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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Red-fleshed_apples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red-fleshed_apples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Red-fleshed apples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red-fleshed_apples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Malus sieversii" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Malus sieversii" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Malus sieversii" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jablo%C5%88_Sieversova" title="Jabloň Sieversova – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jabloň Sieversova" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Malus sieversii" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatischer_Wildapfel" title="Asiatischer Wildapfel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Asiatischer Wildapfel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4gi-%C3%B5unapuu" title="Mägi-õunapuu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mägi-õunapuu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Malus sieversii" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="سیب وحشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیب وحشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Malus sieversii" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4_%EC%8B%9C%EC%97%90%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EC%8B%9C" title="말루스 시에베르시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말루스 시에베르시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Malus sieversii" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Сиверс алмасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сиверс алмасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кызыл алма – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кызыл алма" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Malus sieversii" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89" title="مالوس سيفيرسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مالوس سيفيرسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Malus sieversii" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="ایشیائی جنگلی سیب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایشیائی جنگلی سیب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Яблоня Сиверса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яблоня Сиверса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Malus sieversii" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aasianomenapuu" title="Aasianomenapuu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aasianomenapuu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Malus sieversii" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Malus sieversii" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Malus sieversii" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1o_d%E1%BA%A1i_T%C3%A2n_C%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Táo dại Tân Cương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Táo dại Tân Cương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Malus sieversii" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E9%87%8E%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="新疆野苹果 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新疆野苹果" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q728769#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of plant</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Malus sieversii</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Malus_sieversii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Malus_sieversii.jpg/220px-Malus_sieversii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Malus_sieversii.jpg/330px-Malus_sieversii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Malus_sieversii.jpg/440px-Malus_sieversii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Malus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus"><i>Malus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>M. sieversii</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Malus sieversii</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Ledebour" title="Carl Friedrich von Ledebour">Ledeb.</a>) <a href="/wiki/Max_Joseph_Roemer" title="Max Joseph Roemer">M.Roem.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Malus turkmenorum</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Vasilievich_Juzepczuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergei Vasilievich Juzepczuk (page does not exist)">Juz</a>. & <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Grigorevich_Popov" title="Mikhail Grigorevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><i>Pyrus sieversii</i> Ledeb. (<a href="/wiki/Basionym" title="Basionym">basionym</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Malus sieversii</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">wild apple</a> native to the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. It has recently been shown to be the primary ancestor of most <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> of the domesticated <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apple</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Malus_domestica" class="mw-redirect" title="Malus domestica">Malus domestica</a></i>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. It was first described as <i><b>Pyrus sieversii</b></i> due to its similarities with <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pears</a> in 1833 by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Ledebour" title="Carl Friedrich von Ledebour">Carl Friedrich von Ledebour</a>, a German naturalist who saw them growing in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Malus sieversii</i> grows in many different habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They prefer high temperatures and short winters, but they are also found in the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> Mountains with long and harsh winters.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are distributed mainly within the Yili valley as the damp climate is suitable for their growth.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is a <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a> growing 5 to 12 metres (16 to 39 ft), very similar in appearance to the domestic apple. Its pollen grains vary in size and are seen to be ovular when dry and spherical when swelled with water.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> is the largest of any species of <i>Malus</i> except <i>domestica</i>, up to 7 cm in diameter, equal in size to many modern <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Apple cultivars">apple cultivars</a>. Unlike domesticated varieties, its leaves go red in autumn: 62% of the trees in the wild do this compared to only 2.8% of the regular apple plant or the 2,170 English cultivated varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Archetti_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archetti-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species is now considered vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_and_growth">Characteristics and growth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malus_sieversii&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics and growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>M. sieversii</i> has the capability to reproduce vegetatively as they form root suckers, or <a href="/wiki/Basal_shoot" title="Basal shoot">basal shoots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clonal individual grows from the adventitious bud on the root, with identical genetic materials to the mother plant.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was originally believed that wild apples produce root suckers only when upper plant parts are damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, more evidence suggested root-sucker growth occurs in healthy plants as a dispersal aid.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For wild apples, proper development of root suckers requires certain humidity and aeration levels in the surface soil, where the mother root is located. Successful root-sucker growth also depends on shoot arrangement, time of growth and health conditions of the mother plant.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genetics of <a href="/wiki/Self-incompatibility" title="Self-incompatibility">self-incompatibility</a>, the system for preventing self-fertilization in angiosperms, have also been studied for <i>M. sieversii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its genetic diversity in relation to self-incompatibility is substantially less when compared to its close relative, <i><a href="/wiki/Malus_sylvestris" title="Malus sylvestris">Malus sylvestris</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <i>M. sieversii</i> lacks this diversity, it can survive in the wild without intervention as long as no more diversity loss occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leading theory for this lack of diversity is due to a major <a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">population bottleneck</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> which caused wild <i>M. sieversii</i> populations to scale back into a smaller area within the Yili Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_cycle">Growth cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malus_sieversii&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Growth cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The growth cycle of <i>M. sieversii</i> could be divided into several stages from germination to developing fruit bearing trees, and to the death of aged trees.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Period I starts from seed germination to the development of vegetative tree parts, and to the first round of fruiting.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical apple tree reaches age 6 to 8 in this period. Prominent primary growth and a significant number of root sucker growth are seen in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Period II involves more growth and fruit bearing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wild apple trees usually reach age 10 to 12 in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of fruits increase significantly as prominent secondary growth and branching take place.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Period III involves more growth and fruit bearing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wild apple trees enter regular fruiting and reach maximum fruit bearing in this period, and usually reach age 25 to 30.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decreased branching rate, and less growth of crown periphery are seen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lot of vegetative growth is contributed by basal shoots (root suckers).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Period IV is fully fruit bearing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Development of trees fully ceases in this stage and they reach around 60 to 70 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Branching decreases as they slowly die off from the base to the periphery. After age 60 to 70, trees experience rapid desiccation of the branches, then death.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_importance">History and importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malus_sieversii&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History and importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Malus sieversii</i> has previously been identified as the main contributor to the genome of the cultivated apple (<i>Malus domestica</i>), on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecular" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular">molecular</a>, and historical evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fruit traits including crispness, more flavour intensity and fruit weight have undergone differential selection by humans to produce <i>Malus domestica</i> as seen today.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dispersal of <i>M. sieversii</i> and its progeny throughout history can be attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/DNA_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA analysis">DNA analysis</a> in 2010 confirmed <i>M. sieversii</i> as the progenitor of the cultivated apple.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a highly variable genetic diversity therefore it is the genetic source for abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, many disease resistance and unique fruit traits.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, the largest city in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and formerly its capital, derives its name from the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> word for "apple" (Alma), and is often translated as "full of apples" (the region surrounding Almaty is home to forests of <i>Malus sieversii</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_threat_of_extinction">The threat of extinction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malus_sieversii&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The threat of extinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the collapse of the USSR and the closure of the Gardening Development Program, the local population began to actively cut down wild gardens in the Zailiyskiy Alatau. The vacated territories are used for building houses and grazing animals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Planting cultivated apple varieties in private households close to wild groves causes crossbreeding.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renewed_interest">Renewed interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malus_sieversii&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Renewed interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These and other <i>Malus</i> species have been used in some recent breeding programmes to develop apples suitable for growing in harsh climates unsuitable for <i>M. domestica</i>, mainly for increased cold tolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-app3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study in 2020 has discovered various gene inserts involved in dormancy and cold resistance features, such as <a href="/wiki/Heat_shock_protein" title="Heat shock protein">heat shock proteins</a>, in wild apples.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, desirable traits such as late flowering, early fruit maturity, short juvenility and stooling capability were studied by many breeding programs.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Malus sieversii</i> has recently been cultivated by the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">United States Agricultural Research Service</a>, in hopes of finding genetic information of value in the breeding of the modern apple plant. Some, but not all, of the resulting trees show unusual disease resistance. The variation in their response to disease on an individual basis is, itself, a sign of how much more genetically diverse they are than their domesticated descendants. For instance, wild apples were found to have multiple blue mold resistant genes, specifically against <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium_expansum" title="Penicillium expansum">Penicillium expansum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USDA Plant Genetic Resources Unit (PGRU) also conducted phenotypic analysis on <i>M. sieversii</i> seedlings, and has identified various pathogenic resistance including <a href="/wiki/Apple_scab" title="Apple scab">apple scab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_blight" title="Fire blight">fire blight</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gymnosporangium_juniperi-virginianae" title="Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae">cedar apple rust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A research in 2001 found various insect resistances within <i>M. sieversii</i> seedlings, and has identified instances for further research on its resistance for <a href="/wiki/Apple_maggot" title="Apple maggot">apple maggots</a> and apple leaf curling midges.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effects of heat on <i>M. sieversii</i> were also studied in hot and arid regions, and they were found to be considerably drought tolerant and sunburn resistant.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red-fleshed_apples">Red-fleshed apples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malus_sieversii&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Red-fleshed apples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Malus sieversii</i> has been recently used as a critical source in the breeding of red-fleshed apples, due to its high genetic variability. This is seen as they are used to improve the stress resistance towards drought, cold, and pests of cultivated apple species.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some neglected characteristics of <i>M. sieversii</i>, such as high-flavonoid contents (especially <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanin</a>) and short juvenile phases, have recently been used for red-fleshed apple breeding since traditional red-fleshed apples are not rich in these flavonoids.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using <i>M. sieversii</i> for breeding due to its high anthocyanin content has numerous benefits, including preventing cardiovascular disease and protecting against liver damage.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The variant of <i>M. sieversii</i>, <i>Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana</i>, has been emphasized for the use of breeding red-fleshed apples since it has red flowers, fruit skin, and pulp; in addition to its high anthocyanin content.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When breeding <i>Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana</i>, it was found that light results in higher anthocyanin production than those bred in the dark.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hybrids of <i>Malus sieversii</i> have also been an interest for breeders of red-fleshed apples.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malus_sieversii&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Malus sieversii</i> has been designated as second conservation priority in the China Plant Red Data Book, and has been marked as vulnerable by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human activities and natural disasters are the major contributors to the decline of <i>M. sieversii</i> natural population.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fungal pathogens, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_plurivora" title="Phytophthora plurivora">Phytophthora plurivora</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Alternaria_alternata" title="Alternaria alternata">Alternaria alternata</a></i>, also play a major role in the decline of <i>M. sieversii</i> populations, by degrading vegetative parts such as the fine root systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This immune vulnerability makes <i>M. sieversii</i> become susceptible to more parasites, such as pathogenic insects <i><a href="/wiki/Agrilus" title="Agrilus">Agrilus</a> mali</i>, to further destroy the population.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation" title="Ex situ conservation">Ex situ conservation</a>, or seed banking, is believed to be a feasible long-term resolution to protect its genetic diversity, and has been seen in the United States using seeds collected from Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/In-situ_conservation_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="In-situ conservation in India">In situ conservation</a> was also found with barbed wire fences being placed around regions distributed with <i>M. sieversii,</i> as seen in areas within Xinyuan, China.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study in 2016 has shown the effectiveness of protecting <i>M. sieversii</i> populations in situ through <a href="/wiki/Stratification_(seeds)" title="Stratification (seeds)">stratification</a> and seed coat removal.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, in situ enclosures are more effective in higher elevations as they are at less risk of human and insect injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from traditional conservation methods, <a href="/wiki/Biofertilizer" title="Biofertilizer">biofertilizer</a> has shown effective results inhibiting fungal pathogen, <i><a href="/wiki/Alternaria_alternata" title="Alternaria alternata">Alternaria alternata</a></i> in wild apple trees. It does this by improving antioxidant capability of wild apple trees following the infection, promoting root growth and enhancing soil metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, a combination of innovative methods including cloning and plant hormone treatment has also shown effective results in regenerating wild apple populations.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wild apple trees were heavily lumbered for economical and agricultural uses in the mountains of Kazakhstan during the 1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wild apple forests were turned into pastureland, which greatly changed the soil covering, and damaged young seedlings and roots.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prickly shrubs, such as eglantine and <a href="/wiki/Berberis" title="Berberis">barberry</a> exhibiting symbiotic relationships with wild apples by shielding them from predators were also cut.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This further worsened the growing condition for wild apples, and severely weakened <a href="/wiki/Basal_shoot" title="Basal shoot">root suckers</a> and therefore <a href="/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction" title="Vegetative reproduction">vegetative propagation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malus_sieversii&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malus_sieversii_in_Zhongar-Alatau_NP-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malus sieversii trees in Zhongar-Alatau National Park"><img alt="Malus sieversii trees in Zhongar-Alatau National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Malus_sieversii_in_Zhongar-Alatau_NP-1.jpg/120px-Malus_sieversii_in_Zhongar-Alatau_NP-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Malus_sieversii_in_Zhongar-Alatau_NP-1.jpg/180px-Malus_sieversii_in_Zhongar-Alatau_NP-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Malus_sieversii_in_Zhongar-Alatau_NP-1.jpg/240px-Malus_sieversii_in_Zhongar-Alatau_NP-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Malus sieversii</i> trees in <a href="/wiki/Zhongar-Alatau_National_Park" title="Zhongar-Alatau National Park">Zhongar-Alatau National Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Botanischer_Garten_Berlin-Dahlem_10-2014_photo08_Malus_sieversii.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A tree in Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden in autumn"><img alt="A tree in Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden in autumn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Botanischer_Garten_Berlin-Dahlem_10-2014_photo08_Malus_sieversii.jpg/90px-Botanischer_Garten_Berlin-Dahlem_10-2014_photo08_Malus_sieversii.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Botanischer_Garten_Berlin-Dahlem_10-2014_photo08_Malus_sieversii.jpg/135px-Botanischer_Garten_Berlin-Dahlem_10-2014_photo08_Malus_sieversii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Botanischer_Garten_Berlin-Dahlem_10-2014_photo08_Malus_sieversii.jpg/180px-Botanischer_Garten_Berlin-Dahlem_10-2014_photo08_Malus_sieversii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3042" data-file-height="4056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A tree in <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Dahlem_Botanical_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden">Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden</a> in autumn</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:96apple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fruit"><img alt="Fruit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/96apple.jpg/120px-96apple.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/96apple.jpg/180px-96apple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/96apple.jpg/240px-96apple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="239" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fruit</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malus_sieversii&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParticipants_of_the_FFI/IUCN_SSC_Central_Asian_regional_tree_Red_Listing_workshop,_Bishkek,_Kyrgyzstan_(11-13_July_2006)2007" class="citation journal cs1">Participants of the FFI/IUCN SSC Central Asian regional tree Red Listing workshop, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (11-13 July 2006) (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/32363/9693009">"<i>Malus sieversii</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2007</b>: e.T32363A9693009. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T32363A9693009.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T32363A9693009.en</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Malus+sieversii&rft.volume=2007&rft.pages=e.T32363A9693009&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T32363A9693009.en&rft.au=Participants+of+the+FFI%2FIUCN+SSC+Central+Asian+regional+tree+Red+Listing+workshop%2C+Bishkek%2C+Kyrgyzstan+%2811-13+July+2006%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F32363%2F9693009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalus+sieversii" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tropicos.org/Name/27802349?projectid=">"<i>Malus sieversii</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Malus+sieversii&rft.btitle=Tropicos&rft.pub=Missouri+Botanical+Garden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tropicos.org%2FName%2F27802349%3Fprojectid%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalus+sieversii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/rjp-7027">"<i>Malus sieversii</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh">Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-17</span></span> – via <a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">The Plant List</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malus+sieversii&rft.pub=Royal+Botanic+Gardens+Edinburgh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theplantlist.org%2Ftpl1.1%2Frecord%2Frjp-7027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalus+sieversii" class="Z3988"></span> Note that this website has been superseded by <a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">World Flora Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuSpongberg" class="citation cs1">Gu, Cuizhi; Spongberg, Stephen A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200010916">"<i>Malus sieversii</i>"</a>. <i>Flora of China</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Methods&rft.atitle=An+efficient+in+vitro+regeneration+system+from+different+wild+apple+%28Malus+sieversii%29+explants&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7175559%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32336979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13007-020-00599-0&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Bozorov%2C+T.+A.&rft.au=Li%2C+D.+X.&rft.au=Zhou%2C+P.&rft.au=Wen%2C+X.+J.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Y.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+D.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7175559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalus+sieversii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927193556/http://www.ars.usda.gov/Aboutus/docs.htm?docid=6311">1996</a> US Agricultural Research Service expeditions</li> <li>Malus sieversii <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.orangepippintrees.com/crab-apple-trees/malus-sieversii">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150507015903/http://www.orangepippintrees.com/crab-apple-trees/malus-sieversii">Archived</a> 2015-05-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apples" title="Template:Apples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apples" title="Template talk:Apples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">Apples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars" title="List of apple cultivars">List of apple cultivars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple"><i>Malus domestica</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_niedzwetzkyana" title="Malus niedzwetzkyana">Malus niedzwetzkyana</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malus sieversii</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Table_apple" title="Table apple">Table apples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Pearmain" title="Adams Pearmain">Adams Pearmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aia_Ilu" title="Aia Ilu">Aia Ilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlie_Red_Flesh" title="Airlie Red Flesh">Airlie Red Flesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akane_(apple)" title="Akane (apple)">Akane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85ker%C3%B6" title="Åkerö">Åkerö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkmene_(apple)" title="Alkmene (apple)">Alkmene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allington_Pippin" title="Allington Pippin">Allington Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosia_(apple)" title="Ambrosia (apple)">Ambrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_(apple)" title="Anna (apple)">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annurca" title="Annurca">Annurca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_(apple)" title="Ariane (apple)">Ariane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Black" title="Arkansas Black">Arkansas Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashmead%27s_Kernel" title="Ashmead's Kernel">Ashmead's Kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Golden_Gala" title="Aurora Golden Gala">Aurora Golden Gala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Bough" title="Autumn Bough">Autumn Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Glory" title="Autumn Glory">Autumn Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_(apple)" title="Baldwin (apple)">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_(apple)" title="Beacon (apple)">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_of_Bath" title="Beauty of Bath">Beauty of Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_de_Boskoop" title="Belle de Boskoop">Belle de Boskoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellflower_apple" title="Bellflower apple">Bellflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Davis_(apple)" title="Ben Davis (apple)">Ben Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Bonnier" title="Birgit Bonnier">Birgit Bonnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braeburn" title="Braeburn">Braeburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brina" title="Brina">Brina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(apple)" title="Cameo (apple)">Cameo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champion_(apple)" title="Champion (apple)">Champion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civni_apple" title="Civni apple">Civni (Rubens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claygate_Pearmain" title="Claygate Pearmain">Claygate Pearmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clivia_(apple)" title="Clivia (apple)">Clivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Aromatic" title="Cornish Aromatic">Cornish Aromatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Gilliflower" title="Cornish Gilliflower">Cornish Gilliflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortland_(apple)" title="Cortland (apple)">Cortland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Crisp" title="Cosmic Crisp">Cosmic Crisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_Pendu_Plat" title="Court Pendu Plat">Court Pendu Plat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Orange_Pippin" title="Cox's Orange Pippin">Cox's Orange Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_Gold_(apple)" title="Crimson Gold (apple)">Crimson Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Red" title="Cripps Red">Cripps Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Pink" title="Cripps Pink">Cripps Pink (Pink Lady)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delbard_Jubil%C3%A9e" title="Delbard Jubilée">Delbard Jubilée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delbarestivale" title="Delbarestivale">Delbarestivale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delrouval" title="Delrouval">Delrouval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devonshire_Quarrenden" title="Devonshire Quarrenden">Devonshire Quarrenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(apple)" title="Discovery (apple)">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsett_Golden" title="Dorsett Golden">Dorsett Golden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougherty_(apple)" title="Dougherty (apple)">Dougherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Oldenburg_(apple)" title="Duchess of Oldenburg (apple)">Duchess of Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumelow%27s_Seedling" title="Dumelow's Seedling">Dumelow's Seedling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egremont_Russet" title="Egremont Russet">Egremont Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellison%27s_Orange" title="Ellison's Orange">Ellison's Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elstar" title="Elstar">Elstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_(apple)" title="Empire (apple)">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_(apple)" title="Enterprise (apple)">Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy_(apple)" title="Envy (apple)">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esopus_Spitzenburg" title="Esopus Spitzenburg">Esopus Spitzenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_(apple)" title="Eva (apple)">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EverCrisp" title="EverCrisp">EverCrisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiesta_(apple)" title="Fiesta (apple)">Fiesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippa_(apple)" title="Filippa (apple)">Filippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_(apple)" title="Flamenco (apple)">Flamenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florina_(apple)" title="Florina (apple)">Florina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_(apple)" title="Fuji (apple)">Fuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gala_(apple)" title="Gala (apple)">Gala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascoyne%27s_Scarlet" title="Gascoyne's Scarlet">Gascoyne's Scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geheimrat_Dr._Oldenburg" title="Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg">Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_Gold" title="Ginger Gold">Ginger Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Delicious" title="Golden Delicious">Golden Delicious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Orange_(apple)" title="Golden Orange (apple)">Golden Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldspur" title="Goldspur">Goldspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granny_Smith" title="Granny Smith">Granny Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravenstein" title="Gravenstein">Gravenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Golden" title="Grimes Golden">Grimes Golden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haralson_(apple)" title="Haralson (apple)">Haralson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokuto_(apple)" title="Hokuto (apple)">Hokuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeycrisp" title="Honeycrisp">Honeycrisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeygold" title="Honeygold">Honeygold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idared" title="Idared">Idared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Marie" title="Ingrid Marie">Ingrid Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grieve_(apple)" title="James Grieve (apple)">James Grieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_(apple)" title="Jazz (apple)">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Black" title="Jersey Black">Jersey Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonadel" title="Jonadel">Jonadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonagold" title="Jonagold">Jonagold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_(apple)" title="Jonathan (apple)">Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_apple" title="Jubilee apple">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julieta_(apple)" title="Julieta (apple)">Julieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(apple)" title="Jupiter (apple)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanzi_(apple)" title="Kanzi (apple)">Kanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmijn_de_Sonnaville" title="Karmijn de Sonnaville">Karmijn de Sonnaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Pippins" title="King of the Pippins">King of the Pippins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knobby_Russet" title="Knobby Russet">Knobby Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Alice_(apple)" title="Lady Alice (apple)">Lady Alice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxton%27s_Superb" title="Laxton's Superb">Laxton's Superb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(apple)" title="Liberty (apple)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveland_Raspberry_apple" title="Liveland Raspberry apple">Liveland Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_(apple)" title="Lodi (apple)">Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lambourne_(apple)" title="Lord Lambourne (apple)">Lord Lambourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucombe%27s_Seedling" title="Lucombe's Seedling">Lucombe's Seedling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macoun_apple" title="Macoun apple">Macoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McIntosh_(apple)" title="McIntosh (apple)">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melba_(apple)" title="Melba (apple)">Melba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose_(apple)" title="Melrose (apple)">Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutsu_(apple)" title="Mutsu (apple)">Mutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtown_Pippin" title="Newtown Pippin">Newtown Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_(apple)" title="Nicola (apple)">Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal_(apple)" title="Opal (apple)">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciros" title="Sciros">Sciros (Pacific Rose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam%27s_Delight" title="Pam's Delight">Pam's Delight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papirovka" title="Papirovka">Papirovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Red" title="Paula Red">Paula Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Pearl_(apple)" title="Pink Pearl (apple)">Pink Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinova" title="Pinova">Pinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_apple" title="Prima apple">Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pristine_apple" title="Pristine apple">Pristine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajka_(apple)" title="Rajka (apple)">Rajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralls_Janet" title="Ralls Janet">Ralls Janet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambo_apple" title="Rambo apple">Rambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MN55_(apple)" title="MN55 (apple)">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Astrachan" title="Red Astrachan">Red Astrachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Delicious" title="Red Delicious">Red Delicious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Pineapple_(apple)" title="Red Pineapple (apple)">Red Pineapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlove_apples" title="Redlove apples">Redlove apples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Greening" title="Rhode Island Greening">Rhode Island Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribston_Pippin" title="Ribston Pippin">Ribston Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxbury_Russet" title="Roxbury Russet">Roxbury Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandow_(apple)" title="Sandow (apple)">Sandow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansa_apple" title="Sansa apple">Sansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekai_Ichi" title="Sekai Ichi">Sekai Ichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_(apple)" title="Spartan (apple)">Spartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splendour_(apple)" title="Splendour (apple)">Splendour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Devon" title="Star of Devon">Star of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stayman_(apple)" title="Stayman (apple)">Stayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmer_Pippin" title="Sturmer Pippin">Sturmer Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerfree" title="Summerfree">Summerfree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Red" title="Cripps Red">Sundowner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_(apple)" title="Sunset (apple)">Sunset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suntan_(apple)" title="Suntan (apple)">Suntan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SweeTango" title="SweeTango">SweeTango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliaferro_(apple)" title="Taliaferro (apple)">Taliaferro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu_Rose" title="Tartu Rose">Tartu Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentation" title="Tentation">Tentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tompkins_King" title="Tompkins King">Tompkins King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz_(apple)" title="Topaz (apple)">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealthy_(apple)" title="Wealthy (apple)">Wealthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winesap" title="Winesap">Winesap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_(apple)" title="Winston (apple)">Winston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Pearmain" title="Worcester Pearmain">Worcester Pearmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyken_Pippin" title="Wyken Pippin">Wyken Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Imperial" title="York Imperial">York Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zestar_apple" title="Zestar apple">Zestar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cooking_apple" title="Cooking apple">Cooking apples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonovka" title="Antonovka">Antonovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_(apple)" title="Bismarck (apple)">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Orange" title="Blenheim Orange">Blenheim Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramley_apple" title="Bramley apple">Bramley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calville_Blanc_d%27hiver" title="Calville Blanc d'hiver">Calville Blanc d'hiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanino" title="Campanino">Campanino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellini_(apple)" title="Cellini (apple)">Cellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Wonder" title="Chelmsford Wonder">Chelmsford Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costard_(apple)" title="Costard (apple)">Costard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creston_(apple)" title="Creston (apple)">Creston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_Bramley" title="Crimson Bramley">Crimson Bramley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_of_Kent" title="Flower of Kent">Flower of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Noble" title="Golden Noble">Golden Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granny_Smith" title="Granny Smith">Granny Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadier_(apple)" title="Grenadier (apple)">Grenadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Byerd" title="King Byerd">King Byerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manks_Codlin" title="Manks Codlin">Manks Codlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Wonder" title="Newton Wonder">Newton Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Biffin" title="Norfolk Biffin">Norfolk Biffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Spy" title="Northern Spy">Northern Spy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinette_du_Canada" title="Reinette du Canada">Reinette du Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_apple" title="Rome apple">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upton_Pyne_apple" title="Upton Pyne apple">Upton Pyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Transparent" title="White Transparent">White Transparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_River_(apple)" title="Wolf River (apple)">Wolf River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cider_apple" title="Cider apple">Cider apples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Snout" title="Brown Snout">Brown Snout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_Liberty_(apple)" title="Cap of Liberty (apple)">Cap of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel_Jersey" title="Chisel Jersey">Chisel Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccagee" title="Coccagee">Coccagee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_King_(apple)" title="Crimson King (apple)">Crimson King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabinett" title="Dabinett">Dabinett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufflin_(apple)" title="Dufflin (apple)">Dufflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Bitter" title="Ellis Bitter">Ellis Bitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxwhelp" title="Foxwhelp">Foxwhelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Russet" title="Golden Russet">Golden Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Spire" title="Golden Spire">Golden Spire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangdown_(apple)" title="Hangdown (apple)">Hangdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Cider_Apple" title="Harrison Cider Apple">Harrison Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Black" title="Kingston Black">Kingston Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_(cider_apple)" title="Major (cider apple)">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelin_(apple)" title="Michelin (apple)">Michelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poveshon" title="Poveshon">Poveshon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redstreak" title="Redstreak">Redstreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack-ma-Girdle" title="Slack-ma-Girdle">Slack-ma-Girdle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styre" title="Styre">Styre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Putt" title="Tom Putt">Tom Putt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcock_(apple)" title="Woodcock (apple)">Woodcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlington_Mill" title="Yarlington Mill">Yarlington Mill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">Ornamental apple</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_(apple)" title="Flamenco (apple)">Flamenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldspur" title="Goldspur">Goldspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wijcik_McIntosh" title="Wijcik McIntosh">Wijcik McIntosh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_dishes" title="List of apple dishes">Apple products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_butter" title="Apple butter">Apple butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cake" title="Apple cake">Apple cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cheese" title="Apple cheese">Apple cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_chip" title="Apple chip">Apple chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider_vinegar" title="Apple cider vinegar">Apple cider vinegar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_crisp" title="Apple crisp">Apple crisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_flour" title="Apple flour">Apple flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_pie" title="Apple pie">Apple pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_sauce" title="Apple sauce">Apple sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_seed_oil" title="Apple seed oil">Apple seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_strudel" title="Apple strudel">Apple strudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_apple" title="Cooking apple">Baked apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_apple" title="Candy apple">Candy apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramel_apple" title="Caramel apple">Caramel apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himmel_und_Erde" title="Himmel und Erde">Himmel und Erde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apple_cake" title="Jewish apple cake">Jewish apple cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">Pectin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apfelwein" title="Apfelwein">Apfelwein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_juice" title="Apple juice">Apple juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applejack_(drink)" title="Applejack (drink)">Applejack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cider" title="Ice cider">Ice cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pommeau" title="Pommeau">Pommeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_picking" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple picking">Apple picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_scab" title="Apple scab">Apple scab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applecrab" title="Applecrab">Applecrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Apples" title="Arctic Apples">Arctic Apples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_pruning" title="Fruit tree pruning">Fruit tree pruning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gymnosporangium_juniperi-virginianae" title="Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae">Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Appleseed" title="Johnny Appleseed">Johnny Appleseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malling_series" title="Malling series">Malling series</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Malus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearmain" title="Pearmain">Pearmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_pollination#Apples" title="Fruit tree pollination">Pollination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pome" title="Pome">Pome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRI_disease_resistant_apple_breeding_program" title="PRI disease resistant apple breeding program">PRI disease resistant apple breeding program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinette" title="Reinette">Reinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russet_apple" title="Russet apple">Russeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Apple_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="US Apple Association">US Apple Association</a></li> <li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apple_production" title="List of countries by apple production">Countries by apple production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_diseases" title="List of apple diseases">Apple diseases</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apples" title="Category:Apples">Apples</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_cultivars" title="Category:Apple cultivars">Cultivars</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_production" title="Category:Apple production">Production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="&quot;Crabapple&quot;_or_&quot;Wild_apple&quot;_(of_the_genus_Malus)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:name;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crabapple" title="Template:Crabapple"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crabapple" title="Template talk:Crabapple"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crabapple" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crabapple"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="&quot;Crabapple&quot;_or_&quot;Wild_apple&quot;_(of_the_genus_Malus)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">"<a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Crabapple</a>" <small>or</small> "Wild apple" <small>(of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a></small> <i><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Malus</a></i>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_angustifolia" title="Malus angustifolia">Malus angustifolia</a></i> <small>(Southern)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_asiatica" title="Malus asiatica">Malus asiatica</a></i> <small>(Chinese pearleaf)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_baccata" title="Malus baccata">Malus baccata</a></i> <small>(Siberian)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_bracteata" class="mw-redirect" title="Malus bracteata">Malus bracteata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_brevipes" title="Malus brevipes">Malus brevipes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_coronaria" title="Malus coronaria">Malus coronaria</a></i> <small>(Sweet)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_crescimannoi" title="Malus crescimannoi">Malus crescimannoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_doumeri" title="Malus doumeri">Malus doumeri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_%27Evereste%27" title="Malus 'Evereste'">Malus 'Evereste'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_florentina" title="Malus florentina">Malus florentina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_floribunda" title="Malus floribunda">Malus floribunda</a></i> <small>(Japanese)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_fusca" title="Malus fusca">Malus fusca</a></i> <small>(Oregon/Pacific)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_glabrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Malus glabrata">Malus glabrata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_glaucescens" class="mw-redirect" title="Malus glaucescens">Malus glaucescens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_halliana" title="Malus halliana">Malus halliana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_honanensis" title="Malus honanensis">Malus honanensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_hupehensis" title="Malus hupehensis">Malus hupehensis</a></i> <small>(Tea)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_ioensis" title="Malus ioensis">Malus ioensis</a></i> <small>(Prairie)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_kansuensis" title="Malus kansuensis">Malus kansuensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_lancifolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Malus lancifolia">Malus lancifolia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_mandshurica" title="Malus mandshurica">Malus mandshurica</a></i> <small>(Manchurian)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_niedzwetskyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Malus niedzwetskyana">Malus niedzwetskyana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_orientalis" title="Malus orientalis">Malus orientalis</a></i> (Caucasian)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_prattii" title="Malus prattii">Malus prattii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_prunifolia" title="Malus prunifolia">Malus prunifolia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_rockii" title="Malus rockii">Malus rockii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_sargentii" title="Malus sargentii">Malus sargentii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_sieboldii" title="Malus sieboldii">Malus sieboldii</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malus sieversii</a></i> <small>(Asian wild/Almaty)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_sikkimensis" title="Malus sikkimensis">Malus sikkimensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_spectabilis" title="Malus spectabilis">Malus spectabilis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_sublobata" class="mw-redirect" title="Malus sublobata">Malus sublobata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_sylvestris" title="Malus sylvestris">Malus sylvestris</a></i> <small>(European wild)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_toringoides" title="Malus toringoides">Malus toringoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_transitoria" title="Malus transitoria">Malus transitoria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_trilobata" title="Malus trilobata">Malus trilobata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_tschonoskii" class="mw-redirect" title="Malus tschonoskii">Malus tschonoskii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_yunnanensis" title="Malus yunnanensis">Malus yunnanensis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crab_apples_by_the_roadside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_978786.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crab apples by the roadside"><img alt="Crab apples by the roadside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Crab_apples_by_the_roadside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_978786.jpg/100px-Crab_apples_by_the_roadside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_978786.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Crab_apples_by_the_roadside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_978786.jpg/150px-Crab_apples_by_the_roadside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_978786.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Crab_apples_by_the_roadside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_978786.jpg/200px-Crab_apples_by_the_roadside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_978786.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applecrab" title="Applecrab">Applecrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malling_series" title="Malling series">Malling series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_cultivars" title="Category:Apple cultivars">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apple_cultivars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Apple cultivars">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Malus sieversii</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728769" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q728769">Q728769</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Malus sieversii">Malus sieversii</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/malus-sieversii/">malus-sieversii</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=436690">436690</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3XQY3">3XQY3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/248885">248885</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/MABSI">MABSI</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200010916">200010916</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200010916">200010916</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3001162">3001162</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=23275">23275</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/425883">425883</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/726400-1">726400-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=836510">836510</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/32363">32363</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=106567">106567</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/144823/">144823</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=321926">321926</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/rjp-7027">rjp-7027</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/MASI10">MASI10</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A726400-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726400-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/27802349">27802349</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001016400">wfo-0001016400</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Pyrus sieversii</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39778290" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q39778290">Q39778290</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/731235-1">731235-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A2964260-4">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:2964260-4</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/27807157">27807157</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001016919">wfo-0001016919</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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