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id="toc-Early_spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early spread </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Thai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Thai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Old Thai </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Thai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_Thai_(Sukhothai)_consonant_inventory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Thai_(Sukhothai)_consonant_inventory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Old Thai (Sukhothai) consonant inventory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Thai_(Sukhothai)_consonant_inventory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_Sukhothai_pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_Sukhothai_pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Historical Sukhothai pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_Sukhothai_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Old_Thai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Old_Thai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Early Old Thai </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Old_Thai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Vowel developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Initials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Finals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clusters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clusters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Clusters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clusters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Tones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unchecked_syllables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unchecked_syllables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Unchecked syllables </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unchecked_syllables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Checked_syllables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Checked_syllables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Checked syllables </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Checked_syllables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Grammar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Grammar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adjectives_and_adverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives_and_adverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Adjectives and adverbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives_and_adverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Nouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nominal_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominal_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Nominal phrases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominal_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Demonstratives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Particles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Register" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Register"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Register </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Register-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Vocabulary </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vocabulary subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabic-origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic-origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Arabic-origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic-origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese-origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese-origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Chinese-origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English-origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English-origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 English-origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French-origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French-origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 French-origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese-origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese-origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Japanese-origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khmer-origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khmer-origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Khmer-origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khmer-origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malay-origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malay-origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Malay-origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malay-origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian-origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian-origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Persian-origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian-origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese-origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese-origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Portuguese-origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese-origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil-origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil-origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Tamil-origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil-origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Writing system </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Writing system subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transcription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transcription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Transcription </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transcription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transliteration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transliteration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Transliteration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transliteration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 General and cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Thai language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 143 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-143" aria-hidden="true" > 143 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai" title="Thai – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Thai" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%9B" title="ጣይኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጣይኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="थाई भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="थाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة التايلندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة التايلندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="থাই ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="থাই ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tailand%C3%A9s" title="Idioma tailandés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma tailandés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="थाई भाषा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="थाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailandia%C3%B1e%E2%80%99%E1%BA%BD" title="Tailandiañe’ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tailandiañe’ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_dili" title="Tay dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tay dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تای دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تای دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Thai" title="Basa Thai – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Thai" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="থাই ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="থাই ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0i-g%C3%AD" title="Thài-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thài-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Thai" title="Basa Thai – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Thai" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Тай теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тай теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тайская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тайская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тайская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тайская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Thai" title="Tataramon na Thai – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Thai" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тайски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тайски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taieg" title="Taieg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Taieg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai" title="Tai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinaylandiyanhon" title="Tinaylandiyanhon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tinaylandiyanhon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaj%C5%A1tina" title="Thajština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thajština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitai" title="Chitai – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chitai" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_(iaith)" title="Tai (iaith) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tai (iaith)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_(sprog)" title="Thai (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thai (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaigiella" title="Thaigiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Thaigiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thail%C3%A4ndische_Sprache" title="Thailändische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thailändische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_keel" title="Tai keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tai keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ταϊλανδική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταϊλανδική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tailand%C3%A9s" title="Idioma tailandés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma tailandés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taja_lingvo" title="Taja lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Taja lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandiera" title="Thailandiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thailandiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زبان تایلندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان تایلندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_bhasa" title="Thai bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Thai bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailendskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Tailendskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tailendskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha%C3%AF" title="Thaï – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thaï" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_T%C3%A9alainnis" title="An Téalainnis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Téalainnis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaish" title="Thaish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Thaish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tailandesa" title="Lingua tailandesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua tailandesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai-ng%C3%AE" title="Thai-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thai-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Тагилмудин келн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Тагилмудин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4" title="태국어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="태국어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren_Thai" title="Yaren Thai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaren Thai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="थाई भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajski_jezik" title="Tajski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tajski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai-linguo" title="Tai-linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tai-linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Tailandes" title="Pagsasao a Tailandes – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Tailandes" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="থাই ঠার – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="থাই ঠার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Thai" title="Bahasa Thai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Thai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Тайаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тайаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADlenska" title="Taílenska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Taílenska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_thailandese" title="Lingua thailandese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua thailandese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA_(%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94)" title="תאית (שפה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאית (שפה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Thai" title="Basa Thai – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Thai" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayi_K%CA%8Bn%CA%8B%C5%8B" title="Tayi Kʋnʋŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tayi Kʋnʋŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಥಾಯ್ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಥಾಯ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ტაი ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტაი ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Тай тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тай тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kithai" title="Kithai – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kithai" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Таи кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Таи кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_tayi" title="Lang tayi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang tayi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_taylend%C3%AE" title="Zimanê taylendî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê taylendî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Тай тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тай тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%97" title="ພາສາໄທ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາໄທ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Thai" title="Lingua Thai – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Thai" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taju_valoda" title="Taju valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Taju valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Тай чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Тай чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj%C5%B3_kalba" title="Tajų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tajų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_(taol)" title="Thai (taol) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Thai (taol)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_(lingua)" title="Tai (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tai (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_nyelv" title="Thai nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thai nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="थाई भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="थाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тајландски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тајландски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_ta%E1%BB%B3" title="Fiteny taỳ – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny taỳ" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="തായ്ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തായ്ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="थाई भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ტაი ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტაი ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%89" title="تاى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تاى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="تایلندی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تایلندی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Thai" title="Bahasa Thai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Thai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯊꯥꯢ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯊꯥꯢ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Thai" title="Bahaso Thai – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Thai" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1i-gu%C3%B3k-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Tái-guók-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tái-guók-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Тай хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тай хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ထိုင်းဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ထိုင်းဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_(taal)" title="Thai (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thai (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="थाइ भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="थाइ भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E8%AA%9E" title="タイ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タイ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai" title="Thai – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Thai" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai" title="Thai – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thai" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai" title="Thai – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Thai" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_(lenga)" title="Tai (lenga) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tai (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_tili" title="Tay tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tay tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਥਾਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥਾਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_Thai" title="Salitan Thai – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Thai" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تھائی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھائی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="تايي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تايي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%83" title="ភាសាថៃ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាថៃ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_thai" title="Lenga thai – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga thai" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_tajski" title="Język tajski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język tajski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_tailandesa" title="Língua tailandesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua tailandesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_thailandez%C4%83" title="Limba thailandeză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba thailandeză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thay_simi" title="Thay simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Thay simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Тайский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тайский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тай тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тай тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="थाईभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="थाईभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_leid" title="Thai leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thai leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Taykwo" title="Kari Taykwo – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kari Taykwo" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_tajlandeze" title="Gjuha tajlandeze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha tajlandeze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thai language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ٿائي ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٿائي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaj%C4%8Dina" title="Thajčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Thajčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajsk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Tajskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tajskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زمانی تایلەندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی تایلەندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тајски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тајски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajski_jezik" title="Tajski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tajski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thain_kieli" title="Thain kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thain kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai" title="Thai – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thai" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Tailandes" title="Wikang Tailandes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Tailandes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF)" title="தாய் (மொழி) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாய் (மொழி)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Тай теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тай теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BD%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%91%E1%82%86%E1%80%B8" title="ၽႃႇသႃႇထႆး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၽႃႇသႃႇထႆး" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="థాయ్ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="థాయ్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษาไทย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาไทย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Забони таиландӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони таиландӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayca" title="Tayca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tayca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тайська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тайська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تھائی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تھائی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%86%DB%95" title="تايلاندچە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تايلاندچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahdai" title="Vahdai – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vahdai" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailandan_kel%27" title="Tailandan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Tailandan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Th%C3%A1i" title="Tiếng Thái – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Thái" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="泰语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="泰语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A9" title="טיילאנדיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טיילאנדיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Th%C3%A1%C3%AD" title="Èdè Tháí – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Tháí" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E6%96%87" title="泰文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="泰文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="泰语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泰语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Thai" title="Jaku Thai – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Thai" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Thai" title="Basa Thai – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Thai" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%90_%E1%A5%97%E1%A5%AD%E1%A5%B0" title="ᥘᥤᥐ ᥗᥭᥰ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥘᥤᥐ ᥗᥭᥰ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9217#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language spoken by Thai people</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai languages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Central_Tai_languages" title="Central Tai languages">Central Tai languages</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lavender;">Thai</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lavender;">Central Thai, Siamese</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lavender;">ภาษาไทย, Phasa Thai</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_Language_(in_Thai).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Thai_Language_%28in_Thai%29.svg/200px-Thai_Language_%28in_Thai%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Thai_Language_%28in_Thai%29.svg/300px-Thai_Language_%28in_Thai%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Thai_Language_%28in_Thai%29.svg/400px-Thai_Language_%28in_Thai%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">"Phasa Thai" (literally meaning "Thai language") written in <a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai script</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[pʰāːsǎːtʰāj]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Thailand" title="Central Thailand">Central Thailand</a> and Thai Chinese enclaves throughout country)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Koh_Kong_District" title="Koh Kong District">Koh Kong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tanintharyi_Region" title="Tanintharyi Region">Tanintharyi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Central Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thai Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lao_Wiang" title="Lao Wiang">Lao Wiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phuan_people" title="Phuan people">Phuan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 27 million (2024)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 44 million (2024)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li>Total: 71 million (2024)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Tai_languages" title="Kam–Tai languages">Kam–Tai</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Thai</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Braille">Thai Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a> (religious use)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lavender;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Thailand" title="Royal Society of Thailand">Royal Society of Thailand</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lavender;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=th">th</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=445">tha</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tha" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tha">tha</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/thai1261">thai1261</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=47-AAA-b">47-AAA-b</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_tailand%C3%A9s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Idioma_tailand%C3%A9s.png/250px-Idioma_tailand%C3%A9s.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Idioma_tailand%C3%A9s.png 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="297" /></a><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Majority</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Minority</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/WIKITONGUES-_Dang_speaking_Thai.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Dang_speaking_Thai.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="151" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Dang_speaking_Thai.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Dang_speaking_Thai.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/WIKITONGUES-_Dang_speaking_Thai.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Dang_speaking_Thai.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/WIKITONGUES-_Dang_speaking_Thai.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Dang_speaking_Thai.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/WIKITONGUES-_Dang_speaking_Thai.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Dang_speaking_Thai.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/WIKITONGUES-_Dang_speaking_Thai.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/WIKITONGUES-_Dang_speaking_Thai.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Dang_speaking_Thai.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/WIKITONGUES-_Dang_speaking_Thai.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Dang_speaking_Thai.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/WIKITONGUES-_Dang_speaking_Thai.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Dang_speaking_Thai.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Dang_speaking_Thai.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Dang_speaking_Thai.webm&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Dang_speaking_Thai.webm&lang=tok&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tok" label="toki pona ‪(tok)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>A native Thai speaker, recorded in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></figcaption></figure> Thai,<a href="#cite_note-Explanation_1-4">[a]</a> or Central Thai<a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a> (historically Siamese;<a href="#cite_note-6">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-Explanation_2-7">[d]</a> Thai: ภาษาไทย), is a <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a> language of the <a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Central Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lao_Wiang" title="Lao Wiang">Lao Wiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phuan_people" title="Phuan people">Phuan</a> people in Central Thailand and the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thai Chinese</a> enclaves throughout the country. It is the sole <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[5]</a> Thai is the most spoken of over 60 <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Thailand" title="Languages of Thailand">languages of Thailand</a> by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary is derived from or borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[6]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Khmer" title="Old Khmer">Old Khmer</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic language</a>. Thai has a complex <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> and system of <a href="/wiki/Marker_(linguistics)" title="Marker (linguistics)">relational markers</a>. Spoken Thai, depending on standard <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistic</a> factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and the urban/rural divide, is partly <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan</a>, and some fellow <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Thai topolects</a>. These languages are written with slightly different scripts, but are linguistically similar and effectively form a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a> The Thai language is spoken by over 70 million people in Thailand as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-12">[8]</a> Moreover, most Thais in the northern (Lanna) and the northeastern (Isan) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects because Central Thai is the language of television, education, news reporting, and all forms of media.<a href="#cite_note-bangkok-13">[9]</a> A recent research found that the speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai language</a> (also known as Phasa Mueang or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak Standard Thai, so that they are now using mostly Central Thai words and only seasoning their speech with the "Kham Mueang" accent.<a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard Thai</a> is based on the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_register" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic register">register</a> of the educated classes by Central Thai and ethnic minorities in the area along <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Region">the ring surrounding the Metropolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a> In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai languages</a>. Although most linguists classify these dialects as related but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai".<a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a> As a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">dominant language</a> in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later widespread adoption as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> among the country's <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">minority ethnic groups</a> from the mid-late <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a> period onward.<a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a> Ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai peoples</a></div> Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a> and numerous smaller languages, which together with the Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai languages</a>. The Tai languages are a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai language family</a>, which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border. Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard is based on the dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the <a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai script</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22tooth%22_in_Kra-Dai_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%22tooth%22_in_Kra-Dai_languages.svg/500px-%22tooth%22_in_Kra-Dai_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="384" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%22tooth%22_in_Kra-Dai_languages.svg/960px-%22tooth%22_in_Kra-Dai_languages.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="1621" /></a><figcaption>Example of divergence among the Kra-Dai Languages</figcaption></figure> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai languages">Kra-Dai</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai languages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Kam-Sui_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kam-Sui languages">Kam-Sui languages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Kra_languages" title="Kra languages">Kra languages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Be_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Be language">Be language</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai languages</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages" title="Northern Tai languages">Northern Tai languages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Central_Tai_languages" title="Central Tai languages">Central Tai languages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern Tai languages</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Northwestern Tai languages </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Khamti_language" title="Khamti language">Khamti language</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lue language</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan language</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> others </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Chiang Saen languages </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai language</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Sukhothai language </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Thai language </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai language</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Lao‑Phuthai languages </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Tai_Yo_language" title="Tai Yo language">Tai Yo language</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" title="Phu Thai language">Phuthai language</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao language</a> (PDR Lao, <a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan language</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thai_language" title="Special:EditPage/Thai language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Thai has undergone various historical sound changes. Some of the most significant changes occurred during the evolution from Old Thai to modern Thai.<a href="#cite_note-Wilaiwan-20">[16]</a> The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, especially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern <a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">orthography</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_spread">Early spread</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early spread">edit</a>]</div> According to a Chinese source, during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yingya_Shenglan" title="Yingya Shenglan">Yingya Shenglan</a> (1405–1433), <a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a> reported on the language of the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayutthaya kingdom">Xiānluó</a> (暹羅) or Ayutthaya Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-21">[e]</a> saying that it somewhat resembled the local patois as pronounced in <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[17]</a>: 107  <a href="/wiki/Phra_Nakhon_Si_Ayutthaya_(city)" title="Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city)">Ayutthaya</a>, the old capital of Thailand from 1351 - 1767 A.D., was from the beginning a bilingual society, speaking Thai and <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>. Bilingualism must have been strengthened and maintained for some time by the great number of Khmer-speaking captives the Thais took from Angkor Thom after their victories in 1369, 1388 and 1431.<a href="#cite_note-23">[18]</a> Gradually toward the end of the period, a language shift took place. Khmer fell out of use. Both Thai and Khmer descendants whose great-grand parents or earlier ancestors were bilingual came to use only Thai. In the process of language shift, an abundance of Khmer elements were transferred into Thai and permeated all aspects of the language. Consequently, the Thai of the late Ayutthaya Period which later became Ratanakosin or Bangkok Thai, was a thorough mixture of Thai and Khmer. There were more Khmer words in use than Tai cognates. Khmer grammatical rules were used actively to coin new disyllabic and polysyllabic words and phrases. Khmer expressions, sayings, and proverbs were expressed in Thai through transference. Thais borrowed both the Royal vocabulary and rules to enlarge the vocabulary from Khmer.<a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a> The Thais later developed the royal vocabulary according to their immediate environment. Thai and Pali, the latter from Theravada Buddhism, were added to the vocabulary. An investigation of the Ayutthaya Rajasap reveals that three languages, Thai, Khmer and Khmero-Indic were at work closely both in formulaic expressions and in normal discourse. In fact, Khmero-Indic may be classified in the same category as Khmer because Indic had been adapted to the Khmer system first before the Thai borrowed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Thai">Old Thai</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Old Thai">edit</a>]</div> Old Thai had a three-way tone distinction on "live syllables" (those not ending in a stop), with no possible distinction on "dead syllables" (those ending in a stop, i.e. either /p/, /t/, /k/ or the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> that automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel). There was a two-way voiced vs. voiceless distinction among all <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a> consonants, and up to a four-way distinction among <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a>. The maximal four-way occurred in <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labials</a> (/p pʰ b ʔb/) and <a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">denti-alveolars</a> (/t tʰ d ʔd/); the three-way distinction among <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velars</a> (/k kʰ ɡ/) and <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatals</a> (/tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/), with the glottalized member of each set apparently missing. The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing distinction losses and the concomitant <a href="/wiki/Tone_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone split">tone split</a>. This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of the Thai-speaking area.<a href="#cite_note-Wilaiwan-20">[16]</a> All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction: <ul><li>Plain voiced stops (/b d ɡ dʑ/) became voiceless aspirated stops (/pʰ tʰ kʰ tɕʰ/).<a href="#cite_note-Explanation_4-25">[f]</a></li> <li>Voiced fricatives became voiceless.</li> <li>Voiceless sonorants became voiced.</li></ul> However, in the process of these mergers, the former distinction of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In essence, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiced consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiceless consonant (including glottalized stops). An additional complication is that formerly voiceless unaspirated stops/affricates (original /p t k tɕ ʔb ʔd/) also caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3. The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the complex relationship between spelling and sound in modern Thai. Modern "low"-class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and the terminology "low" reflects the lower tone variants that resulted. Modern "mid"-class consonants were voiceless unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern "high"-class consonants were the remaining voiceless consonants in Old Thai (voiceless fricatives, voiceless sonorants, voiceless aspirated stops). The three most common tone "marks" (the lack of any tone mark, as well as the two marks termed mai ek and mai tho) represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the complex relationship between tone mark and actual tone is due to the various tonal changes since then. Since the tone split, the tones have changed in actual representation to the point that the former relationship between lower and higher tonal variants has been completely obscured. Furthermore, the six tones that resulted after the three tones of Old Thai were split have since merged into five in standard Thai, with the lower variant of former tone 2 merging with the higher variant of former tone 3, becoming the modern "falling" tone.<a href="#cite_note-Explanation_5-26">[g]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_Thai_(Sukhothai)_consonant_inventory">Old Thai (Sukhothai) consonant inventory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Old Thai (Sukhothai) consonant inventory">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="3">(<a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-</a>) <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td colspan="2">[m̊] หม </td> <td colspan="2">[m] ม </td> <td colspan="2">[n̊] หน </td> <td colspan="2">[n] น, ณ </td> <td colspan="2">[ɲ̊] หญ </td> <td>[ɲ] ญ </td> <td colspan="2">[ŋ̊] หง </td> <td>[ŋ] ง </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td>[p] ป </td> <td>[pʰ] ผ </td> <td>[b] พ, ภ </td> <td>[ʔb] บ </td> <td>[t] ฏ, ต </td> <td>[tʰ] ฐ, ถ </td> <td>[d] ท, ธ </td> <td>[ʔd] ฎ, ด </td> <td>[tɕ] จ </td> <td>[tɕʰ] ฉ </td> <td>[dʑ] ช </td> <td>[k] ก </td> <td>[kʰ] ข </td> <td>[g] ค, ฆ </td> <td>[ʔ] อ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td colspan="2">[f] ฝ </td> <td colspan="2">[v] ฟ </td> <td colspan="2">[s] ศ, ษ, ส </td> <td colspan="5">[z ~ ʑ] ซ </td> <td colspan="2">[x] ฃ </td> <td>[ɣ] ฅ </td> <td>[h] ห </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="2">[r̊] หร </td> <td colspan="2">[r] ร </td> <td colspan="7"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2">[ẘ] หว </td> <td colspan="2">[w] ว </td> <td colspan="2">[l̥] หล </td> <td colspan="2">[l] ล </td> <td>[j̊] หย </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td>[j] ย </td> <td>[ʔj] อย </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_Sukhothai_pronunciation">Historical Sukhothai pronunciation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical Sukhothai pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letters </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Word in Sukhothai (in Modern Thai script) </th> <th>Pronunciation in IPA (excluding tone) </th> <th>Meaning and Definitions </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5">วรรค ก | Varga Kor </td></tr> <tr> <td>ก </td> <td>k </td> <td>เกิด </td> <td>kɤːt </td> <td>v. to be born </td></tr> <tr> <td>ข </td> <td>kʰ </td> <td>ของ </td> <td>kʰɔːŋ </td> <td>n. thing </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฃ </td> <td>x </td> <td>ฃึ้น (ขึ้น) </td> <td>xɯn </td> <td>v. to go up </td></tr> <tr> <td>ค </td> <td>g </td> <td>ครู </td> <td>gruː </td> <td>n. teacher </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฅ </td> <td>ɣ </td> <td>ฅวาม (ความ) </td> <td>ɣwaːm </td> <td>n. affair; matter; content </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฆ </td> <td>g </td> <td>ฆ่า </td> <td>gaː </td> <td>v. to kill </td></tr> <tr> <td>ง </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td>งก </td> <td>ŋok </td> <td>adj. greedy </td></tr> <tr> <td>หง </td> <td>ŋ̊ </td> <td>หงอก </td> <td>ŋ̊ɔːk </td> <td>v. to whiten (<a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5">วรรค จ | Varga Jor </td></tr> <tr> <td>จ </td> <td>tɕ </td> <td>ใจ </td> <td>tɕaɯ </td> <td>n. heart </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฉ </td> <td>tɕʰ </td> <td>ฉาย </td> <td>tɕʰaːj </td> <td>v. to shine (on something) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ช </td> <td>dʑ </td> <td>ชื่อ </td> <td>dʑɯː </td> <td>n. name </td></tr> <tr> <td>ซ </td> <td>z - ʑ </td> <td>ซ้ำ </td> <td>zam </td> <td>adv. repeatedly </td></tr> <tr> <td>ญ </td> <td>ɲ </td> <td>ญวน </td> <td>ɲuan </td> <td>n. <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (archaic) </td></tr> <tr> <td>หญ </td> <td>ɲ̊ </td> <td>หญิง </td> <td>ɲ̊iŋ </td> <td>n. woman </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5">วรรค รฏ | Varga Ra Tor </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฎ </td> <td>ʔd </td> <td>ฎีกา </td> <td>ʔdiː.kaː </td> <td>n. petition notice </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฏ </td> <td>t </td> <td>ฏาร </td> <td>taː.raʔ </td> <td>n. <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฐ </td> <td>tʰ </td> <td>ฐาน </td> <td>tʰaːn </td> <td>n. base, platform </td></tr> <tr> <td>ณ </td> <td>n </td> <td>เณร </td> <td>neːn </td> <td>n. novice monk </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5">วรรค ต | Varga Tor </td></tr> <tr> <td>ด </td> <td>ʔd </td> <td>ดาว </td> <td>ʔdaːw </td> <td>n. star </td></tr> <tr> <td>ต </td> <td>t </td> <td>ตา </td> <td>taː </td> <td>n. <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eye</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ถ </td> <td>tʰ </td> <td>ถอย </td> <td>tʰɔj </td> <td>v. to move back </td></tr> <tr> <td>ท </td> <td>d </td> <td>ทอง </td> <td>dɔːŋ </td> <td>n. <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ธ </td> <td>d </td> <td>ธุระ </td> <td>du.raʔ </td> <td>n. business; affairs; errands </td></tr> <tr> <td>น </td> <td>n </td> <td>น้ำ </td> <td>naːm </td> <td>n. <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>หน </td> <td>n̊ </td> <td>หนู </td> <td>n̊uː </td> <td>n. <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mouse</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5">วรรค ป | Varga Por </td></tr> <tr> <td>บ </td> <td>ʔb </td> <td>บ้าน </td> <td>ʔbaːn </td> <td>n. house </td></tr> <tr> <td>ป </td> <td>p </td> <td>ปลา </td> <td>plaː </td> <td>n. fish </td></tr> <tr> <td>ผ </td> <td>pʰ </td> <td>ผึ้ง </td> <td>pʰɯŋ </td> <td>n. <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bee</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฝ </td> <td>f </td> <td>ฝัน </td> <td>fan </td> <td>n. dream </td></tr> <tr> <td>พ </td> <td>b </td> <td>พ่อ </td> <td>bɔː </td> <td>n. father </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฟ </td> <td>v </td> <td>ฟัน </td> <td>van </td> <td>n. tooth </td></tr> <tr> <td>ภ </td> <td>b </td> <td>ภาษา </td> <td>baː.saː </td> <td>n. <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ม </td> <td>m </td> <td>แม่ </td> <td>mɛː </td> <td>n. mother </td></tr> <tr> <td>หม </td> <td>m̊ </td> <td>หมา </td> <td>m̊aː </td> <td>n. dog </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5">อวรรค | Avarga </td></tr> <tr> <td>อย </td> <td>ʔj </td> <td>อย่า </td> <td>ʔjaː </td> <td>adv. do not </td></tr> <tr> <td>ย </td> <td>j </td> <td>เย็น </td> <td>jen </td> <td>adj. cold </td></tr> <tr> <td>หย </td> <td>j̊ </td> <td>เหยียบ </td> <td>j̊iap </td> <td>v. to step on </td></tr> <tr> <td>ร </td> <td>r </td> <td>รัก </td> <td>rak </td> <td>v. to love </td></tr> <tr> <td>หร </td> <td>r̊ </td> <td>หรือ </td> <td>r̊ɯː </td> <td>conj. or </td></tr> <tr> <td>ล </td> <td>l </td> <td>ลม </td> <td>lom </td> <td>n. wind </td></tr> <tr> <td>หล </td> <td>l̥ </td> <td>หล่อ </td> <td>l̥ɔː </td> <td>adj. handsome </td></tr> <tr> <td>ว </td> <td>w </td> <td>วัน </td> <td>wan </td> <td>n. day </td></tr> <tr> <td>หว </td> <td>ẘ </td> <td>หวี </td> <td>ẘiː </td> <td>n. comb </td></tr> <tr> <td>ศ </td> <td>s </td> <td>ศาล </td> <td>saːn </td> <td>n. court of law </td></tr> <tr> <td>ษ </td> <td>s </td> <td>ฤๅษรี (ฤๅษี) </td> <td>rɯː.siː </td> <td>n. hermit </td></tr> <tr> <td>ส </td> <td>s </td> <td>สวย </td> <td>suaj </td> <td>adj. beautiful </td></tr> <tr> <td>อ </td> <td>ʔ </td> <td>อ้าย </td> <td>ʔaːj </td> <td>n. first born son </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Old_Thai">Early Old Thai</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early Old Thai">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Tai" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Tai">Proto-Tai</a></div> Early Old Thai also apparently had velar fricatives /x ɣ/ as distinct phonemes. These were represented by the now-obsolete letters ฃ kho khuat and ฅ kho khon, respectively. During the Old Thai period, these sounds merged into the corresponding stops /kʰ ɡ/, and as a result the use of these letters became unstable. At some point in the history of Thai, an alveolo-palatal nasal phoneme /ɲ/ also existed, inherited from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Tai" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Tai">Proto-Tai</a>. A letter ญ yo ying also exists, which is used to represent an alveolo-palatal nasal in words borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>, and is currently pronounced /j/ at the beginning of a syllable but /n/ at the end of a syllable. Most native Thai words that are reconstructed as beginning with /ɲ/ are also pronounced /j/ in modern Thai, but generally spelled with ย yo yak, which consistently represents /j/. This suggests that /ɲ/ > /j/ in native words occurred in the pre-literary period. It is unclear whether Sanskrit and Pali words beginning with /ɲ/ were borrowed directly with a /j/, or whether a /ɲ/ was re-introduced, followed by a second change /ɲ/ > /j/. The <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Thai">northeastern Thai</a> dialect <a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao language</a> still preserve the phoneme /ɲ/, which is represented in the <a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao script</a> by ຍ, such as in the word ຍຸງ (/ɲúŋ/, mosquito). This letter is distinct from the phoneme /j/ and its Lao letter ຢ, such as in the word ຢາ (/jàː/, medicine). The distinction in writing has been lost in the informal writing of the Isan language with the Thai script and both sounds are represented by ย /j/ (See: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Lao_and_Isan" title="Comparison of Lao and Isan">Comparison of Lao and Isan</a>). Proto-Tai also had a glottalized palatal sound, reconstructed as /ʔj/ in Li Fang-Kuei (1977[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]). Corresponding Thai words are generally spelled หย, which implies an Old Thai pronunciation of /hj/ (or /j̊/), but a few such words are spelled อย, which implies a pronunciation of /ʔj/ and suggests that the glottalization may have persisted through to the early literary period. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_developments">Vowel developments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowel developments">edit</a>]</div> The vowel system of modern Thai contains nine pure vowels and three centering diphthongs, each of which can occur short or long. According to Li (1977[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]), however, many Thai dialects have only one such short–long pair (/a aː/), and in general it is difficult or impossible to find minimal short–long pairs in Thai that involve vowels other than /a/ and where both members have frequent correspondences throughout the Tai languages. More specifically, he notes the following facts about Thai: <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Open_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Open syllable">open syllables</a>, only long vowels occur. (This assumes that all apparent cases of short open syllables are better described as ending in a glottal stop. This makes sense from the lack of tonal distinctions in such syllables, and the glottal stop is also reconstructible across the Tai languages.)</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Closed_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed syllable">closed syllables</a>, the long high vowels /iː ɯː uː/ are rare, and cases that do exist typically have diphthongs in other Tai languages.</li> <li>In closed syllables, both short and long mid /e eː o oː/ and low /ɛ ɛː ɔ ɔː/ do occur. However, generally, only words with short /e o/ and long /ɛː ɔː/ are reconstructible back to Proto-Tai.</li> <li>Both of the mid back unrounded vowels /ɤ ɤː/ are rare, and words with such sounds generally cannot be reconstructed back to Proto-Tai.</li></ul> Furthermore, the vowel that corresponds to short Thai /a/ has a different and often higher quality in many of the Tai languages compared with the vowel corresponding to Thai /aː/. This leads Li to posit the following: <ol><li>Proto-Tai had a system of nine pure vowels with no length distinction, and possessing approximately the same qualities as in modern Thai: high /i ɯ u/, mid /e ɤ o/, low /ɛ a ɔ/.</li> <li>All Proto-Tai vowels were lengthened in open syllables, and low vowels were also lengthened in closed syllables.</li> <li>Modern Thai largely preserved the original lengths and qualities, but lowered /ɤ/ to /a/, which became short /a/ in closed syllables and created a phonemic length distinction /a aː/. Eventually, length in all other vowels became phonemic as well and a new /ɤ/ (both short and long) was introduced, through a combination of borrowing and sound change. Li believes that the development of long /iː ɯː uː/ from diphthongs, and the lowering of /ɤ/ to /a/ to create a length distinction /a aː/, had occurred by the time of Proto-Southwestern-Tai, but the other missing modern Thai vowels had not yet developed.</li></ol> Not all researchers agree with Li. Pittayaporn (2009[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]), for example, reconstructs a similar system for Proto-Southwestern-Tai, but believes that there was also a mid back unrounded vowel /ə/ (which he describes as /ɤ/), occurring only before final velar /k ŋ/. He also seems to believe that the Proto-Southwestern-Tai vowel length distinctions can be reconstructed back to similar distinctions in Proto-Tai. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initials">Initials</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Initials">edit</a>]</div> Standard Thai distinguishes three <a href="/wiki/Voice-onset_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice-onset time">voice-onset times</a> among plosive and affricate consonants: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis</a> (unvoiced, unaspirated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></li></ul> Where English makes a distinction between voiced /b/ and unvoiced aspirated /pʰ/, Thai distinguishes a third sound – the unvoiced, unaspirated /p/ that occurs in English only as an allophone of /pʰ/, for example after an /s/ as in the sound of the p in "spin". There is similarly a laminal denti-alveolar[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] /d/, /t/, /tʰ/ triplet in Thai. In the velar series there is a /k/, /kʰ/ pair and in the postalveolar series a /tɕ/, /tɕʰ/ pair, without the corresponding voiced sounds /ɡ/ and /dʑ/. (In loanwords from English, English /ɡ/ and /d͡ʒ/ are borrowed as the tenuis stops /k/ and /tɕ/.) In each cell below, the first line indicates <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA), the second indicates the Thai characters in initial position (several letters appearing in the same box have identical pronunciation). The letter ห, one of the two h letters, is also used to help write certain tones (described below). <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th>(<a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-</a>) <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="background-color: #ccf">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/ ม </td> <td style="background-color: #cfc">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/ ณ, น </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color: #fcc">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/ ง </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a> </th> <td style="background-color: #ccf">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/ บ </td> <td style="background-color: #cfc">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a>/ ฎ, ด </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis</a> </th> <td style="background-color: #ccf">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/ ป </td> <td style="background-color: #cfc">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a>/ ฏ, ต </td> <td style="background-color: #fcf">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a>/ จ </td> <td style="background-color: #fcc">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/ ก </td> <td style="background-color: #ccc">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/ อ<a href="#cite_note-27">[h]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> </th> <td style="background-color: #ccf">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>/ ผ, พ, ภ </td> <td style="background-color: #cfc">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>/ ฐ, ฑ, ฒ, ถ, ท, ธ </td> <td style="background-color: #fcf">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tɕʰ</a>/ ฉ, ช, ฌ </td> <td style="background-color: #fcc">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>/ ข, ฃ, ค, ฅ, ฆ<a href="#cite_note-28">[i]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td style="background-color: #ccf">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/ ฝ, ฟ </td> <td style="background-color: #ffc">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ ซ, ศ, ษ, ส </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color: #ccc">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/ ห, ฮ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td style="background-color: #cff">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/ ว </td> <td style="background-color: #cff">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/ ล, ฬ </td> <td style="background-color: #cff">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/ ญ, ย </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td style="background-color: #cff">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/ ร </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finals">Finals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Finals">edit</a>]</div> Although the overall 44 Thai consonant letters provide 21 sounds in case of initials, the case for finals is different. For finals, only eight sounds, as well as no sound, called mātrā (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:มาตรา">มาตรา</a>) are used. To demonstrate, at the end of a syllable, บ (/b/) and ด (/d/) are devoiced, becoming pronounced as /p/ and /t/ respectively. Additionally, all plosive sounds are <a href="/wiki/Unreleased_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Unreleased stop">unreleased</a>. Hence, final /p/, /t/, and /k/ sounds are pronounced as [p̚], [t̚], and [k̚] respectively. Of the consonant letters, excluding the disused ฃ and ฅ, six (ฉ ผ ฝ ห อ ฮ) cannot be used as a final and the other 36 are grouped as following. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="background-color: #ccf">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/ ม </td> <td style="background-color: #cfc">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/ ญ, ณ, น, ร, ล, ฬ </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color: #fcc">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/ ง </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <td style="background-color: #ccf">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/ บ, ป, พ, ฟ, ภ </td> <td style="background-color: #cfc">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/ จ, ช, ซ, ฌ, ฎ, ฏ, ฐ, ฑ, ฒ, ด, ต, ถ, ท, ธ, ศ, ษ, ส </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color: #fcc">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/ ก, ข, ค, ฆ </td> <td style="background-color: #ccc">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/<a href="#cite_note-29">[j]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td style="background-color: #cff">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/ ว </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color: #cff">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/ ย </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clusters">Clusters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Clusters">edit</a>]</div> In Thai, each syllable in a word is articulated independently, so consonants from adjacent syllables (i.e. heterosyllabic) show no sign of articulation as a cluster. Thai has specific <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactical patterns</a> that describe its syllable structure, including tautosyllabic <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a>, and vowel sequences. In core Thai words (i.e. excluding loanwords), only clusters of two consonants occur, of which there are 11 combinations: <ul><li>/kr/ (กร), /kl/ (กล), /kw/ (กว)</li> <li>/kʰr/ (ขร, คร), /kʰl/ (ขล, คล), /kʰw/ (ขว, คว)</li> <li>/pr/ (ปร), /pl/ (ปล)</li> <li>/pʰr/ (พร), /pʰl/ (ผล, พล)</li> <li>/tr/ (ตร)</li></ul> The number of clusters increases in loanwords such as /tʰr/ (ทร) in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:อินทรา">อินทรา</a> (/ʔīn.tʰrāː/, from Sanskrit indrā) or /fr/ (ฟร) in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:ฟรี">ฟรี</a> (/frīː/, from English free); however, these usually only occur in initial position, with either /r/, /l/, or /w/ as the second consonant sound and not more than two sounds at a time. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> The vowel nuclei of the Thai language are given in the following table. The top entry in every cell is the symbol from the <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, the second entry gives the spelling in the <a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai script</a>, where a dash (–) indicates the position of the initial consonant after which the vowel is pronounced. A second dash indicates that a final consonant follows. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_vowel_chart_(monophthongs).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Thai_vowel_chart_%28monophthongs%29.svg/250px-Thai_vowel_chart_%28monophthongs%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Thai_vowel_chart_%28monophthongs%29.svg/375px-Thai_vowel_chart_%28monophthongs%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Thai_vowel_chart_%28monophthongs%29.svg/500px-Thai_vowel_chart_%28monophthongs%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Monophthongs of Thai. From <a href="#CITEREFTingsabadhAbramson1993">Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993</a>:25)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_vowel_chart_(diphthongs).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Thai_vowel_chart_%28diphthongs%29.png/250px-Thai_vowel_chart_%28diphthongs%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Thai_vowel_chart_%28diphthongs%29.png/375px-Thai_vowel_chart_%28diphthongs%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Thai_vowel_chart_%28diphthongs%29.png/500px-Thai_vowel_chart_%28diphthongs%29.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Diphthongs of Thai. From <a href="#CITEREFTingsabadhAbramson1993">Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993</a>:25)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th>short</th> <th>long</th> <th>short</th> <th>long</th> <th>short</th> <th>long </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/  -ิ  </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>/  -ี  </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a>/  -ึ  </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯː</a>/  -ื-  </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/  -ุ  </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>/  -ู  </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/ เ-ะ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>/ เ- </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a>/ เ-อะ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤː</a>/ เ-อ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/ โ-ะ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>/ โ- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ แ-ะ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>/ แ- </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a>/ -ะ, -ั- </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">aː</a>/ -า </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/ เ-าะ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>/ -อ </td></tr></tbody></table> Each vowel quality occurs in <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long-short pairs</a>: these are distinct <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> forming distinct words in Thai.<a href="#cite_note-30">[20]</a> The long-short pairs are as follows: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Long </th> <th colspan="5">Short </th></tr> <tr> <th>Thai </th> <th>IPA </th> <th colspan="3">Example </th> <th>Thai </th> <th>IPA </th> <th colspan="3">Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>–า</td> <td>/aː/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:ฝาน">ฝาน</a></td> <td>/fǎːn/</td> <td>'to slice' </td> <td>–ะ</td> <td>/a/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:ฝัน">ฝัน</a></td> <td>/fǎn/</td> <td>'to dream' </td></tr> <tr> <td>–ี</td> <td>/iː/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:กรีด">กรีด</a></td> <td>/krìːt/</td> <td>'to cut' </td> <td>–ิ</td> <td>/i/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:กริช">กริช</a></td> <td>/krìt/</td> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Kris" title="Kris">kris</a>' </td></tr> <tr> <td>–ู</td> <td>/uː/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:สูด">สูด</a></td> <td>/sùːt/</td> <td>'to inhale' </td> <td>–ุ</td> <td>/u/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:สุด">สุด</a></td> <td>/sùt/</td> <td>'rearmost' </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–</td> <td>/eː/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:เอน">เอน</a></td> <td>/ʔēːn/</td> <td>'to recline' </td> <td>เ–ะ</td> <td>/e/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:เอ็น">เอ็น</a></td> <td>/ʔēn/</td> <td>'tendon, ligament' </td></tr> <tr> <td>แ–</td> <td>/ɛː/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%89#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:แพ้">แพ้</a></td> <td>/pʰɛ́ː/</td> <td>'to be defeated' </td> <td>แ–ะ</td> <td>/ɛ/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B0#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:แพะ">แพะ</a></td> <td>/pʰɛ́ʔ/</td> <td>'goat' </td></tr> <tr> <td>–ื-</td> <td>/ɯː/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:คลื่น">คลื่น</a></td> <td>/kʰlɯ̂ːn/</td> <td>'wave' </td> <td>–ึ</td> <td>/ɯ/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:ขึ้น">ขึ้น</a></td> <td>/kʰɯ̂n/</td> <td>'to go up' </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–อ</td> <td>/ɤː/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:เดิน">เดิน</a></td> <td>/dɤ̄ːn/</td> <td>'to walk' </td> <td>เ–อะ</td> <td>/ɤ/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:เงิน">เงิน</a></td> <td>/ŋɤ̄n/</td> <td>'silver' </td></tr> <tr> <td>โ–</td> <td>/oː/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:โค่น">โค่น</a></td> <td>/kʰôːn/</td> <td>'to fell' </td> <td>โ–ะ</td> <td>/o/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:ข้น">ข้น</a></td> <td>/kʰôn/</td> <td>'thick (soup)' </td></tr> <tr> <td>–อ</td> <td>/ɔː/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:กลอง">กลอง</a></td> <td>/klɔ̄ːŋ/</td> <td>'drum' </td> <td>เ–าะ</td> <td>/ɔ/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:กล่อง">กล่อง</a></td> <td>/klɔ̀ŋ/</td> <td>'box' </td></tr></tbody></table> There are also opening and closing <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> in Thai, which <a href="#CITEREFTingsabadhAbramson1993">Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993)</a> analyze as /Vj/ and /Vw/. For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an asterisk are sometimes classified as long: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Long </th> <th colspan="2">Short </th></tr> <tr> <th>Thai script </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Thai script </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>–าย </td> <td>/aːj/ </td> <td>ไ–*, ใ–*, ไ–ย, -ัย </td> <td>/aj/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>–าว </td> <td>/aːw/ </td> <td>เ–า* </td> <td>/aw/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–ีย </td> <td>/ia/ </td> <td>เ–ียะ </td> <td>/iaʔ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>–ิว </td> <td>/iw/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>–ัว </td> <td>/ua/ </td> <td>–ัวะ </td> <td>/uaʔ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>–ูย </td> <td>/uːj/ </td> <td>–ุย </td> <td>/uj/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–ว </td> <td>/eːw/ </td> <td>เ–็ว </td> <td>/ew/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>แ–ว </td> <td>/ɛːw/ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–ือ </td> <td>/ɯa/ </td> <td>เ–ือะ </td> <td>/ɯaʔ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–ย </td> <td>/ɤːj/ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>–อย </td> <td>/ɔːj/ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>โ–ย </td> <td>/oːj/ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> Additionally, there are three <a href="/wiki/Triphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Triphthongs">triphthongs</a>. For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an asterisk are sometimes classified as long: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Thai script </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>เ–ียว* </td> <td>/iaw/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>–วย* </td> <td>/uaj/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–ือย* </td> <td>/ɯaj/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tones">Tones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tones">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:46px;max-width:46px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:52px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mid_tone_(Thai).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mid_tone_%28Thai%29.svg/44px-Mid_tone_%28Thai%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mid_tone_%28Thai%29.svg/66px-Mid_tone_%28Thai%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mid_tone_%28Thai%29.svg/88px-Mid_tone_%28Thai%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="200" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:46px;max-width:46px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:52px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Low_tone_(Thai).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Low_tone_%28Thai%29.svg/60px-Low_tone_%28Thai%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Low_tone_%28Thai%29.svg/120px-Low_tone_%28Thai%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="200" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:46px;max-width:46px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:52px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Falling_tone_(Thai).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Falling_tone_%28Thai%29.svg/60px-Falling_tone_%28Thai%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Falling_tone_%28Thai%29.svg/120px-Falling_tone_%28Thai%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="200" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:46px;max-width:46px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:52px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:High_tone_(Thai).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/High_tone_%28Thai%29.svg/60px-High_tone_%28Thai%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/High_tone_%28Thai%29.svg/120px-High_tone_%28Thai%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="200" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:46px;max-width:46px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:52px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Rising_tone_(Thai).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Rising_tone_%28Thai%29.svg/44px-Rising_tone_%28Thai%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Rising_tone_%28Thai%29.svg/66px-Rising_tone_%28Thai%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Rising_tone_%28Thai%29.svg/88px-Rising_tone_%28Thai%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="200" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The five phonemic tones of Standard Thai pronounced with the syllable '/naː/': <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Th-Thai_tones_marked_with_IPA_with_na.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Th-Thai_tones_marked_with_IPA_with_na.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Th-Thai_tones_marked_with_IPA_with_na.ogg/Th-Thai_tones_marked_with_IPA_with_na.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div></div></div> There are five phonemic <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a>: mid, low, falling, high, and rising, sometimes referred to in older reference works as rectus, gravis, circumflexus, altus, and demissus, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-31">[21]</a> The table shows an example of both the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> tones and their <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> realization, in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>. Moren & <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Zsiga" title="Elizabeth Zsiga">Zsiga</a> (2006)<a href="#cite_note-32">[22]</a> and Zsiga & Nitisaroj (2007)<a href="#cite_note-33">[23]</a> provide phonetic and phonological analyses of Thai tone realization. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_tones.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Thai_tones.svg/250px-Thai_tones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Thai_tones.svg/375px-Thai_tones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Thai_tones.svg/500px-Thai_tones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Thai language tone chart</figcaption></figure> Notes: <ol><li>Five-level tone value: Mid [33], Low [21], Falling [41], High [45], Rising [214]. Traditionally, the high tone was recorded as either [44] or [45]. This remains true for the older generation, but the high tone is changing to [334] among youngsters.<a href="#cite_note-34">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[25]</a></li> <li>For the diachronic changes of tone value, see Pittayaporn (2007).<a href="#cite_note-36">[26]</a></li> <li>The full complement of tones exists only in so-called "live syllables", those that end in a long vowel or a <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a> (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /j/, /w/).</li> <li>For "dead syllables", those that end in a plosive (/p/, /t/, /k/) or in a short vowel, only three tonal distinctions are possible: low, high, and falling. Because syllables analyzed as ending in a short vowel may have a final <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> (especially in slower speech), all "dead syllables" are phonetically <a href="/wiki/Checked_tone" title="Checked tone">checked</a>, and have the reduced tonal inventory characteristic of checked syllables.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unchecked_syllables">Unchecked syllables</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Unchecked syllables">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Tone </th> <th scope="col">Thai </th> <th scope="col">Example </th> <th scope="col">Phonemic </th> <th scope="col">Phonetic </th> <th scope="col">Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mid </td> <td>สามัญ </td> <td>คา </td> <td>/kʰāː/ </td> <td>[kʰäː˧] </td> <td>'stick' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Low </td> <td>เอก </td> <td>ข่า </td> <td>/kʰàː/ </td> <td>[kʰäː˨˩] or [kʰäː˩] </td> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">galangal</a>' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Falling </td> <td>โท </td> <td>ค่า </td> <td>/kʰâː/ </td> <td>[kʰäː˦˩] </td> <td>'value' </td></tr> <tr> <td>High </td> <td>ตรี </td> <td>ค้า </td> <td>/kʰáː/ </td> <td>[kʰäː˦˥] or [kʰäː˥] </td> <td>'to trade' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rising </td> <td>จัตวา </td> <td>ขา </td> <td>/kʰǎː/ </td> <td>[kʰäː˨˩˦] or [kʰäː˨˦] </td> <td>'leg' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Checked_syllables">Checked syllables</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Checked syllables">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Tone </th> <th scope="col">Thai </th> <th scope="col">Example </th> <th scope="col">Phonemic </th> <th scope="col">Phonetic </th> <th scope="col">Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td>Low (short vowel) </td> <td>เอก </td> <td>หมัก </td> <td>/màk/ </td> <td>[mäk̚˨˩] </td> <td>'marinate' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Low (long vowel) </td> <td>เอก </td> <td>หมาก </td> <td>/màːk/ </td> <td>[mäːk̚˨˩] </td> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">areca</a> nut, areca palm, <a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">betel</a>, fruit' </td></tr> <tr> <td>High </td> <td>ตรี </td> <td>มัก </td> <td>/mák/ </td> <td>[mäk̚˦˥] </td> <td>'habitually, likely to' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Falling </td> <td>โท </td> <td>มาก </td> <td>/mâːk/ </td> <td>[mäːk̚˦˩] </td> <td>'a lot, abundance, many' </td></tr></tbody></table> In some English <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, closed syllables with a long vowel ending in an obstruent sound have a high tone, and closed syllables with a short vowel ending in an obstruent sound have a falling tone. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Tone </th> <th scope="col">Thai </th> <th scope="col">Example </th> <th scope="col">Phonemic </th> <th scope="col">Phonetic </th> <th scope="col">Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td>High </td> <td>ตรี </td> <td>มาร์ก </td> <td>/máːk/ </td> <td>[mäːk̚˦˥] </td> <td>'Marc, Mark' </td></tr> <tr> <td>High </td> <td>ตรี </td> <td>ชาร์จ </td> <td>/tɕʰáːt/ </td> <td>[tɕʰäːt̚˦˥] </td> <td>'charge' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Falling </td> <td>โท </td> <td>เมกอัป </td> <td>/méːk.ʔâp/ </td> <td>[meːk̚˦˥.ʔäp̚˦˩] </td> <td>'make-up' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Falling </td> <td>โท </td> <td>แร็กเกต </td> <td>/rɛ́k.kêt/ </td> <td>[rɛk̚˦˥.ket̚˦˩] </td> <td>'racket' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> From the perspective of <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">linguistic typology</a>, Thai can be considered to be an <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic language</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a> is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[27]</a> although the subject is often <a href="/wiki/Pro-drop_language" title="Pro-drop language">omitted</a>. Additionally, Thai is an isolating language lacking any form of inflectional morphology whatsoever.<a href="#cite_note-:2-38">[28]</a> Thai pronouns are selected according to the gender and relative status of speaker and audience. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives_and_adverbs">Adjectives and adverbs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Adjectives and adverbs">edit</a>]</div> There is no morphological distinction between <a href="/wiki/Adverbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverbs">adverbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adjectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectives">adjectives</a>. Many words can be used in either function. They follow the word they modify, which may be a noun, verb, or another adjective or adverb. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">คนkhon/kʰōn</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">อ้วนuanʔûa̯n/</div>คน อ้วนkhon uan/kʰōn ʔûa̯n/'a fat person'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">คนkhon/kʰōn</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ที่thitʰîː</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">อ้วนuanʔûa̯n</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เร็วreorēw/</div>คน ที่ อ้วน เร็วkhon thi uan reo/kʰōn tʰîː ʔûa̯n rēw/'a person who becomes fat quickly'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Comparison_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison (grammar)">Comparatives</a> take the form "A X กว่า B" (kwa, /kwàː/), 'A is more X than B'. The <a href="/wiki/Superlative" class="mw-redirect" title="Superlative">superlative</a> is expressed as "A X ที่สุด" (thi sut, /tʰîː sùt/), 'A is most X'. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เขาkhao/kʰǎw</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">อ้วนuanʔûa̯n</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">กว่าkwakwàː</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ฉันchantɕʰǎn/</div>เขา อ้วน กว่า ฉันkhao uan kwa chan/kʰǎw ʔûa̯n kwàː tɕʰǎn/'S/he is fatter than me.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เขาkhao/kʰǎw</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">อ้วนuanʔûa̯n</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ที่สุดthi suttʰîː sùt/</div>เขา อ้วน ที่สุดkhao uan {thi sut}/kʰǎw ʔûa̯n tʰîː sùt/'S/he is the fattest (of all).'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> Adjectives in Thai can be used as <a href="/wiki/Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">complete predicates</a>. Because of this, many words used to indicate tense in verbs (see Verbs:Tense below) may be used to describe adjectives. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ฉันchan/tɕʰǎn</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">หิวhiohǐw/</div>ฉัน หิวchan hio/tɕʰǎn hǐw/'I am hungry.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ฉันchan/tɕʰǎn</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">จะchatɕàʔ</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">หิวhiohǐw/</div>ฉัน จะ หิวchan cha hio/tɕʰǎn tɕàʔ hǐw/'I will be hungry.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ฉันchan/tɕʰǎn</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">กำลังkamlangkām.lāŋ</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">หิวhiohǐw/</div>ฉัน กำลัง หิวchan kamlang hio/tɕʰǎn kām.lāŋ hǐw/'I am hungry right now.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ฉันchan/tɕʰǎn</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">หิวhiohǐw</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">แล้วlaeolɛ́ːw/</div>ฉัน หิว แล้วchan hio laeo/tɕʰǎn hǐw lɛ́ːw/'I am already hungry.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd><ul><li>Remark ฉันหิวแล้ว mostly means 'I am hungry right now' because normally, แล้ว (/lɛ́ːw/) marks the change of a state, but แล้ว has many other uses as well. For example, in the sentence, แล้วเธอจะไปไหน (/lɛ́ːw tʰɤ̄ː tɕàʔ pāj nǎj/): 'So where are you going?', แล้ว (/lɛ́ːw/) is used as a discourse particle.</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Verbs">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verbs</a> do not <a href="/wiki/Inflected_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflected language">inflect</a>. They do not change with person, tense, voice, mood, or number; nor are there any <a href="/wiki/Participles" class="mw-redirect" title="Participles">participles</a>. The language being analytic and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>-less, the relationship between subject, direct and indirect object is conveyed through word order and <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">Transitive</a> verbs follow the pattern subject-verb-object. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ฉันchan/tɕʰǎn<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ตีtitīːhit</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เขาkhaokʰǎw/<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></div>ฉัน ตี เขาchan ti khao/tɕʰǎn tīː kʰǎw/1SG hit 3SG'I hit him.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เขาkhao/kʰǎw<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ตีtitīːhit</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ฉันchantɕʰǎn/<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></div>เขา ตี ฉันkhao ti chan/kʰǎw tīː tɕʰǎn/3SG hit 1SG'S/He hit me.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> In order to convey <a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">tense, aspect and mood</a> (TAM), the Thai verbal system employs auxiliaries and <a href="/wiki/Serial_verb_construction" title="Serial verb construction">verb serialization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-39">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-38">[28]</a> TAM markers are however not obligatory and often left out in colloquial use. In such cases, the precise meaning is determined through context.<a href="#cite_note-:3-39">[29]</a> This results in sentences lacking both TAM markers and overt context being ambiguous and subject to various interpretations. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ฉันchan/tɕʰǎn</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">กินkinkīn</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ที่thitʰîː</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">นั่นnannân/</div>ฉัน กิน ที่ นั่นchan kin thi nan/tɕʰǎn kīn tʰîː nân/'I eat there.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ฉันchan/tɕʰǎn</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">กินkinkīn</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ที่thitʰîː</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">นั่นnannân</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เมื่อวานmueawanmɯ̂a̯.wāːn/</div>ฉัน กิน ที่ นั่น เมื่อวานchan kin thi nan mueawan/tɕʰǎn kīn tʰîː nân mɯ̂a̯.wāːn/'I ate there yesterday.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ฉันchan/tɕʰǎn</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">จะchatɕàʔ</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">กินkinkīn</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ที่thithîː</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">นั่นnannân</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">พรุ่งนี้phrungnipʰrûŋ.níː/</div>ฉัน จะ กิน ที่ นั่น พรุ่งนี้chan cha kin thi nan phrungni/tɕʰǎn tɕàʔ kīn thîː nân pʰrûŋ.níː/'I'll eat there tomorrow.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> The sentence chan kin thi nan can thus be interpreted as 'I am eating there', 'I eat there habitually', 'I will eat there' or 'I ate there'. Aspect markers in Thai have been divided into four distinct groups based on their usage.<a href="#cite_note-:3-39">[29]</a> These markers could appear either before or after the verb. The following list describes some of the most commonly used aspect markers. A number of these aspect markers are also full verbs on their own and carry a distinct meaning. For example yu (อยู่) as a full verb means 'to stay, to live or to remain at'. However, as an auxiliary it can be described as a temporary aspect or continuative marker.<a href="#cite_note-:3-39">[29]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">Imperfective</a> <ul><li>อยู่ yu /jùː/</li> <li>ไป pai /pāj/</li> <li>ยัง yang /jāŋ/</li> <li>กำลัง kamlang /kām.lāŋ/</li> <li>เคย khoey /kʰɤ̄ːj/</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">Perfective</a> <ul><li>ได้ dai /dâːj/</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect aspect">Perfect</a> <ul><li>แล้ว laeo /lɛ́ːw/</li> <li>มา ma /māː/</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospective_aspect" title="Prospective aspect">Prospective</a>/<a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a> <ul><li>จะ cha /tɕàʔ/</li></ul></li></ul> The imperfective aspect marker กำลัง (kamlang, /kām lāŋ/, currently) is used before the verb to denote an ongoing action (similar to the -ing suffix in English). Kamlang is commonly interpreted as a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive aspect">progressive</a> aspect marker.<a href="#cite_note-:4-40">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[31]</a> Similarly, อยู่ (yu, /jùː/) is a post-verbal aspect marker which corresponds to the continuative or temporary aspect.<a href="#cite_note-:3-39">[29]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เขาkhao/kʰǎw</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">กำลังkamlangkām.lāŋ</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">วิ่งwingwîŋ/</div>เขา กำลัง วิ่งkhao kamlang wing/kʰǎw kām.lāŋ wîŋ/<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เขาkhao/kʰǎw</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">วิ่งwingwîŋ</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">อยู่yujùː/</div>เขา วิ่ง อยู่khao wing yu/kʰǎw wîŋ jùː/<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เขาkhao/kʰǎw</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">กำลังkamlangkām.lāŋ</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">วิ่งwingwîŋ</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">อยู่yujùː/</div>เขา กำลัง วิ่ง อยู่khao kamlang wing yu/kʰǎw kām.lāŋ wîŋ jùː/'He is running.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> Comparably ยัง (yang, /jāŋ/, still) which is used in an incompleted action, and usually cognates in phrase with yu (อยู่) or any second marker in common use. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เขาkhao/kʰǎw</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ยังyangjāŋ</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เขียนkhiankʰǐa̯n</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">อยู่yujùː/</div>เขา ยัง เขียน อยู่khao yang khian yu/kʰǎw jāŋ kʰǐa̯n jùː/He is still writing.<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> The marker ได้ (dai, /dâːj/) is usually analyzed as a past tense marker when it occurs before the verb.<a href="#cite_note-:2-38">[28]</a> As a full verb, dai means 'to get or receive'. However, when used after a verb, dai takes on a meaning of potentiality or successful outcome of the main verb.<a href="#cite_note-:3-39">[29]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เขาkhao/kʰǎw</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ได้daidâːj</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ไปpaipāj</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เที่ยวthiaotʰîa̯w</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เมืองmueangmɯ̄aŋ</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ลาวlaolāːw/</div>เขา ได้ ไป เที่ยว เมือง ลาวkhao dai pai thiao mueang lao/kʰǎw dâːj pāj tʰîa̯w mɯ̄aŋ lāːw/He visited Laos. (Past/Perfective)<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เขาkhao/kʰǎw<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ตีtitīːhit</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ได้daidâːj/<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="potential mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POT</abbr></div>เขา ตี ได้khao ti dai/kʰǎw tīː dâːj/3SG hit POT'He is/was allowed to hit' or 'He is/was able to hit.' (Potentiality)<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> แล้ว (laeo, /lɛ́ːw/; 'already') is treated as a marker indicating the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a> aspect.<a href="#cite_note-:4-40">[30]</a> That is to say, laeo marks the event as being completed at the time of reference. Laeo has two other meanings in addition to its use as a TAM marker. Laeo can either be a conjunction for sequential actions or an archaic word for 'to finish'. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เขาkhao/kʰǎw<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ได้daidâːj<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">กินkinkīn/eat</div>เขา ได้ กินkhao dai kin/kʰǎw dâːj kīn/3SG PST eatHe ate.<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เขาkhao/kʰǎw<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">กินkinkīneat</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">แล้วlaeolɛ́ːw/<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRF</abbr></div>เขา กิน แล้วkhao kin laeo/kʰǎw kīn lɛ́ːw/3SG eat PRFHe has eaten.<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เขาkhao/kʰǎw<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ได้daidâːj<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">กินkinkīneat</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">แล้วlaeolɛ́ːw/<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRF</abbr></div>เขา ได้ กิน แล้วkhao dai kin laeo/kʰǎw dâːj kīn lɛ́ːw/3SG PST eat PRFHe's already eaten.<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a> can be indicated by จะ (cha, /tɕàʔ/; 'will') before the verb or by a time expression indicating the future. For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เขาkhao/kʰǎw<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">จะchatɕàʔ<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">วิ่งwingwîŋ/run</div>เขา จะ วิ่งkhao cha wing/kʰǎw tɕàʔ wîŋ/3SG FUT run'He will run' or 'He is going to run.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative marker</a> ให้ (hai, /hâj/; 'give') often used in a sentence as prepositional or double objects.<a href="#cite_note-42">[32]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เขาkhao/kʰǎw<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">อ่านanʔàːnread</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">หนังสือnangsuenǎŋ.sɯ̌ːbook</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ให้haihâj/<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DAT</abbr></div>เขา อ่าน หนังสือ ให้khao an {nangsue} hai/kʰǎw ʔàːn nǎŋ.sɯ̌ː hâj/3SG read book DAT'He reads book for (us).'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เขาkhao/kʰǎw<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ให้haihâj<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DAT</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">อ่านanʔàːnread</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">หนังสือnangsuenǎŋ.sɯ̌ː/book</div>เขา ให้ อ่าน หนังสือkhao hai an {nangsue}/kʰǎw hâj ʔàːn nǎŋ.sɯ̌ː/3SG DAT read book'He obligates (us) to read book.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เขาkhao/kʰǎw<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ให้haihâj<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DAT</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">หนังสือnangsuenǎŋ.sɯ̌ːbook</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">นักเรียนnak riannák ria̯n/student</div>เขา ให้ หนังสือ นักเรียนkhao hai {nangsue} {nak rian}/kʰǎw hâj nǎŋ.sɯ̌ː nák ria̯n/3SG DAT book student'He gives book to student.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a> is indicated by the insertion of ถูก (thuk, /tʰùːk/) before the verb. For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เขาkhao/kʰǎw<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ถูกthuktʰùːk<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="passive voice" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PASS</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ตีtitīː/hit</div>เขา ถูก ตีkhao thuk ti/kʰǎw tʰùːk tīː/3SG PASS hit'He got hit.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>This describes an action that is out of the receiver's control and, thus, conveys suffering.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Negation_(rhetoric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negation (rhetoric)">Negation</a> is indicated by placing ไม่ (mai, /mâj/; not) before the verb. <ul><li>เขาไม่ตี, (khao mai ti) 'He is not hitting' or 'He doesn't hit'.</li></ul> Thai exhibits <a href="/wiki/Serial_verb_construction" title="Serial verb construction">serial verb constructions</a>, where verbs are strung together. Some word combinations are common and may be considered set phrases. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เขาkhao/kʰǎwhe</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ไปpaipājgo</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">กินkinkīneat</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ข้าวkhaokʰâːw/rice</div>เขา ไป กิน ข้าวkhao pai kin khao/kʰǎw pāj kīn kʰâːw/he go eat rice'He went out to eat'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ฉันchan/tɕʰǎnI</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ฟังfangfāŋlisten</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ไม่maimâjnot</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เข้าใจkhao chaikʰâw tɕāj/understand</div>ฉัน ฟัง ไม่ เข้าใจchan fang mai {khao chai}/tɕʰǎn fāŋ mâj kʰâw tɕāj/I listen not understand'I don't understand what was said'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">เข้าkhao/kʰâwenter</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">มาmamāː/come</div>เข้า มาkhao ma/kʰâw māː/enter come'Come in'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ออกok/ʔɔ̀ːkexit</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ไป!paipāj/go</div>ออก ไป!ok pai/ʔɔ̀ːk pāj/exit go'Leave!' or 'Get out!'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nouns">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Nouns</a> are <a href="/wiki/Uninflected_word" title="Uninflected word">uninflected</a> and have no <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>; there are no <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a>. Thai nouns are <a href="/wiki/Bare_nouns" title="Bare nouns">bare nouns</a> and can be interpreted as singular, plural, definite or indefinite.<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[33]</a> Some specific nouns are <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplicated</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Collective_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective number">collectives</a>: เด็ก (dek, 'child') is often repeated as เด็ก ๆ (dek dek) to refer to a group of children. The word พวก (phuak, /pʰûa̯k/) may be used as a prefix of a noun or pronoun as a collective to pluralize or emphasise the following word. (พวกผม, phuak phom, /pʰûa̯k pʰǒm/, 'we', masculine; พวกเรา phuak rao, /pʰûa̯k rāw/, emphasised 'we'; พวกหมา phuak ma, '(the) dogs'). Plurals are expressed by adding <a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">classifiers</a>, used as <a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">measure words</a> (ลักษณนาม), in the form of noun-number-classifier: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ครูkhru/kʰrūːteacher</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ห้าhahâːfive</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">คนkhonkʰōn/person</div>ครู ห้า คนkhru ha khon/kʰrūː hâː kʰōn/teacher five person"five teachers"<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> While in English, such classifiers are usually absent ("four chairs") or optional ("two bottles of beer" or "two beers"), a classifier is almost always used in Thai (hence "chair four item" and "beer two bottle"). <a href="/wiki/Possessive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive case">Possession</a> in Thai is indicated by adding the word ของ (khong) in front of the <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a>, but it may often be omitted. For example: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ลูกluk/lûːkchild</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ของkhongkʰɔ̌ːŋbelonging to</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">แม่maemɛ̂ː/mother</div>ลูก ของ แม่luk khong mae/lûːk kʰɔ̌ːŋ mɛ̂ː/child {belonging to} mother"mother's child"<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">น้าna/nāːfield</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">อาaʔāː/uncle</div>น้า อาna a/nāː ʔāː/field uncle"uncle's field"<a href="#cite_note-44">[34]</a><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nominal_phrases">Nominal phrases</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nominal phrases">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">Nominal phrases</a> in Thai often use a special class of words <a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">classifiers</a>. As previously mentioned, these classifiers are obligatory for noun phrases containing numerals e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ผู้หญิงphuying/pʰûː.jǐŋwoman</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">สองsongsɔ̌ːŋtwo</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">คนkhonkʰōn/<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL</abbr></div>ผู้หญิง สอง คนphuying song khon/pʰûː.jǐŋ sɔ̌ːŋ kʰōn/woman two CLtwo women<a href="#cite_note-:1-45">[35]</a><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> Unlike any numeral, หนึ่ง ('one') can mark on both positions of classifier, but in different functions. The post-head one potentially marks a referent as <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite article">indefinite article</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533" /><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">แก้วkaew/kɛ̂ːwglass</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">หนึ่งneungnɯ̀ŋone</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ใบbaibāj/<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL</abbr></div>แก้ว หนึ่ง ใบkaew neung bai/kɛ̂ːw nɯ̀ŋ bāj/glass one CL"one glass" (quantificational)<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">แก้วkaew/kɛ̂ːwglass</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ใบbaibāj<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">หนึ่งneungnɯ̀ŋ/one</div>แก้ว ใบ หนึ่งkaew bai neung/kɛ̂ːw bāj nɯ̀ŋ/glass CL one"a glass" (referential)<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> In the previous example khon (คน) acts as the classifier in the nominal phrase. This follows the form of noun-cardinal-classifier mentioned above. Classifiers are also required to form quantified noun phrases in Thai with some quantifiers such as ทุก ('all'), บาง ('some'). The examples below are demonstrated using the classifier khon, which is used for people. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533" /><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">นักเรียนnak rian/nák rīa̯nstudent</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ทุกthuktʰúkevery</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">คนkhonkʰōn/<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL</abbr></div>{นักเรียน} ทุก คน{nak rian} thuk khon/nák rīa̯n tʰúk kʰōn/student every CL"every student"<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ครูkhru/kʰrūːteacher</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">บางbangbāːŋsome</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">คนkhonkʰōn/<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL</abbr></div>ครู บาง คนkhru bang khon/kʰrūː bāːŋ kʰōn/teacher some CL"some teacher"<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> However, classifiers are not utilized for negative quantification. Negative quantification is expressed by the pattern ไม่มี (mai mi, /mâj mīː/) + NOUN. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstratives">Demonstratives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Demonstratives">edit</a>]</div> Thai has three of its distinctions. Proximal นี่ (ni, /nîː/; 'this/these'), medial นั่น (nan, /nân/; 'that/those'), and distal โน่น (non, /nôːn/; 'that/those over there') which is rarely used. It also has different usage of distinguishing the demonstratives by changing tones. In which the pronoun itself used for นี่ (ni, /nîː/); while นี้ (ni, /níː) refers to be modifier placed after the noun, prepositions, classifiers, etc. For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">นี่ni/nîːthis-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRO</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">คือkheukʰɯ̄ːbe</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">โต๊ะtotóʔtable</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ใหม่maimàj/new</div>นี่ คือ โต๊ะ ใหม่ni kheu to mai/nîː kʰɯ̄ː tóʔ màj/this-PRO be table new"this is a new table"<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">วางwang/wāːŋput down</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ถ้วยthuaitʰûa̯jbowl</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">บนbonbōnon</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">นั้นnannán/that-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="preposition, prepositional case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PREP</abbr></div>วาง ถ้วย บน นั้นwang thuai bon nan/wāːŋ tʰûa̯j bōn nán/{put down} bowl on that-PREP"put a bowl on there"<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> Following the word ไหน (nai, /nǎj/) which plays role as interrogative determiner or pronoun. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533" /><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">แมวmaew/mɛ̄ːwcat</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ตัวtuatūa̯<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ไหนnainǎj/<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="intensifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INT</abbr></div>แมว ตัว ไหนmaew tua nai/mɛ̄ːw tūa̯ nǎj/cat CL INT"which cat?"<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">จอดjoat/t͡ɕɔ̀ːtpark</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ที่thitʰîː<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="preposition, prepositional case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PREP</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ไหนnainǎj/<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="intensifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INT</abbr></div>จอด ที่ ไหนjoat thi nai/t͡ɕɔ̀ːt tʰîː nǎj/park PREP INT"where to park?"<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">พักphak/pʰákrest</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ตอนtoantɔ̄ːnsince</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ไหนnainǎj/<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="intensifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INT</abbr></div>พัก ตอน ไหนphak toan nai/pʰák tɔ̄ːn nǎj/rest since INT"when to rest?"<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> The syntax for demonstrative phrases, however, differ from that of cardinals and follow the pattern noun-classifier-demonstrative. For example, the noun phrase "this dog" would be expressed in Thai as หมาตัวนี้ (literally 'dog (classifier) this').<a href="#cite_note-:1-45">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pronouns">edit</a>]</div> Subject <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> are <a href="/wiki/Pronoun_avoidance" title="Pronoun avoidance">often omitted</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">nicknames</a> used where English would use a pronoun. See <a href="/wiki/Thai_name#Nicknames" title="Thai name">Thai name#Nicknames</a> for more details. Pronouns, when used, are ranked in <a href="/wiki/Thai_honorifics" title="Thai honorifics">honorific registers</a>, and may also make a <a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction#Thai" title="T–V distinction">T–V distinction</a> in relation to <a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">kinship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>. Specialised pronouns are used for royalty, and for Buddhist monks. The following are appropriate for conversational use: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>ข้าพเจ้า </td> <td>khaphachao </td> <td>/kʰâː.pʰáʔ.tɕâːw/ </td> <td>I/me (very formal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>กระผม </td> <td>kraphom </td> <td>/kràʔ.pʰǒm/ </td> <td>I/me (masculine; formal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ผม </td> <td>phom </td> <td>/pʰǒm/ </td> <td>I/me (masculine; common) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ดิฉัน </td> <td>dichan </td> <td>/dìʔ.tɕʰǎn/ </td> <td>I/me (feminine; formal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฉัน </td> <td>chan </td> <td>/tɕʰǎn/ </td> <td>I/me (mainly used by women; common) Commonly pronounced as [tɕʰán] </td></tr> <tr> <td>ข้า </td> <td>kha </td> <td>/kʰâː/ </td> <td>I/me (from high-status to low-status or familiar; informal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>กู </td> <td>ku </td> <td>/kūː/ </td> <td>I/me (impolite/vulgar) </td></tr> <tr> <td>หนู </td> <td>nu </td> <td>/nǔː/ </td> <td>I/me (used by women when speaking to people much older than themselves; informal)<a href="#cite_note-46">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>เรา </td> <td>rao </td> <td>/rāw/ </td> <td>we/us (common), I/me (casual), you (sometimes used but only when older person speaks to younger person) </td></tr> <tr> <td>คุณ </td> <td>khun </td> <td>/kʰūn/ </td> <td>you (common) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ท่าน </td> <td>than </td> <td>/tʰâːn/ </td> <td>you (highly <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a>; formal) Commonly pronounced as [tʰân] </td></tr> <tr> <td>แก </td> <td>kae </td> <td>/kɛ̄ː/ </td> <td>you (familiar; informal)<a href="#cite_note-47">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>เอ็ง </td> <td>eng </td> <td>/ʔēŋ/ </td> <td>you (from high-status to low-status or familiar; informal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>เธอ </td> <td>thoe </td> <td>/tʰɤ̄ː/ </td> <td>you (informal), she/her (informal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>มึง </td> <td>mueng </td> <td>/mɯ̄ŋ/ </td> <td>you (impolite/vulgar) </td></tr> <tr> <td>พี่ </td> <td>phi </td> <td>/pʰîː/ </td> <td>older brother, sister (also used for older acquaintances; common) </td></tr> <tr> <td>น้อง </td> <td>nong </td> <td>/nɔ́ːŋ/ </td> <td>younger brother, sister (also used for younger acquaintances; common) </td></tr> <tr> <td>เขา </td> <td>khao </td> <td>/kʰǎw/ </td> <td>he/him (common), she/her (common) Commonly pronounced as [kʰáw] </td></tr> <tr> <td>มัน </td> <td>man </td> <td>/mān/ </td> <td>it, he/she (offensive if used to refer to a person) </td></tr> </tbody></table> The reflexive pronoun is ตัวเอง (tua eng), which can mean any of: myself, yourself, ourselves, himself, herself, themselves. This can be mixed with another pronoun to create an <a href="/wiki/Intensive_pronoun" title="Intensive pronoun">intensive pronoun</a>, such as ตัวผมเอง (tua phom eng, lit: I myself) or ตัวคุณเอง (tua khun eng, lit: you yourself). Thai also does not have a separate <a href="/wiki/Possessive_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive pronoun">possessive pronoun</a>. Instead, possession is indicated by the particle ของ (khong). For example, "my mother" is แม่ของผม (mae khong phom, lit: mother of I). This particle is often implicit, so the phrase is shortened to แม่ผม (mae phom). Plural pronouns can be easily constructed by adding the word พวก (phuak) in front of a singular pronoun as in พวกเขา (phuak khao) meaning 'they' or พวกเธอ (phuak thoe) meaning the plural sense of 'you'. The only exception to this is เรา (rao), which can be used as singular (informal) or plural, but can also be used in the form of พวกเรา (phuak rao), which is only plural. Thai has many more pronouns than those listed above. Their usage is full of nuances. For example: <ul><li>"ผม เรา ฉัน ดิฉัน หนู กู ข้า กระผม ข้าพเจ้า กระหม่อม อาตมา กัน ข้าน้อย ข้าพระพุทธเจ้า อั๊ว เขา" all translate to "I", but each expresses a different gender, age, politeness, status, or relationship between speaker and listener.</li> <li>เรา (rao) can be first person (I), second person (you), or both (we), depending on the context.</li> <li>Children or younger female could use or being referred by word หนู (nu) when talking with older person. The word หนู could be both feminine first person (I) and feminine second person (you) and also neuter first and neuter second person for children. <ul><li>หนู commonly means rat or mouse, though it also refers to small creatures in general.</li></ul></li> <li>The second person pronoun เธอ (thoe) (lit: you) is semi-feminine. It is used only when the speaker or the listener (or both) are female. Males usually do not address each other by this pronoun.</li> <li>Both คุณ (khun) and เธอ (thoe) are polite neuter second person pronouns. However, คุณเธอ (khun thoe) is a feminine derogative third person.</li> <li>Instead of a second person pronoun such as คุณ ('you'), it is much more common for unrelated strangers to call each other พี่ น้อง ลุง ป้า น้า อา ตา or ยาย (brother, sister, aunt, uncle, granny).</li> <li>To express deference, the second person pronoun is sometimes replaced by a profession, similar to how, in English, presiding judges are always addressed as "your honor" rather than "you". In Thai, students always address their teachers by ครู, คุณครู or อาจารย์ (each meaning 'teacher') rather than คุณ ('you'). Teachers, monks, and doctors are almost always addressed this way.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particles">Particles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Particles">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particles</a> are often untranslatable words added to the end of a sentence to indicate respect, a request, encouragement or other moods (similar to the use of <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a> in English), as well as varying the level of formality. They are not used in elegant (written) Thai. The most common particles indicating respect are ครับ (khrap, /kʰráp/, with a high tone) when the speaker is a man, and ค่ะ (kha, /kʰâʔ/, with a falling tone) when the speaker is a woman. Used in a question or a request, the particle ค่ะ (falling tone) is changed to a คะ (high tone). Other common particles are: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>จ้ะ, จ้า or จ๋า </td> <td>cha </td> <td>/tɕâʔ/, /tɕâː/ or /tɕǎː/ </td> <td>indicating emphasis. Used in a less formal context when speaking to friends or someone younger than yourself<a href="#cite_note-:5-48">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ละ or ล่ะ </td> <td>la </td> <td>/láʔ/ or /lâʔ/ </td> <td>indicating emphasis. </td></tr> <tr> <td>สิ or ซิ </td> <td>si </td> <td>/sìʔ/ or /síʔ/ </td> <td>indicating emphasis or an imperative. It can come across as ordering someone to do something<a href="#cite_note-:5-48">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>นะ or น่ะ </td> <td>na </td> <td>/náʔ/ or /nâʔ/ </td> <td>softening; indicating a request or making your sentence sound more friendly. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Register">Register</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Register">edit</a>]</div> Central Thai is composed of several distinct <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a>, forms for different social contexts: <ul><li>Street or Common Thai (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:ภาษาพูด">ภาษาพูด</a>, phasa phut, spoken Thai): informal, without polite terms of address, as used between close relatives and friends.</li> <li>Elegant or Formal Thai (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:ภาษาเขียน">ภาษาเขียน</a>, phasa khian, written Thai): official and written version, includes respectful terms of address; used in simplified form in newspapers.</li> <li>Rhetorical Thai: used for public speaking.</li> <li>Religious Thai: (heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pāli</a>) used when discussing Buddhism or addressing monks.</li> <li>Royal Thai (ราชาศัพท์, racha sap): influenced by <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>, this is used when addressing members of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Family_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Family of Thailand">royal family</a> or describing their activities. (See <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand#Rachasap" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Monarchy of Thailand § Rachasap</a>.)</li></ul> Most Thais can speak and understand all of these contexts. Street and Elegant Thai are the basis of all conversations.<a href="#cite_note-49">[39]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Rhetorical, religious, and royal Thai are taught in schools as part of the national curriculum. As noted above, Thai has several registers, each having certain usages, such as colloquial, formal, literary, and poetic. Thus, the word 'eat' can be กิน (kin; common), แดก (daek; vulgar), ยัด (yat; vulgar), บริโภค (boriphok; formal), รับประทาน (rapprathan; formal), ฉัน (chan; religious), or เสวย (sawoei; royal), as illustrated below: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>"to eat"</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Usage</th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td>กิน</td> <td>/kīn/</td> <td>common</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>แดก</td> <td>/dɛ̀ːk/</td> <td>vulgar</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ยัด</td> <td>/ját/</td> <td>vulgar</td> <td>Original meaning is 'to cram' </td></tr> <tr> <td>บริโภค</td> <td>/bɔ̄ː.ríʔ.pʰôːk/</td> <td>formal, literary</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>รับประทาน</td> <td>/ráp.pràʔ.tʰāːn/</td> <td>formal, polite</td> <td>Often shortened to ทาน /tʰāːn/. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฉัน</td> <td>/tɕʰǎn/</td> <td>religious</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>เสวย</td> <td>/sàʔ.wɤ̌ːj/</td> <td>royal</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Thailand also uses the distinctive <a href="/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a> in addition to the <a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Thai" title="List of loanwords in Thai">List of loanwords in Thai</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_language_idioms" title="List of Thai language idioms">List of Thai language idioms</a></div> Other than <a href="/wiki/Compound_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound word">compound words</a> and words of foreign origin, most words are <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">monosyllabic</a>. Chinese-language influence was strong until the 13th century when the use of Chinese characters was abandoned, and replaced by Sanskrit and Pali scripts. However, the vocabulary of Thai retains many words borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> was used as a prestige language in the early days of the Thai kingdoms which are believed to have been bilingual societies proficient in Thai and Khmer. There are over 2,500 Thai words derived from <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>, surpassing the number of <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a> cognates. These Khmer words span across all semantic fields. Thai scholar Uraisi Varasarin classified them into over 200 sub-categories. As a result, it is impossible for Thais, past and present, to engage in a conversation without incorporating Khmer loanwords in any given topic. The influence is particularly preponderant in regard to royal court terminology.<a href="#cite_note-Wilaiwan-20">[16]</a> Later, most vocabulary was borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pāli</a>; <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> terminology is particularly indebted to these. Indic words have a more formal register, and may be compared to Latin and <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_French_origin" title="List of English words of French origin">French borrowings in English</a>. Since the beginning of the 20th century, however, the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> has had the greatest influence, especially for scientific, technical, international, and other modern terms. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Origin</th> <th>Example</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Native Tai</a> </td> <td lang="th">ไฟ </td> <td>/fāj/ </td> <td>fire </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="th">น้ำ </td> <td>/náːm/ </td> <td>water </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="th">เมือง </td> <td>/mɯ̄aŋ/ </td> <td>town </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="th">รุ่งเรือง </td> <td>/rûŋ rɯ̄aŋ/ </td> <td>prosperous </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Indic sources: <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pāli</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> </td> <td lang="th">อัคนี (agni) </td> <td>/ʔàk.kʰáʔ.nīː/ </td> <td>fire </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="th">ชล (jala) </td> <td>/tɕʰōn/ </td> <td>water </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="th">ธานี (dhānī) </td> <td>/tʰāː.nīː/ </td> <td>town </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="th">วิโรจน์ (virocana) </td> <td>/wíʔ.rôːt/ </td> <td>prosperous </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic-origin">Arabic-origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Arabic-origin">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Arabic words</th> <th>Thai rendition</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td>الْقُرْآن (al-qurʾān) or قُرْآن (qurʾān) </td> <td>อัลกุรอาน or โกหร่าน </td> <td>/ʔān kùʔ.ráʔ.ʔāːn/ or /kōː.ràːn/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>رجم (<a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm">rajm</a>) </td> <td>ระยำ </td> <td>/ráʔ.jām/ </td> <td>bad, vile (vulgar) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese-origin">Chinese-origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Chinese-origin">edit</a>]</div> From <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Chinese language">Middle Chinese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew Chinese</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Chinese words </th> <th>Thai rendition</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%A4%85#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:交椅">交椅</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>: gao1 in2 </td> <td>เก้าอี้ </td> <td>/kâw.ʔîː/ </td> <td>chair </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BF%E6%A2%9D#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:粿條">粿條</a> / <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BF%E6%9D%A1#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:粿条">粿条</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Min Nan</a>: kóe-tiâu </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:ก๋วยเตี๋ยว">ก๋วยเตี๋ยว</a> </td> <td>/kǔaj.tǐaw/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rice_noodle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice noodle">rice noodle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A7%90#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:姐">姐</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>: chiá/ché Teochew: zê2/zia2 </td> <td>เจ้ or เจ๊ </td> <td>/tɕêː/ or /tɕéː/ </td> <td>older sister (used in Chinese community in Thailand) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:二">二</a> </td> <td>Hokkien: jī Teochew: ri6 </td> <td>ยี่ </td> <td>/jîː/ </td> <td>two (archaic, but still used in word ยี่สิบ /jîː sìp/; 'twenty') </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B1%86#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:豆">豆</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>: dəuH </td> <td>ถั่ว </td> <td>/tʰùa/ </td> <td>bean </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9B%8E#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:盎">盎</a> </td> <td>Middle Chinese: ʔɑŋX/ʔɑŋH </td> <td>อ่าง </td> <td>/ʔàːŋ/ </td> <td>basin </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%86%A0#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:膠">膠</a> </td> <td>Middle Chinese: kˠau </td> <td>กาว </td> <td>/kāːw/ </td> <td>glue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%AF%81#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:鯁">鯁</a> </td> <td>Middle Chinese: kˠæŋX </td> <td>ก้าง </td> <td>/kâːŋ/ </td> <td>fishbone </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9D%8E#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:坎">坎</a> </td> <td>Middle Chinese: kʰʌmX </td> <td>ขุม </td> <td>/kʰǔm/ </td> <td>pit </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A1%97#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:塗">塗</a> </td> <td>Middle Chinese: duo/ɖˠa </td> <td>ทา </td> <td>/tʰāː/ </td> <td>to smear </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%80%80#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:退">退</a> </td> <td>Middle Chinese: tʰuʌiH </td> <td>ถอย </td> <td>/tʰɔ̌j/ </td> <td>to step back </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English-origin">English-origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: English-origin">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English words</th> <th>Thai rendition</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Remark </th></tr> <tr> <td>apple </td> <td>แอปเปิล </td> <td>/ʔɛ́p.pɤ̂n/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bank </td> <td>แบงก์ </td> <td>/bɛ́ŋ/ </td> <td>means 'bank' or 'banknote' </td></tr> <tr> <td>bill </td> <td>บิล </td> <td>/bīn/ or /bīw/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cake </td> <td>เค้ก </td> <td>/kʰéːk/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>captain </td> <td>กัปตัน </td> <td>/kàp.tān/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cartoon </td> <td>การ์ตูน </td> <td>/kāː.tūːn/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>clinic </td> <td>คลินิก </td> <td>/kʰlíʔ.nìk/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>computer </td> <td>คอมพิวเตอร์ </td> <td>/kʰɔ̄m.pʰíw.tɤ̂ː/ </td> <td>colloquially shortened to คอม /kʰɔ̄m/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>corruption </td> <td>คอร์รัปชัน </td> <td>/kʰɔ̄ː.ráp.tɕʰân/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>countdown </td> <td>เคานต์ดาวน์ </td> <td>/kʰáw.dāːw/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dinosaur </td> <td>ไดโนเสาร์ </td> <td>/dāj.nōː.sǎw/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>duel </td> <td>ดวล </td> <td>/dūan/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>e-mail </td> <td>อีเมล </td> <td>/ʔīː mēːw/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fashion </td> <td>แฟชั่น </td> <td>/fɛ̄ː.tɕʰân/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>golf </td> <td>กอล์ฟ </td> <td>/kɔ́p/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>shampoo </td> <td>แชมพู </td> <td>/tɕʰɛ̄m.pʰūː/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>slip </td> <td>สลิป </td> <td>/sàʔ.líp/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>taxi </td> <td>แท็กซี่ </td> <td>/tʰɛ́k.sîː/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>technology </td> <td>เทคโนโลยี </td> <td>/tʰék.nōː.lōː.jīː, -jîː/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>valve </td> <td>วาล์ว </td> <td>/wāːw/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>visa </td> <td>วีซ่า </td> <td>/wīː.sâː/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>wreath </td> <td>(พวง)หรีด </td> <td>/rìːt/ </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French-origin">French-origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: French-origin">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>French words</th> <th>Thai rendition</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>English translation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/buffet#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:buffet">buffet</a> </td> <td>บุฟเฟต์ </td> <td>/búp.fêː/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caf%C3%A9#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:café">café</a> </td> <td>กาแฟ </td> <td>/kāː.fɛ̄ː/ </td> <td>coffee </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%88#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:คาเฟ่">คาเฟ่</a> </td> <td>/kʰāː.fêː/ </td> <td>coffee shop, restaurant serving alcoholic drinks and providing entertainment (dated) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caf%C3%A9ine#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:caféine">caféine</a> </td> <td>กาเฟอีน </td> <td>/kāː.fēː.ʔīːn/ </td> <td>caffeine </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chauffeur#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:chauffeur">chauffeur</a> </td> <td>โชเฟอร์ </td> <td>/tɕʰōː.fɤ̂ː/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/consul#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:consul">consul</a> </td> <td>กงสุล </td> <td>/kōŋ.sǔn/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coupon#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:coupon">coupon</a> </td> <td>คูปอง </td> <td>/kʰūː.pɔ̄ŋ/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/croissant#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:croissant">croissant</a> </td> <td>ครัวซ็อง </td> <td>/kʰrūa.sɔ̄ŋ/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gramme#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:gramme">gramme</a> </td> <td>กรัม </td> <td>/krām/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/litre#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:litre">litre</a> </td> <td>ลิตร </td> <td>/lít/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/m%C3%A8tre#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:mètre">mètre</a> </td> <td>เมตร </td> <td>/méːt/ </td> <td>metre </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parquet#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:parquet">parquet</a> </td> <td>ปาร์เกต์ </td> <td>/pāː.kêː/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%A9tanque#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:pétanque">pétanque</a> </td> <td>เปตอง </td> <td>/pēː.tɔ̄ːŋ/ </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese-origin">Japanese-origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Japanese-origin">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Japanese words</th> <th>Thai rendition</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B1#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:カラオケ">カラオケ</a> ([kaɾaoke]) </td> <td>คาราโอเกะ </td> <td>/kʰāː.rāː.ʔōː.kèʔ/ </td> <td>karaoke </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BF%8D%E8%80%85#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:忍者">忍者</a> ([ɲiꜜɲd͡ʑa]) </td> <td>นินจา </td> <td>/nīn.tɕāː/ </td> <td>ninja </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BF%E5%8F%B8#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:寿司">寿司</a> ([sɯɕiꜜ]) </td> <td>ซูชิ </td> <td>/sūː.tɕʰíʔ/ </td> <td>sushi </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khmer-origin">Khmer-origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Khmer-origin">edit</a>]</div> From <a href="/wiki/Old_Khmer" title="Old Khmer">Old Khmer</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Khmer words</th> <th>Thai rendition</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td>ក្រុង (/kroŋ/) </td> <td>กรุง </td> <td>/krūŋ/ </td> <td>capital city </td></tr> <tr> <td>ខ្ទើយ (/kʰtəːj/) </td> <td>กะเทย </td> <td>/kàʔ.tʰɤ̄ːj/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">kathoey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ខ្មួយ (/kʰmuəj/) </td> <td>ขโมย </td> <td>/kʰàʔ.mōːj/ </td> <td>to steal, thief </td></tr> <tr> <td>ច្រមុះ (/crɑː.moh/) </td> <td>จมูก </td> <td>/tɕàʔ.mùːk/ </td> <td>nose </td></tr> <tr> <td>ច្រើន (/craən/) </td> <td>เจริญ </td> <td>/tɕàʔ.rɤ̄ːn/ </td> <td>prosperous </td></tr> <tr> <td>ឆ្លាត or ឆ្លាស (/cʰlaːt/ or /cʰlaːh/) </td> <td>ฉลาด </td> <td>/tɕʰàʔ.làːt/ </td> <td>smart </td></tr> <tr> <td>ថ្នល់ (/tʰnɑl/) </td> <td>ถนน </td> <td>/tʰàʔ.nǒn/ </td> <td>road </td></tr> <tr> <td>ភ្លើង (/pʰləːŋ/) </td> <td>เพลิง </td> <td>/pʰlɤ̄ːŋ/ </td> <td>fire </td></tr> <tr> <td>ទន្លេ (/tɔn.leː/) </td> <td>ทะเล </td> <td>/tʰáʔ.lēː/ </td> <td>sea </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malay-origin">Malay-origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Malay-origin">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Malay words</th> <th>Thai rendition</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kelasi#Malay" class="extiw" title="wikt:kelasi">kelasi</a> </td> <td>กะลาสี </td> <td>/kàʔ.lāː.sǐː/ </td> <td>sailor, seaman </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sagu#Malay" class="extiw" title="wikt:sagu">sagu</a> </td> <td>สาคู </td> <td>/sǎː.kʰūː/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sago" title="Sago">sago</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/surau#Malay" class="extiw" title="wikt:surau">surau</a> </td> <td>สุเหร่า </td> <td>/sùʔ.ràw/ </td> <td>small mosque </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian-origin">Persian-origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Persian-origin">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Persian words</th> <th>Thai rendition</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:گلاب">گلاب‎</a> (golâb) </td> <td>กุหลาบ </td> <td>/kùʔ.làːp/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:کمربند">کمربند‎</a> (kamarband) </td> <td>ขาวม้า </td> <td>/kʰǎːw máː/ </td> <td>loincloth </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ترازو">ترازو</a> (tarâzu) </td> <td>ตราชู </td> <td>/trāː tɕʰūː/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Weighing_scale" title="Weighing scale">balance scale</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:سقرلات">سقرلات</a> (saqerlât) </td> <td>สักหลาด </td> <td>/sàk.kàʔ.làːt/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">felt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%AA#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:آلت">آلت</a> (âlat) </td> <td>อะไหล่ </td> <td>/ʔàʔ.làj/ </td> <td>spare part </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese-origin">Portuguese-origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Portuguese-origin">edit</a>]</div> The Portuguese were the first Western nation to arrive in what is modern-day Thailand in the 16th century during the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya period</a>. Their influence in trade, especially weaponry, allowed them to establish a community just outside the capital and practise their faith, as well as exposing and converting the locals to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Thus, Portuguese words involving trade and religion were introduced and used by the locals. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portuguese words</th> <th>Thai rendition</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carta#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:carta">carta</a> / <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cartaz#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:cartaz">cartaz</a> </td> <td>กระดาษ </td> <td>/kràʔ.dàːt/ </td> <td>paper </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gar%C3%A7a#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:garça">garça</a> </td> <td>(นก)กระสา </td> <td>/kràʔ.sǎː/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">heron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/leil%C3%A3o#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:leilão">leilão</a> </td> <td>เลหลัง </td> <td>/lēː.lǎŋ/ </td> <td>auction, low-priced </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/padre#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:padre">padre</a> </td> <td>บาท(หลวง) </td> <td>/bàːt.lǔaŋ/ </td> <td>(Christian) priest<a href="#cite_note-53">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%A3o#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:pão">pão</a> </td> <td>(ขนม)ปัง </td> <td>/pāŋ/ </td> <td>bread </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/real#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:real">real</a> </td> <td>เหรียญ </td> <td>/rǐan/ </td> <td>coin </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sab%C3%A3o#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:sabão">sabão</a> </td> <td>สบู่ </td> <td>/sàʔ.bùː/ </td> <td>soap </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tamil-origin">Tamil-origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Tamil-origin">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tamil words</th> <th>Thai rendition</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF#Tamil" class="extiw" title="wikt:கறி">கறி‎</a> (kaṟi) </td> <td>กะหรี่ </td> <td>/kàʔ.rìː/ </td> <td>curry, curry powder </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81#Tamil" class="extiw" title="wikt:கிராம்பு">கிராம்பு‎</a> (kirāmpu) </td> <td>กานพลู </td> <td>/kāːn.pʰlūː/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D#Tamil" class="extiw" title="wikt:நெய்">நெய்</a> (ney) </td> <td>เนย </td> <td>/nɤ̄ːj/ </td> <td>butter </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Writing system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thai_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai braille">Thai braille</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kingdom_of_Thailand.svg/220px-Kingdom_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kingdom_of_Thailand.svg/330px-Kingdom_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kingdom_of_Thailand.svg/440px-Kingdom_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="116" /></a><figcaption>"Kingdom of Thailand" in Thai script.</figcaption></figure> Thai is written in the <a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai script</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> written from left to right. The language and its script are closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">script</a>. Most literate Lao are able to read and understand Thai, as more than half of the Thai vocabulary, grammar, intonation, vowels and so forth are common with the Lao language. The Thais adopted and modified the Khmer script to create their own writing system. While in Thai the pronunciation can largely be inferred from the script, the orthography is complex, with silent letters to preserve original spellings and many letters representing the same sound. While the oldest known inscription in the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer language</a> dates from 611 CE, inscriptions in Thai writing began to appear around 1292 CE. Notable features include: <ol><li>It is an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> script, in which the <a href="/wiki/Implicit_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Implicit vowel">implicit vowel</a> is a short /a/ in a syllable without final <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> and a short /o/ in a syllable with final consonant.</li> <li>Tone markers, if present, are placed above the final <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset#Onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">onset</a> consonant of the syllable.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> sounding after an initial consonant can be located before, after, above or below the consonant, or in a combination of these positions.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transcription">Transcription</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Transcription">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Thai" title="Romanization of Thai">Romanization of Thai</a></div> There is no universally applied method for transcribing Thai into the Latin alphabet. For example, the name of the main airport is transcribed variably as Suvarnabhumi, Suwannaphum, or Suwunnapoom. Guide books, textbooks and dictionaries follow different systems. For this reason, many language courses recommend that learners master the Thai script.<a href="#cite_note-54">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[47]</a> Official standards are the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">Royal Thai General System of Transcription</a> (RTGS), published by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Institute of Thailand">Royal Institute of Thailand</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[48]</a> and the almost identical <a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">ISO 11940-2</a> defined by the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>. The RTGS system is increasingly used in Thailand by central and local governments, especially for road signs.<a href="#cite_note-59">[49]</a> Its main drawback is that it does not indicate tone or vowel length. As the system is based on pronunciation, not orthography, reconstruction of Thai spelling from RTGS romanisation is not possible. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transliteration">Transliteration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Transliteration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thai_transliteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai transliteration">Thai transliteration</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> published an international standard for the <a href="/wiki/Thai_transliteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai transliteration">transliteration of Thai</a> into Roman script in September 2005 (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">ISO 11940</a>).<a href="#cite_note-60">[50]</a> By adding diacritics to the Latin letters it makes the transcription reversible, making it a true <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a>. Notably, this system is used by <a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Google Translate</a>, although it does not seem to appear in many other contexts, such as textbooks and other instructional media. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_honorifics" title="Thai honorifics">Thai honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Thai literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_numerals" title="Thai numerals">Thai numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_typography" title="Thai typography">Thai typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Lao_and_Thai" title="Comparison of Lao and Thai">Comparison of Lao and Thai</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Explanation_1-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Explanation_1_4-0">^</a> In Thai: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:ภาษาไทย">ภาษาไทย</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">Phasa Thai</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> In Thai: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:ภาษาไทยกลาง">ภาษาไทยกลาง</a> Phasa Thai Klang; not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Central_Tai" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Tai">Central Tai</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> In Thai: ภาษาสยาม Phasa Sayam </li> <li id="cite_note-Explanation_2-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Explanation_2_7-0">^</a> Although "Thai" and "Central Thai" have become more common, the older term, "Siamese", is still used by linguists, especially when it is being distinguished from other <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai languages</a> (Diller 2008:6[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]). "Proto-Thai" is, for example, the ancestor of all of <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Tai">Southwestern Tai</a>, not just Siamese (Rischel 1998[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]). </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Xiānluó was the Chinese name for Ayutthaya, a kingdom created by the merger of <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai</a> or Suvarnabhumi. </li> <li id="cite_note-Explanation_4-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Explanation_4_25-0">^</a> The glottalized stops /ʔb ʔd/ were unaffected, as they were treated in every respect like voiceless unaspirated stops due to the initial glottal stop. These stops are often described in the modern language as phonemically plain stops /b d/, but the glottalization is still commonly heard. </li> <li id="cite_note-Explanation_5-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Explanation_5_26-0">^</a> Modern <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">northern Thai dialects</a> are often described as having six tones, but these are not necessarily due to preservation of the original six tones resulting from the tone split. For example, in standard Lao, both the high and low variants of Old Thai tone 2 merged; however, the mid-class variant of tone 1 became pronounced differently from either the high-class or low-class variants, and all three eventually became phonemic due to further changes, e.g. /kr/ > /kʰ/. For similar reasons, Lao has developed more than two tonal distinctions in "dead" syllables. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Initial อ is silent and therefore considered as a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> ฃ and ฅ are no longer used. Thus, modern Thai is said to have 42 consonant letters. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> The glottal plosive appears at the end when no final follows a short vowel </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tha">Thai language</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (28th ed., 2025) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nan">Thai language</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (28th ed., 2025) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tha">Thai language</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (28th ed., 2025) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDillerReynolds2002" class="citation book cs1">Diller, A.; Reynolds, Craig J. (2002). "What makes central Thai a national language?". In Reynolds (ed.). National identity and its defenders: Thailand today. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-7551-88-8" title="Special:BookSources/974-7551-88-8"><bdi>974-7551-88-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54373362">54373362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+makes+central+Thai+a+national+language%3F&rft.btitle=National+identity+and+its+defenders%3A+Thailand+today&rft.place=Chiang+Mai&rft.pub=Silkworm+Books&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54373362&rft.isbn=974-7551-88-8&rft.aulast=Diller&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Craig+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDraper2019" class="citation book cs1">Draper, John (2019). "Language education policy in Thailand". The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia. Abingdon, Oxfordshire; New York City: Routledge. pp. 229–242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315666235-16">10.4324/9781315666235-16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-66623-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-66623-5"><bdi>978-1-315-66623-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159127015">159127015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+education+policy+in+Thailand&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+International+Handbook+of+Language+Education+Policy+in+Asia&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxfordshire%3B+New+York+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E242&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159127015%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315666235-16&rft.isbn=978-1-315-66623-5&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaker2014" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Christopher (2014). A history of Thailand. Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-00733-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-00733-4"><bdi>978-1-316-00733-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Thailand&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Australia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-316-00733-4&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnfield" class="citation journal cs1">Enfield, N. J. "How to define 'Lao', 'Thai', and 'Isan' language? A view from linguistic science". Tai Culture. 3 (1): 62–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tai+Culture&rft.atitle=How+to+define+%27Lao%27%2C+%27Thai%27%2C+and+%27Isan%27+language%3F+A+view+from+linguistic+science&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.aulast=Enfield&rft.aufirst=N.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tha">Thai language</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (28th ed., 2025) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-bangkok-13"><a href="#cite_ref-bangkok_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeansiri_Vongvipanond1994" class="citation web cs1">Peansiri Vongvipanond (Summer 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120062746/http://thaiarc.tu.ac.th/thai/peansiri.htm">"Linguistic Perspectives of Thai Culture"</a>. paper presented to a workshop of teachers of social science. University of New Orleans. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thaiarc.tu.ac.th/thai/peansiri.htm">the original</a> on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2011. <q>The dialect one hears on radio and television is the Bangkok dialect, considered the standard dialect.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=paper+presented+to+a+workshop+of+teachers+of+social+science&rft.atitle=Linguistic+Perspectives+of+Thai+Culture&rft.ssn=summer&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Peansiri+Vongvipanond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthaiarc.tu.ac.th%2Fthai%2Fpeansiri.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKemasingkiPrateepkoh2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kemasingki, Pim; Prateepkoh, Pariyakorn (1 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chiangmaicitylife.com/citylife-articles/rip-kham-mueang-the-slow-death-of-a-language/">"Kham Mueang: the slow death of a language"</a>. Chiang Mai City Life: 8. <q>there are still many people speaking kham mueang, but as an accent, not as a language. Because we now share the written language with Bangkok, we are beginning to use its vocabulary as well</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chiang+Mai+City+Life&rft.atitle=Kham+Mueang%3A+the+slow+death+of+a+language&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2017-08-01&rft.aulast=Kemasingki&rft.aufirst=Pim&rft.au=Prateepkoh%2C+Pariyakorn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chiangmaicitylife.com%2Fcitylife-articles%2Frip-kham-mueang-the-slow-death-of-a-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2007" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Andrew (2007). Language and national identity in Asia. Oxford University Press. <q>Standard Thai is a form of Central Thai based on the variety of Thai spoken earlier by the elite of the court, and now by the educated middle and upper classes of Bangkok. It ... was standardized in grammar books in the nineteenth century, and spread dramatically from the 1930s onwards, when public education became much more widespread</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+national+identity+in+Asia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThepboriruk2010" class="citation journal cs1">Thepboriruk, Kanjana (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxzZWFsc2pvdXJuYWx8Z3g6NDljZWJlMjUzMGE0NGYyMw">"Bangkok Thai tones revisited"</a>. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society. 3 (1). 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Harvard University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-267-10767-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-267-10767-1"><bdi>978-1-267-10767-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118127511">118127511</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/915016895">915016895</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503175806/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~jenks/Research_files/Jenks_2011.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Hidden+Structure+of+Thai+Noun+Phrases&rft.inst=Harvard+University&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118127511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-1-267-10767-1&rft.aulast=Jenks&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistics.berkeley.edu%2F~jenks%2FResearch_files%2FJenks_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051111090104/http://www.thailanguage.org/thai/grammar.asp">"Thailanguage.org"</a>. Archived from the original on 11 November 2005. Retrieved 18 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thailanguage.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thailanguage.org%2Fthai%2Fgrammar.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmyth2014" class="citation book cs1">Smyth, David (2014). Thai (2nd ed.). Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-97457-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-97457-4"><bdi>978-1-317-97457-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/879025983">879025983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thai&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F879025983&rft.isbn=978-1-317-97457-4&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learnthaiinsingapore.com/the-many-different-ways-to-say-i-in-thai/">"The Many Different Ways To Say "I""</a>. Beginner Thai Speaking. 28 September 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beginner+Thai+Speaking&rft.atitle=The+Many+Different+Ways+To+Say+%22I%22&rft.date=2021-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearnthaiinsingapore.com%2Fthe-many-different-ways-to-say-i-in-thai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoanne_Tan" class="citation web cs1">Joanne Tan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learnthaiinsingapore.com/how-to-say-you-in-thai-language/">"How to say You in Thai Language"</a>. Learn Thai in Singapore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Learn+Thai+in+Singapore&rft.atitle=How+to+say+You+in+Thai+Language&rft.au=Joanne+Tan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearnthaiinsingapore.com%2Fhow-to-say-you-in-thai-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learnthaiinsingapore.com/what-do-krub-and-ka-mean-in-thai/">"What Do 'krub' And 'ka' Mean In Thai Language & When To Use"</a>. 5 October 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Do+%27krub%27+And+%27ka%27+Mean+In+Thai+Language+%26+When+To+Use&rft.date=2021-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearnthaiinsingapore.com%2Fwhat-do-krub-and-ka-mean-in-thai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studycountry.com/guide/TH-language.htm">"The Languages spoken in Thailand"</a>. Studycountry. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Studycountry&rft.atitle=The+Languages+spoken+in+Thailand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studycountry.com%2Fguide%2FTH-language.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaspelmathTadmor2009" class="citation book cs1">Haspelmath, Martin; Tadmor, Uri (2009). Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. p. 611. <q>Thai is of special interest to lexical borrowing for various reasons. The copious borrowing of basic vocabulary from Middle Chinese and later from Khmer indicates that, given the right sociolinguistic context, such vocabulary is not at all immune</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loanwords+in+the+World%27s+Languages%3A+A+Comparative+Handbook&rft.pages=611&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Haspelmath&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Tadmor%2C+Uri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaarmann1986" class="citation book cs1">Haarmann, Harald (1986). Language in Ethnicity: A View of Basic Ecological Relations. p. 165. <q>In Thailand, for instance, where the Chinese influence was strong until the Middle Ages, Chinese characters were abandoned in written Thai in the course of the thirteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+Ethnicity%3A+A+View+of+Basic+Ecological+Relations&rft.pages=165&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Haarmann&rft.aufirst=Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeppert1992" class="citation book cs1">Leppert, Paul A. (1992). Doing Business With Thailand. p. 13. <q>At an early time the Thais used Chinese characters. But, under the influence of Indian traders and monks, they soon dropped Chinese characters in favor of Sanskrit and Pali scripts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doing+Business+With+Thailand&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Leppert&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siamportuguesestudy.blogspot.com/2010/06/blog-post_05.html">"S̄yām-portukes̄ ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā: Khả reīyk "chā kāfæ" khır lxk khır thịy h̄rụ̄x portukes̄" <bdi lang="th">สยาม-โปรตุเกสศึกษา: คำเรียก "ชา กาแฟ" ใครลอกใคร ไทย หรือ โปรตุเกส</bdi></a> [Siam-Portuguese Studies: The term 'tea, coffee'. Who copied someone, Thai or Portuguese?]. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%CC%84y%C4%81m-portukes%CC%84+%E1%B9%A3%CC%84%E1%BB%A5ks%CC%84%CA%B9%C4%81%3A+Kh%E1%BA%A3+re%C4%AByk+%22ch%C4%81+k%C4%81f%C3%A6%22+kh%C4%B1r+lxk+kh%C4%B1r+th%E1%BB%8By+h%CC%84r%E1%BB%A5%CC%84x+portukes%CC%84+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1-%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%3A+%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81+%22%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%22+%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3+%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD+%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiamportuguesestudy.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F06%2Fblog-post_05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPronk2013" class="citation book cs1">Pronk, Marco (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ctZBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR5">The Essential Thai Language Companion: Reference Book: Basics, Structures, Rules</a>. Schwabe AG. p. v. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9523664-9-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9523664-9-3"><bdi>978-3-9523664-9-3</bdi></a>. <q>learn the Thai alphabet as early as possible, and get rid of romanized transcriptions as soon as you can</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Thai+Language+Companion%3A+Reference+Book%3A+Basics%2C+Structures%2C+Rules&rft.pages=v&rft.pub=Schwabe+AG&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-9523664-9-3&rft.aulast=Pronk&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DctZBDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJuyaso2015" class="citation book cs1">Juyaso, Arthit (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r6dcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR12">Read Thai in 10 Days</a>. Bingo-Lingo. p. xii. <q>There have been attempts by Thai language schools to create a perfect phonetic system for learners, but none have been successful so far. ... Only Thai script is prevalent and consistent in Thailand.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Read+Thai+in+10+Days&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Bingo-Lingo&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Juyaso&rft.aufirst=Arthit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr6dcEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaites2014" class="citation book cs1">Waites, Dan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gh0dAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT186">"Learning the Language: To Write or Not to Write"</a>. CultureShock! Bangkok. Marshall Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4516-93-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4516-93-8"><bdi>978-981-4516-93-8</bdi></a>. <q>you're far better off learning the Thai alphabet</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Learning+the+Language%3A+To+Write+or+Not+to+Write&rft.btitle=CultureShock%21+Bangkok&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-981-4516-93-8&rft.aulast=Waites&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgh0dAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooper2019" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Robert (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o7SaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT209">"Learning Thai: Writing Thai in English"</a>. CultureShock! Thailand: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette. Marshall Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4841-39-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4841-39-9"><bdi>978-981-4841-39-9</bdi></a>. <q>take a bit of time to learn the letters. The time you spend is saved many times over when you begin to really learn Thai.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Learning+Thai%3A+Writing+Thai+in+English&rft.btitle=CultureShock%21+Thailand%3A+A+Survival+Guide+to+Customs+and+Etiquette&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-981-4841-39-9&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do7SaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royin.go.th/">Royal Thai General System of Transcription</a>, published by the Thai Royal Institute only in Thai </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ooh5.go.th/book/CA/CA01.pdf">Handbook and standard for traffic signs</a> (PDF) (in Thai), Appendix ง, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115222340/http://www.ooh5.go.th/book/CA/CA01.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+and+standard+for+traffic+signs&rft.pages=Appendix+%E0%B8%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ooh5.go.th%2Fbook%2FCA%2FCA01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=29544">ISO 11940 Standard</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: General and cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>อภิลักษณ์ ธรรมทวีธิกุล และ กัลยารัตน์ ฐิติกานต์นารา. 2549. การเน้นพยางค์กับทำนองเสียงภาษาไทย (Stress and Intonation in Thai) วารสารภาษาและภาษาศาสตร์ ปีที่ 24 ฉบับที่ 2 (มกราคม – มิถุนายน 2549) หน้า 59–76. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0857-1406">0857-1406</a>.</li> <li>สัทวิทยา : การวิเคราะห์ระบบเสียงในภาษา. 2547. กรุงเทพฯ : สำนักพิมพ์มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-537-499-7" title="Special:BookSources/974-537-499-7">974-537-499-7</a>.</li> <li>Diller, Anthony van Nostrand, et al. 2008. The Tai–Kadai Languages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-070-071-457-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-070-071-457-5">978-070-071-457-5</a>.</li> <li>Gandour, Jack, Tumtavitikul, Apiluck and Satthamnuwong, Nakarin. 1999. Effects of Speaking Rate on the Thai Tones. Phonetica 56, pp. 123–134.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fang-Kuei" title="Li Fang-Kuei">Li, Fang-Kuei</a>. A handbook of comparative Tai. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1977. Print.</li> <li>Rischel, Jørgen. 1998. 'Structural and Functional Aspects of Tone Split in Thai'. In Sound structure in language, 2009.</li> <li>Tumtavitikul, Apiluck, 1998. The Metrical Structure of Thai in a Non-Linear Perspective. Papers presented to the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 1994, pp. 53–71. Udom Warotamasikkhadit and Thanyarat Panakul, eds. Temple, Arizona: Program for Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona State University.</li> <li>Apiluck Tumtavitikul. 1997. The Reflection on the X′ category in Thai. <a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer_Studies" title="Mon-Khmer Studies">Mon-Khmer Studies</a> XXVII, pp. 307–316.</li> <li>อภิลักษณ์ ธรรมทวีธิกุล. 2539. ข้อคิดเกี่ยวกับหน่วยวากยสัมพันธ์ในภาษาไทย วารสารมนุษยศาสตร์วิชาการ. 4.57–66. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0859-3485">0859-3485</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2673-0502">2673-0502</a>.</li> <li>Tumtavitikul, Appi. 1995. Tonal Movements in Thai. The Proceedings of the XIIIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Vol. I, pp. 188–121. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University.</li> <li>Tumtavitikul, Apiluck. 1994. Thai Contour Tones. Current Issues in Sino-Tibetan Linguistics, pp. 869–875. Hajime Kitamura et al., eds, Ozaka: The Organization Committee of the 26th Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, National Museum of Ethnology.</li> <li>Tumtavitikul, Apiluck. 1993. FO – Induced VOT Variants in Thai. Journal of Languages and Linguistics, 12.1.34 – 56.</li> <li>Tumtavitikul, Apiluck. 1993. Perhaps, the Tones are in the Consonants? <a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer_Studies" title="Mon-Khmer Studies">Mon-Khmer Studies</a> XXIII, pp. 11–41.</li> <li>Higbie, James and Thinsan, Snea. Thai Reference Grammar: The Structure of Spoken Thai. Bangkok: Orchid Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-8304-96-5" title="Special:BookSources/974-8304-96-5">974-8304-96-5</a>.</li> <li>Nacaskul, Karnchana (ศาสตราจารย์กิตติคุณ ดร.กาญจนา นาคสกุล) Thai Phonology, 4th printing. (ระบบเสียงภาษาไทย, พิมพ์ครั้งที่ 4) Bangkok: Chulalongkorn Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-639-375-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-639-375-1">978-974-639-375-1</a>.</li> <li>Nanthana Ronnakiat (ดร.นันทนา รณเกียรติ) Phonetics in Principle and Practical. (สัทศาสตร์ภาคทฤษฎีและภาคปฏิบัติ) Bangkok: Thammasat University, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-571-929-3" title="Special:BookSources/974-571-929-3">974-571-929-3</a>.</li> <li>Segaller, Denis. Thai Without Tears: A Guide to Simple Thai Speaking. Bangkok: BMD Book Mags, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-87115-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/974-87115-2-8">974-87115-2-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Smyth" title="David A. Smyth">Smyth, David</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129015343/https://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Ped_Grammar/thai_grammar.pdf">Thai: An Essential Grammar</a>, first edition. London: Routledge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Smyth" title="David A. Smyth">Smyth, David</a> (2014). Thai: An Essential Grammar, second edition. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-041-551-034-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-041-551-034-9">978-041-551-034-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTingsabadhAbramson1993" class="citation cs2">Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur (1993), "Thai", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (1): 24–28, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004746">10.1017/S0025100300004746</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249403146">249403146</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Thai&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300004746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249403146%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tingsabadh&rft.aufirst=M.R.+Kalaya&rft.au=Abramson%2C+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Inglis, Douglas. 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7152881/Lexical_conceptual_structure_of_numeral_classifiers_in_Thai-Part_1">Lexical conceptual structure of numeral classifiers in Thai-Part 1</a>. Payap Research and Development Institute and The Summer Institute of Linguistics. Payap University.</li> <li>Inglis, Douglas. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7152883/Grammatical_conceptual_structure_of_numeral_classifiers_in_Thai-Part_2">Grammatical conceptual structure of numeral classifiers in Thai-Part 2</a>. Payap Research and Development Institute and The Summer Institute of Linguistics. Payap University.</li> <li>Inglis, Douglas. 2003. Conceptual structure of numeral classifiers in Thai. In Eugene E. Casad and Gary B. Palmer (eds.). Cognitive linguistics and non-Indo-European languages. CLR Series 18. De Gruyter Mouton. 223–246. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-311-017-371-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-311-017-371-0">978-311-017-371-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>. (June 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="th:"> Thai edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thai_proverbs" class="extiw" title="q:Thai proverbs">Thai proverbs</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Thai_phrasebook#Q9217" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Thai phrasebook">Thai</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/thai.htm">IPA and SAMPA for Thai</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10106/6079">Consonant Ear Training Tape</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10106/9760">Tones of Tai Dialect</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Glossaries and word lists</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Thai_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Thai phrasebook">Thai phrasebook</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Thai_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Thai Swadesh list">Thai Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Dictionaries</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english-thai-dictionary.com/">English–Thai Dictionary</a>: English–Thai bilingual online dictionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royin.go.th/dictionary/index.php">The Royal Institute Dictionary</a>, official standard Thai–Thai dictionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thai-language.com/dict/">Thai-English dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thai2english.com/">Thai2english.com</a>: LEXiTRON-based Thai–English dictionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cymraeg.ru/daoulagad.html">Daoulagad Thai</a>: mobile OCR Thai–English dictionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thaidictproject.wixsite.com/website/">Thai dictionaries for Stardict/GoldenDict</a> – Thai – English (also French, German, Italian, Russian, Chinese and others) dictionaries in Stardict and GoldenDict formats</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belisan-volubilis.blogspot.com/">Volubilis Dictionary</a> VOLUBILIS (Romanized Thai – Thai – English – French): free databases (ods/xlsx) and dictionaries (PDF) – Thai transcription system.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Learners' resources</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thai-language.com/">thai-language.com</a> English speakers' online resource for the Thai language</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipl.org/div/hello/thai.html">Say Hello in the Thai Language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thai-notes.com/FSITLC">FSI Thai language course</a> (Formerly at thailanguagewiki.com)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717055101/http://www.seasite.niu.edu:85/thai/spokenthai/">Spoken Thai</a> (30 exercises with audio)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Thailand" title="Prehistoric Thailand">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Thailand" title="Peopling of Thailand">Peopling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Thailand" title="Early history of Thailand">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_states_of_Thailand" title="Initial states of Thailand">Initial states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Rattanakosin era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">1932–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="History of Thailand (1973–2001)">1973–2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_since_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thailand since 2001">since 2001</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_Thailand" title="Category:Archaeology of Thailand">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Thailand">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Thailand">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Thailand" title="Military history of Thailand">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Thailand" title="Geography of Thailand">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_addressing_system" title="Thai addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Thailand" title="Template:Borders of Thailand">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Thailand" title="List of municipalities in Thailand">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Thailand">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Thailand" title="List of earthquakes in Thailand">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Thailand" title="List of ecoregions in Thailand">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Thailand" title="Floods in Thailand">Floods in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Thailand" title="Environmental issues in Thailand">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Thailand" title="List of islands of Thailand">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Thailand" title="List of mountains in Thailand">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Thailand">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Thailand" title="Regions of Thailand">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_systems_of_Thailand" title="River systems of Thailand">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Thailand" title="List of volcanoes in Thailand">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_native_to_Thailand" title="List of species native to Thailand">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Thailand" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Thailand">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" title="Politics of Thailand">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Thailand" title="Administrative divisions of Thailand">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand" title="Cabinet of Thailand">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Thailand" title="Elections in Thailand">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Thailand" title="Election Commission of Thailand">Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Thailand" title="Foreign relations of Thailand">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Thailand" title="Government of Thailand">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Thailand" title="Human rights in Thailand">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Thailand">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thai_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Thai intelligence agencies">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Thailand" title="Judiciary of Thailand">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Thailand" title="Law of Thailand">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Localism in Thailand">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministries_of_Thailand" title="List of government ministries of Thailand">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Thailand">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Army" title="Royal Thai Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy" title="Royal Thai Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Thailand">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)" title="House of Representatives (Thailand)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" title="Senate of Thailand">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Police" title="Royal Thai Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Thailand" title="List of political parties in Thailand">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Thailand" title="Agriculture in Thailand">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Baht (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Thailand" title="List of banks in Thailand">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" title="Bank of Thailand">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand" title="Automotive industry in Thailand">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Thailand" title="Energy in Thailand">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Thailand" title="Nuclear power in Thailand">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand" title="Renewable energy in Thailand">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Thailand">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_economic_zones#Thailand" title="List of special economic zones">Special economic zones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Economic_Corridor" title="Eastern Economic Corridor">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Western_Economic_Corridor" title="Central–Western Economic Corridor">CWEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Economic_Corridor" title="Northern Economic Corridor">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Economic_Corridor" title="Northeastern Economic Corridor">NEEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Economic_Corridor" title="Southern Economic Corridor">SEC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and technology in Thailand">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Thai inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_units_of_measurement" title="Thai units of measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_medicine" title="Traditional Thai medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand" title="Stock Exchange of Thailand">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Thailand" title="Telecommunications in Thailand">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thailand" title="Tourism in Thailand">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Thailand" title="Transport in Thailand">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Thailand" title="List of airports in Thailand">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highways_in_Thailand" title="Controlled-access highways in Thailand">Controlled-access highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Thailand" title="Rail transport in Thailand">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Thailand" title="Category:Society of Thailand">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Thailand" title="Abortion in Thailand">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Thailand" title="Crime in Thailand">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Thailand" title="Corruption in Thailand">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèse majesté in Thailand">Lèse majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Thailand" title="Prostitution in Thailand">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Thailand" title="Sex trafficking in Thailand">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand" title="Demographics of Thailand">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Thailand" title="List of universities and colleges in Thailand">Universities and colleges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Thailand" title="Gambling in Thailand">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Thailand" title="Health in Thailand">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Thailand" title="HIV/AIDS in Thailand">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Thailand" title="Squatting in Thailand">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Thailand" title="Waste management in Thailand">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Thailand">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" title="Culture of Thailand">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_animation" title="Thai animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Thailand" title="Architecture of Thailand">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Comics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_wine" title="Thai wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_television_soap_opera" title="Thai television soap opera">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Etiquette in Thailand">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Asia#Thailand" title="List of festivals in Asia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_poetry" title="Thai poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts#Thailand" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Thailand">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Thai musical instruments">Traditional musical instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Thailand" title="Public holidays in Thailand">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Thailand" title="Sport in Thailand">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Thailand" title="National symbols of Thailand">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fighting_fish" title="Siamese fighting fish">Aquatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fireback" title="Siamese fireback">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga#Thailand" title="Nāga">Mythological creature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_National_Anthem" title="Thai National Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sala Thai">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Devadhiraj" title="Siam Devadhiraj">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Thailand" title="Emblem of Thailand">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Thailand" title="Flag of Thailand">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Flower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Thailand" title="Time in Thailand">Time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Solar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_traditional_games" title="Thai traditional games">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Thailand" title="Video games in Thailand">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thailand" title="Category:Thailand">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Thailand" title="Portal:Thailand">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Languages_of_Thailand324" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Thailand" title="Template:Languages of Thailand"><abbr title="View this 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href="/wiki/Languages_of_Thailand" title="Languages of Thailand">Languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Other Thais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lao–Phutai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chiang Saen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_L%C3%BC_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Lü language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuan_language" title="Phuan language">Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Song_language" title="Thai Song language">Thai Song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sukhothai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_N%C3%BCa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Nüa language">Tai Nüa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">Minority</a> by languages groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bru_language" title="Bru language">Bru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chong_language" title="Chong language">Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27och_language" title="Sa'och language">Chung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khmer_dialect" title="Northern Khmer dialect">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Khmer_dialect" title="Western Khmer dialect">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuy_language" title="Kuy language">Kuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlabri_language" title="Mlabri language">Mlabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyah_Kur_language" title="Nyah Kur language">Nyah Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Ten'edn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavung_language" title="Thavung language">Thavung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan languages">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Malay" title="Bangkok Malay">Bangkok Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattani_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Malay">Pattani Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satun_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Satun Malay">Satun Malay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moken_language" title="Moken language">Moken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklen_language" title="Moklen language">Moklen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urak_Lawoi%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urak Lawoi’ language">Urak Lawoi’</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Iu Mien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pwo_language" title="Eastern Pwo language">Eastern Pwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese languages">Sinitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Hokchew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Nuosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpi_language" title="Mpi language">Mpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pwo_language" title="Northern Pwo language">Northern Pwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrae_Pwo_language" title="Phrae Pwo language">Phrae Pwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Karen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Karen language">Red Karen (Eastern Kayah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_language" title="S'gaw Karen language">S'gaw Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugong language">Ugong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Immigrant language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern Mandarin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Khor_Sign_Language" title="Ban Khor Sign Language">Ban Khor Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kra–Dai_languages417" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Template:Kra–Dai languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Template talk:Kra–Dai languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kra–Dai languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kra–Dai_languages417" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra_languages" title="Kra languages">Kra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laha_language" title="Laha language">Laha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachi_language" title="Lachi language">Lachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paha_language" title="Paha language">Paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyang_language" title="Buyang language">Buyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_language" title="En language">En</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_language" title="Qabiao language">Qabiao</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gelao25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gelao_languages" title="Gelao languages">Gelao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vandu_language" title="Vandu language">Vandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%27ou_language" title="A'ou language">A'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulao_language_(Kra)" title="Mulao language (Kra)">Mulao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagei_language" title="Hagei language">Hagei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telue_language" title="Telue language">Telue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qau_language" title="Qau language">Qau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Sui_languages" title="Kam–Sui languages">Kam–Sui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mulam_language" title="Mulam language">Mulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a> (Dong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Miao_language" title="Cao Miao language">Cao Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuoxi_language" title="Nuoxi language">Nuoxi</a> (Naxi Yao)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Then_language" title="Then language">Then</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maonan_language" title="Maonan language">Maonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadong_language" title="Chadong language">Chadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_language" title="Sui language">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_language" title="Mak language">Mak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Cham_language" title="Ai-Cham language">Ai-Cham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biao_language" title="Biao language">Biao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biao_language" title="Biao language">Biao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lakkia_language" title="Lakkia language">Lakkia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakkia_language" title="Lakkia language">Lakkia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouhin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouhin language">Bouhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha_Em_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha Em language">Ha Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauhut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauhut language">Lauhut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongzha language">Tongzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zandui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zandui language">Zandui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoting_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baoting language">Baoting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cun_language" title="Cun language">Cun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadou_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadou language">Nadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changjiang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Changjiang language">Changjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyfaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moyfaw language">Moyfaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baisha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baisha language">Baisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanmen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuanmen language">Yuanmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Be_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Be language">Be</a>–<a href="/wiki/Jizhao_language" title="Jizhao language">Jizhao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Be_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Be language">Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizhao_language" title="Jizhao language">Jizhao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang</a>, etc.)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages" title="Northern Tai languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Standard Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezhang_Buyi_language" title="Hezhang Buyi language">Hezhang Buyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_Zhuang_language" title="Yei Zhuang language">Yei Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longsang_Zhuang_language" title="Longsang Zhuang language">Longsang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saek_language" title="Saek language">Saek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Yo_language" title="Tai Yo language">Tai Yo</a> (Nyaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoy_language" title="Yoy language">Yoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Pao_language" title="Tai Pao language">Tai Pao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Tai_languages" title="Central Tai languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhuang_language" title="Nong Zhuang language">Nong Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhuang_language" title="Dai Zhuang language">Dai Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Zhuang_language" title="Min Zhuang language">Min Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhuang_language" title="Yang Zhuang language">Yang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyang_Zhuang_language" title="Pyang Zhuang language">Pyang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myang_Zhuang_language" title="Myang Zhuang language">Myang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_language_(Tai)" title="Nùng language (Tai)">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_language" title="Tày language">Tày</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ts%CA%BB%C3%BCn-Lao_language" title="Tsʻün-Lao language">Tsʻün-Lao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern</a> (Thai)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nuea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Long_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Long language">Tai Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Hongjin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Hongjin language">Tai Hongjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_language" title="Khamti language">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Laing_language" title="Tai Laing language">Tai Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phake_language" title="Phake language">Phake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiton_language" title="Aiton language">Aiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamyang_language" title="Khamyang language">Khamyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_language" title="Ahom language">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turung_language" title="Turung language">Turung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lao–Phutai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Yo_language" title="Tai Yo language">Tai Yo</a> (Nyaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Nyo_language" title="Lao Nyo language">Lao Nyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaloeng_language" title="Kaloeng language">Kaloeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chiang Saen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thai</a> (Siamese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Daeng_language" title="Tai Daeng language">Tai Daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Meuay_language" title="Tai Meuay language">Tai Meuay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_language" title="Tai Dón language">Tai Dón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Hang_Tong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Hang Tong language">Tai Hang Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_language" title="Yong language">Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuan_language" title="Phuan language">Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Song_language" title="Thai Song language">Thai Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_Tac_language" title="Tày Tac language">Tày Tac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">(other)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapa_language" title="Sapa language">Sapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Di_language" title="Pa Di language">Pa Di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Muong_Vat_language" title="Tai Muong Vat language">Tai Muong Vat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Thanh_language" title="Tai Thanh language">Tai Thanh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tay_Khang_language" title="Tay Khang language">Tai Khang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuan_language_(Laos)" title="Kuan language (Laos)">Kuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Lan_language" title="Cao Lan language">Cao Lan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(<a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed origins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezhang_Buyi_language" title="Hezhang Buyi language">Hezhang Buyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Lan_language" title="Cao Lan language">Cao Lan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Tai_languages" title="Kam–Tai languages">Kam–Tai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Kra%E2%80%93Dai_language" title="Proto-Kra–Dai language">Proto-Kra–Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Kra_language" title="Proto-Kra language">Proto-Kra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tai_language" title="Proto-Tai language">Proto-Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Kam%E2%80%93Sui_language" title="Proto-Kam–Sui language">Proto-Kam–Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hlai_language" title="Proto-Hlai language">Proto-Hlai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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