ADW: Catoptrophorus semipalmatus: INFORMATION

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <title>ADW: Catoptrophorus semipalmatus: INFORMATION</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Catoptrophorus_semipalmatus/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-migrate-3.3.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/compat.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://animaldiversity.org/favicon.ico" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Gentium+Book+Basic:400,400italic,700,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.styles.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.print.css" media="print" />  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/colorbox/colorbox.css" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Catoptrophorus_semipalmatus/" /> <meta content="Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (willet)" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="Animal Diversity Web" property="og:site_name" /> <meta content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/tanya_dewey/willetCL4/medium.jpg" property="og:image" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AnimalDiversity" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (willet)" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Read about Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (willet) on the Animal Diversity Web." /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/tanya_dewey/willetCL4/medium.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="480" /> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="721" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Catoptrophorus_semipalmatus/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/Hyphenator.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/social-likes/social-likes_birman.css" /> <style> .social-likes { margin: 0; } .social-likes__widget { margin: 0; } </style>   </head> <body> <div id="outerwrap"> <div id="header" aria-role="header"> <h1> <a id="homelink" href="/">Animal Diversity Web</a> </h1> <div class="umlinks"> <div class="relative"> <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/ummz/" id="ummzlink">University of Michigan Museum of Zoology</a> <a href="https://www.umich.edu/" id="umlink">University of Michigan</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wrap" class="gradient"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="span2 sidebar left"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs nav-stacked" id="sitemap"> <li> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/">About Us</a> </li> <li> <a href="/animal_names/">About Animal Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="/teach/">Educational Resources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/collections/">Special Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="/glossary/">Glossary</a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/">Browse Animalia</a> </li> </ul> <h2 class="offscreen">More Information</h2> <div class="well"> <h3>Additional Information</h3> <ul class="unstyled"> <li> <a href="http://www.biokids.umich.edu/critters/Catoptrophorus_semipalmatus/"> BioKIDS Critter Catalog </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://eol.org/search/?q=Catoptrophorus semipalmatus&search=Go">Encyclopedia of Life</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="span7_5 blahblahblah main" aria-role="main"> <h2 class="rank-species">Catoptrophorus semipalmatus<span class="vernacular-name">willet</span></h2> <div class="social-likes" data-counters="no"> <div class="facebook" title="Share link on Facebook">Facebook</div> <div class="twitter" title="Share link on Twitter">Twitter</div> </div> <div class="snapshots" aria-hidden="true"> <ul> <li> <a href="/accounts/Catoptrophorus_semipalmatus/pictures/collections/contributors/tanya_dewey/willetCL4/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/tanya_dewey/willetCL4/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Catoptrophorus_semipalmatus/pictures/collections/contributors/barbara_lundrigan/bird2_035/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/barbara_lundrigan/bird2_035/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Catoptrophorus_semipalmatus/pictures/collections/contributors/kevin_cole/Csemipalmatus2/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/kevin_cole/Csemipalmatus2/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Catoptrophorus_semipalmatus/pictures/collections/contributors/washtenaw_audubon/bnw_093/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/washtenaw_audubon/bnw_093/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Catoptrophorus_semipalmatus/pictures/collections/contributors/steve_hinshaw/DSC_5138a/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/steve_hinshaw/DSC_5138a/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="byline">By Tanya Dewey</div> <nav class="contents"> <ul> <li> <a href="#geographic_range">Geographic Range</a> </li> <li> <a href="#habitat">Habitat</a> </li> <li> <a href="#physical_description">Physical Description</a> </li> <li> <a href="#reproduction">Reproduction</a> </li> <li> <a href="#lifespan_longevity">Lifespan/Longevity</a> </li> <li> <a href="#behavior">Behavior</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="#communication">Communication and Perception</a> </li> <li> <a href="#food_habits">Food Habits</a> </li> <li> <a href="#predation">Predation</a> </li> <li> <a href="#ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</a> </li> <li> <a href="#economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</a> </li> <li> <a href="#economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="#conservation_status">Conservation Status</a> </li> <li> <a href="#comments">Other Comments</a> </li> <li> <a href="#contributors">Contributors</a> </li> <li> <a href="#references">References</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="inner-wrap"> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="geographic_range">Geographic Range</h3> <p audience="advanced">Willets are widespread in the Americas, breeding and wintering in coastal areas and inland wetlands from the Canadian maritime provinces and northern California south to Venezuela, Brazil, and Uruguay. They are occasionally seen in Europe and the Hawaiian Islands. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c" class="citation">Lowther and Douglas, 2001</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Biogeographic Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020914235803">nearctic</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145365">native</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020915000403">neotropical</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145365">native</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="habitat">Habitat</h3> <p audience="advanced">Willets are found in a wide variety of coastal habitats in winter, during migration, and during breeding season, including sandy coastlines, mudflats, and rocky intertidal zones. Western willets breed in wetlands and grasslands near water and with sparse vegetation, including croplands. They are also found along lakeshores and on salt or alkali flats. Eastern willets breed in coastal marsh and wetland habitats, including salt marshes and beaches. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c" class="citation">Lowther and Douglas, 2001</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Habitat Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145595">temperate</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145598">tropical</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145794">terrestrial</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145582">saltwater or marine</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145747">freshwater</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Terrestrial Biomes</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145626">desert or dune</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145599::20020904145583::20020904145682">savanna or grassland</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Aquatic Biomes</li> <li> <span>temporary pools</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145825">coastal</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Other Habitat Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145700">agricultural</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145350">estuarine</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="physical_description">Physical Description</h3> <p audience="advanced">Willets are large, long-legged shorebirds. Their plumage is grey or brown overall and they have a distinctive white rump and broad, white wing stripe visible when in flight. They are 33 to 41 cm long and from 200 to 330 grams. Sexes are similar in plumage pattern and color, but females are slightly larger overall. Basic plumage is plain gray, alternate plumage is darker, brownish, and barred or streaked. When willets are in flight,they display their distinctive, broad, white wing stripe set against the dark primary wing coverts. They also vocalize in flight. There are two distinct populations of willets that differ in distribution, ecology, and morphology: eastern willets (<a class="taxon-link rank-subspecies" href="/accounts/Catoptrophorus_semipalmatus_semipalmatus/">Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus</a>) and western willets (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">C. s. inornatus</span>). Western willets are larger and paler, eastern willets are slightly smaller and darker overall. Their vocalizations and habitats differ as well. Their bill and legs are grayish, but vary from light to dark. The toes are slightly webbed. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c" class="citation">Lowther and Douglas, 2001</a>)</span></p> <p audience="advanced">Willets may be confused with other, larger shorebirds that are found in the same range, such as whimbrels (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Numenius_phaeopus/">Numenius phaeopus</a>), Hudsonian godwits (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Limosa_haemastica/">Limosa haemastica</a>), and greater yellowlegs (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Tringa_melanoleuca/">Tringa melanoleuca</a>). Whimbrels are darker overall and have a distinctly curved bill, greater yellowlegs are smaller and have yellow legs, and Hudsonian godwits have an upcurved bill that is longer and a broad, black band on the tail. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c" class="citation">Lowther and Douglas, 2001</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Other Physical Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916130951">endothermic</a> </li> <li> <span>homoiothermic</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145642">bilateral symmetry</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Sexual Dimorphism</li> <li> <span>female larger</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate two-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Range mass</dt> <dd>200 to 330 g</dd> <dd class="english">7.05 to 11.63 oz</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range length</dt> <dd>33 to 41 cm</dd> <dd class="english">12.99 to 16.14 in</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="reproduction">Reproduction</h3> <p audience="advanced">Willets are monogamous. There is no information on extra pair copulations, but males tend to guard mates and females continue to advertise, potentially for extra pair copulations. Populations may vary in the strength of the pair bond. In eastern populations mates may remain together for life. In western populations, mate relationships may dissolve more frequently, but mate fidelity is still high, up to 65%. Pairs reunite on breeding grounds. Males may begin to court a new female on the breeding grounds, but will re-establish a relationship with his previous mate if she shows up. Males display to attract female attention. They fly with their wings held high above their heads and flutter their primary feathers. Females fly to the male and hover beneath him while they sing to each other. They then slowly fly to the ground together. Once the pair bond has formed, they no longer display. Another display initiates copulation. Males approach female while making a "click click" sound and flap their wings high over their heads. Females then allow male to mount. Willets make a vocalization during copulation. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c" class="citation">Lowther and Douglas, 2001</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Mating System</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145332">monogamous</a> </li> </ul> <p audience="advanced">Willets breed from May through July, with mating occurring in May and early June. Once pairs have formed, they begin to search for a nest site together. Males lead females to a spot and settle on an area of ground, followed by the female. Nests are simple scrapes that are then lined with grass or other plant material. They are generally near good foraging habitat, where possible, and on higher ground near wetlands. Willets have one brood yearly. Females lay 4, sometimes 3, olive-buff eggs over the course of 6 days. Incubation is 22 to 29 days, averaging 25. Young willets generally can fly about 4 weeks after hatching. There is little information on sexual maturity, but males and females breed as early as their 2nd year. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c" class="citation">Lowther and Douglas, 2001</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Reproductive Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145554">iteroparous</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145584">seasonal breeding</a> </li> <li> <span>gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145786">sexual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145572">oviparous</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate three-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Breeding interval</dt> <dd>Willets breed once yearly.</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Breeding season</dt> <dd>Willets mate in May and June.</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range eggs per season</dt> <dd>3 (low) </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average eggs per season</dt> <dd>4</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range time to hatching</dt> <dd>22 to 29 days</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average time to hatching</dt> <dd>25 days</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average fledging age</dt> <dd>4 weeks</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average time to independence</dt> <dd>4 weeks</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)</dt> <dd>2 (low) years</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)</dt> <dd>2 (low) years</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> <p audience="advanced">Both males and females incubate eggs and protect the young. Young are precocial and able to walk and feed themselves within hours of hatching. Hatchlings generally leave the nest within a day of hatching. Females stay with the young for up to 2 weeks, males for 4 weeks or more. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c" class="citation">Lowther and Douglas, 2001</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Parental Investment</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145398">precocial</a> </li> <li> <span>pre-fertilization</span> <ul> <li> <span>provisioning</span> </li> <li> <span>protecting</span> <ul> <li> <span>female</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <span>pre-hatching/birth</span> <ul> <li> <span>provisioning</span> <ul> <li> <span>female</span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <span>protecting</span> <ul> <li> <span>male</span> </li> <li> <span>female</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <span>pre-weaning/fledging</span> <ul> <li> <span>protecting</span> <ul> <li> <span>male</span> </li> <li> <span>female</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="lifespan_longevity">Lifespan/Longevity</h3> <p audience="advanced">The oldest recorded willet in the wild was 10 years and 3 months old. Adult annual survival rates have been estimated at between 76 and 98%. Eggs and nestlings may be lost to predators, severe weather, or exceptionally high tides. Adults are preyed on and may collide with man-made objects, such as powerlines or windows. Avian botulism outbreaks result in mortality each year, although overall impact on populations is not well understood. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c" class="citation">Lowther and Douglas, 2001</a>)</span></p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Range lifespan<br /><span>Status: wild</span></dt> <dd>10.25 (high) years</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="behavior">Behavior</h3> <p audience="advanced">Willets can be active at any time of the day. Activity patterns vary with the availability of prey and are influenced by tidal patterns and the presence of moonlight. Willets use their long legs to run after prey. They generally fly relatively low, less than 150 m, and will occasionally swim. They are generally found in small groups, except during the breeding season. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c" class="citation">Lowther and Douglas, 2001</a>)</span></p> <p audience="advanced">Willet populations vary in their migratory behavior. Some populations are resident year-round, such as those in the Antilles or in California. Other populations migrate short to long distances. Northern populations may migrate over the ocean on their way to wintering grounds, but many populations likely migrate along coastlines and waterways. Eastern willets migrate primarily along coastlines. Western willets migrate along the Mississippi River and over other inland areas. In the spring, willets migrate northwards between March and May, with the earliest recorded arrival on breeding grounds in late March. Spring migration is generally rapid and direct, whereas fall migration may be more leisurely. Willets migrate south from late July through October. Willets migrate at night in small groups. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c" class="citation">Lowther and Douglas, 2001</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Behaviors</li> <li> <span>cursorial</span> </li> <li> <span>flies</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145414">diurnal</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145503">nocturnal</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145752">crepuscular</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145472">motile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145313">migratory</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145492">social</a> </li> </ul> <h4>Home Range</h4> <p audience="advanced">Willets aggressively defend territories during the breeding season. Western willets generally defend territories that include nesting and foraging areas. Eastern willets more often defend separate nesting and foraging territories. In general, eastern territories are larger than western territories. These differences are influenced by available nesting and foraging habitat. In the west, nesting sites are abundant and prey is more abundant. In the east, nesting sites are limited and freshwater marshes are less productive than western saltwater marshes and wetlands. Willets do not seem to have strong fidelity to their nesting sites and few return close to the area of their hatching. Few studies have estimated home range, but a Florida study suggested that home range sizes were 0.26 to 5.90 square km. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c" class="citation">Lowther and Douglas, 2001</a>)</span></p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="communication">Communication and Perception</h3> <p audience="advanced">Willets are known for their distinctive "pill-will-willet" call. This call is used in agonistic interactions and when birds are alarmed, but most importantly is used in territorial defense and sexual displays. Eastern and western willets have distinctive calls, although the differences are subtle. However, eastern willet females distinguish males using their calls and prefer eastern willet males over western willet males. Willets use a repertoire of other calls, from high pitched squeaks of the young to appeasement calls (Kyah-yah), clicks, clucks, honks, and screams. Adults use vocalizations to direct their fledgling young as well. Vocalizations used during mating are sometimes accompanied by visual displays. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c" class="citation">Lowther and Douglas, 2001</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Communication Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145694">visual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145822">acoustic</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Perception Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145694">visual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145500">tactile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145822">acoustic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="food_habits">Food Habits</h3> <p audience="advanced">Willets eat a wide variety of invertebrate prey, depending on local abundance and habitat. They eat insects, crustaceans, molluscs, polychaete worms, and occasional fish. Willets feed at all times of the day, also depending on local abundance of prey, tide patterns, and moonlight. They use several foraging strategies: chasing prey down visually and using their bills to probe for prey in substrates or turn over objects to find prey underneath. They may also walk through shallow water with their bills open and held in the water to hunt by touch for prey or swim on the water and pluck prey from the surface. They may defend foraging territories in their wintering range, or they may abandon territories and forage with others in areas of abundant prey. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c" class="citation">Lowther and Douglas, 2001</a>)</span></p> <p audience="advanced">Prey recorded in western willets during breeding include water scavenger beetles (<a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Hydrophilidae/">Hydrophilidae</a>), diving beetles (<a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Dytiscidae/">Dytiscidae</a>), snout beetles (<a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Curculionidae/">Curculionidae</a>), spiders (<a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Araneae/">Araneae</a>), and fish (<a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Cypriniformes/">Cypriniformes</a>). In winter, western willets have been recorded eating shorecrabs (<a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Hemigrapsus/">Hemigrapsus</a>), brachyuran crabs (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Uca princeps</span>, <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Uca_crenulata/">Uca crenulata</a>), crabs (<a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Pachygrapsus/">Pachygrapsus</a>), clams (<a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Macoma/">Macoma</a>, <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Gemma_gemma/">Gemma gemma</a>), nereid worms (<a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Neanthes/">Neanthes</a>), mussels (<a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Mytilus/">Mytilus</a>), whelks (<a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Nassariidae/">Nassariidae</a>), and others. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c" class="citation">Lowther and Douglas, 2001</a>)</span></p> <p audience="advanced">Eastern willets eat primarily marine coastal prey, including fiddler crabs (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Uca_minax/">Uca minax</a>, <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Uca_pugnax/">Uca pugnax</a>, <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Uca_pugilator/">Uca pugilator</a>, <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Sesarma cinerea</span>, <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Sesarma_reticulatum/">Sesarma reticulatum</a>), mole crabs (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Emerita_talpoida/">Emerita talpoida</a>), amphipods (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Corophium_volutator/">Corophium volutator</a>), and other marine invertebrates. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c" class="citation">Lowther and Douglas, 2001</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Primary Diet</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145419">carnivore</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145711">insectivore</a> </li> <li> <span>eats non-insect arthropods</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020914202902">molluscivore</a> </li> <li> <span>vermivore</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Animal Foods</li> <li> <span>insects</span> </li> <li> <span>mollusks</span> </li> <li> <span>aquatic or marine worms</span> </li> <li> <span>aquatic crustaceans</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="predation">Predation</h3> <p audience="advanced">Willets use vocalizations to warn others of the presence of a predator and they will gather to mob predators, especially after the young have hatched on the breeding grounds and during the winter season. During nesting, willet parents defend their young and will attack predators. In response to avian predators, willets sometimes crouch or hide, rather than taking flight. Most predation on willets is on eggs and young. Adults are mainly taken by raptors, or terrestrial predators when they are on a nest. Reported predators on eggs include northern harriers (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Circus_cyaneus/">Circus cyaneus</a>), Cooper's hawks (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Accipiter_cooperii/">Accipiter cooperii</a>), red-shouldered hawks (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Buteo_lineatus/">Buteo lineatus</a>), fish crows (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Corvus_ossifragus/">Corvus ossifragus</a>), common ravens (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Corvus_corax/">Corvus corax</a>), American crows (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Corvus_brachyrhynchos/">Corvus brachyrhynchos</a>), raccoons (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Procyon_lotor/">Procyon lotor</a>), red foxes (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Vulpes_vulpes/">Vulpes vulpes</a>), coyotes (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Canis_latrans/">Canis latrans</a>), rat snakes (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Pantherophis_obsoletus/">Pantherophis obsoletus</a>), and feral dogs (<a class="taxon-link rank-subspecies" href="/accounts/Canis_lupus_familiaris/">Canis lupus familiaris</a>). Fish crows and American crows hunt in groups of 3 for willet nests and cooperate to drive off adults while they take the eggs. Adults and young are taken by Swainson's hawks (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Buteo_swainsoni/">Buteo swainsoni</a>), northern harriers (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Circus_cyaneus/">Circus cyaneus</a>), peregrine falcons (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Falco_peregrinus/">Falco peregrinus</a>), red-tailed hawks (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Buteo_jamaicensis/">Buteo jamaicensis</a>), Cooper's hawks (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Accipiter cooperi</span>), and herring gulls (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Larus_argentatus/">Larus argentatus</a>). There are many other potential predators, including other raptors, snakes, and terrestrial predators, such as mink, otters, and skunks. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c" class="citation">Lowther and Douglas, 2001</a>)</span></p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Known Predators</dt> <dd> <ul> <li>northern harriers (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Circus_cyaneus/">Circus cyaneus</a>)</li> <li>Cooper's hawks (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Accipiter_cooperii/">Accipiter cooperii</a>)</li> <li>red-shouldered hawks (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Buteo_lineatus/">Buteo lineatus</a>)</li> <li>fish crows (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Corvus_ossifragus/">Corvus ossifragus</a>)</li> <li>common ravens (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Corvus_corax/">Corvus corax</a>)</li> <li>American crows (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Corvus_brachyrhynchos/">Corvus brachyrhynchos</a>)</li> <li>raccoons (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Procyon_lotor/">Procyon lotor</a>)</li> <li>red foxes (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Vulpes_vulpes/">Vulpes vulpes</a>)</li> <li>coyotes (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Canis_latrans/">Canis latrans</a>)</li> <li>rat snakes (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Pantherophis_obsoletus/">Pantherophis obsoletus</a>)</li> <li>feral dogs (<a class="taxon-link rank-subspecies" href="/accounts/Canis_lupus_familiaris/">Canis lupus familiaris</a>)</li> <li>Swainson's hawks (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Buteo_swainsoni/">Buteo swainsoni</a>)</li> <li>herring gulls (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Larus_argentatus/">Larus argentatus</a>)</li> <li>peregrine falcons (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Falco_peregrinus/">Falco peregrinus</a>)</li> <li>red-tailed hawks (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Buteo_jamaicensis/">Buteo jamaicensis</a>)</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</h3> <p audience="advanced">Willets compete directly for food with a wide variety of similarly-sized shorebirds and often interact aggressively over food and space. They have been recorded competing with long-billed curlews (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Numenius_americanus/">Numenius americanus</a>), least sandpipers (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Calidris_minutilla/">Calidris minutilla</a>), common terns (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Sterna_hirundo/">Sterna hirundo</a>), least terns (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Sterna_antillarum/">Sterna antillarum</a>), American crows (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Corvus brachyrhycnhos</span>), Wilson's phalaropes (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Phalaropus_tricolor/">Phalaropus tricolor</a>), greater yellowlegs (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Tringa_melanoleuca/">Tringa melanoleuca</a>), killdeer (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Charadrius_vociferus/">Charadrius vociferus</a>), dowitchers (<a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Limnodromus/">Limnodromus</a>), Wilson's plovers (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Charadrius_wilsonia/">Charadrius wilsonia</a>), fish crows (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Corvus osifragus</span>), marbled godwits (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Limosa_fedoa/">Limosa fedoa</a>), and gulls (<a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Larus/">Larus</a>). <span class="citations"> (<a href="#63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c" class="citation">Lowther and Douglas, 2001</a>)</span></p> <p audience="advanced">Willets are parasitized by a wide variety of internal parasites, including numerous species of flukes (<a class="taxon-link rank-class" href="/accounts/Trematoda/">Trematoda</a>), tapeworms (<a class="taxon-link rank-class" href="/accounts/Cestoda/">Cestoda</a>), roundworms (<a class="taxon-link rank-phylum" href="/accounts/Nematoda/">Nematoda</a>), and spiny-headed worms (<a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Acanthocephala/">Acanthocephala</a>). American dog ticks (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Dermacentor_variabilis/">Dermacentor variabilis</a>) have been recorded as ectoparasites. They are also susceptible to avian botulism. New species of worms discovered in willets include <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Parvatrema_borinquenae/">Parvatrema borinquenae</a>, <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Parvatrema bushi</span>, and <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Paragymnophallus kinsellai</span>. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c" class="citation">Lowther and Douglas, 2001</a>)</span></p> <div class="note"> <strong>Mutualist Species</strong> <br /> <ul> <li>long-billed curlews (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Numenius_americanus/">Numenius americanus</a>)</li> <li>least sandpipers (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Calidris_minutilla/">Calidris minutilla</a>)</li> <li>common terns (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Sterna_hirundo/">Sterna hirundo</a>)</li> <li>least terns (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Sterna_antillarum/">Sterna antillarum</a>)</li> <li>American crows (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Corvus brachyrhycnhos</span>)</li> <li>Wilson's phalaropes (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Phalaropus_tricolor/">Phalaropus tricolor</a>)</li> <li>greater yellowlegs (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Tringa_melanoleuca/">Tringa melanoleuca</a>)</li> <li>killdeer (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Charadrius_vociferus/">Charadrius vociferus</a>)</li> <li>dowitchers (<a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Limnodromus/">Limnodromus</a>)</li> <li>Wilson's plovers (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Charadrius_wilsonia/">Charadrius wilsonia</a>)</li> <li>fish crows (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Corvus osifragus</span>)</li> <li>marbled godwits (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Limosa_fedoa/">Limosa fedoa</a>)</li> <li>gulls (<a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Larus/">Larus</a>)</li> </ul> </div> <div class="note"> <strong>Commensal/Parasitic Species</strong> <br /> <ul> <li>35 species of flukes (<a class="taxon-link rank-class" href="/accounts/Trematoda/">Trematoda</a>), including <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Plagiorchis elegans</span>, <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Notocotylus/">Notocotylus</a> species, <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Odhneria_odhneri/">Odhneria odhneri</a> </li> <li>20 species of tapeworms (<a class="taxon-link rank-class" href="/accounts/Cestoda/">Cestoda</a>), especially <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Anomotaenia/">Anomotaenia</a> species and <span rank="Genus" class="taxon-name rank-genus">Ophreocotyle</span> species</li> <li>4 species of roundworms (<a class="taxon-link rank-phylum" href="/accounts/Nematoda/">Nematoda</a>), especially <span rank="Genus" class="taxon-name rank-genus">Capillaria</span> and <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Skrjabinoclava inornatae</span> </li> <li>3 species of spiny-headed worms (<a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Acanthocephala/">Acanthocephala</a>), especially <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Polymorphus marilis</span> </li> <li>American dog ticks (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Dermacentor_variabilis/">Dermacentor variabilis</a>)</li> <li>helminth parasites (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Parvatrema_borinquenae/">Parvatrema borinquenae</a>)</li> <li>helminth parasites (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Parvatrema bushi</span>)</li> <li>helminth parasites (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Paragymnophallus kinsellai</span>)</li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Willets were once eaten and eggs and young were collected for markets. They are interesting and charismatic shorebirds.</p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Positive Impacts</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145418">food</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">There are no adverse effects of willets on humans.</p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="conservation_status">Conservation Status</h3> <p audience="advanced">Willets have a large geographic range and relatively large population sizes. There don't seem to be any significant declines in population recently. They are considered "least concern" by the IUCN and are protected by the U.S. Migratory Bird Act. However, the habitats they depend on for breeding, migration, and wintering are increasingly modified or destroyed and contaminated by pesticide accumulation and oil. Grassland habitats are especially imperiled worldwide, these are critical for breeding in western willets especially. Also, coastal marshes, important foraging habitats for willets, have been extensively destroyed and degraded. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c" class="citation">Lowther and Douglas, 2001</a>)</span></p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate three-up"> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">IUCN Red List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>Least Concern</span> <br /> <small> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/144012"> More information </a> </small> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">IUCN Red List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>Least Concern</span> <br /> <small> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/144012"> More information </a> </small> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/RegulationsPolicies/mbta/mbtintro.html">US Migratory Bird Act</a> </dt> <dd> <span>Protected</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.fws.gov/endangered/">US Federal List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php">CITES</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/data/specialanimals.cfm">State of Michigan List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="comments">Other Comments</h3> <p audience="advanced">Recent genetic evidence suggests that willets fall within the genus <em>Tringa</em>. The American Ornithological Union has recognized willets as <em>Tringa semipalmata</em> rather than <em>Catoptrophorus semipalmatus</em>. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c" class="citation">Lowther and Douglas, 2001</a>)</span></p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="contributors">Contributors</h3> <p>Tanya Dewey (author), Animal Diversity Web. </p> </section> <section class="offscreen"> <h3 id="glossary">Glossary</h3> <div id="20020914235803"> <dl> <dt>Nearctic</dt> <dd> <p>living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020915000403"> <dl> <dt>Neotropical</dt> <dd> <p>living in the southern part of the New World. In other words, Central and South America.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145822"> <dl> <dt>acoustic</dt> <dd> <p>uses sound to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145700"> <dl> <dt>agricultural</dt> <dd> <p>living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145642"> <dl> <dt>bilateral symmetry</dt> <dd> <p>having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145419"> <dl> <dt>carnivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats meat</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145606"> <dl> <dt>chemical</dt> <dd> <p>uses smells or other chemicals to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145825"> <dl> <dt>coastal</dt> <dd> <p>the nearshore aquatic habitats near a coast, or shoreline.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145752"> <dl> <dt>crepuscular</dt> <dd> <p>active at dawn and dusk</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145626"> <dl> <dt>desert or dunes</dt> <dd> <p>in deserts low (less than 30 cm per year) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity. Vegetation is typically sparse, though spectacular blooms may occur following rain. Deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate. In dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry. This is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants. In dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil. Salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145414"> <dl> <dt>diurnal</dt> <dd> <ol class="arabic simple"> <li>active during the day, 2. lasting for one day.</li> </ol> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916130951"> <dl> <dt>endothermic</dt> <dd> <p>animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145350"> <dl> <dt>estuarine</dt> <dd> <p>an area where a freshwater river meets the ocean and tidal influences result in fluctuations in salinity.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145418"> <dl> <dt>food</dt> <dd> <p>A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145747"> <dl> <dt>freshwater</dt> <dd> <p>mainly lives in water that is not salty.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145711"> <dl> <dt>insectivore</dt> <dd> <p>An animal that eats mainly insects or spiders.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145554"> <dl> <dt>iteroparous</dt> <dd> <p>offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145313"> <dl> <dt>migratory</dt> <dd> <p>makes seasonal movements between breeding and wintering grounds</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020914202902"> <dl> <dt>molluscivore</dt> <dd> <p>eats mollusks, members of Phylum Mollusca</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145332"> <dl> <dt>monogamous</dt> <dd> <p>Having one mate at a time.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145472"> <dl> <dt>motile</dt> <dd> <p>having the capacity to move from one place to another.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145365"> <dl> <dt>native range</dt> <dd> <p>the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145503"> <dl> <dt>nocturnal</dt> <dd> <p>active during the night</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145572"> <dl> <dt>oviparous</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145582"> <dl> <dt>saltwater or marine</dt> <dd> <p>mainly lives in oceans, seas, or other bodies of salt water.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145584"> <dl> <dt>seasonal breeding</dt> <dd> <p>breeding is confined to a particular season</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145786"> <dl> <dt>sexual</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145492"> <dl> <dt>social</dt> <dd> <p>associates with others of its species; forms social groups.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145500"> <dl> <dt>tactile</dt> <dd> <p>uses touch to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145595"> <dl> <dt>temperate</dt> <dd> <p>that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145794"> <dl> <dt>terrestrial</dt> <dd> <p>Living on the ground.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145598"> <dl> <dt>tropical</dt> <dd> <p>the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145599::20020904145583::20020904145682"> <dl> <dt>tropical savanna and grassland</dt> <dd> <p>A terrestrial biome. Savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. Extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia.</p> </dd> <dt>savanna</dt> <dd> <p>A grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. See also Tropical savanna and grassland biome.</p> </dd> <dt>temperate grassland</dt> <dd> <p>A terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (>23.5掳 N or S latitude). Vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. Fire and grazing are important in the long-term maintenance of grasslands.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145694"> <dl> <dt>visual</dt> <dd> <p>uses sight to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145398"> <dl> <dt>young precocial</dt> <dd> <p>young are relatively well-developed when born</p> </dd> </dl> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="references">References</h3> <p id="63f50e694a82d7291c7f4cc16b70b57c">Lowther, P., H. Douglas. 2001. Willet (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus). <span style="font-style: italic">The Birds of North America Online</span>, 579: 1-20. Accessed April 15, 2009 at <tt><a href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/bna/species/579">http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/bna/species/579</a></tt>. </p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="span2_5 right sidebar"> <div class="well" id="pocket-guide-link"> <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/adw-pocket-guide/id916179421?mt=8" target="_blank"><i class="icon-download icon-white" style="vertical-align: bottom"></i> ADW Pocket Guides on the iOS App Store! </a> <p>The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides!</p> <p> <a href="/news/5009059054038197651/">Read more...</a> </p> </div> <h2 class="offscreen">Search</h2> <div id="site-search"> <form action="/search" method="GET"> <label for="q" class="offscreen">Enter search text</label> <input value="" id="q" name="q" class="span12" size="15" type="text" placeholder="Search ADW" /> <button class="btn"> <i class="icon-zoom-in"></i> <span class="offscreen">Search</span> </button> <p style="max-height: 35px"> <label for="feature-list" class="offscreen">Search in feature</label> <select size="1" name="feature" class="feature-list input-medium" id="feature-list"> <option value="INFORMATION">Taxon Information</option> <option value="COLLECTIONS">Contributor Galleries</option> <option value="TOPICS">Topics</option> <option value="CLASSIFICATION">Classification</option> </select> </p> </form> <ul class="unstyled"> <li> <a href="https://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/quaardvark/">Explore Data @ Quaardvark</a> </li> <li> <a href="/search_guide/">Search Guide</a> </li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="offscreen">Navigation Links</h2> <dl class="tabbed features"> <dd class="feature-information active"> <a name="feature-information" href="/accounts/Catoptrophorus_semipalmatus/" class="active" id="feature-information"> Information </a> </dd> <dd class="feature-pictures"> <a name="feature-pictures" href="/accounts/Catoptrophorus_semipalmatus/pictures/" id="feature-pictures"> Pictures </a> </dd> <dd class="feature-classification"> <a name="feature-classification" href="/accounts/Catoptrophorus_semipalmatus/classification/#Catoptrophorus_semipalmatus" id="feature-classification"> Classification </a> </dd> </dl> <div class="classification well"> <h3>Classification</h3> <ul class="unstyled"> <li> <span class="rank">Kingdom</span> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/" class="taxon-name rank-kingdom">Animalia</a> <span class="vernacular-name">animals</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Animalia: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="4749">Animalia: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Animalia: pictures (22861)" data-delay="250">Animalia: pictures (22861)</a> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/specimens/" class="feature feature-specimens" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Animalia: specimens (7109)" data-delay="250">Animalia: specimens (7109)</a> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/sounds/" class="feature feature-sounds" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Animalia: sounds (722)" data-delay="250">Animalia: sounds (722)</a> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/maps/" class="feature feature-maps" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Animalia: maps (42)" data-delay="250">Animalia: maps (42)</a> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Phylum</span> <a href="/accounts/Chordata/" class="taxon-name rank-phylum">Chordata</a> <span class="vernacular-name">chordates</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Chordata/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Chordata: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="3902">Chordata: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Chordata/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Chordata: pictures (15213)" data-delay="250">Chordata: pictures (15213)</a> <a href="/accounts/Chordata/specimens/" class="feature feature-specimens" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Chordata: specimens (6829)" data-delay="250">Chordata: specimens (6829)</a> <a href="/accounts/Chordata/sounds/" class="feature feature-sounds" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Chordata: sounds (709)" data-delay="250">Chordata: sounds (709)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Subphylum</span> <a href="/accounts/Vertebrata/" class="taxon-name rank-subphylum">Vertebrata</a> <span class="vernacular-name">vertebrates</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Vertebrata/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Vertebrata: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="3899">Vertebrata: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Vertebrata/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Vertebrata: pictures (15168)" data-delay="250">Vertebrata: pictures (15168)</a> <a href="/accounts/Vertebrata/specimens/" class="feature feature-specimens" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Vertebrata: specimens (6827)" data-delay="250">Vertebrata: specimens (6827)</a> <a href="/accounts/Vertebrata/sounds/" class="feature feature-sounds" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Vertebrata: sounds (709)" data-delay="250">Vertebrata: sounds (709)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Class</span> <a href="/accounts/Aves/" class="taxon-name rank-class">Aves</a> <span class="vernacular-name">birds</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Aves/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Aves: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="887">Aves: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Aves/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Aves: pictures (7311)" data-delay="250">Aves: pictures (7311)</a> <a href="/accounts/Aves/specimens/" class="feature feature-specimens" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Aves: specimens (153)" data-delay="250">Aves: specimens (153)</a> <a href="/accounts/Aves/sounds/" class="feature feature-sounds" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Aves: sounds (676)" data-delay="250">Aves: sounds (676)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Order</span> <a href="/accounts/Charadriiformes/" class="taxon-name rank-order">Charadriiformes</a> <span class="vernacular-name">shorebirds and relatives</span> <div class="features"> <span class="feature-off feature-information"></span> <a href="/accounts/Charadriiformes/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Charadriiformes: pictures (830)" data-delay="250">Charadriiformes: pictures (830)</a> <a href="/accounts/Charadriiformes/specimens/" class="feature feature-specimens" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Charadriiformes: specimens (5)" data-delay="250">Charadriiformes: specimens (5)</a> <a href="/accounts/Charadriiformes/sounds/" class="feature feature-sounds" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Charadriiformes: sounds (19)" data-delay="250">Charadriiformes: sounds (19)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Family</span> <a href="/accounts/Scolopacidae/" class="taxon-name rank-family">Scolopacidae</a> <span class="vernacular-name">sandpipers, snipes, and relatives</span> <div class="features"> <span class="feature-off feature-information"></span> <a href="/accounts/Scolopacidae/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Scolopacidae: pictures (261)" data-delay="250">Scolopacidae: pictures (261)</a> <a href="/accounts/Scolopacidae/specimens/" class="feature feature-specimens" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Scolopacidae: specimens (3)" data-delay="250">Scolopacidae: specimens (3)</a> <a href="/accounts/Scolopacidae/sounds/" class="feature feature-sounds" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Scolopacidae: sounds (6)" data-delay="250">Scolopacidae: sounds (6)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Genus</span> <a href="/accounts/Catoptrophorus/" class="taxon-name rank-genus">Catoptrophorus</a> <span class="vernacular-name">willets</span> <div class="features"> <span class="feature-off feature-information"></span> <a href="/accounts/Catoptrophorus/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Catoptrophorus: pictures (30)" data-delay="250">Catoptrophorus: pictures (30)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li class="active"> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Catoptrophorus_semipalmatus/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Catoptrophorus semipalmatus</a> <span class="vernacular-name">willet</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Catoptrophorus_semipalmatus/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Catoptrophorus semipalmatus: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Catoptrophorus semipalmatus: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Catoptrophorus_semipalmatus/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Catoptrophorus semipalmatus: pictures (30)" data-delay="250">Catoptrophorus semipalmatus: pictures (30)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" aria-role="contentinfo"> <div class="inner-footer"> <div class="page-citation"> <p class="content">To cite this page: Dewey, T. 2009. "Catoptrophorus semipalmatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed December 02, 2024 at https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Catoptrophorus_semipalmatus/</p> </div> <div class="disclaimer"> <p class="content"><strong>Disclaimer:</strong> The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource <strong>written largely by and for college students</strong>. ADW doesn't cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. Though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control. </p> </div> <div class="footer-links"> <ul class="unstyled"> <li><a href="https://www.umich.edu/">U-M Gateway</a> | <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/ummz/">U-M Museum of Zoology</a></li> <li> <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/eeb/">U-M Ecology and Evolutionary Biology</a> </li> <li> 漏 2020 Regents of the University of Michigan </li> <li><a href="/feedback/error_form/">Report Error</a> / <a href="/feedback/comment_form/">Comment</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="thanks-links"> <p>This material is based upon work supported by the <a href="https://nsf.gov">National Science Foundation</a> Grants DRL 0089283, DRL 0628151, DUE 0633095, DRL 0918590, and DUE 1122742. Additional support has come from the Marisla Foundation, UM College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, Museum of Zoology, and Information and Technology Services. </p> <p> The ADW Team gratefully acknowledges their support. </p> </div> </div> </div> <script></script> </div> <script src="/static/js/jquery.colorbox.js"></script> <script src="/static/js/pica.information.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www."); document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> try { var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-7143967-1"); pageTracker._setCustomVar(1,"author",":Dewey,Tanya:",3); pageTracker._setCustomVar(3,"organization",":Animal Diversity Web:",3); pageTracker._trackPageview(); } catch(err) {} </script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function(c,l,a,r,i,t,y){ c[a]=c[a]||function(){(c[a].q=c[a].q||[]).push(arguments)}; t=l.createElement(r);t.async=1;t.src="https://www.clarity.ms/tag/"+i; y=l.getElementsByTagName(r)[0];y.parentNode.insertBefore(t,y); })(window, document, "clarity", "script", "6f4vquqfce"); </script> <script async="async" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-0ZHSR6DBVK"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-0ZHSR6DBVK'); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/social-likes/social-likes.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/links.js"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

ADW: Catoptrophorus semipalmatus: INFORMATION