" title="Dewan Negara">Dewan Negara</a> (2012-2016)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_personalities">Sports personalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sports personalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Anak_Ahar" title="Jimmy Anak Ahar">Jimmy Anak Ahar</a>, Brunei athlete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Azahar_Abdullah_Ahar" title="Shah Azahar Abdullah Ahar">Philip Anak Ahar</a>, Brunei football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardi_Bujang" title="Hardi Bujang">Hardi Anak Bujang</a>, Brunei football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Mirza_Abdullah" title="Mardi Mirza Abdullah">Mardi Anak Bujang</a>, Brunei football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haimie_Anak_Nyaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Haimie Anak Nyaring">Haimie Anak Nyaring</a>, Brunei football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhaimi_Anak_Sulau" class="mw-redirect" title="Suhaimi Anak Sulau">Suhaimi Anak Sulau</a>, Brunei football player</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kho_Jabing" title="Kho Jabing">Kho Jabing</a>, a Sarawakian of mixed Chinese and Iban descent who was executed in Singapore for murder</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sarawak" title="Demographics of Sarawak">Demographics of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">History of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_culture" title="Iban culture">Iban culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawai_Dayak" title="Gawai Dayak">Gawai Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_tiger#In_culture" title="Bornean tiger">View of the tiger</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://govdocs.sinarproject.org/documents/department-of-statistics/population-and-housing-census-of-malaysia-2020/penemuan-utama-banci-penduduk-dan-perumahan-malaysia-2020.pdf/view">"Penemuan Utama Banci Penduduk Dan Perumahan Malaysia 2020.PDF"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penemuan+Utama+Banci+Penduduk+Dan+Perumahan+Malaysia+2020.PDF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgovdocs.sinarproject.org%2Fdocuments%2Fdepartment-of-statistics%2Fpopulation-and-housing-census-of-malaysia-2020%2Fpenemuan-utama-banci-penduduk-dan-perumahan-malaysia-2020.pdf%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIban+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kompas.id/baca/riset/2021/11/20/ekspresi-cinta-dan-kehidupan-orang-dayak-iban">"Ekspresi Cinta dan Kehidupan Orang Dayak Iban {Id}"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Population+and+Housing+Census+of+Malaysia&rft.pub=Department+of+Statistics%2C+Malaysia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.my%2Fportal%2Fdownload_Population%2Ffiles%2Fcensus2010%2FTaburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIban+people" class="Z3988"></span> checked: yes. p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deps.gov.bn/SiteAssets/Time-Series3.html">"Population by Religion, Sex and Census Year"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+Religion%2C+Sex+and+Census+Year&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deps.gov.bn%2FSiteAssets%2FTime-Series3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIban+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTassim" class="citation web cs1">Tassim, Fatimah Az-Zahra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8914472">"Why is the Iban tribe excluded from the official 'tujuh puak Brunei' (seven tribes of Brunei) and what is their experience being born and raised in Bruneian society?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+is+the+Iban+tribe+excluded+from+the+official+%27tujuh+puak+Brunei%27+%28seven+tribes+of+Brunei%29+and+what+is+their+experience+being+born+and+raised+in+Bruneian+society%3F&rft.aulast=Tassim&rft.aufirst=Fatimah+Az-Zahra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8914472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIban+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutliveSutlive2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sutlive, Vinson; Sutlive, Joanne, eds. (2001). <i>The Encyclopaedia of Iban Studies: Iban History, Society, and Culture</i>. Vol. 2: H-N. <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Tun_Jugah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tun Jugah">Tun Jugah</a> Foundation. p. 697. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-83405-130-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-83405-130-3"><bdi>978-9-83405-130-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Iban+Studies%3A+Iban+History%2C+Society%2C+and+Culture&rft.place=Kuching&rft.pages=697&rft.pub=The+Tun+Jugah+Foundation&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9-83405-130-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIban+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matusky-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matusky_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatusky1985" class="citation journal cs1">Matusky, Patricia (1985). "An Introduction to the Major Instruments and Forms of Traditional Malay Music". <i>Asian Music</i>. <b>16</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">121–</span>182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F833774">10.2307/833774</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/833774">833774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Music&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Major+Instruments+and+Forms+of+Traditional+Malay+Music&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F833774&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F833774%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Matusky&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIban+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my/en/culture/dis/640">"Ngajat Pua Kumbu Dance"</a>. National Department of Culture and Arts, Sarawak<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ngajat+Pua+Kumbu+Dance&rft.pub=National+Department+of+Culture+and+Arts%2C+Sarawak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my%2Fen%2Fculture%2Fdis%2F640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIban+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kedit2009-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kedit2009_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kedit2009_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKedit2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kedit, Vernon (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ikat.us/Restoring%20Panggau%20Libau%20-%20Engkeramba%20in%20Saribas%20Iban%20ritual%20textiles.pdf">"Restoring Panggau Libau: a reassessment of engkeramba' in Saribas Iban ritual textiles (pua' kumbu')"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Borneo Research Bulletin</i>. <b>40</b>: <span class="nowrap">221–</span>248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Borneo+Research+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Restoring+Panggau+Libau%3A+a+reassessment+of+engkeramba%27+in+Saribas+Iban+ritual+textiles+%28pua%27+kumbu%27%29.&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E248&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.aulast=Kedit&rft.aufirst=Vernon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikat.us%2FRestoring%2520Panggau%2520Libau%2520-%2520Engkeramba%2520in%2520Saribas%2520Iban%2520ritual%2520textiles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIban+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freedman1970-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freedman1970_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freedman1970_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman1970" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, Derek (1970). <i>Report on the Iban</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003136484">10.4324/9781003136484</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-13648-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-13648-4"><bdi>978-1-003-13648-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Iban&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003136484&rft.isbn=978-1-003-13648-4&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIban+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freedman1955-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freedman1955_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freedman1955_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1955" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Derek (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=oc06-001"><i>Iban agriculture: a report on the shifting cultivation of hill rice by the Iban of Sarawak</i></a>. Colonial research studies. Her Majesty's Stationery Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iban+agriculture%3A+a+report+on+the+shifting+cultivation+of+hill+rice+by+the+Iban+of+Sarawak&rft.series=Colonial+research+studies&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehrafworldcultures.yale.edu%2Fdocument%3Fid%3Doc06-001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIban+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_Cairns2017" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm Cairns, ed. (2017). <i>Shifting Cultivation Policies: Balancing Environmental and Social Sustainability</i>. CABI. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-17-863-9179-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-17-863-9179-7"><bdi>978-17-863-9179-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shifting+Cultivation+Policies%3A+Balancing+Environmental+and+Social+Sustainability&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-17-863-9179-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIban+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayum_A._Jawan1994" class="citation book cs1">Jayum A. Jawan (1994). <i>Iban Politics and Economic Development: Their Patterns and Change</i>. 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Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.archive.org/stream/tenyearsinsarwa03broogoog/tenyearsinsarwa03broogoog_djvu.txt">http://www.archive.org/stream/tenyearsinsarwa03broogoog/tenyearsinsarwa03broogoog_djvu.txt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. J. Stockwell; University of London. Institute of Commonwealth Studies (2004). Malaysia. The Stationery Office. pp. 70–. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-290581-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-290581-3">978-0-11-290581-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_Majid2007" class="citation book cs1">Abdul Majid, Harun (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tengkudhaniiqbal.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/abdul-harun-majid-rebellion-in-brunei-the-1962-revolt-imperialism-confrontation-and-oil-2007.pdf"><i>Rebellion In Brunei – The 1962 Revolt, Imperialism, Confrontation and Oil</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London, New York: I.B.Tauris. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-423-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-423-7"><bdi>978-1-84511-423-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebellion+In+Brunei+%E2%80%93+The+1962+Revolt%2C+Imperialism%2C+Confrontation+and+Oil&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-423-7&rft.aulast=Abdul+Majid&rft.aufirst=Harun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftengkudhaniiqbal.files.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F11%2Fabdul-harun-majid-rebellion-in-brunei-the-1962-revolt-imperialism-confrontation-and-oil-2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIban+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMa_Chee_Seng_&_Daryll_Law2015" class="citation web cs1">Ma Chee Seng & Daryll Law (6 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/48061/Remembering-fallen-heroes-on-Hero-Memorial-Day/">"Remembering Fallen Heroes on Hero Memorial Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Sarawak_Tribune" title="New Sarawak Tribune">New Sarawak Tribune</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ailing+war+hero+may+miss+royal+audience+this+year&rft.pub=The+Borneo+Post&rft.date=2015-09-06&rft.au=Rintos+Mail+%26+Johnson+K+Saai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2015%2F09%2F06%2Failing-war-hero-may-miss-royal-audience-this-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIban+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225123730/http://wingedsoldiers.co.uk/malaysian-troops-trackers.html">"Sarawak (Malaysian) Rangers, Iban Trackers and Border Scouts"</a>. Winged Soldiers. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarawak+%28Malaysian%29+Rangers%2C+Iban+Trackers+and+Border+Scouts&rft.pub=Winged+Soldiers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwingedsoldiers.co.uk%2Fmalaysian-troops-trackers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIban+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2010/11/02/stephen-mundaw-becomes-first-iban-brigadier-general/">"Stephen Mundaw becomes first Iban Brigadier General"</a>. The Borneo Post. 2 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PGB+recipient+Gomez+dies+battling+cancer&rft.pub=The+Borneo+Post&rft.date=2013-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2013%2F02%2F03%2Fpgb-recipient-gomez-dies-battling-cancer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIban+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19560903-1.2.95">"Wanted: a jungle belle who knows about love"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a></i>. 3 September 1956. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2017</span> – via NewspaperSG.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Wanted%3A+a+jungle+belle+who+knows+about+love&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1956-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fstraitstimes19560903-1.2.95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIban+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imdb-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imdb_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0271393/">"Bejalai (1989)"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>. 25 March 1990<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Bejalai+%281989%29&rft.date=1990-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0271393%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIban+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcoconutice2007" class="citation cs2">coconutice (4 September 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86oOmUCGgv4"><i>Maybank Advert in Iban</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maybank+Advert+in+Iban&rft.date=2007-09-04&rft.au=coconutice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D86oOmUCGgv4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIban+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: General bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sir Steven Runciman, <i>The White Rajahs: a history of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946</i> (1960).</li> <li>James Ritchie, <i>The Life Story of Temenggong Koh</i> (1999)</li> <li>Benedict Sandin, <i>Gawai Burong: The chants and celebrations of the Iban Bird Festival</i> (1977)</li> <li>Greg Verso, <i>Blackboard in Borneo</i>, (1989)</li> <li>Renang Anak Ansali, <i>New Generation of Iban</i>, (2000)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iban_people&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iban_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iban people">Iban people</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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(Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malays" title="Bruneian Malays">Brunei Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_(Brunei)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dusun (Brunei)">Dusun (Brunei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutong_people" title="Tutong people">Tutong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_people" title="Melanau people">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_people" title="Penan people">Penan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Brunei" title="Ethnic Chinese in Brunei">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Brunei" title="Indians in Brunei">Indian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expatriates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Brunei" title="British Forces Brunei">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Philippines_relations#Filipinos_in_Brunei" title="Brunei–Philippines relations">Filipino</a></li> <li>Indonesian</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia204" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia204" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Ethnic groups in Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Indonesians" title="Indonesians">Indonesians</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay#Indonesia" title="Proto-Malay">Aboriginal</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akit_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akit people (page does not exist)">Akit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batin_people" title="Batin people">Batin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonai_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonai people (page does not exist)">Bonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_people" title="Lubu people">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mante_people" title="Mante people">Mante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kuala" title="Orang Kuala">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Rimba_people" title="Orang Rimba people">Orang Rimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai_people_(Indonesia)" title="Sakai people (Indonesia)">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petalangan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petalangan people (page does not exist)">Petalangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talang_Mamak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talang Mamak people (page does not exist)">Talang Mamak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alas_people" title="Alas people">Alas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkola_people" title="Angkola people">Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karo_people_(Indonesia)" title="Karo people (Indonesia)">Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakpak_people" title="Pakpak people">Pakpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simalungun_people" title="Simalungun people">Simalungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_people" title="Toba Batak people">Toba Batak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_people" title="Enggano people">Enggano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_people" title="Gayo people">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluet_people" title="Kluet people">Kluet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komering_people" title="Komering people">Komering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_people" title="Lampung people">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asahan_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asahan Malay people (page does not exist)">Asahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basemah_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basemah people (page does not exist)">Basemah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belida_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belida people (page does not exist)">Belida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli_Malay_people" title="Deli Malay people">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enim people (page does not exist)">Enim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kikim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kikim people (page does not exist)">Kikim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kisam_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kisam people (page does not exist)">Kisam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahat Malay people (page does not exist)">Lahat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langkat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langkat Malay people (page does not exist)">Langkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_people" title="Lembak people">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lintang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lintang people (page does not exist)">Lintang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musi people (page does not exist)">Musi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_people" title="Palembang people">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegagan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegagan people (page does not exist)">Pegagan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penesak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penesak people (page does not exist)">Penesak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rambang people (page does not exist)">Rambang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Malays" title="Riau Malays">Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semendo_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semendo people (page does not exist)">Semendo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serdang_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serdang Malay people (page does not exist)">Serdang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakuddei" title="Sakuddei">Sakuddei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneuk_Jamee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aneuk Jamee people">Aneuk Jamee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_people" title="Nias people">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haloban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haloban people (page does not exist)">Haloban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan people (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_people" title="Rejang people">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_people" title="Simeulue people">Simeulue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkil_people" title="Singkil people">Singkil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebonese_people" title="Cirebonese people">Cirebonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_people" title="Banyumasan people">Banyumasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osing_people" title="Osing people">Osing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_people" title="Tenggerese people">Tenggerese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangeanese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangeanese people">Kangeanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baduy_people" title="Baduy people">Baduy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantenese_people" title="Bantenese people">Bantenese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li>Apo Duat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_people" title="Sa'ban people">Sa'ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_Kayan_people" title="Apo Kayan people">Apo Kayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_people" title="Bahau people">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebbo%27_people" title="Lebbo' people">Lebbo'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Baka%27_people" title="Uma Baka' people">Uma Baka'</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_people" title="Kendayan people">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selako_people" title="Selako people">Selako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_Mualang" title="Dayak Mualang">Mualang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ot_Danum_people" title="Ot Danum people">Ot Danum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawangan_people" title="Lawangan people">Lawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_people" title="Ma'anyan people">Ma'anyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaju_people" title="Ngaju people">Ngaju</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakumpai_people" title="Bakumpai people">Bakumpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meratus_Dayak" title="Meratus Dayak">Meratus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan Bah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_people" title="Krio Dayak people">Krio</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malays" title="Berau Malays">Berau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balantak_people" title="Balantak people">Balantak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banggai_people" title="Banggai people">Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Buginese people">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungku_people" title="Bungku people">Bungku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butonese_people" title="Butonese people">Butonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerate_people" title="Bonerate people">Bonerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontaloan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontaloan people">Gorontaloan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalumpang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalumpang people (page does not exist)">Kalumpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindu_people" title="Lindu people">Lindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarese_people" title="Mandarese people">Mandarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_people" title="Minahasan people">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_people" title="Mongondow people">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_people" title="Muna people">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamona_people" title="Pamona people">Pamona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rampi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rampi people (page does not exist)">Rampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seko_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seko people (page does not exist)">Seko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Taa_Wana" title="Tau Taa Wana">Tau Taa Wana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torajan_people" title="Torajan people">Torajan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamasa_people" title="Mamasa people">Mamasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">Papua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abun_people" title="Abun people">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amung_people" title="Amung people">Amungme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat_people" title="Asmat people">Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauzi_people" title="Bauzi people">Bauzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damal_people" title="Damal people">Damalme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_people" title="Dani people">Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekari people">Ekari (Mee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayu_people" title="Fayu people">Fayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanum_people" title="Kanum people">Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketengban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketengban people (page does not exist)">Ketengban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_people" title="Kombai people">Kombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_people" title="Korowai people">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lani_people" title="Lani people">Lani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepki_people" title="Lepki people">Lepki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_people" title="Marind people">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_people" title="Mek people">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moi people (page does not exist)">Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_people" title="Moni people">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyu_people" title="Muyu people">Muyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_people" title="Nduga people">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngalum_people" title="Ngalum people">Ngalum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_people" title="Sawi people">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sempan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sempan people (page does not exist)">Sempan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentani_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentani people (page does not exist)">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehit_people" title="Tehit people">Tehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_people" title="Tobati people">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wambon_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wambon people (page does not exist)">Wambon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waropen_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waropen people (page does not exist)">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_people" title="Wolani people">Wolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_people" title="Yali people">Yali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_people" title="Yaur people">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_people_(Indonesia)" title="Yei people (Indonesia)">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser <br />Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abui_people" title="Abui people">Abui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoni" title="Atoni">Atoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Aga" title="Bali Aga">Bali Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimanese_people" title="Bimanese people">Bimanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_people" title="Bunak people">Bunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helong_people" title="Helong people">Helong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemak_people" title="Kemak people">Kemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_people" title="Lamaholot people">Lamaholot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loloan_Malays" title="Loloan Malays">Loloan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggarai_people" title="Manggarai people">Manggarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nage" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage">Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotenese_people" title="Rotenese people">Rotenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasak_people" title="Sasak people">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_people" title="Savu people">Savu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikka_people" title="Sikka people">Sikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba_people" title="Sumba people">Sumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_people" title="Sumbawa people">Sumbawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_people" title="Tetum people">Tetum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moluccans" title="Moluccans">Moluccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alifuru_people" title="Alifuru people">Alifuru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alune_people" title="Alune people">Alune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manusela_people" title="Manusela people">Manusela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuaulu_people" title="Nuaulu people">Nuaulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambelau_people" title="Ambelau people">Ambelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese_people" title="Ambonese people">Ambonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_people" title="Buru people">Buru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayeli_people" title="Kayeli people">Kayeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisela_people" title="Lisela people">Lisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wai_Apu_people" title="Wai Apu people">Wai Apu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wai_Loa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wai Loa people (page does not exist)">Wai Loa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimbarese" title="Tanimbarese">Tanimbarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobelo_people" title="Tobelo people">Tobelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togutil_people" title="Togutil people">Togutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemale_people" title="Wemale people">Wemale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Non-indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Indonesians" title="African Indonesians">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Hitam" title="Belanda Hitam">Black Dutchmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesians" title="Arab Indonesians">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Indonesia" title="Armenians in Indonesia">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benteng_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Benteng Chinese">Benteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_the_Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Chinese in the Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Maluku" title="Chinese Maluku">Maluku Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padang Chinese (page does not exist)">Padang Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aceh Chinese (page does not exist)">Aceh Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bali Chinese (page does not exist)">Bali Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parit_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parit Chinese (page does not exist)">Parit Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palembang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palembang Chinese (page does not exist)">Palembang Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medan_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medan Chinese (page does not exist)">Medan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Indonesia" title="Filipinos in Indonesia">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Indonesians" title="German Indonesians">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesians" title="Indian Indonesians">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingalese" title="Klingalese">Klingalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians" title="Tamil Indonesians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Indonesia" title="Japanese migration to Indonesia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Indonesian">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaum_Depok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaum Depok (page does not exist)">Kaum Depok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Indonesia" title="Koreans in Indonesia">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistanis in Indonesia">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Indonesians" title="Portuguese Indonesians">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totok" title="Totok">Totok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia342" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia342" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Malaysia">Ethnic groups in Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Malaysians" title="Malaysians">Malaysians</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malay_people" title="List of Malay people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><i>Anak Jati</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johorean_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Johorean Malay people">Johorean Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malays" title="Kedahan Malays">Kedahan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantanese_Malays" title="Kelantanese Malays">Kelantanese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaccan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaccan Malay people">Malaccan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays#Sub-ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Negeri Sembilanese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malays" title="Kedahan Malays">Penangite Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perakian_Malays" title="Perakian Malays">Perakian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedahan Malay people">Perlisan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malays" title="Pahang Malays">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangorian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangorian Malay people">Selangorian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganuan_Malays" title="Terengganuan Malays">Terengganuan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malays" title="Bruneian Malays">Bruneian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawakian Malay people">Sarawakian Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><i>Anak Dagang</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malays" title="Cocos Malays">Cocos Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_Malaysians" title="Javanese Malaysians">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Baweanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_Malaysians" title="Minangkabau Malaysians">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_people" title="Kerinci people">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocu_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocu people (page does not exist)">Ocu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Malays" title="Burmese Malays">Burmese Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Malays" title="Thai Malays">Patani Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Siamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mixed with other races<br />(excluding Chinese and Indian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Malaysians" title="Arab Malaysians">Arab Malaysians</a></li> <li>Peranakan Eropah (including <a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_Peranakan" title="Jawi Peranakan">Jawi Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Malaysian Siamese</a> (Sam-Sam)</li> <li>Peranakan Turki</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asal" title="Orang Asal">Orang Asal</a><br />(Other<br />Indigenous peoples)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Peninsular<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay" title="Proto-Malay">Proto-Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_people" title="Jakun people">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq" title="Orang Kanaq">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kuala" title="Orang Kuala">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar" title="Orang Seletar">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_people" title="Semelai people">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_people" title="Temoq people">Temoq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_people" title="Temuan people">Temuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semang" title="Semang">Semang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_people" title="Batek people">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_people" title="Lanoh people">Lanoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_people" title="Jahai people">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensiu">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Kintaq">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendriq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendriq">Mendriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mintil">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mos language">Mos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senoi" title="Senoi">Senoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semai_people" title="Semai people">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_people" title="Mah Meri people">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_people" title="Cheq Wong people">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_people" title="Temiar people">Temiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_people" title="Jah Hut people">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_people" title="Semaq Beri people">Semaq Beri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selako_people" title="Selako people">Selako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Ulu" title="Orang Ulu">Orang Ulu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiput" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiput">Kiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_people" title="Penan people">Penan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_people" title="Sa'ban people">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_people" title="Ukit people">Ukit</a></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_people" title="Melanau people">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriek_people" title="Miriek people">Miriek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun" title="Kadazan-Dusun">Kadazan-Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan_people" title="Kadazan people">Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_people" title="Dusun people">Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwijau" title="Kwijau">Kwijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud" title="Lotud">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangka%27ak" title="Mangka'ak">Mangka'ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragang" title="Maragang">Maragang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minokok" title="Minokok">Minokok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumanau_people" title="Rumanau people">Rumanau</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Illanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Sungai" title="Orang Sungai">Orang Sungai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas" title="Dumpas">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambanuo_people" title="Tambanuo people">Tambanuo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rungus_people" title="Rungus people">Rungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysians_of_Chinese_descent" title="List of Malaysians of Chinese descent">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_people" title="Hainan people">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Foochow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putian_people" title="Putian people">Henghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penangite" class="mw-redirect" title="Penangite">Penangite</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mixed_with_Bumiputera21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mixed with Bumiputera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Native" title="Sino-Native">Sino-Native</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Indian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysians_of_Indian_descent" title="List of Malaysians of Indian descent">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Malaysian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati Malaysian">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang">Penangite Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Malaysians" title="Punjabi Malaysians">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Malayali">Malayali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sabah" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sabah">Indians in Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sarawak" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sarawak">Indians in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Malaysia" title="Sri Lankans in Malaysia">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Telugu" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Telugu">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mixed_with_Malay16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mixed with Malay</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mixed without Bumiputera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindians#Malaysia" title="Chindians">Chindians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Malaysia" title="Immigration to Malaysia">Foreign ethnicities<br />/expatriates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Malaysia" title="Africans in Malaysia">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Malaysians" title="Arab Malaysians">Arab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadhrami people">Hadhrami</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Malaysia" title="Bangladeshis in Malaysia">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_in_Malaysia" title="Burmese in Malaysia">Burmese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese#Malaysia" title="Overseas Chinese">China/Taiwan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timorese_in_Malaysia" title="Timorese in Malaysia">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Malaysia" title="Filipinos in Malaysia">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Malaysians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Malaysians">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Malaysia" title="Iranians in Malaysia">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Malaysia" title="Japanese migration to Malaysia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Jewish</a> (former)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Malaysia" title="Koreans in Malaysia">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_people_in_Malaysia" title="Nepalese people in Malaysia">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Malaysia" title="Pakistanis in Malaysia">Pakistani</a></li> 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