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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Locations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_blocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_blocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Building blocks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_blocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Road building </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Water supply </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waste_water_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waste_water_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Waste water treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waste_water_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Ores </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bauxite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bauxite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.1 Bauxite </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bauxite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.2 Iron </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nickel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nickel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.3 Nickel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nickel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Laterite</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" > 56 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateriet" title="Lateriet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lateriet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="لاتيريت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاتيريت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterit" title="Laterit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Laterit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Латэрыт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Латэрыт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterita" title="Laterita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Laterita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterit" title="Laterit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Laterit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%9Bru%C5%8B" title="Tɛruŋ – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Tɛruŋ" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterit" title="Laterit – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Laterit" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterit" title="Laterit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Laterit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateriit" title="Lateriit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lateriit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterita" title="Laterita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laterita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterito" title="Laterito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laterito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterita" title="Laterita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laterita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="لاتریت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاتریت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A9rite" title="Latérite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Latérite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laiteir%C3%ADt" title="Laiteirít – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Laiteirít" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%85%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="라테라이트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라테라이트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF" title="Լատերիտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լատերիտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE" title="लैटेराइट मृदा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लैटेराइट मृदा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterizacija" title="Laterizacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Laterizacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterit" title="Laterit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laterit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later%C3%ADt" title="Laterít – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Laterít" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Laterite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98" title="לטריט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לטריט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ಮುರಕಲ್ಲು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮುರಕಲ್ಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ლატერიტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლატერიტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Латерит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Латерит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterit" title="Laterit – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Laterit" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Латерит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Латерит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterit" title="Laterit – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Laterit" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tany_mena" title="Tany mena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tany mena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D" title="ചെങ്കല്ല് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെങ്കല്ല്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE" title="जांभा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जांभा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B6%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဂဝံကျောက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂဝံကျောက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateriet" title="Lateriet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lateriet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" title="ラテライト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラテライト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateritt" title="Lateritt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lateritt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateritt" title="Lateritt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lateritt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterita" title="Laterita – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Laterita" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterit" title="Laterit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Laterit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%98" title="ថ្មបាយក្រៀម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ថ្មបាយក្រៀម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateryt" title="Lateryt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lateryt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterita" title="Laterita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laterita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Латерит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Латерит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterit" title="Laterit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Laterit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterit" title="Laterit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Laterit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latosoli" title="Latosoli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Latosoli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterit" title="Laterit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Laterit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="செம்புரைக்கல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செம்புரைக்கல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87" title="ศิลาแลง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศิลาแลง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Латеритшави – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Латеритшави" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Product of rock weathering in wet tropical climates rich in iron and aluminium</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laterite_stone_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Laterite_stone_temple.jpg/170px-Laterite_stone_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Laterite_stone_temple.jpg/255px-Laterite_stone_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Laterite_stone_temple.jpg/340px-Laterite_stone_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Traditional laterite temple in Kerala</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laterite_monument._C_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This monument is constructed of laterite brickstones. It commemorates Buchanan who first described laterite at this site." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Laterite_monument._C_002.jpg/170px-Laterite_monument._C_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Laterite_monument._C_002.jpg/255px-Laterite_monument._C_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Laterite_monument._C_002.jpg/340px-Laterite_monument._C_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption>Monument of laterite brickstones at <a href="/wiki/Angadipuram" title="Angadipuram">Angadipuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India, which commemorates where laterite was first described and discussed by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Buchanan-Hamilton" title="Francis Buchanan-Hamilton">Buchanan-Hamilton</a> in 1807</figcaption></figure> Laterite is a soil type rich in <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly all laterites are of rusty-red coloration, because of high <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a> content. They develop by intensive and prolonged <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> of the underlying <a href="/wiki/Parent_rock" title="Parent rock">parent rock</a>, usually when there are conditions of high temperatures and heavy rainfall with alternate wet and dry periods.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> The process of formation is called laterization.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Tropical weathering is a prolonged process of chemical weathering which produces a wide variety in the thickness, grade, chemistry and ore <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a> of the resulting soils. The majority of the land area containing laterites is between the tropics of <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Capricorn</a>. Laterite has commonly been referred to as a soil type as well as being a rock type. This, and further variation in the modes of conceptualizing about laterite (e.g. also as a complete weathering profile or theory about weathering), has led to calls for the term to be abandoned altogether. At least a few researchers, including T. R. Paton and M. A. J. Williams,<a href="#cite_note-paton-3">[3]</a> specializing in <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a> development have considered that hopeless confusion has evolved around the name. Material that looks highly similar to the Indian laterite occurs abundantly worldwide. Historically, laterite was cut into brick-like shapes and used in monument-building. After 1000 CE, construction at <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> and other southeast Asian sites changed to rectangular temple enclosures made of laterite, brick, and stone. Since the mid-1970s, some trial sections of <a href="/wiki/Bituminous" class="mw-redirect" title="Bituminous">bituminous</a>-surfaced, low-volume roads have used laterite in place of stone as a base course. Thick laterite layers are porous and slightly permeable, so the layers can function as <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a> in rural areas. Locally available laterites have been used in an acid solution, followed by precipitation to remove <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment#Phosphorus_removal" title="Sewage treatment">phosphorus</a> and heavy metals at sewage-treatment facilities. Laterites are a source of aluminum <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a>; the ore exists largely in <a href="/wiki/Clay_mineral" title="Clay mineral">clay minerals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibbsite" title="Gibbsite">gibbsite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boehmite" title="Boehmite">boehmite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diaspore" title="Diaspore">diaspore</a>, which resembles the composition of <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> they once provided a major source of iron and aluminum ores. Laterite ores also were the early major source of <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_physical_description">Definition and physical description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laterite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and physical description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Da_ong_Laterite.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Da_ong_Laterite.JPG/220px-Da_ong_Laterite.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Da_ong_Laterite.JPG/330px-Da_ong_Laterite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Da_ong_Laterite.JPG/440px-Da_ong_Laterite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Laterite in <a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%C3%A2y" class="mw-redirect" title="Sơn Tây">Sơn Tây</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Buchanan-Hamilton" title="Francis Buchanan-Hamilton">Francis Buchanan-Hamilton</a> first described and named a laterite formation in southern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in 1807.<a href="#cite_note-archive-4">[4]</a>: 65  He named it laterite from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/later#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:later">later</a>, which means a brick; this highly compacted and <a href="/wiki/Cementation_(geology)" title="Cementation (geology)">cemented</a> soil can easily be cut into brick-shaped blocks for building.<a href="#cite_note-archive-4">[4]</a>: 65  The word laterite has been used for variably cemented, <a href="/wiki/Sesquioxide" title="Sesquioxide">sesquioxide</a>-rich <a href="/wiki/Soil_horizon" title="Soil horizon">soil horizons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-helgren-5">[5]</a> A sesquioxide is an <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> with three atoms of oxygen and two metal atoms. It has also been used for any reddish soil at or near the Earth's surface.<a href="#cite_note-helgren-5">[5]</a> Laterite covers are thick in the stable areas of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ethiopian_Shield" title="Western Ethiopian Shield">Western Ethiopian Shield</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">cratons</a> of the South American Plate, and on the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Shield" title="Australian Shield">Australian Shield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tardy-6">[6]</a>: 1  In <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, India, the laterite which caps the plateau is 30 m (100 ft) thick.<a href="#cite_note-recent-7">[7]</a>: 554  Laterites can be either soft and easily broken into smaller pieces, or firm and physically resistant. <a href="/wiki/Basement_(geology)" title="Basement (geology)">Basement</a> rocks are buried under the thick weathered layer and rarely exposed.<a href="#cite_note-tardy-6">[6]</a>: 1  Lateritic soils form the uppermost part of the laterite cover. In some places laterites contain <a href="/wiki/Pisolite" title="Pisolite">pisolites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferricrete" title="Ferricrete">ferricrete</a>, and they may be found in elevated positions as result of <a href="/wiki/Relief_inversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief inversion">relief inversion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ZeitSouthSudan-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Ollier" title="Cliff Ollier">Cliff Ollier</a> has criticized the usefulness of the concept given that it is used to mean different things to different authors.<a href="#cite_note-ollier1988-9">[9]</a> Reportedly some have used it for ferricrete, others for tropical red earth soil, and yet others for soil profiles made, from top to bottom, of a <a href="/wiki/Duricrust" title="Duricrust">crust</a>, a mottled zone and a pallid zone.<a href="#cite_note-ollier1988-9">[9]</a> He cautions strongly against the concept of "lateritic deep weathering" since "it begs so many questions".<a href="#cite_note-ollier1988-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laterite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laterite-saprolite_cross_section.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This diagram shows the position of laterite under residual soils and the ferruginous zone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Laterite-saprolite_cross_section.PNG/280px-Laterite-saprolite_cross_section.PNG" decoding="async" width="280" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Laterite-saprolite_cross_section.PNG/420px-Laterite-saprolite_cross_section.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Laterite-saprolite_cross_section.PNG 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>Laterite is often located under residual soils.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estructura-suelo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Estructura-suelo.jpg/280px-Estructura-suelo.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Estructura-suelo.jpg/420px-Estructura-suelo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Estructura-suelo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Soil layers, from soil down to bedrock: A represents <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>; B represents laterite, a <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a>; C represents <a href="/wiki/Saprolite" title="Saprolite">saprolite</a>, a less-weathered regolith; below C is <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a></figcaption></figure> Tropical weathering (laterization) is a prolonged process of chemical weathering which produces a wide variety in the thickness, grade, chemistry and ore mineralogy of the resulting soils.<a href="#cite_note-dalvi-10">[10]</a>: 3  The initial products of weathering are essentially kaolinized rocks called <a href="/wiki/Saprolite" title="Saprolite">saprolites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-schellmann-11">[11]</a> A period of active laterization extended from about the mid-<a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> to the mid-<a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> periods (35 to 1.5 million years ago).<a href="#cite_note-dalvi-10">[10]</a>: 3  Statistical analyses show that the transition in the mean and variance levels of 18O during the middle of the Pleistocene was abrupt.<a href="#cite_note-maasch-12">[12]</a> It seems this abrupt change was global and mainly represents an increase in ice mass; at about the same time an abrupt decrease in <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperatures</a> occurred; these two changes indicate a sudden global cooling.<a href="#cite_note-maasch-12">[12]</a> The rate of laterization would have decreased with the abrupt cooling of the earth. Weathering in tropical climates continues to this day, at a reduced rate.<a href="#cite_note-dalvi-10">[10]</a>: 3  Laterites are formed from the <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(pedology)" title="Leaching (pedology)">leaching</a> of parent <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestones</a>); <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rocks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneisses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">migmatites</a>); <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">peridotites</a>); and mineralized proto-ores;<a href="#cite_note-tardy-6">[6]</a>: 5  which leaves the more <a href="/wiki/Solubility#Solubility_of_ionic_compounds_in_water" title="Solubility">insoluble</a> ions, predominantly iron and aluminum. The mechanism of leaching involves acid dissolving the host <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure#Lattice_systems" title="Crystal structure">lattice</a>, followed by hydrolysis and precipitation of insoluble oxides and sulfates of iron, aluminum and silica under the high temperature conditions<a href="#cite_note-muir-13">[13]</a> of a humid sub-tropical <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hill-14">[14]</a> An essential feature for the formation of laterite is the repetition of <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry seasons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kosei-15">[15]</a> Rocks are leached by percolating rain water during the wet season; the resulting solution containing the leached ions is brought to the surface by <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillary action</a> during the dry season.<a href="#cite_note-kosei-15">[15]</a> These ions form soluble <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt compounds</a> which dry on the surface; these salts are washed away during the next wet season.<a href="#cite_note-kosei-15">[15]</a> Laterite formation is favored in low <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">topographical reliefs</a> of gentle crests and <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateaus</a> which prevents erosion of the surface cover.<a href="#cite_note-dalvi-10">[10]</a>: 4  The reaction zone where rocks are in contact with water—from the lowest to highest <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a> levels—is progressively depleted of the easily leached ions of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kosei-15">[15]</a> A solution of these <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> can have the correct <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> to preferentially dissolve <a href="/wiki/Silicon_oxide" title="Silicon oxide">silicon oxide</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Aluminum_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum oxide">aluminum oxides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kosei-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Silcrete" title="Silcrete">Silcrete</a> has been suggested to form in zones in relatively dry "precipitating zones" of laterites.<a href="#cite_note-oll84-116-16">[16]</a> To the contrary, in the wetter parts of laterites subject to leaching <a href="/wiki/Ferricrete" title="Ferricrete">ferricretes</a> have been suggested to form.<a href="#cite_note-oll84-116-16">[16]</a> The mineralogical and chemical compositions of laterites are dependent on their parent rocks.<a href="#cite_note-tardy-6">[6]</a>: 6  Laterites consist mainly of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a>, and oxides of <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, iron, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, aluminum and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, which remain during the course of weathering.<a href="#cite_note-tardy-6">[6]</a>: 7  Quartz is the most abundant relic mineral from the parent rock.<a href="#cite_note-tardy-6">[6]</a>: 7  Laterites vary significantly according to their location, climate and depth.<a href="#cite_note-muir-13">[13]</a> The main host minerals for nickel and <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> can be either <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay_mineral" title="Clay mineral">clay minerals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Manganese_oxide" title="Manganese oxide">manganese oxides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-muir-13">[13]</a> Iron oxides are derived from <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> and other iron-rich rocks; <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxites</a> are derived from <a href="/wiki/Granitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Granitic">granitic</a> igneous rock and other iron-poor rocks.<a href="#cite_note-kosei-15">[15]</a> Nickel laterites occur in zones of the earth which experienced prolonged tropical weathering of <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">ultramafic rocks</a> containing the ferro-magnesian minerals <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphibole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dalvi-10">[10]</a>: 3  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laterite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Locations">edit</a>]</div> Yves Tardy, from the French <a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Toulouse" title="National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse">Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse</a> and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, calculated that laterites cover about one-third of the Earth's continental land area.<a href="#cite_note-tardy-6">[6]</a>: 1  Lateritic soils are the <a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">subsoils</a> of the equatorial forests, of the <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a> of the humid tropical regions, and of the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahelian</a> <a href="/wiki/Steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppes">steppes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tardy-6">[6]</a>: 1  They cover most of the land area between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn; areas not covered within these latitudes include the extreme western portion of South America, the southwestern portion of Africa, the desert regions of north-central Africa, the Arabian peninsula and the interior of Australia.<a href="#cite_note-tardy-6">[6]</a>: 2  Some of the oldest and most highly deformed ultramafic rocks which underwent laterization are found as petrified fossil soils in the complex <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> shields in Brazil and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-dalvi-10">[10]</a>: 3  Smaller highly deformed <a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine-type</a> intrusives have formed laterite profiles in Guatemala, Colombia, Central Europe, India and Burma.<a href="#cite_note-dalvi-10">[10]</a>: 3  Large thrust sheets of <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Island_arc" title="Island arc">island arcs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_collision" title="Continental collision">continental collision</a> zones underwent laterization in New Caledonia, Cuba, Indonesian and the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-dalvi-10">[10]</a>: 3  Laterites reflect past weathering conditions;<a href="#cite_note-helgren-5">[5]</a> laterites which are found in present-day non-tropical areas are products of former <a href="/wiki/Supercontinents" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercontinents">geological epochs</a>, when that area was near the equator. Present-day laterite occurring outside the humid tropics are considered to be indicators of climatic change, continental drift or a combination of both.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In India, laterite soils occupy an area of 240,000 square kilometres.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laterite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laterite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> Laterite soils have a high clay content, which means they have higher <a href="/wiki/Cation_exchange_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation exchange capacity">cation exchange capacity</a>, low permeability, high plasticity and high water-holding capacity than sandy soils. It is because the particles are so small, the water is trapped between them. After the rain, the water moves into the soil slowly. Due to intensive leaching, laterite soils lack in fertility in comparison to other soils, however they respond readily to manuring and irrigation.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> Palms are less likely to suffer from drought because the rainwater is held in the soil. However, if the structure of lateritic soils becomes degraded, a hard crust can form on the surface, which hinders water infiltration, the emergence of seedlings, and leads to increased runoff. It is possible to rehabilitate such soils, using a system called the 'bio-reclamation of degraded lands'. This involves using indigenous water-harvesting methods (such as planting pits and trenches), applying animal and plant residues, and planting high-value fruit trees and indigenous vegetable crops that are tolerant of drought conditions. These soils are most suitable for plantation crops. They are good for oil palm, tea, coffee and cashew cultivation. The <a href="/wiki/International_Crops_Research_Institute_for_the_Semi-Arid_Tropics" title="International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics">International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ICRISAT" class="mw-redirect" title="ICRISAT">ICRISAT</a>) has employed this system to rehabilitate degraded laterite soils in <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> and increase <a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">smallholder</a> farmers' incomes.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In some places, these soils support grazing grounds and scrub forests.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_blocks">Building blocks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laterite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Building blocks">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laterite_quarry,_Angadipuram,_India._C_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man is cutting laterite into brickstones in Angadipuram, India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Laterite_quarry%2C_Angadipuram%2C_India._C_004.jpg/170px-Laterite_quarry%2C_Angadipuram%2C_India._C_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Laterite_quarry%2C_Angadipuram%2C_India._C_004.jpg/255px-Laterite_quarry%2C_Angadipuram%2C_India._C_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Laterite_quarry%2C_Angadipuram%2C_India._C_004.jpg/340px-Laterite_quarry%2C_Angadipuram%2C_India._C_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption>Cutting laterite bricks in Angadipuram, India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pre_Rup,_Angkor,_Camboya,_2013-08-16,_DD_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pre_Rup%2C_Angkor%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_04.JPG/170px-Pre_Rup%2C_Angkor%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pre_Rup%2C_Angkor%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_04.JPG/255px-Pre_Rup%2C_Angkor%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pre_Rup%2C_Angkor%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_04.JPG/340px-Pre_Rup%2C_Angkor%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3179" data-file-height="4445" /></a><figcaption>Example of construction with laterite in <a href="/wiki/Pre_Rup" title="Pre Rup">Pre Rup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>.</figcaption></figure> When moist, laterites can easily be cut with a spade into regular-sized blocks.<a href="#cite_note-tardy-6">[6]</a>: 1  Laterite is mined while it is below the water table, so it is wet and soft.<a href="#cite_note-engelhardt-19">[19]</a> Upon exposure to air it gradually hardens as the moisture between the flat clay particles evaporates and the larger iron salts<a href="#cite_note-kosei-15">[15]</a> lock into a rigid <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure#Lattice_systems" title="Crystal structure">lattice structure</a><a href="#cite_note-engelhardt-19">[19]</a>: 158  and become resistant to atmospheric conditions.<a href="#cite_note-tardy-6">[6]</a>: 1  The art of quarrying laterite material into <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> is suspected to have been introduced from the Indian subcontinent.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> They harden like iron when they are exposed to air.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> After 1000 CE Angkorian construction changed from circular or irregular earthen walls to rectangular temple enclosures of laterite, brick and stone structures.<a href="#cite_note-welch-21">[21]</a>: 3  Geographic surveys show areas which have laterite stone alignments which may be foundations of temple sites that have not survived.<a href="#cite_note-welch-21">[21]</a>: 4  The Khmer people constructed the Angkor monuments—which are widely distributed in Cambodia and Thailand—between the 9th and 13th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-uchida-22">[22]</a>: 209  The stone materials used were sandstone and laterite; brick had been used in monuments constructed in the 9th and 10th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-uchida-22">[22]</a>: 210  Two types of laterite can be identified; both types consist of the minerals kaolinite, quartz, hematite and goethite.<a href="#cite_note-uchida-22">[22]</a>: 211  Differences in the amounts of minor elements arsenic, antimony, vanadium and strontium were measured between the two laterites.<a href="#cite_note-uchida-22">[22]</a>: 211  <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>—located in present-day Cambodia—is the largest religious structure built by <a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_II" title="Suryavarman II">Suryavarman II</a>, who ruled the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> from 1112 to 1152.<a href="#cite_note-waragai-23">[23]</a>: 39  It is a World Heritage site.<a href="#cite_note-waragai-23">[23]</a>: 39  The sandstone used for the building of Angkor Wat is Mesozoic sandstone quarried in the Phnom Kulen Mountains, about 40 km (25 mi) away from the temple.<a href="#cite_note-jw-24">[24]</a> The foundations and internal parts of the temple contain laterite blocks behind the sandstone surface.<a href="#cite_note-jw-24">[24]</a> The masonry was laid without joint mortar.<a href="#cite_note-jw-24">[24]</a> It is used as a local building material in places such as <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, where it is valued for being strong and for reducing heating and cooling costs.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_building">Road building</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laterite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Road building">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laterite-Casamance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This shows a laterite road near Kounkane, Upper Casamance, Senegal. It resembles a red graveled road." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Laterite-Casamance.jpg/220px-Laterite-Casamance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Laterite-Casamance.jpg/330px-Laterite-Casamance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Laterite-Casamance.jpg/440px-Laterite-Casamance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1735" /></a><figcaption>Laterite road near Kounkane, Upper Casamance, Senegal</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">The French</a> surfaced roads in the Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam area with crushed laterite, stone or gravel.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Kenya, during the mid-1970s, and Malawi, during the mid-1980s, constructed trial sections of bituminous-surfaced low-volume roads using laterite in place of stone as a base course.<a href="#cite_note-grace-27">[27]</a> The laterite did not conform with any accepted specifications but performed equally well when compared with adjoining sections of road using stone or other stabilized material as a base.<a href="#cite_note-grace-27">[27]</a> In 1984 US$40,000 per 1 km (0.62 mi) was saved in Malawi by using laterite in this way.<a href="#cite_note-grace-27">[27]</a> It is also widely used in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> for road building.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply">Water supply</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laterite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Water supply">edit</a>]</div> Bedrock in tropical zones is often granite, gneiss, schist or sandstone; the thick laterite layer is porous and slightly permeable so the layer can function as an aquifer in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-tardy-6">[6]</a>: 2  One example is the Southwestern Laterite (Cabook) Aquifer in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-cr-29">[29]</a>: 1  This aquifer is on the southwest border of Sri Lanka, with the narrow Shallow Aquifers on Coastal Sands between it and the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-cr-29">[29]</a>: 4  It has the considerable water-holding capacity, depending on the depth of the formation.<a href="#cite_note-cr-29">[29]</a>: 1  The aquifer in this laterite recharges rapidly with the rains of April–May which follow the dry season of February–March, and continues to fill with the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> rains.<a href="#cite_note-cr-29">[29]</a>: 10  The water table recedes slowly and is recharged several times during the rest of the year.<a href="#cite_note-cr-29">[29]</a>: 13  In some high-density suburban areas the water table could recede to 15 m (50 ft) below ground level during a prolonged dry period of more than 65 days.<a href="#cite_note-cr-29">[29]</a>: 13  The Cabook Aquifer laterites support relatively shallow aquifers that are accessible to dug wells.<a href="#cite_note-cr-29">[29]</a>: 10  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waste_water_treatment">Waste water treatment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laterite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Waste water treatment">edit</a>]</div> In Northern Ireland, phosphorus enrichment of lakes due to agriculture is a significant problem.<a href="#cite_note-wood-30">[30]</a> Locally available laterite—a low-grade bauxite rich in iron and aluminum—is used in acid solution, followed by precipitation to remove phosphorus and heavy metals at several sewage treatment facilities.<a href="#cite_note-wood-30">[30]</a> Calcium-, iron- and aluminum-rich solid media are recommended for phosphorus removal.<a href="#cite_note-wood-30">[30]</a> A study, using both laboratory tests and pilot-scale constructed wetlands, reports the effectiveness of granular laterite in removing phosphorus and heavy metals from landfill <a href="/wiki/Leachate" title="Leachate">leachate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wood-30">[30]</a> Initial laboratory studies show that laterite is capable of 99% removal of phosphorus from solution.<a href="#cite_note-wood-30">[30]</a> A pilot-scale experimental facility containing laterite achieved 96% removal of phosphorus.<a href="#cite_note-wood-30">[30]</a> This removal is greater than reported in other systems.<a href="#cite_note-wood-30">[30]</a> Initial removals of aluminum and iron by pilot-scale facilities have been up to 85% and 98% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-wood-30">[30]</a> Percolating columns of laterite removed enough <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> to undetectable concentrations.<a href="#cite_note-wood-30">[30]</a> There is a possible application of this low-cost, low-technology, visually unobtrusive, efficient system for rural areas with dispersed point sources of pollution.<a href="#cite_note-wood-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ores">Ores</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laterite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ores">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K_Laterite.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/K_Laterite.JPG/220px-K_Laterite.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/K_Laterite.JPG/330px-K_Laterite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/K_Laterite.JPG/440px-K_Laterite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> iron-rich laterite (the dark unit) in <a href="/wiki/Hamakhtesh_Hagadol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamakhtesh Hagadol">Hamakhtesh Hagadol</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.</figcaption></figure> Ores are concentrated in metalliferous laterites; aluminum is found in <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxites</a>, iron and manganese are found in iron-rich hard crusts, nickel and copper are found in disintegrated rocks, and gold is found in mottled clays.<a href="#cite_note-tardy-6">[6]</a>: 2  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bauxite">Bauxite</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laterite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bauxite">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bauxite_section_on_kaolinitic_sandstone_C_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bauxite on white kaolinitic sandstone at Pera Head, Weipa, Australia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bauxite_section_on_kaolinitic_sandstone_C_007.jpg/220px-Bauxite_section_on_kaolinitic_sandstone_C_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bauxite_section_on_kaolinitic_sandstone_C_007.jpg/330px-Bauxite_section_on_kaolinitic_sandstone_C_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bauxite_section_on_kaolinitic_sandstone_C_007.jpg/440px-Bauxite_section_on_kaolinitic_sandstone_C_007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>Bauxite on white kaolinitic sandstone at Pera Head, Weipa, Australia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Absolute_iron_accumulation_in_kaolinized_basalt._C_015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This rock wall shows dark veins of mobilized and precipitated iron within kaolinized basalt in Hungen, Vogelsberg area, Germany. The dark veins are precipitated iron within kaolinized basalt near Hungen, Vogelsberg, Germany." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Absolute_iron_accumulation_in_kaolinized_basalt._C_015.jpg/220px-Absolute_iron_accumulation_in_kaolinized_basalt._C_015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Absolute_iron_accumulation_in_kaolinized_basalt._C_015.jpg/330px-Absolute_iron_accumulation_in_kaolinized_basalt._C_015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Absolute_iron_accumulation_in_kaolinized_basalt._C_015.jpg/440px-Absolute_iron_accumulation_in_kaolinized_basalt._C_015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption>Mobilization and precipitation of iron in veins within kaolinized basalt. Hungen, Vogelsberg area, Germany</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">Bauxite</a> ore is the main source of aluminum.<a href="#cite_note-archive-4">[4]</a>: 65  It is a variety of laterite (residual sedimentary rock), so it has no precise chemical formula.<a href="#cite_note-fc-31">[31]</a> It is composed mainly of hydrated alumina minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Gibbsite" title="Gibbsite">gibbsite</a> [Al(OH)3 or Al2O3 . 3H2O)] in newer tropical deposits; in older subtropical, temperate deposits the major minerals are <a href="/wiki/Boehmite" title="Boehmite">boehmite</a> [γ-AlO(OH) or Al2O3.H2O] and some <a href="/wiki/Diaspore" title="Diaspore">diaspore</a> [α-AlO(OH) or Al2O3.H2O].<a href="#cite_note-fc-31">[31]</a> The average chemical composition of bauxite, by weight, is 45 to 60% Al2O3 and 20 to 30% Fe2O3.<a href="#cite_note-fc-31">[31]</a> The remaining weight consists of silicas (quartz, <a href="/wiki/Chalcedony" title="Chalcedony">chalcedony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">kaolinite</a>), carbonates (<a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesite" title="Magnesite">magnesite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a>), titanium dioxide and water.<a href="#cite_note-fc-31">[31]</a> Bauxites of economical interest must be low in kaolinite.<a href="#cite_note-schellmann-11">[11]</a> Formation of lateritic bauxites occurs worldwide in the 145- to 2-million-year-old <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> and Tertiary coastal plains.<a href="#cite_note-ida-32">[32]</a> The bauxites form elongate belts, sometimes hundreds of kilometers long, parallel to Lower Tertiary shorelines in India and South America; their distribution is not related to a particular mineralogical composition of the parent rock.<a href="#cite_note-ida-32">[32]</a> Many high-level bauxites are formed in coastal plains which were subsequently uplifted to their present altitude.<a href="#cite_note-ida-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iron">Iron</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laterite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Iron">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laterite_formation_on_serpentinite._C_008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This photograph shows the irregular weathering of the grey serpentinite to the greyish-brown nickel-containing laterite with a high iron percentage (nickel limonite). This was taken near Mayaguex, Puerto Rico." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Laterite_formation_on_serpentinite._C_008.jpg/170px-Laterite_formation_on_serpentinite._C_008.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Laterite_formation_on_serpentinite._C_008.jpg/255px-Laterite_formation_on_serpentinite._C_008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Laterite_formation_on_serpentinite._C_008.jpg/340px-Laterite_formation_on_serpentinite._C_008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption>Irregular weathering of grey <a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">serpentinite</a> to greyish-brown nickel-containing laterite with a high iron percentage (nickel <a href="/wiki/Limonite" title="Limonite">limonite</a>), near Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.</figcaption></figure> The basaltic laterites of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> were formed by extensive chemical weathering of <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalts</a> during a period of volcanic activity.<a href="#cite_note-hill-14">[14]</a> They reach a maximum thickness of 30 m (100 ft) and once provided a major source of iron and aluminum ore.<a href="#cite_note-hill-14">[14]</a> Percolating waters caused degradation of the parent basalt and preferential precipitation by acidic water through the lattice left the iron and aluminum ores.<a href="#cite_note-hill-14">[14]</a> Primary <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a> <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augite" title="Augite">augite</a> were successively broken down and replaced by a mineral assemblage consisting of <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibbsite" title="Gibbsite">gibbsite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goethite" title="Goethite">goethite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatase" title="Anatase">anatase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halloysite" title="Halloysite">halloysite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">kaolinite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hill-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nickel">Nickel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laterite&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nickel">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lateritic_nickel_ore_deposits" title="Lateritic nickel ore deposits">Lateritic nickel ore deposits</a></div> Laterite ores were the major source of early nickel.<a href="#cite_note-dalvi-10">[10]</a>: 1  Rich laterite deposits in <a href="/wiki/Nickel_mining_in_New_Caledonia" title="Nickel mining in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> were mined starting the end of the 19th century to produce <a href="/wiki/White_metal" title="White metal">white metal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dalvi-10">[10]</a>: 1  The discovery of sulfide deposits of <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Basin" title="Sudbury Basin">Sudbury</a>, Ontario, Canada, during the early part of the 20th century shifted the focus to <a href="/wiki/Sulfide_mineral" title="Sulfide mineral">sulfides</a> for nickel extraction.<a href="#cite_note-dalvi-10">[10]</a>: 1  About 70% of the Earth's land-based <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> resources are contained in laterites; they currently account for about 40% of the world nickel production.<a href="#cite_note-dalvi-10">[10]</a>: 1  In 1950 laterite-source nickel was less than 10% of total production, in 2003 it accounted for 42%, and by 2012 the share of laterite-source nickel was expected to be 51%.<a href="#cite_note-dalvi-10">[10]</a>: 1  The four main areas in the world with the largest nickel laterite resources are New Caledonia, with 21%; Australia, with 20%; the Philippines, with 17%; and Indonesia, with 12%.<a href="#cite_note-dalvi-10">[10]</a>: 4  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laterite&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferricrete" title="Ferricrete">Ferricrete</a> – stony particles conglomerated into rock by oxidized iron compounds from ground water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxisol" title="Oxisol">Oxisol</a> – Soil type known for occurring in tropical rain forests</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinthosol" title="Plinthosol">Plinthosol</a> – Iron-rich soil type</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laterite&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVeena" class="citation book cs1">Veena, Bhargava. 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Soil Science. 48 (1): 25–40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1939SoilS..48...25B">1939SoilS..48...25B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00010694-193907000-00003">10.1097/00010694-193907000-00003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-075X">0038-075X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96178825">96178825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Science&rft.atitle=The+nature+of+laterization+as+revealed+by+chemical%2C+physical%2C+and+mineralogical-+studies+of+a+lateritic+soil+profile+from+Puerto+Rico&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-40&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00010694-193907000-00003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96178825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0038-075X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1939SoilS..48...25B&rft.aulast=Bonnet&rft.aufirst=Juan+Amed%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2Fsoilsci%2FCitation%2F1939%2F07000%2Fthe_Nature_of_Laterization_As_Revealed_By.3.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaterite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-paton-3"><a href="#cite_ref-paton_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaton1972" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Paton, T. 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Geographical Review. 67 (4): 430–445. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977GeoRv..67..430H">1977GeoRv..67..430H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F213626">10.2307/213626</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/213626">213626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=Paleosols+of+the+Southern+Cape+Coast%2C+South+Africa%3A+Implications+for+Laterite+Definition%2C+Genesis%2C+and+Age&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=430-445&rft.date=1977-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F213626%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F213626&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977GeoRv..67..430H&rft.au=Helgren%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Butzer%2C+Karl+W.+Butzer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaterite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tardy-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tardy_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tardy_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tardy_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tardy_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tardy_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tardy_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tardy_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tardy_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tardy_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tardy_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tardy_6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tardy_6-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tardy_6-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTardy,_Yves1997" class="citation book cs1">Tardy, Yves (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n9cdaPZr1RwC&q=laterite+definition&pg=PA1">Petrology of Laterites and Tropical Soils</a>. 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Retrieved April 17, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society%2C+London%2C+Special+Publications&rft.atitle=Palaeoenvironment+of+lateritic+bauxites+with+vertical+and+lateral+differentiation&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-90&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128495695%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2Fgsl.sp.1983.011.01.10&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983GSLSP..11...77V&rft.au=Valeton%2C+Ida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsp.lyellcollection.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F11%2F1%2F77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaterite" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Soil_type" title="Template:Soil type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soil_type" title="Template talk:Soil type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soil_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soil type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soil_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soil_classification" title="Soil classification">Soil classification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Reference_Base_for_Soil_Resources" title="World Reference Base for Soil Resources">World Reference Base for Soil Resources</a> (1998–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrisol" title="Acrisol">Acrisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alisols" class="mw-redirect" title="Alisols">Alisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andosol" title="Andosol">Andosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrosol" title="Anthrosol">Anthrosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamment" title="Psamment">Arenosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcisol" title="Calcisol">Calcisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambisol" title="Cambisol">Cambisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernozem" title="Chernozem">Chernozem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosols" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryosols">Cryosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durisol" title="Durisol">Durisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferralsols" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferralsols">Ferralsols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvisol" title="Fluvisol">Fluvisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleysol" title="Gleysol">Gleysols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsisols" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsisols">Gypsisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastanozem" title="Kastanozem">Kastanozems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptosol" title="Leptosol">Leptosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lixisol" title="Lixisol">Lixisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luvisol" title="Luvisol">Luvisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisol" title="Nitisol">Nitisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeozem" title="Phaeozem">Phaeozems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planosol" title="Planosol">Planosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinthosol" title="Plinthosol">Plinthosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podzol" title="Podzol">Podzols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regosol" title="Regosol">Regosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retisol" title="Retisol">Retisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solonchak" title="Solonchak">Solonchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solonetz" title="Solonetz">Solonetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagnosol" title="Stagnosol">Stagnosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technosol" title="Technosol">Technosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrisol" title="Umbrisol">Umbrisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertisol" title="Vertisol">Vertisols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/USDA_soil_taxonomy" title="USDA soil taxonomy">USDA soil taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfisol" title="Alfisol">Alfisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andisol" title="Andisol">Andisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aridisol" title="Aridisol">Aridisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entisol" title="Entisol">Entisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelisol" title="Gelisol">Gelisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inceptisol" title="Inceptisol">Inceptisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollisol" title="Mollisol">Mollisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxisol" title="Oxisol">Oxisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podzol" title="Podzol">Spodosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultisol" title="Ultisol">Ultisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertisol" title="Vertisol">Vertisols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FAO_soil_classification" title="FAO soil classification">FAO soil classification</a> (1974–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Soil_Classification_System" title="Unified Soil Classification System">Unified Soil Classification System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AASHTO_Soil_Classification_System" title="AASHTO Soil Classification System">AASHTO Soil Classification System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rentiel_p%C3%A9dologique" title="Référentiel pédologique">Référentiel pédologique</a> (French classification system)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_system_of_soil_classification" title="Canadian system of soil classification">Canadian system of soil classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Soil_Classification" title="Australian Soil Classification">Australian Soil Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Soil_Classification" title="Polish Soil Classification">Polish Soil Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_USDA_soil_taxonomy" title="1938 USDA soil taxonomy">1938 USDA soil taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_soils" title="List of U.S. state soils">List of U.S. state soils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" title="List of vineyard soil types">List of vineyard soil types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-systematic soil types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">Silt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">Loam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">Topsoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">Subsoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_crust" title="Soil crust">Soil crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claypan" title="Claypan">Claypan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpan" title="Hardpan">Hardpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypcrust" title="Gypcrust">Gypcrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliche" title="Caliche">Caliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent_material" title="Parent material">Parent material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedosphere" title="Pedosphere">Pedosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laimosphere" title="Laimosphere">Laimosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizosphere" title="Rhizosphere">Rhizosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_soil" title="Bulk soil">Bulk soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_soil" title="Alkali soil">Alkali soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_goo" title="Blue goo">Blue goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brickearth" title="Brickearth">Brickearth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_earth" title="Brown earth">Brown earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_grassland" title="Calcareous grassland">Calcareous grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_earth" title="Dark earth">Dark earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_quicksand" title="Dry quicksand">Dry quicksand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_soil" title="Duplex soil">Duplex soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluvium" title="Eluvium">Eluvium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansive_clay" title="Expansive clay">Expansive clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_dirt" title="Fill dirt">Fill dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller%27s_earth" title="Fuller's earth">Fuller's earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic_soil" title="Hydrophobic soil">Hydrophobic soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">Lunar soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian soil">Martian soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">Mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskeg" title="Muskeg">Muskeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleosol" title="Paleosol">Paleosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_farmland" title="Prime farmland">Prime farmland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quicksand" title="Quicksand">Quicksand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentine_soil" title="Serpentine soil">Serpentine soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spodic_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Spodic soil">Spodic soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagnogley" title="Stagnogley">Stagnogley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaqueous_soil" title="Subaqueous soil">Subaqueous soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takir_(soil)" title="Takir (soil)">Takir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">Terra preta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_rossa_(soil)" title="Terra rossa (soil)">Terra rossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_peat" title="Tropical peat">Tropical peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedoma" title="Yedoma">Yedoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_soil" title="Category:Types of soil">Types of soil</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_rocks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_type" title="Template:Rock type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_type" title="Template talk:Rock type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_rocks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622845#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622845#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622845#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952304k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952304k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569320">Japan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=53399">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laterite&oldid=1245153879">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laterite&oldid=1245153879</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sedimentology" title="Category:Sedimentology">Sedimentology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Weathering" title="Category:Weathering">Weathering</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ore_deposits" title="Category:Ore deposits">Ore 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