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Animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warner_Bros._Animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ralph_Bakshi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ralph_Bakshi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ralph Bakshi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ralph_Bakshi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outsourcing_animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outsourcing_animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Outsourcing animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outsourcing_animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First-run_syndicated_animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First-run_syndicated_animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>First-run syndicated animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First-run_syndicated_animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_the_"Big_Three"_kids_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_the_"Big_Three"_kids_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rise of the "Big Three" kids networks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rise_of_the_"Big_Three"_kids_networks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rise of the "Big Three" kids networks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_the_"Big_Three"_kids_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_Hanna-Barbera_to_Cartoon_Network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Hanna-Barbera_to_Cartoon_Network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>From Hanna-Barbera to Cartoon Network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Hanna-Barbera_to_Cartoon_Network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nickelodeon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nickelodeon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nickelodeon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nickelodeon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disney_Channel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disney_Channel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Disney Channel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disney_Channel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadcast_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcast_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Broadcast networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcast_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animation_for_adults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animation_for_adults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Animation for adults</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Animation_for_adults-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Animation for adults subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Animation_for_adults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Simpsons_and_Fox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Simpsons_and_Fox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>The Simpsons</i> and Fox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Simpsons_and_Fox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spike_and_Mike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spike_and_Mike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Spike and Mike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spike_and_Mike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cartoon_Network_and_Adult_Swim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cartoon_Network_and_Adult_Swim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cartoon Network and Adult Swim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cartoon_Network_and_Adult_Swim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_cartoons_for_adults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_cartoons_for_adults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Other cartoons for adults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_cartoons_for_adults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_rise_of_computer_animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_rise_of_computer_animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The rise of computer animation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_rise_of_computer_animation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The rise of computer animation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_rise_of_computer_animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pixar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pixar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pixar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pixar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DreamWorks_Animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DreamWorks_Animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>DreamWorks Animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DreamWorks_Animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Walt Disney Animation Studios</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independents_and_others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independents_and_others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Independents and others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independents_and_others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Internet_and_Flash_animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Internet_and_Flash_animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rise of Internet and Flash animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Internet_and_Flash_animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animation_accolades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animation_accolades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Animation accolades</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Animation_accolades-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Animation accolades subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Animation_accolades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recognition_by_the_Oscars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_by_the_Oscars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Recognition by the Oscars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_by_the_Oscars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annie_Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annie_Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Annie Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annie_Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%95%A0%EB%8B%88%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98" title="미국의 애니메이션 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국의 애니메이션" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderni_animacija_Jungtin%C4%97se_Amerikos_Valstijose" title="Moderni animacija Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Moderni animacija Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_anim%C3%A1ci%C3%B3_Amerik%C3%A1ban" title="Modern animáció Amerikában – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Modern animáció Amerikában" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima%C3%A7%C3%A3o_moderna_nos_Estados_Unidos" title="Animação moderna nos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Animação moderna nos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A8%E7%94%BB" title="现代美国动画 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="现代美国动画" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ff8855; font-size:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/American_animation" title="American animation">History of animation in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_during_the_silent_era" title="Animation in the United States during the silent era">Silent era</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_American_animation" title="Golden age of American animation">Golden Age</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_and_American_animation" title="World War II and American animation">World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_in_the_television_era" title="Animation in the United States in the television era">Television era</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern era</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_animation_in_the_United_States" title="Template:History of animation in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_animation_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:History of animation in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_animation_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of animation in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Modern animation in the United States</b> from the late 1980s to 2004 is frequently referred to as the <b>renaissance age of American animation</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, many large American entertainment companies reformed and reinvigorated their <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> departments, following the <a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_in_the_television_era" title="Animation in the United States in the television era">dark age</a>, and the United States had an influence on global and worldwide animation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many companies originating in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_American_animation" title="Golden age of American animation">golden age of American animation</a> experienced newfound critical and commercial success. During the <a href="/wiki/Disney_Renaissance" title="Disney Renaissance">Disney Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a> went back to producing critically and commercially successful animated films based on well-known stories, just as principal co-founder <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> had done during his lifetime. Disney also began producing successful animated television shows, a then-first for the company, which led to the creation and launch of <a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel" title="Disney Channel">Disney Channel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pallant_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pallant-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> produced highly successful animated cartoon television series inspired by their classic <i><a href="/wiki/Looney_Tunes" title="Looney Tunes">Looney Tunes</a></i> cartoons, while also launching the <a href="/wiki/DC_Animated_Universe" title="DC Animated Universe">DC Animated Universe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-erickson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erickson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hanna-Barbera" title="Hanna-Barbera">Hanna-Barbera</a> ceased production on low budget television series and, through its acquisition by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a>, launched <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a>, a network owned by <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(1952%E2%80%932005)" title="Viacom (1952–2005)">the first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%932019)" title="Viacom (2005–2019)">second incarnations</a> of Viacom Inc. until 2019, <a href="/wiki/ViacomCBS" class="mw-redirect" title="ViacomCBS">ViacomCBS</a> until 2022, and <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a> thereafter, rose to fame by creating the <a href="/wiki/Nicktoons" title="Nicktoons">Nicktoons</a> brand in 1991 which led to various acclaimed programs under the label in the 1990s and 2000s. </p><p>In addition, new animation studios rose to prominence during this period. Most notably, <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a> debuted with the extremely successful <i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a></i>, the first feature film to entirely use <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated imagery</a> (CGI).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation" title="DreamWorks Animation">DreamWorks Animation</a>, freshly spun-out from DreamWorks (later named <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Pictures" title="DreamWorks Pictures">DreamWorks Pictures</a>) debuted late in the era, but would become a major competitor and alternative to Disney in the subsequent decade.<sup id="cite_ref-late_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-late-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this era, the technology used to produce animation would experience revolutionary shifts. Beginning in the mid-1990s, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">traditional animation</a> using <a href="/wiki/Cel" title="Cel">hand-drawn cels</a> declined in favor of more advanced up-and-coming methods, like <a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation#Modern_process" title="Traditional animation">digital ink and paint</a> (a modern form of traditional animation) and <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">3D computer animation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These changes in animation technology led to the <b>millennium age of American animation</b>, which started in the early 2000s and has continued into present day.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trends">Trends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disney">Disney <span class="anchor" id="The_Return_of_Disney"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Disney"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disney_Renaissance" title="Disney Renaissance">Disney Renaissance</a></div> <p>At the start of the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a> had been struggling since <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>'s death in 1966, and the 1979 departure of <a href="/wiki/Don_Bluth" title="Don Bluth">Don Bluth</a> and eleven other associates from the animation department dealt Disney a major blow. Bluth formed a new studio, in direct competition with Disney. </p><p>Disney's "<a href="/wiki/Nine_Old_Men" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Old Men">Nine Old Men</a>", the animators responsible for Disney's most famous earlier works, and their associates began to hand their traditions down to a new generation of Disney animators. New faces such as <a href="/wiki/Glen_Keane" title="Glen Keane">Glen Keane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Clements" title="Ron Clements">Ron Clements</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Musker" title="John Musker">John Musker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Deja" title="Andreas Deja">Andreas Deja</a>, and others came to the studio in the late 1970s and early 1980s, a period that produced such features as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rescuers" title="The Rescuers">The Rescuers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pete%27s_Dragon_(1977_film)" title="Pete's Dragon (1977 film)">Pete's Dragon</a></i> (a live-action/animation hybrid), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fox_and_the_Hound" title="The Fox and the Hound">The Fox and the Hound</a></i>, as well as the featurettes <i><a href="/wiki/The_Small_One" title="The Small One">The Small One</a></i> (Bluth's only Disney-directed credit) and <i><a href="/wiki/Mickey%27s_Christmas_Carol" title="Mickey's Christmas Carol">Mickey's Christmas Carol</a></i> (the first screen appearance of <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a> since 1953). </p><p>At the same time, animator <a href="/wiki/Steven_Lisberger" title="Steven Lisberger">Steven Lisberger</a> brought to the studio a concept about a computer programmer who is launched into a computerized world. The film would mix live-action sequences with computer animation, which had not yet been used to such an extent. The studio was impressed with the idea; the result was an ambitious $17 million film ($53.7 million in today's dollars)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Tron" title="Tron">Tron</a></i>. While Disney's stock dropped four percent after a screening for unenthusiastic investment analysts,<sup id="cite_ref-Potts_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in spite of only moderate grosses at the box office,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tron</i> received enthusiastic praise from film critic <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ebert_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebert-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became a cult favorite and turned out—many years later—to have a greater influence on animation (at Disney and elsewhere) than expected.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, Disney became the target of a <a href="/wiki/Corporate_raid" title="Corporate raid">corporate raid</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Steinberg_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saul Steinberg (business)">Saul Steinberg</a>, who intended to break up the company piece by piece. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Roy_E._Disney" title="Roy E. Disney">Roy E. Disney</a>, who had already resigned as President in 1977, relinquished his spot on the Board of Directors to use his clout to change the status quo and improve the company's declining fortune. Disney escaped Steinberg's attempt by paying him <a href="/wiki/Greenmail" title="Greenmail">greenmail</a>, but in its aftermath CEO <a href="/wiki/Ron_W._Miller" title="Ron W. Miller">Ron W. Miller</a> resigned, to be replaced by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Eisner" title="Michael Eisner">Michael Eisner</a>. Roy Disney, now back on the Board as its Vice-Chairman, convinced Eisner to let him supervise the animation department, whose future was in serious doubt after the disappointing box office performance of its big-budget PG-rated feature, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Cauldron_(film)" title="The Black Cauldron (film)">The Black Cauldron</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The studio's next release, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Mouse_Detective" title="The Great Mouse Detective">The Great Mouse Detective</a></i>, fared better in relation to its significantly smaller budget, but it was overshadowed by <a href="/wiki/Don_Bluth" title="Don Bluth">Don Bluth</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Tail" title="An American Tail">An American Tail</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another film featuring mice characters that competed directly with <i>Mouse Detective</i> in theaters. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/1988_in_film" title="1988 in film">1988</a>, the studio collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis" title="Robert Zemeckis">Robert Zemeckis</a>, to make <i><a href="/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit" title="Who Framed Roger Rabbit">Who Framed Roger Rabbit</a></i>, a comedic detective caper that mixed live-action and animation while paying homage to the Golden Age of Cartoons. Disney characters appeared with characters from <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a> and other rival studios for the first time in animation history. The film was a huge box-office success, winning four <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>, reviving interest in animation made for theaters, and popularizing the in-depth study of the history and techniques of animation. Several aging legends in the business, such as <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Chuck Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friz_Freleng" title="Friz Freleng">Friz Freleng</a>, suddenly found themselves the center of attention, receiving acclaim and accolades after decades of being virtually ignored by audiences and industry professionals alike<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Additionally, the release of many older Disney features and short cartoons on home video, and the company's creation of new <a href="/wiki/Saturday-morning_cartoon" title="Saturday-morning cartoon">Saturday-morning cartoons</a> for <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> and <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> respectively (such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wuzzles" title="The Wuzzles">The Wuzzles</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_the_Gummi_Bears" title="Adventures of the Gummi Bears">Adventures of the Gummi Bears</a></i>, renewed interest in the studio. </p><p>Disney followed up <i>Who Framed Roger Rabbit</i> with <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver_%26_Company" title="Oliver & Company">Oliver & Company</a></i> in 1988<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 film)">The Little Mermaid</a></i>, an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a> fairy tale, in 1989 with songs by <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> composers <a href="/wiki/Alan_Menken" title="Alan Menken">Alan Menken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Ashman" title="Howard Ashman">Howard Ashman</a>. <i>The Little Mermaid</i> was a huge critical and commercial success. It won two <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> for its song and score, and became the first of a series of highly successful new Disney animated features.<sup id="cite_ref-pallant_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pallant-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The studio invested heavily in new technology, creating the <a href="/wiki/Computer_Animation_Production_System" title="Computer Animation Production System">Computer Animation Production System</a> to be used in tandem with traditional animation techniques. The first film to use this technology, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rescuers_Down_Under" title="The Rescuers Down Under">The Rescuers Down Under</a></i>, only grossed $27,931,461<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ($65.1 million in today's dollars), not even equalling the take of the original 1977 film.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the films that followed it, <i><a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)" title="Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)">Beauty and the Beast</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)" title="Aladdin (1992 Disney film)">Aladdin</a></i>, won rave reviews, received multiple Oscars, and topped the box office charts. <i><a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)" title="Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)">Beauty and the Beast</a></i> would eventually become the first animated feature to win the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Motion_Picture_-_Musical_or_Comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy">Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy</a> and to be nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Academy Award for Best Picture</a>, followed by 2009's <i><a href="/wiki/Up_(2009_film)" title="Up (2009 film)">Up</a></i> and 2010's <i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story_3" title="Toy Story 3">Toy Story 3</a></i>. </p><p>In 1993, Disney released <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nightmare_Before_Christmas" title="The Nightmare Before Christmas">The Nightmare Before Christmas</a></i>, the first feature-length <a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">stop-motion</a> animated film. Disney's success peaked in <a href="/wiki/1994_in_film" title="1994 in film">1994</a>, when <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a></i> grossed $328,541,776 ($675 million in today's dollars) and became the highest grossing movie of that year. As of 2024, <i>The Lion King</i> ranked as the 22nd highest grossing motion picture of all time in the United States and the highest grossing hand drawn movie of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent Disney films from 1995 to 2000, including <i><a href="/wiki/Pocahontas_(1995_film)" title="Pocahontas (1995 film)">Pocahontas</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1996_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)">The Hunchback of Notre Dame</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hercules_(1997_film)" title="Hercules (1997 film)">Hercules</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mulan_(1998_film)" title="Mulan (1998 film)">Mulan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tarzan_(1999_film)" title="Tarzan (1999 film)">Tarzan</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_2000" title="Fantasia 2000">Fantasia 2000</a></i> were box office and/or critical successes as well, albeit modestly so when compared to Disney's early-1990s releases. </p><p>In 1994, the death of Disney President and Chief Operating Officer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wells" title="Frank Wells">Frank Wells</a>, and the departure of studio chairman <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg" title="Jeffrey Katzenberg">Jeffrey Katzenberg</a> to co-found <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Pictures" title="DreamWorks Pictures">DreamWorks</a>, left Michael Eisner in full control of the company. At the turn of the century, films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_(2000_film)" title="Dinosaur (2000 film)">Dinosaur</a></i> (Disney's first CG animated feature), <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantis:_The_Lost_Empire" title="Atlantis: The Lost Empire">Atlantis: The Lost Empire</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Planet" title="Treasure Planet">Treasure Planet</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Home_on_the_Range_(2004_film)" title="Home on the Range (2004 film)">Home on the Range</a></i> failed to meet the critical and commercial expectations set by the 1990s phenomena, in spite of exceptions such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Groove" title="The Emperor's New Groove">The Emperor's New Groove</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lilo_%26_Stitch" title="Lilo & Stitch">Lilo & Stitch</a></i>. At the same time, the high level of popular acclaim bestowed upon <i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a></i>, the first <a href="/wiki/CGI_animated" class="mw-redirect" title="CGI animated">CGI animated</a> film, sparked an industry trend. Based on the commercial success of <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a>'s animated films and another CGI fare (especially DreamWorks' <i><a href="/wiki/Shrek" title="Shrek">Shrek</a></i>, which contained numerous jabs at Katzenberg's former workplace and boss), Disney came to believe that CGI was what the public wanted, so it ceased producing traditional animation after <i>Home on the Range</i>, and switched exclusively to CGI starting with 2005's <i><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Little_(2005_film)" title="Chicken Little (2005 film)">Chicken Little</a></i>. </p><p>Public rifts grew between the animation staff and management, as well as between Michael Eisner and Roy E. Disney. Roy resigned from the board of directors in 2003 with a scathing letter that called the company "rapacious and soulless", adding that he considered it to be "always looking for the quick buck."<sup id="cite_ref-Fonda_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fonda-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then launched the internet site SaveDisney.com<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in an attempt to preserve the integrity of the company and to oust Eisner, who resigned in 2005 after public opinion turned against him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Iger" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Iger">Robert Iger</a> succeeded Eisner; one of his first acts as CEO was to regain the rights to Walt Disney's first star <a href="/wiki/Oswald_the_Lucky_Rabbit" title="Oswald the Lucky Rabbit">Oswald the Lucky Rabbit</a> from <a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal" title="NBCUniversal">NBCUniversal</a> (Iger did so by offering NBC the services of <a href="/wiki/Al_Michaels" title="Al Michaels">Al Michaels</a>, a play-by-play host then under contract to Disney subsidiary <a href="/wiki/ESPN_on_ABC" title="ESPN on ABC">ABC Sports</a>, as a trade). After Disney's acquisition of Pixar in 2006, Pixar executive producer <a href="/wiki/John_Lasseter" title="John Lasseter">John Lasseter</a> became Chief Creative Officer at both Pixar and Disney, with a plan to reintroduce two-dimensional animation, starting with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Princess_and_the_Frog" title="The Princess and the Frog">The Princess and the Frog</a></i> in 2009, but was abruptly halted after <i><a href="/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_(2011_film)" title="Winnie the Pooh (2011 film)">Winnie the Pooh</a></i> was commercially unsuccessful in 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television_animation">Television animation <span class="anchor" id="Television_and_Direct_to_Video_Sequels"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Television animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Disney_Television_Animation" title="Disney Television Animation">Disney Television Animation</a></div> <p>After 30 years of resisting offers to produce television animation, Disney finally relented once Michael Eisner, who had a background in TV, took over. The first TV cartoons to carry the Disney name, CBS' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wuzzles" title="The Wuzzles">The Wuzzles</a></i> and NBC's <i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_the_Gummi_Bears" title="Adventures of the Gummi Bears">Adventures of the Gummi Bears</a></i>, both premiered in the fall of 1985. Breaking from standard practice in the medium, the productions enjoyed substantially larger production budgets than average, allowing for higher-quality writing and animation, in anticipation of recouping profitably in rerun syndication. While <i>The Wuzzles</i> only lasted a season, <i>Adventures of the Gummi Bears</i> was a sustained success with a six-season run. </p><p>In 1987, the TV animation division adapted <a href="/wiki/Carl_Barks" title="Carl Barks">Carl Barks</a>' <a href="/wiki/Scrooge_McDuck" title="Scrooge McDuck">Scrooge McDuck</a> comic books for the small screen with the syndicated hit <i><a href="/wiki/DuckTales_(1987_TV_series)" title="DuckTales (1987 TV series)">DuckTales</a></i>. Its success spawned a 1990 theatrical film entitled <i><a href="/wiki/DuckTales_the_Movie:_Treasure_of_the_Lost_Lamp" title="DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp">DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp</a></i> and an increased investment in syndicated cartoons. The result of this investment was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Disney_Afternoon" title="The Disney Afternoon">The Disney Afternoon</a></i> in 1990, a two-hour syndicated television programming block of such animated cartoon shows as: <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_Winnie_the_Pooh" title="The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh">The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh</a></i> (1988-1991), <i><a href="/wiki/Chip_%27n_Dale:_Rescue_Rangers_(TV_series)" title="Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (TV series)">Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers</a></i> (1989–1991), <i><a href="/wiki/TaleSpin" title="TaleSpin">TaleSpin</a></i> (1990–1991), <i><a href="/wiki/Darkwing_Duck" title="Darkwing Duck">Darkwing Duck</a></i> (1991–1993, also airing on <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Goof_Troop" title="Goof Troop">Goof Troop</a></i> (1992–1994, also airing on <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Bonkers_(American_TV_series)" title="Bonkers (American TV series)">Bonkers</a></i> (1993–1994), <i><a href="/wiki/Marsupilami_(1993_TV_series)" title="Marsupilami (1993 TV series)">Marsupilami</a></i> (1993–1995), the <a href="/wiki/Gargoyles_(TV_series)#Reception" title="Gargoyles (TV series)">critically acclaimed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gargoyles_(TV_series)#Cultural_impact" title="Gargoyles (TV series)">still-popular</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Gargoyles_(TV_series)" title="Gargoyles (TV series)">Gargoyles</a></i> (1994–1997), and <i><a href="/wiki/Pepper_Ann" title="Pepper Ann">Pepper Ann</a></i> (1997–2000). TV animation also brought some animated feature film characters to Saturday morning, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(TV_series)" title="The Little Mermaid (TV series)">The Little Mermaid</a></i> (1992–1994), <i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_(animated_TV_series)" title="Aladdin (animated TV series)">Aladdin</a></i> (1994–1995), <i><a href="/wiki/Timon_%26_Pumbaa_(TV_series)" title="Timon & Pumbaa (TV series)">Timon & Pumbaa</a></i> (1995–1999), <i><a href="/wiki/Hercules_(1998_TV_series)" title="Hercules (1998 TV series)">Hercules</a></i> (1998–1999) (the first three on <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>), and later <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Tarzan_(TV_series)" title="The Legend of Tarzan (TV series)">The Legend of Tarzan</a></i> (2001–2003) and <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Mouse" title="House of Mouse">House of Mouse</a></i> (2001–2003). </p><p>The perennially-popular Disney's <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a> made his comeback and a revival on television with the animated series <i><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse_Works" title="Mickey Mouse Works">Mickey Mouse Works</a></i> (1999-2000), an animated series that paid homage to all the classic Mickey Mouse and Walt Disney cartoons. <i>Mickey Mouse Works</i> was later followed by the Mickey Mouse/Disney character crossover series <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Mouse" title="House of Mouse">House of Mouse</a></i> (2001-2003), the educational series <i><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse_Clubhouse" title="Mickey Mouse Clubhouse">Mickey Mouse Clubhouse</a></i> (2006-2016, which aired on Playhouse Disney and then <a href="/wiki/Disney_Jr." title="Disney Jr.">Disney Junior</a>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse_(TV_series)" title="Mickey Mouse (TV series)">Mickey Mouse</a>/<a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_World_of_Mickey_Mouse" title="The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse">The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse</a></i> (2013-2020, 2020-2023). Additionally, the studio produced animated series for <a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel" title="Disney Channel">Disney Channel</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Kim_Possible" title="Kim Possible">Kim Possible</a></i> (2002-2007), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Proud_Family" title="The Proud Family">The Proud Family</a></i> (2001-2005), "<a href="/wiki/American_Dragon:_Jake_Long" title="American Dragon: Jake Long">American Dragon: Jake Long</a>" (2005-2007), <i><a href="/wiki/Phineas_and_Ferb" title="Phineas and Ferb">Phineas and Ferb</a></i> (2007-2024), <i><a href="/wiki/Star_vs._the_Forces_of_Evil" title="Star vs. the Forces of Evil">Star vs. the Forces of Evil</a></i> (2015-2019), <i><a href="/wiki/Amphibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibia">Amphibia</a></i> (2019-2022) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Owl_House" title="The Owl House">The Owl House</a></i> (2020-2023) and, more recently, <i><a href="/wiki/Kiff_(TV_series)" title="Kiff (TV series)">Kiff</a></i> (2023–present), the studio is now a parent company of Disney Branded Television (then Disney Channels Worldwide). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Direct-to-video_sequels">Direct-to-video sequels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Direct-to-video sequels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/DisneyToon_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="DisneyToon Studios">DisneyToon Studios</a> was founded in Paris in the late 1980s to produce <i>DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp</i>, which is not considered by the studio to be part of the Disney animated "canon".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of making non-canon <a href="/wiki/Direct-to-video" title="Direct-to-video">direct-to-video</a> sequels to canon films began in 1994 with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_Jafar" title="The Return of Jafar">The Return of Jafar</a></i>, a sequel to <i>Aladdin</i>. This was a reversal of the long-standing studio policy against sequels to animated films (which did not apply to live-action films); Walt Disney has often been quoted on the subject as saying "you can't top pigs with pigs", a reference to how the <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Little_Pigs_(film)" title="Three Little Pigs (film)">Three Little Pigs</a></i> short managed to get more than three sequels.<sup id="cite_ref-Von_Busack_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Von_Busack-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of strong video sales, the studio continued to make these films in spite of negative critical reaction; 2002's <i><a href="/wiki/Cinderella_II:_Dreams_Come_True" title="Cinderella II: Dreams Come True">Cinderella II: Dreams Come True</a></i> received a rare 11% rating from the review-aggregating website Rotten Tomatoes.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under John Lasseter, the studio brought this practice to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fritz_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritz-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DisneyToon also produced several non-canon entries that <i>did</i> receive theatrical releases, such as <i><a href="/wiki/A_Goofy_Movie" title="A Goofy Movie">A Goofy Movie</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tigger_Movie" title="The Tigger Movie">The Tigger Movie</a></i>. The latter brought the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Brothers" title="Sherman Brothers">Sherman Brothers</a> back to the studio for their first Disney feature film score since <i><a href="/wiki/Bedknobs_and_Broomsticks" title="Bedknobs and Broomsticks">Bedknobs and Broomsticks</a></i> in 1971. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Don_Bluth">Don Bluth <span class="anchor" id="Don_Bluth:_Triumphs,_Trials,_and_Tribulations"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Don Bluth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Bluth_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Sullivan Bluth Studios">Sullivan Bluth Studios</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Don_Bluth" title="Don Bluth">Don Bluth</a>'s company had been driven to bankruptcy twice: once, as <a href="/wiki/Don_Bluth_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Bluth Productions">Don Bluth Productions</a>, after the disappointing box office take of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_of_NIMH" title="The Secret of NIMH">The Secret of NIMH</a></i> coincided with an animator's strike; and again, as the Bluth Group, after the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1983" title="Video game crash of 1983">Video game crash of 1983</a>—when <a href="/wiki/Cinematronics" title="Cinematronics">Cinematronics</a>, in an attempt to cut its losses, charged fees and royalties of over $3 million ($8.8 million adjusted for inflation) to Bluth's company while it was working on a sequel to the laserdisc-based animated arcade videogame <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Lair" title="Dragon's Lair">Dragon's Lair</a></i>. </p><p>Bluth formed <a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Bluth_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Sullivan Bluth Studios">Sullivan Bluth Studios</a> with backing from businessman <a href="/wiki/Morris_Sullivan" title="Morris Sullivan">Morris Sullivan</a>, while film director <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>—a long-time animation fan who was interested in producing theatrical animation helped Bluth to produce 1986's <i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Tail" title="An American Tail">An American Tail</a></i>. The film was a hit, grossing $47,483,002 ($132 million in today's dollars).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During its production, the studio relocated to Ireland, taking advantage of government tax breaks for film production. Bluth's 1988 follow-up <i><a href="/wiki/The_Land_Before_Time_(film)" title="The Land Before Time (film)">The Land Before Time</a></i> was a slightly bigger hit, grossing $48,092,846 ($124 million in today's dollars)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and spawning <a href="/wiki/The_Land_Before_Time_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Land Before Time (series)">12 sequels</a> and a <a href="/wiki/The_Land_Before_Time_(TV_series)" title="The Land Before Time (TV series)">TV series</a>. Neither Bluth nor Spielberg were involved with any of the <i>Land Before Time</i> sequels; Spielberg produced the 1991 sequel <i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Tail:_Fievel_Goes_West" title="An American Tail: Fievel Goes West">An American Tail: Fievel Goes West</a></i> without Bluth. </p><p>To gain more creative control, Bluth parted company with Spielberg on his next film, the 1989 release <i><a href="/wiki/All_Dogs_Go_to_Heaven" title="All Dogs Go to Heaven">All Dogs Go to Heaven</a></i>. While the film had the misfortune of opening the same day as Disney's <i>The Little Mermaid</i>, it fared much better on home video.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenburg200632_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenburg200632-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early 1990s were difficult for the studio; it released several box office failures. In 1992, <i><a href="/wiki/Rock-a-Doodle" title="Rock-a-Doodle">Rock-a-Doodle</a></i> was panned by critics and ignored by audiences; its dismal box-office performance of $11,657,385 ($25.3 million in today's dollars)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contributed to Sullivan Bluth's bankruptcy. Bluth's next feature, 1994's <i><a href="/wiki/Thumbelina_(1994_film)" title="Thumbelina (1994 film)">Thumbelina</a></i> fared a little better critically but even worse commercially, while <i><a href="/wiki/A_Troll_in_Central_Park" title="A Troll in Central Park">A Troll in Central Park</a></i>, also released in 1994, barely got a theatrical release, grossing $71,368 against a budget of $23,000,000 (or $146,710 against $47.3 million in current terms).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sullivan Bluth Studios closed in 1995. Bluth and Goldman returned to the United States a year earlier to discuss the creation of a feature-animation division at <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a>; the studio's three previous animated films (<i><a href="/wiki/FernGully:_The_Last_Rainforest" title="FernGully: The Last Rainforest">FernGully: The Last Rainforest</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Forest" title="Once Upon a Forest">Once Upon a Forest</a></i>, and the live-action/animation hybrid <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pagemaster" title="The Pagemaster">The Pagemaster</a></i>) had all failed. <i><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_(1997_film)" title="Anastasia (1997 film)">Anastasia</a></i>, a musical remake of the <a href="/wiki/Anastasia_(1956_film)" title="Anastasia (1956 film)">1956 film</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a>, did far better than any Bluth film since <i>All Dogs Go To Heaven</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the 2000 release of <i><a href="/wiki/Titan_A.E." title="Titan A.E.">Titan A.E.</a></i>, a film far different from the ones Bluth had been making, was a flop. <a href="/wiki/Fox_Animation_Studios" title="Fox Animation Studios">Fox Animation Studios</a> closed soon afterwards; nearly all <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox_Animation" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox Animation">Fox feature animation</a> was produced by its <a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_Studios" title="Blue Sky Studios">Blue Sky Studios</a> unit until the Fox Animation Studios imprint was revived, without Bluth or Goldman, in 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warner_Bros._Animation"><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Animation" title="Warner Bros. Animation">Warner Bros. Animation</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Warner Bros. Animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After parting ways with Bluth, Spielberg turned to television animation, working with the <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> Entertainment Co. to bring back its animation department, which it had abandoned in the 1960s. A team of former <a href="/wiki/Hanna-Barbera" title="Hanna-Barbera">Hanna-Barbera</a> employees led by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Ruegger" title="Tom Ruegger">Tom Ruegger</a> formed a new studio, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Animation" title="Warner Bros. Animation">Warner Bros. Animation</a>, to produce <i><a href="/wiki/Tiny_Toon_Adventures" title="Tiny Toon Adventures">Tiny Toon Adventures</a>,</i> an animated series that paid homage to the Warner Bros. cartoons of <a href="/wiki/Termite_Terrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Termite Terrace">Termite Terrace</a>. The popularity of <i>Tiny Toon Adventures</i> among young TV viewers made the studio a contender once again in the field of animated cartoons. <i>Tiny Toon Adventures</i> was followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Animaniacs" title="Animaniacs">Steven Spielberg Presents Animaniacs</a></i> and its spinoff <i><a href="/wiki/Pinky_and_the_Brain" title="Pinky and the Brain">Pinky and the Brain</a></i>. Not only did these cartoons bring in new viewers to Warner Bros., but they also captured the attention of older viewers. Warner Bros., minus Spielberg, continued with work such as <i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Animated_Series" title="Batman: The Animated Series">Batman: The Animated Series</a></i>. <i>Batman</i> quickly received wide acclaim for its animation and mature writing, and it also inspired <a href="/wiki/Batman:_Mask_of_the_Phantasm" title="Batman: Mask of the Phantasm">a feature film</a>. Combined, these four Warner Bros. series won a total of 17 <a href="/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Awards" title="Daytime Emmy Awards">Daytime Emmy Awards</a>. </p><p>When Disney's feature animation surged in the 1990s, Warner Bros. tried to capitalize on their rival's success with animated feature films of their own, without the assistance of Spielberg. Their films—<i><a href="/wiki/Cats_Don%27t_Dance" title="Cats Don't Dance">Cats Don't Dance</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_Camelot" title="Quest for Camelot">Quest for Camelot</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Giant" title="The Iron Giant">The Iron Giant</a></i>—failed to come close to Disney's success, although <i>Cats Don't Dance</i> and <i>The Iron Giant</i> both received critical praise and developed cult followings. The 2001 live-action/animation hybrid <i><a href="/wiki/Osmosis_Jones" title="Osmosis Jones">Osmosis Jones</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Bill_Murray" title="Bill Murray">Bill Murray</a>, was a costly commercial failure,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although its home video performance proved successful enough for the studio's TV animation department to produce a short-lived spin-off series called <i><a href="/wiki/Ozzy_and_Drix" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozzy and Drix">Ozzy and Drix</a></i>. </p><p>The perennially-popular <i><a href="/wiki/Looney_Tunes" title="Looney Tunes">Looney Tunes</a></i> characters made a comeback. While the older shorts continued to enjoy countless reruns and compilation specials (and a few compilation films), new <i>Looney Tunes</i> short features were made in the 1990s. Inspired by the success of Disney's <i>Who Framed Roger Rabbit</i> and a series of <a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc." title="Nike, Inc.">Nike</a> and <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> commercials teaming the characters with basketball superstar <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jordan" title="Michael Jordan">Michael Jordan</a>, the studio produced the live-action/animation combo <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Jam" title="Space Jam">Space Jam</a></i> in 1996. The film received mixed reviews, but was a major commercial success.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, another 2003 feature, <i><a href="/wiki/Looney_Tunes:_Back_in_Action" title="Looney Tunes: Back in Action">Looney Tunes: Back in Action</a></i>, was a box-office flop, grossing about three-quarter of its $80 million budget worldwide ($133 million in current terms),<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but received more positive critical reviews. Other modern <i>Looney Tunes</i> projects were in a different vein. Unlike the original shorts, <i><a href="/wiki/Taz-Mania" title="Taz-Mania">Taz-Mania</a></i> (1991-1995) and <i><a href="/wiki/Baby_Looney_Tunes" title="Baby Looney Tunes">Baby Looney Tunes</a></i> (2001-2006) were aimed primarily at young children, while <i><a href="/wiki/Loonatics_Unleashed" title="Loonatics Unleashed">Loonatics Unleashed</a></i> (2005-2007) was a controversial revamping of the characters in the distant future. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sylvester_and_Tweety_Mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries">The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries</a></i> (1995-2000) and <i><a href="/wiki/Duck_Dodgers_(TV_series)" title="Duck Dodgers (TV series)">Duck Dodgers</a></i> (2003-2005) were very well received shows and were relatively more faithful to the original shorts. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Looney_Tunes_Show" title="The Looney Tunes Show">The Looney Tunes Show</a></i> (2011-2014) was a modern more adult-oriented sitcom and <i><a href="/wiki/Wabbit:_A_Looney_Tunes_Production" class="mw-redirect" title="Wabbit: A Looney Tunes Production">Wabbit: A Looney Tunes Production</a></i> (2015-2020) was a modernized series of Bugs Bunny shorts in the <i>Looney Tunes</i> tradition, but both shows still got a slightly better reception from audiences than <i>Baby Looney Tunes</i> or <i>Loonatics Unleashed</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ralph_Bakshi">Ralph Bakshi <span class="anchor" id="Bakshi_returns"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ralph Bakshi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bakshi" title="Ralph Bakshi">Ralph Bakshi</a>, director of ground-breaking animated films like <i><a href="/wiki/Fritz_the_Cat_(film)" title="Fritz the Cat (film)">Fritz the Cat</a></i> and the original <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1978_film)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)">Lord of the Rings</a></i> film, returned to animation after taking a short break in the mid-1980s. In 1985, he teamed up with young <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a>-born-and-raised animator <a href="/wiki/John_Kricfalusi" title="John Kricfalusi">John Kricfalusi</a> to make a hybrid live-action/animated music video for <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a>' "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Harlem_Shuffle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Harlem Shuffle (page does not exist)">The Harlem Shuffle</a>", which was released in early 1986. </p><p>The music video put together a production team at Bakshi Animation whose next project was the short-lived TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Mighty_Mouse:_The_New_Adventures" title="Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures">Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures</a></i>. Bakshi and company worked on several other projects in the late 1980s, but his biggest project, 1992's <i><a href="/wiki/Cool_World" title="Cool World">Cool World</a></i>, was a critically panned commercial disappointment.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, Bakshi announced that he would begin working on another feature film, <i><a href="/wiki/Last_Days_of_Coney_Island" title="Last Days of Coney Island">Last Days of Coney Island</a></i>, which he is financing himself and producing independently. Bakshi suspended production on the film in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but resumed in 2013 after a successful <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a> campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film was released in 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outsourcing_animation">Outsourcing animation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Outsourcing animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major reason for the increase in the quantity of American animation was the ability to <a href="/wiki/Outsource" class="mw-redirect" title="Outsource">outsource</a> the actual physical animation work to cheaper animation houses in foreign countries. Writing, character design, and storyboarding would be done in American offices. Storyboards, model sheets, and color guides would then be mailed overseas. This would sometimes cause problems, the final product wouldn't be seen until the completed cels were mailed back to the United States. </p><p>While budget became much less of an issue, overseas production houses would be chosen on a per-episode, or even per-scene, basis depending on the amount of money that was available at the moment. This resulted in obviously different levels of quality from episode to episode. This was particularly noticeable in shows like <i><a href="/wiki/Gargoyles_(TV_series)" title="Gargoyles (TV series)">Gargoyles</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Animated_Series" title="Batman: The Animated Series">Batman: The Animated Series</a></i>, where at times characters would appear wildly off-model, requiring scenes to be redone to the dismay of their directors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First-run_syndicated_animation">First-run syndicated animation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First-run syndicated animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication#First-run_syndication_in_the_U.S.#The_1970s_and_1980s#Animated_series" title="Broadcast syndication">Broadcast syndication § First-run syndication in the U.S.#The 1970s and 1980s#Animated series</a></div> <p>The older Bugs Bunny and Popeye cartoons made way for first-run <a href="/wiki/Television_syndication" class="mw-redirect" title="Television syndication">syndicated</a> cartoons such as <i><a href="/wiki/He-Man_and_the_Masters_of_the_Universe" title="He-Man and the Masters of the Universe">He-Man and the Masters of the Universe</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rambo:_The_Force_of_Freedom" title="Rambo: The Force of Freedom">Rambo: The Force of Freedom</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/ThunderCats" title="ThunderCats">ThunderCats</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_the_Menace_(1986_TV_series)" title="Dennis the Menace (1986 TV series)">Dennis the Menace</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/My_Little_Pony" title="My Little Pony">My Little Pony</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Transformers_(TV_series)" title="The Transformers (TV series)">The Transformers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1985_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1985 TV series)">G.I. Joe</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Voltron_(1984_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltron (1984 TV series)">Voltron</a></i>, and reruns of <i><a href="/wiki/Scooby-Doo" title="Scooby-Doo">Scooby-Doo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Garfield_and_Friends" title="Garfield and Friends">Garfield and Friends</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pink_Panther_(character)" title="Pink Panther (character)">The Pink Panther</a></i>, among many others. </p><p>In 1987, <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a> tried its luck at syndication; <i><a href="/wiki/DuckTales_(1987_TV_series)" title="DuckTales (1987 TV series)">DuckTales</a></i> went on the air that September and lasted 100 episodes. The success of <i>DuckTales</i> paved the way for a second series two years later, <i><a href="/wiki/Chip_%27n_Dale:_Rescue_Rangers_(TV_series)" title="Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (TV series)">Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers</a></i>. The following year, the two shows aired together under the umbrella title <i><a href="/wiki/The_Disney_Afternoon" title="The Disney Afternoon">The Disney Afternoon</a></i>. In 1991, Disney added another hour; the block aired in syndication until 1999. </p><p>These cartoons initially competed with the nationally broadcast ones. In the 1980s, national TV only aired <a href="/wiki/Saturday_morning_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturday morning cartoon">Saturday mornings</a>, not competing with the weekday and Sunday blocks of syndication aired by local independent stations but; however, by the 1990s, Fox and then WB started airing weekday afternoon blocks. By the end of the 1990s, both syndicated and national TV ended up losing most of its children's market to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a> TV channels like <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel" title="Disney Channel">Disney Channel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a> which provided appealing children's entertainment throughout the week at nearly all hours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_of_the_"Big_Three"_kids_networks"><span id="Rise_of_the_.22Big_Three.22_kids_networks"></span>Rise of the "Big Three" kids networks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rise of the "Big Three" kids networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Hanna-Barbera_to_Cartoon_Network">From Hanna-Barbera to Cartoon Network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: From Hanna-Barbera to Cartoon Network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hanna-Barbera" title="Hanna-Barbera">Hanna-Barbera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a></div> <p>The late 1980s and 1990s saw huge changes in the Saturday-morning landscape. By now, the once-prosperous <a href="/wiki/Hanna-Barbera_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanna-Barbera Productions">Hanna-Barbera Productions</a> was beleaguered by several factors. Its dominance over the networks' schedules was broken by other studios' shows, and once <i><a href="/wiki/The_Smurfs_(1981_TV_series)" title="The Smurfs (1981 TV series)">The Smurfs</a></i> was cancelled by NBC in 1989, Hanna-Barbera had no other hit ongoing series on the air. Additionally, its ability to successfully exploit older characters like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flintstones" title="The Flintstones">The Flintstones</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Scooby-Doo" title="Scooby-Doo">Scooby-Doo</a></i> with new shows was coming to an end; <i>Scooby-Doo</i> would end a near-continuous 22-year first-run after its most recent juniorized version, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Pup_Named_Scooby-Doo" title="A Pup Named Scooby-Doo">A Pup Named Scooby-Doo</a></i>, ended its run in 1991. The 1990 theatrical release of <i><a href="/wiki/Jetsons:_The_Movie" title="Jetsons: The Movie">Jetsons: The Movie</a></i> was a success for the fading studio and earned $20 million ($46.6 million in today's dollars).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987, <a href="/wiki/American_Financial_Group" title="American Financial Group">Great American Insurance Company</a> owner <a href="/wiki/Carl_Lindner_Jr." title="Carl Lindner Jr.">Carl Lindner Jr.</a> became the majority shareholder of Hanna-Barbera's parent company, <a href="/wiki/Taft_Broadcasting" title="Taft Broadcasting">Taft Broadcasting</a>, renaming it Great American Communications. </p><p>Great American wanted out of the entertainment business, and Hanna-Barbera was sold to the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System" title="Turner Broadcasting System">Turner Broadcasting System</a> in 1991. Ted Turner had expressed that he mainly wanted ownership of the studio's back catalog; its launch of <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a> on October 1, 1992 provided a new audience for Hanna-Barbera and Warner Brothers cartoons, both old and new. </p><p>In 1989, producer <a href="/wiki/Tom_Ruegger" title="Tom Ruegger">Tom Ruegger</a> had led an exodus of Hanna-Barbera staffers to restart <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Animation" title="Warner Bros. Animation">Warner Bros. Animation</a>. At first, the studio was constantly under threat of closure.<sup id="cite_ref-Strike_1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strike_1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, under <a href="/wiki/Fred_Seibert" title="Fred Seibert">Fred Seibert</a>'s guidance, Hanna-Barbera's new staff (whose ranks included <a href="/wiki/Craig_McCracken" title="Craig McCracken">Craig McCracken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genndy_Tartakovsky" title="Genndy Tartakovsky">Genndy Tartakovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butch_Hartman" title="Butch Hartman">Butch Hartman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seth_MacFarlane" title="Seth MacFarlane">Seth MacFarlane</a>) created a new generation of Hanna-Barbera cartoons in the 1990s such as <i><a href="/wiki/2_Stupid_Dogs" title="2 Stupid Dogs">2 Stupid Dogs</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dexter%27s_Laboratory" title="Dexter's Laboratory">Dexter's Laboratory</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Bravo" title="Johnny Bravo">Johnny Bravo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cow_and_Chicken" title="Cow and Chicken">Cow and Chicken</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_Weasel" title="I Am Weasel">I Am Weasel</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Powerpuff_Girls" title="The Powerpuff Girls">The Powerpuff Girls</a></i>. Alongside these Hanna-Barbera cartoons, shows from other companies also premiered on the channel such as <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Ghost_Coast_to_Coast" title="Space Ghost Coast to Coast">Space Ghost Coast to Coast</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ed,_Edd_n_Eddy" title="Ed, Edd n Eddy">Ed, Edd n Eddy</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Courage_the_Cowardly_Dog" title="Courage the Cowardly Dog">Courage the Cowardly Dog</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/WarnerMedia" title="WarnerMedia">Time Warner</a> acquired Turner in 1996, and thus inherited the rights to all of Hanna-Barbera's creative properties. This allowed Cartoon Network to begin airing all of the classic <i>Looney Tunes</i> shorts as well (previously, Turner had owned only the <i>Looney Tunes</i> shorts produced before August 1948, which had become part of the MGM/UA library).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cartoon Network's success with original programming lead them to move the reruns of old Hanna-Barbera and <i>Looney Tunes</i> cartoons to their spin-off channel <a href="/wiki/Boomerang_(channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boomerang (channel)">Boomerang</a>. </p><p>In 1997, Fred Seibert left Hanna-Barbera to found <a href="/wiki/Frederator_Studios" title="Frederator Studios">his studio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Strike_2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strike_2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, Hanna-Barbera moved to the same building as Warner Bros. Animation; the use of the Hanna-Barbera name for new productions ended with William Hanna's death in 2001. Hanna and Barbera continued to work as Time Warner employees and consultants until their respective deaths in 2001 and 2006; the name is still used for productions based on properties created during the Hanna-Barbera era. <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network_Studios" title="Cartoon Network Studios">Cartoon Network Studios</a> now handles most original animation for the network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nickelodeon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Nye_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bill_Nye_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/220px-Bill_Nye_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bill_Nye_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/330px-Bill_Nye_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bill_Nye_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/440px-Bill_Nye_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="3439" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nye" title="Bill Nye">Bill Nye</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a> introduced <i><a href="/wiki/Ren_%26_Stimpy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren & Stimpy">The Ren & Stimpy Show</a></i> as the first of three installments in <a href="/wiki/Nicktoons" title="Nicktoons">Nicktoons</a> brand. <i>Ren & Stimpy</i> was a wild and off-beat series that violated all the restrictions of Saturday morning cartoons, instead favoring the outrageous style of the shorts from the Golden Age period. The series' creator, <a href="/wiki/John_Kricfalusi" title="John Kricfalusi">John Kricfalusi</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bakshi" title="Ralph Bakshi">Ralph Bakshi</a> protege—was largely influenced by the classic works of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Clampett" title="Bob Clampett">Bob Clampett</a>. Despite the show's popularity, the show was beset with production delays and censorship battles with Nickelodeon, which fired Kricfalusi in 1992. The show continued under the production of the network-owned Games Animation company until 1996, though many animators departed with Kricfalusi. <a href="/wiki/Spike_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spike (TV network)">TNN</a> revived the show in <a href="/wiki/Ren_%26_Stimpy_%22Adult_Party_Cartoon%22" title="Ren & Stimpy "Adult Party Cartoon"">a more risqué form</a> in 2003, with Kricfalusi receiving more creative freedom, but it only lasted ten episodes. </p><p>From the early 1990s to the late 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a> also gave birth to many other hit animated series such as <i><a href="/wiki/Doug_(TV_series)" title="Doug (TV series)">Doug</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rugrats" title="Rugrats">Rugrats</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rocko%27s_Modern_Life" title="Rocko's Modern Life">Rocko's Modern Life</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aaahh!!!_Real_Monsters" title="Aaahh!!! Real Monsters">Aaahh!!! Real Monsters</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hey_Arnold!" title="Hey Arnold!">Hey Arnold!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/KaBlam!" title="KaBlam!">KaBlam!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Angry_Beavers" title="The Angry Beavers">The Angry Beavers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Thornberrys" title="The Wild Thornberrys">The Wild Thornberrys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/CatDog" title="CatDog">CatDog</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants" title="SpongeBob SquarePants">SpongeBob SquarePants</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Invader_Zim" title="Invader Zim">Invader Zim</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Jimmy_Neutron,_Boy_Genius" title="The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius">The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fairly_OddParents" title="The Fairly OddParents">The Fairly OddParents</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/My_Life_as_a_Teenage_Robot" title="My Life as a Teenage Robot">My Life as a Teenage Robot</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Danny_Phantom" title="Danny Phantom">Danny Phantom</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar:_The_Last_Airbender" title="Avatar: The Last Airbender">Avatar: The Last Airbender</a></i>. Many of these shows spawned successful <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_franchises" class="mw-redirect" title="Multimedia franchises">multimedia franchises</a>, most notably <i>Rugrats</i>, <i>SpongeBob SquarePants</i> (both franchises having three theatrical films and TV movies), and <i>Avatar: The Last Airbender</i> (which garnered both a <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Korra" title="The Legend of Korra">sequel series</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Avatar:_The_Last_Airbender_(2024_TV_series)" title="Avatar: The Last Airbender (2024 TV series)">live action series</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disney_Channel">Disney Channel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Disney Channel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Disney had hit animated series from the mid-1980s to mid-1990s such as <i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_the_Gummi_Bears" title="Adventures of the Gummi Bears">Adventures of the Gummi Bears</a></i> (1985), <i><a href="/wiki/DuckTales_(1987_TV_series)" title="DuckTales (1987 TV series)">DuckTales</a></i> (1987), <i><a href="/wiki/Chip_%27n_Dale:_Rescue_Rangers_(TV_series)" title="Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (TV series)">Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers</a></i> (1989), <i><a href="/wiki/Darkwing_Duck" title="Darkwing Duck">Darkwing Duck</a></i> (1991), and <i><a href="/wiki/Gargoyles_(TV_series)" title="Gargoyles (TV series)">Gargoyles</a></i> (1994). These aired on syndication, the <a href="/wiki/Disney_Afternoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney Afternoon">Disney Afternoon</a> programming block, and the <a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel" title="Disney Channel">Disney Channel</a> (at the time a pay-cable channel). </p><p>Further successful cartoons appeared in the late 1990s to early 2000s with <i><a href="/wiki/Recess_(TV_series)" title="Recess (TV series)">Recess</a></i> (1997), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Proud_Family" title="The Proud Family">The Proud Family</a></i> (2001), and <i><a href="/wiki/Kim_Possible" title="Kim Possible">Kim Possible</a></i> (2002), airing on Disney Channel (which switched to basic cable in 1997) and <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/ABC_Kids_(TV_programming_block)" title="ABC Kids (TV programming block)">One Saturday Morning</a> (later ABC Kids). Around the same time, Disney launched <a href="/wiki/Toon_Disney" title="Toon Disney">Toon Disney</a>, a channel specifically intended for animation. </p><p>Disney continued launching successful cartoon series in the late 2000s to 2020s, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Phineas_and_Ferb" title="Phineas and Ferb">Phineas and Ferb</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gravity_Falls" title="Gravity Falls">Gravity Falls</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Star_vs._the_Forces_of_Evil" title="Star vs. the Forces of Evil">Star vs. the Forces of Evil</a></i>, the 2017 <i><a href="/wiki/DuckTales_(2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="DuckTales (2017)">DuckTales</a></i> reboot, <i><a href="/wiki/Big_City_Greens" title="Big City Greens">Big City Greens</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Amphibia_(TV_series)" title="Amphibia (TV series)">Amphibia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Owl_House" title="The Owl House">The Owl House</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_and_Molly_McGee" title="The Ghost and Molly McGee">The Ghost and Molly McGee</a></i>. Toon Disney rebranded to <a href="/wiki/Disney_XD_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney XD (United States)">Disney XD</a>; cartoons continued airing there, as well as on Disney Channel and Disney's streaming platform <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcast_networks">Broadcast networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Broadcast networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the 1990s, the "Big Three" networks (ABC, NBC, and CBS) were no longer a three-way <a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">oligopoly</a>. On <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel" title="Disney Channel">Disney Channel</a> all grew to a point where they were and are still competitive with the broadcast networks around the world. The fledgling <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox network</a> launched their <a href="/wiki/Fox_Kids" title="Fox Kids">Fox Kids</a> programming block on weekdays and Saturdays in 1990, while <a href="/wiki/Kids%27_WB" title="Kids' WB">The WB</a> joined the competition with a kid's programming block shortly after the network's 1995 launch. </p><p>When NBC compared the success of the live-action youth sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/Saved_by_the_Bell" title="Saved by the Bell">Saved by the Bell</a></i> to the paucity of their animated hits, they gave up on cartoons in 1992, instead concentrating on live-action teenage shows with their Saturday-morning <a href="/wiki/Teen_NBC" class="mw-redirect" title="Teen NBC">TNBC</a> block. <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> was purchased by Disney in 1996, and Disney transformed ABC's Saturday schedule into a series of Disney-produced animated cartoons collectively named <a href="/wiki/One_Saturday_Morning" class="mw-redirect" title="One Saturday Morning">One Saturday Morning</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> was simply never able to come up with any new hits once the shows that anchored its late 1980s/early 1990s Saturday morning lineup—<i><a href="/wiki/Muppet_Babies_(1984_TV_series)" title="Muppet Babies (1984 TV series)">Muppet Babies</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(1987_TV_series)" title="Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series)">Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Garfield_and_Friends" title="Garfield and Friends">Garfield and Friends</a></i>, etc.—ran their respective courses. When CBS was purchased by <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(1971%E2%80%932005)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viacom (1971–2005)">Viacom</a>, which also owned Nickelodeon, Viacom simply repurposed much of the <a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(block)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Jr. (block)">Nick Jr.</a> lineup—in addition to adding a Saturday edition of the CBS morning-news program <i><a href="/wiki/The_Early_Show" title="The Early Show">The Early Show</a></i>. </p><p>As a result of years of activism by <a href="/wiki/Action_for_Children%27s_Television" title="Action for Children's Television">Action for Children's Television</a> and others against shows they believed blurred the line between entertainment and advertising, the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Television_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's Television Act">Children's Television Act</a> was passed in 1990. It began to be strictly enforced in 1996. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> began requiring three hours a week of educational and informational program intended explicitly for children, at times when children were awake. Since this required three hours to be "off-limits" to programs aimed at the general public, the networks naturally chose to air them on Saturday morning, when children were already watching. As a result, almost every Saturday-morning network show is required to contain some educational content. Fox and The WB worked around this problem by airing short one-hour weekday children's blocks instead of morning news shows, but those weekday blocks no longer exist (with the notable exception of PBS, which continues to have large weekday children's programming blocks as of 2010). Nonetheless, there were still a few toy-based children's programs in the 1990s, particularly <i><a href="/wiki/Power_Rangers" title="Power Rangers">Power Rangers</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(anime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokémon (anime)">Pokémon</a></i>. </p><p>Cable networks were not subject to these—or most other—FCC requirements, which allowed their series to have more leeway with content than network shows. The impact of the new regulations was almost instantaneous: by 1997, Nickelodeon had rocketed past its broadcast competitors to become the most-watched network on Saturday mornings.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animation_for_adults">Animation for adults</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Animation for adults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adult_animation" title="Adult animation">Adult animation</a></div> <p>The 1990s saw the beginnings of a new wave of animated cartoon series targeted primarily to adults and teenagers, after a lack of such a focus for over a decade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Simpsons_and_Fox"><i>The Simpsons</i> and Fox</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Simpsons and Fox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1987, "<a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons_shorts" title="The Simpsons shorts">The Simpsons</a>", an animated short cartoon segment of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tracey_Ullman_Show" title="The Tracey Ullman Show">The Tracey Ullman Show</a></i>, debuted. <a href="/wiki/Matt_Groening" title="Matt Groening">Matt Groening</a>'s creation gained its own <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">half-hour series</a> in 1989, the first prime-time animated series since <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flintstones" title="The Flintstones">The Flintstones</a></i>. Although 70 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Some_Enchanted_Evening_(The_Simpsons)" title="Some Enchanted Evening (The Simpsons)">first episode's</a> animation had to be redone, pushing the series premiere back three months, it became one of the first major hit series for the fledgling <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox network</a>. <i>The Simpsons</i> caused a sensation, entering popular culture and gaining wide acclaim for its satirical handling of American culture, families, society as a whole, and the human condition. </p><p>The show has won dozens of awards, including 24 <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy Award">Emmy Awards</a>, 26 <a href="/wiki/Annie_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Annie Award">Annie Awards</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Peabody Award">Peabody Awards</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TIME" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME">Time</a></i> magazine's December 31, 1999 issue named it the 20th century's best television series; it had also named character <a href="/wiki/Bart_Simpson" title="Bart Simpson">Bart Simpson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century">Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century</a>, being the only fictional character to appear on the list.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons_Movie" title="The Simpsons Movie">The Simpsons Movie</a> grossed over half a billion dollars worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 26, 2009, Fox renewed <i>The Simpsons</i> for an additional two years, "...which will secure its place as TV's longest-running prime-time series."<sup id="cite_ref-simpsons-2009-renewal_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpsons-2009-renewal-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its 21st season began on September 27, 2009, breaking the 20-season record it once shared with <i><a href="/wiki/Gunsmoke" title="Gunsmoke">Gunsmoke</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-simpsons-2009-renewal_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpsons-2009-renewal-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The success of <i>The Simpsons</i> led Fox to develop other animated series aimed at adults, including <i><a href="/wiki/Bob%27s_Burgers" title="Bob's Burgers">Bob's Burgers</a></i> (created by <a href="/wiki/Loren_Bouchard" title="Loren Bouchard">Loren Bouchard</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Hill" title="King of the Hill">King of the Hill</a></i> (created by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Judge" title="Mike Judge">Mike Judge</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a></i> (also by Groening), <i><a href="/wiki/Family_Guy" title="Family Guy">Family Guy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/American_Dad!" title="American Dad!">American Dad!</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cleveland_Show" title="The Cleveland Show">The Cleveland Show</a></i> (all created by <a href="/wiki/Seth_MacFarlane" title="Seth MacFarlane">Seth MacFarlane</a>). <i>King of the Hill</i> was an instant success, running 13 seasons. Both <i>Futurama</i> and <i>Family Guy</i> were cancelled by the network; after strong DVD sales and ratings in re-runs, both returned to the air—<i>Family Guy</i> on Fox, and <i>Futurama</i> on Comedy Central, now <a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RottenTomatoesMattGroenigClarifiesFuture_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RottenTomatoesMattGroenigClarifiesFuture-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spike_and_Mike">Spike and Mike</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Spike and Mike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1989, a festival of animation shorts, organized by Craig "Spike" Decker and Mike Gribble (known as "Spike & Mike") and originally based in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, began showcasing a collection of short subject animated films. Known as the <i>Classic Festival of Animation</i>, it played in theatrical and non-theatrical venues across the country. </p><p>The collections were largely made up of Oscar-nominated shorts, student work from the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_the_Arts" title="California Institute of the Arts">California Institute of the Arts</a>, and experimental work funded by the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a>. Early festivals included work by <a href="/wiki/John_Lasseter" title="John Lasseter">John Lasseter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Park" title="Nick Park">Nick Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Judge" title="Mike Judge">Mike Judge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Craig_McCracken" title="Craig McCracken">Craig McCracken</a>. Judge's piece, <i>Frog Baseball</i>, marked the first appearance of his dimwitted trademark characters <a href="/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-head" class="mw-redirect" title="Beavis and Butt-head">Beavis and Butt-head</a>, while McCracken's short <i>The Whoopass Girls in A Sticky Situation</i> featured the introduction of the trio of little girl superheroes that would later gain popularity under their new moniker, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Powerpuff_Girls" title="The Powerpuff Girls">The Powerpuff Girls</a></i>. </p><p>The festival gradually turned into a program of films called <i><a href="/wiki/Spike_and_Mike%27s_Festival_of_Animation" title="Spike and Mike's Festival of Animation">Spike and Mike's Sick and Twisted Festival of Animation</a></i>, an underground movement for adult humor and subject matter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cartoon_Network_and_Adult_Swim">Cartoon Network and Adult Swim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cartoon Network and Adult Swim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adult_Swim" title="Adult Swim">Adult Swim</a></div> <p>In 1994, the U.S. cable television network <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a> approved a new series entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Ghost:_Coast_to_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Ghost: Coast to Coast">Space Ghost: Coast to Coast</a></i>. In a particularly postmodern twist, this show featured live-action celebrity interviews mixed with animation from the original <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Ghost" title="Space Ghost">Space Ghost</a></i> cartoon. It was the beginning of the now common practice of using old Hanna-Barbera cartoon characters for new edgier productions, such as the surrealistic <i><a href="/wiki/Sealab_2021" title="Sealab 2021">Sealab 2021</a></i>, based on the short-lived early 1970s environmentally themed cartoon <i><a href="/wiki/Sealab_2020" title="Sealab 2020">Sealab 2020</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Birdman,_Attorney_at_Law" title="Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law">Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law</a></i> was about a lackluster superhero, Birdman—originally the star of <i><a href="/wiki/Birdman_and_the_Galaxy_Trio" title="Birdman and the Galaxy Trio">Birdman and the Galaxy Trio</a></i>—who has become a lawyer. His clientele, as well as most of the other characters on the show, are made up entirely of old Hanna-Barbera characters. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adult_Swim" title="Adult Swim">Adult Swim</a>, a scheduling block of adult-oriented cartoons appearing on Cartoon Network beginning after primetime, premiered in 2001. Originally limited to Sunday nights, as of 2018, Adult Swim now remains on the air every night until 6:00 a.m. Eastern time. Animated series produced exclusively for Adult Swim include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brak_Show" title="The Brak Show">The Brak Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Teen_Hunger_Force" title="Aqua Teen Hunger Force">Aqua Teen Hunger Force</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sealab_2021" title="Sealab 2021">Sealab 2021</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Birdman,_Attorney_at_Law" title="Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law">Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Squidbillies" title="Squidbillies">Squidbillies</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Venture_Bros." title="The Venture Bros.">The Venture Bros.</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_Hair_Forever" title="Perfect Hair Forever">Perfect Hair Forever</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stroker_and_Hoop" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroker and Hoop">Stroker and Hoop</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tom_Goes_to_the_Mayor" title="Tom Goes to the Mayor">Tom Goes to the Mayor</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Robot_Chicken" title="Robot Chicken">Robot Chicken</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rick_and_Morty" title="Rick and Morty">Rick and Morty</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metalocalypse" title="Metalocalypse">Metalocalypse</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Friends" title="Smiling Friends">Smiling Friends</a></i>. In addition to american animation, Adult Swim also runs popular <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> series such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_Bebop" title="Cowboy Bebop">Cowboy Bebop</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell" title="Ghost in the Shell">Ghost in the Shell</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Seven" title="Eureka Seven">Eureka Seven</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist" title="Fullmetal Alchemist">Fullmetal Alchemist</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Bleach_(manga)" title="Bleach (manga)">Bleach</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/InuYasha" class="mw-redirect" title="InuYasha">InuYasha</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/My_Hero_Academia" title="My Hero Academia">My Hero Academia</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_cartoons_for_adults">Other cartoons for adults</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other cartoons for adults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other TV networks also experimented with adult-oriented animation. <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> produced several successful animated series especially for its adolescent and young adult audience, including <i><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Television" title="Liquid Television">Liquid Television</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_Grunt" title="The Brothers Grunt">The Brothers Grunt</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86on_Flux" title="Æon Flux">Æon Flux</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-head" class="mw-redirect" title="Beavis and Butt-head">Beavis and Butt-head</a></i> (and its spin-off <i><a href="/wiki/Daria" title="Daria">Daria</a></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Maxx_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Maxx (TV series)">The Maxx</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Deathmatch" title="Celebrity Deathmatch">Celebrity Deathmatch</a></i>. They would continue experimenting with animated series into the early 2000s with shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Clone_High" title="Clone High">Clone High</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Spy_Groove" title="Spy Groove">Spy Groove</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/3_South" class="mw-redirect" title="3 South">3 South</a></i>. Their original animated programming slowed to a halt by the end of the decade. <a href="/wiki/USA_Network" title="USA Network">USA Network</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Duckman" title="Duckman">Duckman</a></i>, starring the voice of <a href="/wiki/Jason_Alexander" title="Jason Alexander">Jason Alexander</a>, found a cult following. <a href="/wiki/Premium_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Premium cable">Premium cable</a> also experimented with original animated series, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Spawn_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (TV series)">Spawn</a></i>. </p><p>Another successful adult-oriented animated series was <a href="/wiki/Trey_Parker" title="Trey Parker">Trey Parker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matt_Stone" title="Matt Stone">Matt Stone</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i>, which saw its beginnings in 1995 with the short cartoon <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Christmas_(short_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spirit of Christmas (short film)">The Spirit of Christmas</a></i>. Like <i>The Simpsons</i>, <i>Beavis and Butt-Head</i> and <i>South Park</i> were given the big-screen treatment as <i><a href="/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-Head_Do_America" title="Beavis and Butt-Head Do America">Beavis and Butt-Head Do America</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/South_Park:_Bigger,_Longer_and_Uncut" class="mw-redirect" title="South Park: Bigger, Longer and Uncut">South Park: Bigger, Longer and Uncut</a></i> both of which met with box office success. </p><p>Cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Bill_Plympton" title="Bill Plympton">Bill Plympton</a> transitioned from print to animation in the late 1980s and has continued to make adult-oriented shorts. <a href="/wiki/Don_Hertzfeldt" title="Don Hertzfeldt">Don Hertzfeldt</a> began in animation in the 1990s and was nominated for an Academy Award in 2001 for <i><a href="/wiki/Rejected" title="Rejected">Rejected</a></i>. </p><p>Feature-length films like <i>Cool World</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bebe%27s_Kids" title="Bebe's Kids">Bebe's Kids</a></i> helped establish a market for adult animation films. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_rise_of_computer_animation">The rise of computer animation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The rise of computer animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1990s saw major growth in the use of <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated imagery</a> to enhance both animated sequences and live-action special effects, allowing elaborate computer-animated sequences to dominate both. This new form of animation soon dominated <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood (film industry)">Hollywood</a> <a href="/wiki/Special_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">special effects</a>; the films <i><a href="/wiki/Terminator_2:_Judgment_Day" title="Terminator 2: Judgment Day">Terminator 2: Judgment Day</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(film)" title="Jurassic Park (film)">Jurassic Park</a></i> included <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Visual_Effects" title="Academy Award for Best Visual Effects">Oscar-winning</a> special effects sequences which made extensive use of CGI. After decades of existing as related-but-separate industries, the barrier between "animation" and "special effects" was shattered by the popularization of computerized special effects—to the point where computer enhancement of Hollywood feature films became second-nature and often went unnoticed. The <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a>-winning <i><a href="/wiki/Forrest_Gump" title="Forrest Gump">Forrest Gump</a></i> (1994) depended heavily on computerized special effects to create the illusion of <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> shaking hands with Presidents <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, and to make <a href="/wiki/Gary_Sinise" title="Gary Sinise">Gary Sinise</a> convincingly appear to be a double amputee, winning a special-effects Oscar. The film <i><a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a></i> used computer effects in nearly every scene of its three-hour run time; one of the film's 11 Oscars was for visual effects. </p><p>While Disney had made the film <i><a href="/wiki/Tron" title="Tron">Tron</a></i>—which extensively mixed live-action, traditional animation, and CGI in 1982, and introduced the <a href="/wiki/Computer_Animation_Production_System" title="Computer Animation Production System">CAPS</a> system to enhance traditional animation in 1990's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rescuers_Down_Under" title="The Rescuers Down Under">The Rescuers Down Under</a></i>, a completely computer-animated feature film had yet to be made. In 1995, Disney partnered with <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a> to produce <i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a></i>, the first computer animated movie. The film's success was so massive that other studios looked into producing their own <a href="/wiki/CGI_animated" class="mw-redirect" title="CGI animated">CGI animated</a> films. Computer-animated films turned out to be wildly popular, and animated films returned the highest <a href="/wiki/Gross_margin" title="Gross margin">gross margins</a> (around 52%) of all film genres in the 2004-2013 timeframe.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Computer animation also made inroads into television. The Saturday morning animated series <i><a href="/wiki/ReBoot" title="ReBoot">ReBoot</a></i> won a large cult following among adults; it was the first of several CGI animated series, including <i><a href="/wiki/Beast_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Beast Wars">Beast Wars</a></i>, <i>War Planets</i>, and <i>Roughnecks</i>. The quality of the computer animation improved considerably with each successive series. Many live-action TV series (especially <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> TV series such as <i><a href="/wiki/Babylon_5" title="Babylon 5">Babylon 5</a></i>) invested heavily in CGI production, creating a heretofore-unavailable level of special effects for a relatively low price. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pixar">Pixar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pixar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most popular and successful competitor in the CGI race. <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a> originated in 1979 when <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a>' <a href="/wiki/Lucasfilm" title="Lucasfilm">Lucasfilm</a> was able to recruit <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Catmull" title="Edwin Catmull">Edwin Catmull</a> from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Institute_of_Technology" title="New York Institute of Technology">New York Institute of Technology</a> to start the Graphics Group of its special-effects division. In late 1983, Catmull was able to bring in as a freelance independent contractor a Disney animator, <a href="/wiki/John_Lasseter" title="John Lasseter">John Lasseter</a>, not long after Lasseter (then unbeknownst to Catmull) had been fired by the <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Walt Disney Company">Walt Disney Company</a> for his vigorous advocacy of computer animation; Lasseter was hired as a full-time employee about a year later. </p><p>Lucas experienced cash flow issues after his 1983 divorce, and in 1986 Pixar was spun off from Lucasfilm as a separate corporation with $10 million in capital from <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a>. At that time, Pixar primarily developed computer animation hardware, but Lasseter helped the company make a name for itself by creating acclaimed CGI short films such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Andr%C3%A9_and_Wally_B." class="mw-redirect" title="The Adventures of André and Wally B.">The Adventures of André and Wally B.</a></i> (1984). After the spin-off, he would go on to produce <i><a href="/wiki/Tin_Toy" title="Tin Toy">Tin Toy</a></i> (1988), which won an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Oscar</a>. The company transitioned into TV commercial production and projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Computer_Animation_Production_System" title="Computer Animation Production System">Computer Animation Production System</a> for Disney. After the success of <i>Tin Toy</i>, Pixar made a deal with Disney to produce feature films. The first of these films, 1995's <i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a></i>, was a smash hit, which in turn led to additional successful films such as <i><a href="/wiki/A_Bug%27s_Life" title="A Bug's Life">A Bug's Life</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story_2" title="Toy Story 2">Toy Story 2</a></i>. By then, Jobs had become the owner of Pixar by keeping it alive with additional investments over the years; he had often considered selling it but changed his mind after <i>Toy Story</i>. </p><p>Pixar's string of critical and box-office successes continued with <i><a href="/wiki/Monsters,_Inc." title="Monsters, Inc.">Monsters, Inc.</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Finding_Nemo" title="Finding Nemo">Finding Nemo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Incredibles" title="The Incredibles">The Incredibles</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cars_(2006_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cars (2006 film)">Cars</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ratatouille_(film)" title="Ratatouille (film)">Ratatouille</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/WALL-E" title="WALL-E">WALL-E</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Up_(2009_film)" title="Up (2009 film)">Up</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story_3" title="Toy Story 3">Toy Story 3</a></i> all receiving rave reviews, earning huge profits, winning awards, and overshadowing Disney's in-house offerings until <i><a href="/wiki/Cars_2" title="Cars 2">Cars 2</a></i> in 2011 ended the streak when it proved a critical disappointment, albeit still a commercial success. Disney produced a CGI/live-action feature film of its own without Pixar (<i><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_(2000_film)" title="Dinosaur (2000 film)">Dinosaur</a></i>), but the film received a mixed reaction, even though it was a financial success. During the later years of Michael Eisner's management, friction between Disney and Pixar grew to a point that Pixar considered finding another partner when they could not reach an agreement over profit sharing.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Eisner stepped down in 2005, his replacement, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Iger" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Iger">Robert Iger</a>, arranged for Disney to buy Pixar in a $7.4 billion all-stock deal ($11.5 billion in today's dollars) that turned Steve Jobs into Disney's largest individual shareholder.<sup id="cite_ref-Holson_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holson-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deal was structured so that Disney Animation and Pixar Animation would continue to operate as completely separate studios under the Disney corporate umbrella; Lasseter was placed in charge of greenlighting all-new animated films for both studios in his new role as Chief Creative Officer, a position he had held for 12 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DreamWorks_Animation">DreamWorks Animation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: DreamWorks Animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg" title="Jeffrey Katzenberg">Jeffrey Katzenberg</a> left Disney to become a co-partner of Steven Spielberg and <a href="/wiki/David_Geffen" title="David Geffen">David Geffen</a> in the new studio <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Pictures" title="DreamWorks Pictures">DreamWorks Pictures</a>, the studio naturally became interested in animation.<sup id="cite_ref-late_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-late-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its first film, <i><a href="/wiki/Antz" title="Antz">Antz</a></i>, did not do as well as the Disney-Pixar releases but was a critical success. However, DreamWorks succeeded in its partnership with the British <a href="/wiki/Stop_motion_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop motion animation">stop motion animation</a> studio <a href="/wiki/Aardman_Animations" title="Aardman Animations">Aardman Animations</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Run" title="Chicken Run">Chicken Run</a></i> in 2000, and later the Oscar-winning <i><a href="/wiki/Wallace_and_Gromit:_The_Curse_of_the_Were-Rabbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace and Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit">Wallace and Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit</a></i> in 2006. </p><p>Furthermore, DreamWorks finally had their own success in 2001 with the <a href="/wiki/Computer-animated" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer-animated">computer-animated</a> feature film <i><a href="/wiki/Shrek" title="Shrek">Shrek</a></i>, a gigantic box-office hit that overpowered Disney's summer release for that year, <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantis:_The_Lost_Empire" title="Atlantis: The Lost Empire">Atlantis</a></i>. After winning the first <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Feature" title="Academy Award for Best Animated Feature">Academy Award for Best Animated Feature</a>, <i>Shrek</i> established DreamWorks as Pixar's first major competitor in CGI animation. DreamWorks' commercial success continued with three <i>Shrek</i> sequels, <i><a href="/wiki/Shark_Tale" title="Shark Tale">Shark Tale</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_(franchise)" title="Madagascar (franchise)">Madagascar</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Over_the_Hedge" title="Over the Hedge">Over the Hedge</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kung_Fu_Panda_(franchise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung Fu Panda (franchise)">Kung Fu Panda</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Train_Your_Dragon_(franchise)" class="mw-redirect" title="How to Train Your Dragon (franchise)">How to Train Your Dragon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Megamind" title="Megamind">Megamind</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Croods" title="The Croods">The Croods</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boss_Baby_(franchise)" title="The Boss Baby (franchise)">The Boss Baby</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Gillman,_Teenage_Kraken" title="Ruby Gillman, Teenage Kraken">Ruby Gillman, Teenage Kraken</a></i>. DreamWorks Animation eventually became a separate company from its parent; it is now owned by <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Studios</a> through its parent company <a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal" title="NBCUniversal">NBCUniversal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a> as of 2024. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios">Walt Disney Animation Studios</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Walt Disney Animation Studios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, noting the growing success of studios that relied on computer animation, including <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_Studios" title="Blue Sky Studios">Blue Sky Studios</a> and <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation" title="DreamWorks Animation">DreamWorks Animation</a>, Walt Disney Feature Animation announced it would be converted into a CGI studio.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Two years later, <i><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Little_(2005_film)" title="Chicken Little (2005 film)">Chicken Little</a></i>, the first computer-animated film from the studio, was released to moderate success in the box office and mixed critical reception. On January 24, 2006, Disney announced that it would be acquiring <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a> (the deal successfully closed that May),<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as part of the acquisition, executives <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Catmull" title="Edwin Catmull">Edwin Catmull</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Lasseter" title="John Lasseter">John Lasseter</a> assumed control of Walt Disney Feature Animation as <a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">President</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_Creative_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Creative Officer">Chief Creative Officer</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-nbc_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbc-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lasseter later acknowledged that there had been discussions back in 2006 about closing Feature Animation as redundant since Disney now owned Pixar, which he and Catmull flatly rejected ("Not on our watch. We will never allow that to happen."); they resolved to try to save Walt Disney's creative legacy by bringing his animation studio "back up to the creative level it had to be".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wloszczyna_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wloszczyna-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To maintain the separateness of Disney and Pixar (even though they share common ownership and senior management), it was outlined that each studio is to remain solely responsible for its own projects and is not allowed to borrow personnel from or lend tasks out to the other.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zahed_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zahed-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the studio released <i><a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Robinsons" title="Meet the Robinsons">Meet the Robinsons</a></i>, which experienced a poor response at the box office despite the lukewarm critical and audience reception. The following film, 2008's <i><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(2008_film)" title="Bolt (2008 film)">Bolt</a></i>, had the best critical reception of any Disney animated feature since <i>Lilo & Stitch</i>, and became a moderate success, receiving an Academy Award nomination. An adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Rapunzel" title="Rapunzel">Rapunzel</a>" tale entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Tangled" title="Tangled">Tangled</a></i> was released in 2010, earning $591 million in worldwide box office revenue, and signified a return by the studio to fairytale-based features common in the traditional animation era. This trend was followed in 2013's global blockbuster hit <i><a href="/wiki/Frozen_(2013_film)" title="Frozen (2013 film)">Frozen</a></i>, a film inspired by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Snow_Queen" title="The Snow Queen">The Snow Queen</a></i> tale, which released to widespread acclaim and was the first Disney animated film to earn over $1 billion in worldwide box office revenue<sup id="cite_ref-NYTwin_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTwin-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surpassing Pixar's <i>Toy Story 3</i>. <i>Frozen</i> also became the first film from Walt Disney Animation Studios to win the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Feature" title="Academy Award for Best Animated Feature">Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_Frozen_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_Frozen-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also had critical and commercial success with Oscar winners <i><a href="/wiki/Big_Hero_6_(film)" title="Big Hero 6 (film)">Big Hero 6</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Zootopia" title="Zootopia">Zootopia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Encanto" title="Encanto">Encanto</a></i> alongside (following in Pixar's footsteps) their own animated shorts <i><a href="/wiki/Feast_(2014_film)" title="Feast (2014 film)">Feast</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Paperman" title="Paperman">Paperman</a></i>; the latter was shown before <i><a href="/wiki/Wreck-It_Ralph" title="Wreck-It Ralph">Wreck-It Ralph</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independents_and_others">Independents and others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Independents and others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other studios attempted to get into the CGI game. After Don Bluth left 20th Century Fox in 2001, the company released its first computer-animated feature, a hugely successful CGI-animated feature in early 2002 entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Ice_Age_(2002_film)" title="Ice Age (2002 film)">Ice Age</a></i>, as the first full-length feature film under <a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_Studios" title="Blue Sky Studios">Blue Sky Studios</a>. In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount</a> offered <i><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Neutron:_Boy_Genius" title="Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius">Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Weinstein_Company" title="The Weinstein Company">TWC</a> offered <i><a href="/wiki/Hoodwinked!" title="Hoodwinked!">Hoodwinked!</a></i> in 2005, and Columbia produced <i><a href="/wiki/Open_Season_(2006_film)" title="Open Season (2006 film)">Open Season</a></i> in 2006. <a href="/wiki/Warner_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Brothers">Warner Brothers</a> had a major success in 2006 with the Oscar-winning film, <i><a href="/wiki/Happy_Feet_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Happy Feet (film)">Happy Feet</a></i>, while <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> produced films under <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Animation" title="Sony Pictures Animation">Sony Pictures Animation</a> including <i><a href="/wiki/Open_Season_(2006_film)" title="Open Season (2006 film)">Open Season</a></i> in 2006, <i><a href="/wiki/Surf%27s_Up_(film)" title="Surf's Up (film)">Surf's Up</a></i> in 2007, and the successful film franchises <i><a href="/wiki/Cloudy_with_a_Chance_of_Meatballs_(franchise)" title="Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (franchise)">Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_(franchise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Transylvania (franchise)">Hotel Transylvania</a></i> which began in 2009 and 2012, respectively. <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Studios</a> attempted several times to become a viable participant in the market, finally achieving the goal in 2010 with <i><a href="/wiki/Despicable_Me" title="Despicable Me">Despicable Me</a></i>, the first feature film from <a href="/wiki/Illumination_(company)" title="Illumination (company)">Illumination Entertainment</a> which provided more hits for them within the following decade. In 2013, Dallas, Texas–based <a href="/wiki/Reel_FX_Animation" title="Reel FX Animation">Reel FX</a> released their first feature film <a href="/wiki/Free_Birds" title="Free Birds">Free Birds</a>, which was a moderate success, a year later, they released <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Life_(2014_film)" title="The Book of Life (2014 film)">The Book of Life</a></i> which was a huge success and was nominated for a golden globe for best animated feature. </p><p>Despite all its success, computer animation still relies on cartoon and stylized characters. 2001 saw the first attempt to create a fully animated world using photorealistic human actors in <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy:_The_Spirits_Within" title="Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within">Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within</a></i>, which met with moderate critical success but did not do well at the box office. </p><p>In 2004, the live-action film <i><a href="/wiki/Sky_Captain_and_the_World_of_Tomorrow" title="Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow">Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow</a></i> was released. It was notable for being filmed entirely in front of a <a href="/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key">bluescreen</a>, with the background being completely computer-generated; only the actors and some props were real. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis" title="Robert Zemeckis">Robert Zemeckis</a>' film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Polar_Express_(film)" title="The Polar Express (film)">The Polar Express</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> in five roles, was completely CGI animation but used <a href="/wiki/Performance_capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance capture">performance capture</a> technology to animate the characters. Zemeckis followed <i>The Polar Express</i> with two other motion capture films: <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_(2007_film)" title="Beowulf (2007 film)">Beowulf</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Disney%27s_A_Christmas_Carol" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney's A Christmas Carol">Disney's <i>A Christmas Carol</i></a>. </p><p>The use of CGI special effects in live-action film increased to the point where <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> considered his 2002 film <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_II_%E2%80%93_Attack_of_the_Clones" title="Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones">Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones</a></i> to be primarily an animated film that used real-life actors. A growing number of family-oriented films began to use entirely computer-generated characters that interacted on the screen with live-action counterparts, such as Jar-Jar Binks in <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_I_%E2%80%93_The_Phantom_Menace" title="Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace">Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Two_Towers" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers">The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers</a></i> and the title character of <i><a href="/wiki/Hulk_(film)" title="Hulk (film)">Hulk</a></i>. While computer-generated characters have become acceptable to moviegoers, there have yet to be any fully animated films featuring virtual human actors, or "synthespians". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_of_Internet_and_Flash_animation">Rise of Internet and Flash animation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Rise of Internet and Flash animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">Flash animation</a></div> <p>The late 1990s saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">Flash animation</a>—animated films created using the <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a> animation software—produced in the U.S. and elsewhere, and distributed through the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Waldron_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldron-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some popular Flash animated cartoons include <i><a href="/wiki/Joe_Cartoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Cartoons">Joe Cartoons</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Weebl_and_Bob" title="Weebl and Bob">Weebl and Bob</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Happy_Tree_Friends" title="Happy Tree Friends">Happy Tree Friends</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Homestar_Runner" title="Homestar Runner">Homestar Runner</a></i>, the <i>Brackenwood</i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Making_Fiends_(web_series)" title="Making Fiends (web series)">Making Fiends</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Salad_Fingers" title="Salad Fingers">Salad Fingers</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animation_accolades">Animation accolades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Animation accolades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognition_by_the_Oscars">Recognition by the Oscars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Recognition by the Oscars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, despite the continuation of the Best Animated Short Subject category, animated films seldom received much recognition from the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> for anything other than musical scores and songs. The unprecedented nomination of Disney's <i><a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)" title="Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)">Beauty and the Beast</a></i> for Best Picture and five other awards changed things, even though it won two Oscars for its song and score while <i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a></i> became the animated film for <a href="/wiki/Best_Original_Screenplay" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Original Screenplay">Best Original Screenplay</a>. Animation had become so widely accepted by the beginning of the 21st century that, in 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a> introduced a new <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Feature" title="Academy Award for Best Animated Feature">Academy Award for Best Animated Feature</a>. </p><p>The three contenders for the award were: <i><a href="/wiki/Shrek" title="Shrek">Shrek</a></i>, by DreamWorks, <i><a href="/wiki/Monsters,_Inc." title="Monsters, Inc.">Monsters, Inc.</a></i>, by Disney/Pixar, and <i><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Neutron:_Boy_Genius" title="Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius">Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius</a></i>, by Nickelodeon and Paramount. The award that year went to <i>Shrek</i>. Films that year which were passed up included the acclaimed adult-oriented film <i><a href="/wiki/Waking_Life" title="Waking Life">Waking Life</a></i> and the photorealistic CGI film <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy:_The_Spirits_Within" title="Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within">Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a>'s critically acclaimed <i><a href="/wiki/Spirited_Away" title="Spirited Away">Spirited Away</a></i> won the Oscar in 2002. Disney/Pixar's <i><a href="/wiki/Finding_Nemo" title="Finding Nemo">Finding Nemo</a></i> received the 2003 award, defeating nominees <i><a href="/wiki/The_Triplets_of_Belleville" title="The Triplets of Belleville">The Triplets of Belleville</a></i> and <i>Brother Bear</i>. Since then, Pixar has won the most awards in this category with the current exceptions being <i><a href="/wiki/Wallace_%26_Gromit:_The_Curse_of_the_Were-Rabbit" title="Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit">Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit</a></i> in 2005, <i><a href="/wiki/Happy_Feet" title="Happy Feet">Happy Feet</a></i> in 2006, <i><a href="/wiki/Rango_(2011_film)" title="Rango (2011 film)">Rango</a></i> in 2011, <i><a href="/wiki/Frozen_(2013_film)" title="Frozen (2013 film)">Frozen</a></i> in 2013, <i><a href="/wiki/Big_Hero_6_(film)" title="Big Hero 6 (film)">Big Hero 6</a></i> in 2014, <i><a href="/wiki/Zootopia" title="Zootopia">Zootopia</a></i> in 2016, <i><a href="/wiki/Spider-Man:_Into_the_Spider-Verse" title="Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse">Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse</a></i> in 2018, <i><a href="/wiki/Encanto" title="Encanto">Encanto</a></i> in 2021, <i><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro%27s_Pinocchio" title="Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchio">Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchio</a></i> in 2022 and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boy_and_the_Heron" title="The Boy and the Heron">The Boy and the Heron</a></i> in 2023. </p><p>In 2013, the March 7 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i> magazine published the ballots of eight different Oscar voters in the Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of those eight, four voters abstained in the Best Animated Feature category due to inadequate knowledge of the subject. They admitted to not having seen all of the nominations, with one person stating "that ended when I was 6." Such disregard for animated films by the voters themselves is often criticized by American animators, who claim that "Hollywood doesn't care or know the first thing about animated films."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annie_Awards">Annie Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Annie Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Annie_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Annie Award">Annie Award</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Annie_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Annie Award">Annie Awards</a> are presented each February by the Hollywood branch of the <a href="/wiki/International_Animated_Film_Association" title="International Animated Film Association">International Animated Film Association</a> for achievements in the fields of film and television animation in the United States. Originally formed in 1972 to celebrate lifetime contributions to the various fields within animation, the awards started to honor animation as a whole, including current offerings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seven animated features, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 film)">The Little Mermaid</a></i> (1989), <i><a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)" title="Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)">Beauty and the Beast</a></i> (1991), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nightmare_Before_Christmas" title="The Nightmare Before Christmas">The Nightmare Before Christmas</a></i> (1993), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a></i> (1994), <i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a></i> (1995), <i><a href="/wiki/Shrek" title="Shrek">Shrek</a></i> (2001) and <i><a href="/wiki/Wall-E" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall-E">Wall-E</a></i> (2008) plus two animated shorts from Pixar <i><a href="/wiki/Luxo_Jr." title="Luxo Jr.">Luxo Jr.</a></i> (1986) and <i><a href="/wiki/Tin_Toy" title="Tin Toy">Tin Toy</a></i> (1988), were each inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Studio_Ghibli" title="Studio Ghibli">Studio Ghibli</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Spirited_Away" title="Spirited Away">Spirited Away</a></i> (2001) and four Pixar films (2003's <i><a href="/wiki/Finding_Nemo" title="Finding Nemo">Finding Nemo</a></i>, 2007's <i><a href="/wiki/Ratatouille_(film)" title="Ratatouille (film)">Ratatouille</a></i>, 2008's <i><a href="/wiki/Wall-E" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall-E">Wall-E</a></i> and 2015's <i><a href="/wiki/Inside_Out_(2015_film)" title="Inside Out (2015 film)">Inside Out</a></i>) were included on <a href="/wiki/BBC%27s_100_Greatest_Films_of_the_21st_Century" title="BBC's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century">BBC's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century</a> poll.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Influence on later animations</b> </p><p>The <b>Renaissance age</b> or <b>silver age</b> of american animation is considered by various animation historians, critics and Saturday morning cartoon fans to be the best era of American animation ever, and the rise and popularity of the American animation industry, it is considered by animation historians, fans and animation employees to be an era where studios such as Disney and Warner Bros. returned to animation after the troubling dark age and strain that plagued the animation field and industry from the 1960s to the late 1980s/early 1990s, since the rise of TV animation, the death of founder Walt Disney in 1966 and the shutdown of Warner Bros. Cartoons in 1969 respectively. </p><p>Many of the animated productions of this era such as the Disney Renaissance films, various Disney and Warner-produced Saturday morning cartoons, and Cartoon Network shows were influenced by Golden Age animations and anime, other factors include the return of high-quality animation, proper character designs, the incorporation of mature themes, risque adult humor and sexual references, the rise of adult-oriented animation on television, and the changed perception of cartoons being only for children to be for adults as well and lots of positive critical and commercial success on animated films and television shows </p><p>Other cartoons of this era such as the Disney shows Chip n Dale Rescue Rangers, Darkwing Duck, Bonkers Mickey Mouse Works, House of Mouse, Kim Possible, the Warner Bros./Amblin collaborations Tiny Toon Adventures and Animaniacs, and the Hanna-Barbera cartoons Dexter's Laboratory and The Powerpuff Girls are fondly remembered by fans who grew up watching the new generation of Saturday morning shows and cable television in the 1990s and 2000s, some of these productions, later went on to inspire or influence other future animations in the 2010s, 2020s and beyond such as various Disney animated films of the 2010s, some Disney Channel and Disney XD shows and some Warner Bros./Cartoon Network shows </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg/12px-Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg/18px-Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg/24px-Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="798" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:2000s" title="Portal:2000s">2000s portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IPhone_5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/IPhone_5.svg/13px-IPhone_5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:2020s">2020s portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animation" title="History of animation">History of animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_animation" title="History of computer animation">History of computer animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_feature_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of animated feature films">Lists of animated feature films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_films" title="List of computer-animated films">List of computer-animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_animated_television_series" title="List of American animated television series">List of American animated television series</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_animation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cram.com/essay/Golden-Age-Of-Animation-Vs-Renaissance-Age/PC3JB4QR75V">"Golden Age Of Animation vs Renaissance Age"</a>. <i>CRAM</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CRAM&rft.atitle=Golden+Age+Of+Animation+vs+Renaissance+Age&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cram.com%2Fessay%2FGolden-Age-Of-Animation-Vs-Renaissance-Age%2FPC3JB4QR75V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaltin1987" class="citation book cs1">Maltin, Leonard (1987) [1980]. <i>Of Mice and Magic</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Plume_(publisher)" title="Plume (publisher)">Plume</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-45-225993-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-45-225993-5"><bdi>978-0-45-225993-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Mice+and+Magic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Plume&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-45-225993-5&rft.aulast=Maltin&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pallant-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pallant_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pallant_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallant2011" class="citation book cs1">Pallant, Chris (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zOCoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89"><i>Demystifying Disney: A History of Disney Feature Animation</i></a>. New York: Continuum Publishing. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441150462" title="Special:BookSources/9781441150462"><bdi>9781441150462</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demystifying+Disney%3A+A+History+of+Disney+Feature+Animation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Continuum+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781441150462&rft.aulast=Pallant&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzOCoAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decentfilms.com/articles/quovadisdisney">"Disney: Notes on the end of the Disney Renaissance"</a>. decentfilms.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disney%3A+Notes+on+the+end+of+the+Disney+Renaissance&rft.pub=decentfilms.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.decentfilms.com%2Farticles%2Fquovadisdisney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-erickson-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-erickson_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2005" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Hal (2005). <i>Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003</i> (2nd ed.). 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Movies.ign.com. June 18, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180711191728/http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/06/25/top-25-animated-movies-of-all-time?page=4">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+25+Animated+Movies+of+All-Time+%E2%80%93+Movies+Feature+at+IGN&rft.pub=Movies.ign.com&rft.date=2011-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmovies.ign.com%2Farticles%2F650%2F650717p4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017233532/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/guides/best_animated_films/toy_story/">"Best Animated Films – Toy Story"</a>. <i>Rotten Tomatoes</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/guides/best_animated_films/toy_story/">the original</a> on October 17, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft.atitle=Best+Animated+Films+%E2%80%93+Toy+Story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fguides%2Fbest_animated_films%2Ftoy_story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afi.com/10top10/category.aspx?cat=1">"10 Top 10"</a>. AFI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100518174029/http://www.afi.com/10top10/category.aspx?cat=1">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+Top+10&rft.pub=AFI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afi.com%2F10top10%2Fcategory.aspx%3Fcat%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-late-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-late_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-late_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSito2006" class="citation web cs1">Sito, Tom (March 16, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awn.com/animationworld/late-great-2d-animation-renaissance-part-2">"The Late, Great, 2D Animation Renaissance — Part 2"</a>. <i>Animation World Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200625002237/https://www.awn.com/animationworld/late-great-2d-animation-renaissance-part-2">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animation+World+Network&rft.atitle=The+Late%2C+Great%2C+2D+Animation+Renaissance+%E2%80%94+Part+2&rft.date=2006-03-16&rft.aulast=Sito&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awn.com%2Fanimationworld%2Flate-great-2d-animation-renaissance-part-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2007" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Angie. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/228168598"><i>Thinking animation: bridging the gap between 2D and CG</i></a>. Boston, MA: Thomson Course Technology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59863-260-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59863-260-6"><bdi>978-1-59863-260-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/228168598">228168598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+animation%3A+bridging+the+gap+between+2D+and+CG&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Thomson+Course+Technology&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F228168598&rft.isbn=978-1-59863-260-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Angie.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F228168598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Animation-The-Millennium-Age-Of-Animation-FKQSBZEBNLF">"Animation: The Millennium Age Of Animation"</a>. <i>Bartleby Research</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bartleby+Research&rft.atitle=Animation%3A+The+Millennium+Age+Of+Animation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2Fessay%2FAnimation-The-Millennium-Age-Of-Animation-FKQSBZEBNLF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potts-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Potts_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts1982" class="citation news cs1">Potts, Mark (July 8, 1982). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=Tron+%281982%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fmovies%2F%3Fid%3Dtron.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebert-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ebert_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbert1982" class="citation news cs1">Ebert, Roger (January 1, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19820101/REVIEWS/201010350/1023">"<i>Tron</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Tron&rft.date=1982-01-01&rft.aulast=Ebert&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frogerebert.suntimes.com%2Fapps%2Fpbcs.dll%2Farticle%3FAID%3D%2F19820101%2FREVIEWS%2F201010350%2F1023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/93956/tron#articles-reviews?articleId=18609">Tron (1982) – Turner Classic Movies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=blackcauldron.htm">"The Black Cauldron (1985)"</a>. <i>Box Office Mojo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=The+Black+Cauldron+%281985%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fmovies%2F%3Fid%3Dblackcauldron.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=1986&p=.htm">"1986 Yearly Box Office Results"</a>. <i>Box Office Mojo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=1986+Yearly+Box+Office+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fyearly%2Fchart%2F%3Fyr%3D1986%26p%3D.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=oliverandcompany.htm">"Oliver & Company (1988)"</a>. <i>Box Office Mojo</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=Oliver+%26+Company+%281988%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fmovies%2F%3Fid%3Doliverandcompany.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=1990&p=.htm">"1990 Yearly Box Office Results"</a>. <i>Box Office Mojo</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=1990+Yearly+Box+Office+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fyearly%2Fchart%2F%3Fyr%3D1990%26p%3D.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=rescuers.htm">"The Rescuers (1977)"</a>. <i>Box Office Mojo</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=The+Rescuers+%281977%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fmovies%2F%3Fid%3Drescuers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/domestic.htm">"All Time Domestic Box Office Results"</a>. <i>Box Office Mojo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1006430-2,00.html">the original</a> on November 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Eisner%27s+Wild%2C+Wild+Ride&rft.date=2003-12-15&rft.aulast=Fonda&rft.aufirst=Daren&rft.au=Sean+Gregory&rft.au=Julie+Rawe&rft.au=Jeffrey+Ressner&rft.au=Chris+Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1006430-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20040131234901/http://www.savedisney.com/">"Save Disney"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.savedisney.com">the original</a> on January 31, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Save+Disney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.savedisney.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203140624/http://www.disneyanimation.com/aboutus/history.html">"Walt Disney Animation Studios: History"</a>. Walt Disney Animation Studios. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.disneyanimation.com/aboutus/history.html">the original</a> on December 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walt+Disney+Animation+Studios%3A+History&rft.pub=Walt+Disney+Animation+Studios&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.disneyanimation.com%2Faboutus%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Von_Busack-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Von_Busack_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Busack2006" class="citation web cs1">Von Busack, Richard (May 24, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metroactive.com/metro/05.24.06/disneyland-0621.html">"In Walt's Vaults"</a>. <i>Metroactive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metroactive&rft.atitle=In+Walt%27s+Vaults&rft.date=2006-05-24&rft.aulast=Von+Busack&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metroactive.com%2Fmetro%2F05.24.06%2Fdisneyland-0621.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/cinderella_ii_dreams_come_true/">"Cinderella II: Dreams Come True"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft.atitle=Cinderella+II%3A+Dreams+Come+True&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2Fcinderella_ii_dreams_come_true%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/news/sb/2007-06-21/">"Disney To Halt DVD Sequels"</a>. <i>The Internet Movie Database</i>. June 21, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Internet+Movie+Database&rft.atitle=Disney+To+Halt+DVD+Sequels&rft.date=2007-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fnews%2Fsb%2F2007-06-21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fritz-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fritz_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritzDade_Hayes2008" class="citation web cs1">Fritz, Ben; Dade Hayes (April 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2008/digital/features/disney-unveils-animation-slate-1117983709/">"Disney unveils animation slate"</a>. <i>Variety</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Disney+unveils+animation+slate&rft.date=2008-04-08&rft.aulast=Fritz&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Dade+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2008%2Fdigital%2Ffeatures%2Fdisney-unveils-animation-slate-1117983709%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=americantail.htm">"An American Tail (1986)"</a>. <i>Box Office Mojo</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=An+American+Tail+%281986%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fmovies%2F%3Fid%3Damericantail.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=landbeforetime.htm">"The Land Before Time (1988)"</a>. <i>Box Office Mojo</i>.</cite><span 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Applause Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55783-671-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55783-671-X"><bdi>1-55783-671-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Animated+Cartoons%3A+An+International+Guide+to+Film+and+Television%27s+Award-Winning+and+Legendary+Animators&rft.pub=Applause+Books&rft.date=2006-06&rft.isbn=1-55783-671-X&rft.aulast=Lenburg&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhoswhoinanimate0000lenb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+animation+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon1989" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, Charles (1989). <i>Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation</i>. 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annieawards.org/">The official site of the <i>Annie Awards</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Animation_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Animation industry in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animation_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Animation industry in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animation_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animation industry in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animation_industry_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_animation" title="American animation">Animation industry in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Companies_and_studios" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Companies and studios</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Majors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Majors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="NBCUniversal" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal" title="NBCUniversal">NBCUniversal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation" title="DreamWorks Animation">DreamWorks Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation_Television" title="DreamWorks Animation Television">DreamWorks Animation Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Classics" title="DreamWorks Classics">DreamWorks Classics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Idea_Entertainment" title="Big Idea Entertainment">Big Idea Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Films">Harvey Films</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illumination_(company)" title="Illumination (company)">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Animation_Studios" title="Universal Animation Studios">Universal Animation Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Eye_Animation_Productions" title="CBS Eye Animation Productions">CBS Eye Animation Productions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Eye_Animation_Productions#Late_Night_Cartoons,_Inc." title="CBS Eye Animation Productions">Late Night Cartoons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Animation" title="MTV Animation">MTV Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Animation_Studio" title="Nickelodeon Animation Studio">Nickelodeon Animation Studio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Digital" title="Nickelodeon Digital">Nickelodeon Digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Movies" title="Nickelodeon Movies">Nickelodeon Movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Animation" title="Paramount Animation">Paramount Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miramax_Films#Miramax_Family_&_Animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Miramax Films">Miramax Animation Studios</a> (49%)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Disney_Entertainment" title="Disney Entertainment">Disney Entertainment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Animation" title="20th Century Animation">20th Century Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Television_Animation" title="20th Television Animation">20th Television Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Television_Animation" title="Disney Television Animation">Disney Television Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucasfilm_Animation" title="Lucasfilm Animation">Lucasfilm Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">Industrial Light & Magic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Animation" title="Marvel Animation">Marvel Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Studios_Animation" title="Marvel Studios Animation">Marvel Studios Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar Animation Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Walt Disney Animation Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network_Studios" title="Cartoon Network Studios">Cartoon Network Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Animation" title="Warner Bros. Animation">Warner Bros. Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures_Animation" title="Warner Bros. Pictures Animation">Warner Bros. Pictures Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_Street" title="Williams Street">Williams Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniplex_of_America" title="Aniplex of America">Aniplex of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Crunchyroll LLC">Crunchyroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Animation" title="Sony Pictures Animation">Sony Pictures Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Imageworks" title="Sony Pictures Imageworks">Sony Pictures Imageworks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/41_Entertainment" title="41 Entertainment">41 Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augenblick_Studios" title="Augenblick Studios">Augenblick Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awesome_Inc" title="Awesome Inc">Awesome Inc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Corporation" title="Fox Corporation">Fox Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bento_Box_Entertainment" title="Bento Box Entertainment">Bento Box Entertainment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandera_Entertainment" title="Bandera Entertainment">Bandera Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Zoom!" title="Bang Zoom!">Bang Zoom!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billionfold_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Billionfold Inc.">Billionfold Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blur_Studio" title="Blur Studio">Blur Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartuna" title="Cartuna">Cartuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRLX" title="CHRLX">CHRLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_McCracken" title="Craig McCracken">CMCC Cartoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNEG" title="DNEG">DNEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Domain" title="Digital Domain">Digital Domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_Roman" title="Film Roman">Film Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Roman_Entertainment" title="Phil Roman Entertainment">Phil Roman Entertainment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_County_Productions" title="Floyd County Productions">Floyd County Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Wolf_Films" title="Fred Wolf Films">Fred Wolf Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_Door_Productions" title="Fuzzy Door Productions">Fuzzy Door Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasbro_Entertainment" title="Hasbro Entertainment">Hasbro Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Ward_Productions" title="Jay Ward Productions">Jay Ward Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Murray_(animator)" title="Joe Murray (animator)">Joe Murray Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbar_Animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanbar Animation">Kanbar Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartoon_Studios" title="Kartoon Studios">Kartoon Studios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wow_Unlimited_Media" title="Wow Unlimited Media">Wow Unlimited Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolder_Media" title="Bolder Media">Bolder Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederator_Studios" title="Frederator Studios">Frederator Studios</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Kinofilm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klasky_Csupo" title="Klasky Csupo">Klasky Csupo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurtz_%26_Friends" title="Kurtz & Friends">Kurtz & Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laika,_LLC" title="Laika, LLC">Laika, LLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Mendelson_Film_Productions" title="Lee Mendelson Film Productions">Lee Mendelson Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionsgate" title="Lionsgate">Lionsgate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lionsgate_Canada" title="Lionsgate Canada">Lionsgate Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melendez_Films" title="Melendez Films">Melendez Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_Action_Entertainment" title="Man of Action Entertainment">Man of Action Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattel_Television" title="Mattel Television">Mattel Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Blasters" title="Media Blasters">Media Blasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexopolis" title="Mexopolis">Mexopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_Media" title="Mondo Media">Mondo Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_Point_Harness" title="6 Point Harness">6 Point Harness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netflix_Animation" title="Netflix Animation">Netflix Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_(company)" title="Noble (company)">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYAV_Post" title="NYAV Post">NYAV Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Oedekerk" title="Steve Oedekerk">O Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_Studio" title="Parallax Studio">Parallax Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerhouse_Animation_Studios" title="Powerhouse Animation Studios">Powerhouse Animation Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyop_(company)" title="Psyop (company)">Psyop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel_FX_Animation" title="Reel FX Animation">Reel FX Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegade_Animation" title="Renegade Animation">Renegade Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_Hues_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythm and Hues Studios">Rhythm and Hues Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_Draft_Studios" title="Rough Draft Studios">Rough Draft Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovio_Animation" title="Rovio Animation">Rovio Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_Novelties" title="Screen Novelties">Screen Novelties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Corporation" title="Scholastic Corporation">Scholastic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weston_Woods_Studios" title="Weston Woods Studios">Weston Woods Studios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SD_Entertainment" title="SD Entertainment">SD Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentai_Filmworks" title="Sentai Filmworks">Sentai Filmworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShadowMachine" title="ShadowMachine">ShadowMachine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skydance_Animation" title="Skydance Animation">Skydance Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Bartlett" title="Craig Bartlett">Snee-Oosh, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpindleHorse_Toons" title="SpindleHorse Toons">SpindleHorse Toons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splash_Entertainment" title="Splash Entertainment">Splash Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprite_Animation_Studios" title="Sprite Animation Studios">Sprite Animation Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Stretch Films">Stretch Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoopid_Buddy_Stoodios" title="Stoopid Buddy Stoodios">Stoopid Buddy Stoodios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studiopolis" title="Studiopolis">Studiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Films" title="Tau Films">Tau Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_Entertainment" title="Threshold Entertainment">Threshold Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titmouse,_Inc." title="Titmouse, Inc.">Titmouse, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_ULULU_Company" title="The ULULU Company">The ULULU Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toei_Animation_Inc." title="Toei Animation Inc.">Toei Animation Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hillenburg#Other_pursuits" title="Stephen Hillenburg">United Plankton Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Animation" title="Vanguard Animation">Vanguard Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Canary_Animation" title="Wild Canary Animation">Wild Canary Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Events_Productions" title="World Events Productions">World Events Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_Studio" title="Worker Studio">Worker Studio</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/4Kids_Entertainment" title="4Kids Entertainment">4Kids Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70/30_Productions" title="70/30 Productions">70/30 Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Productions" title="Adelaide Productions">Adelaide Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Cartoon_Productions" title="Adventure Cartoon Productions">Adventure Cartoon Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allspark" title="Allspark">Allspark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amblimation" title="Amblimation">Amblimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_Collective" title="Animation Collective">Animation Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_Lab" title="Animation Lab">Animation Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_Magic" title="Animation Magic">Animation Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_Studios" title="Blue Sky Studios">Blue Sky Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BVS_Entertainment" title="BVS Entertainment">BVS Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambria_Productions" title="Cambria Productions">Cambria Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Pizza" title="Cartoon Pizza">Cartoon Pizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorion_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorion (company)">Chorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_Seven_Animation" title="Circle Seven Animation">Circle 7 Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookie_Jar_Group" title="Cookie Jar Group">Cookie Jar</a></li> <li>Copernicus Studios</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crest_Animation_Productions" title="Crest Animation Productions">Crest Animation Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curious_Pictures" title="Curious Pictures">Curious Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DePatie%E2%80%93Freleng_Enterprises" title="DePatie–Freleng Enterprises">DePatie–Freleng Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIC_Entertainment" title="DIC Entertainment">DIC Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disneytoon_Studios" title="Disneytoon Studios">Disneytoon Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_Productions" title="DNA Productions">DNA Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famous_Studios" title="Famous Studios">Famous Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmation" title="Filmation">Filmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleischer_Studios" title="Fleischer Studios">Fleischer Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format_Films" title="Format Films">Format Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Animation_Studios" title="Fox Animation Studios">Fox Animation Studios</a></li> <li>Frederator Films</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Films" title="Golden Films">Golden Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna-Barbera" title="Hanna-Barbera">Hanna-Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIT_Entertainment" title="HIT Entertainment">HIT Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetlag_Productions" title="Jetlag Productions">Jetlag Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Roiland%27s_Solo_Vanity_Card_Productions!" title="Justin Roiland's Solo Vanity Card Productions!">Justin Roiland's Solo Vanity Card Productions!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kroyer_Films" title="Kroyer Films">Kroyer Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laugh-O-Gram_Studio" title="Laugh-O-Gram Studio">Laugh-O-Gram Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Airplane_Productions" title="Little Airplane Productions">Little Airplane Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Productions" title="Marvel Productions">Marvel Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer_Animation" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM_Animation/Visual_Arts" title="MGM Animation/Visual Arts">MGM Animation/Visual Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer_cartoon_studio" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio">MGM Cartoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirari_Films" title="Mirari Films">Mirari Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonScoop" title="MoonScoop">MoonScoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Oedekerk" title="Steve Oedekerk">Omation Animation Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Data_Images" title="Pacific Data Images">Pacific Data Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PorchLight_Entertainment" title="PorchLight Entertainment">PorchLight Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana_Studios" title="Prana Studios">Prana Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Axis_(studio)" title="Radical Axis (studio)">Radical Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankin/Bass_Animated_Entertainment" title="Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment">Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooster_Teeth" title="Rooster Teeth">Rooster Teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby-Spears" title="Ruby-Spears">Ruby-Spears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_Gems" title="Screen Gems">Screen Gems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skellington_Productions" title="Skellington Productions">Skellington Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup2Nuts" title="Soup2Nuts">Soup2Nuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%BCmc%C3%B8" title="Spümcø">Spümcø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Storyboard, Inc./Hubley Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Bluth_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Sullivan Bluth Studios">Sullivan Bluth Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbow_Entertainment" title="Sunbow Entertainment">Sunbow Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrytoons" title="Terrytoons">Terrytoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Television" title="Total Television">Total Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Productions_of_America" title="United Productions of America">United Productions of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Van_Beuren_Corporation" title="The Van Beuren Corporation">Van Beuren Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lantz_Productions" title="Walter Lantz Productions">Walter Lantz Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Cartoons" title="Warner Bros. Cartoons">Warner Bros. Cartoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%93t%C4%81_FX" title="Wētā FX">Wētā FX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildbrain_Entertainment" title="Wildbrain Entertainment">Wildbrain Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Vinton#Will_Vinton_Studios" title="Will Vinton">Will Vinton Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zodiac_Entertainment" title="Zodiac Entertainment">Zodiac Entertainment</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Industry_associations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Industry associations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Animation_Guild,_IATSE_Local_839" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animation Guild, IATSE Local 839">The Animation Guild, IATSE Local 839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASIFA-Hollywood" title="ASIFA-Hollywood">ASIFA-Hollywood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Feature" title="Academy Award for Best Animated Feature">Best Animated Feature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Awards" title="Annie Awards">Annie Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmy_Awards" title="Emmy Awards">Emmy Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Awards" title="Children's and Family Emmy Awards">Children's and Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards" title="Primetime Emmy Awards">Primetime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Kids%27_Choice_Awards" title="Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards">Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kids%27_Choice_Award_for_Favorite_Cartoon" title="Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Cartoon">Favorite Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kids%27_Choice_Award_for_Favorite_Animated_Movie" title="Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Animated Movie">Animated Movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Awards" title="NAACP Image Awards">NAACP Image Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Animated_Motion_Picture" title="NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Animated Motion Picture">Motion Picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Animated_Series" title="NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Animated Series">Series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Award" title="GLAAD Media Award">GLAAD Media Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Award_for_Outstanding_Kids_and_Family_Programming" title="GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Kids and Family Programming">Kids and Family Programming (Animated)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards" title="Writers Guild of America Awards">Writers Guild of America Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Television:_Animation" title="Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Animation">Television Animation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_during_the_silent_era" title="Animation in the United States during the silent era">Silent era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_American_animation" title="Golden age of American animation">Golden age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_and_American_animation" title="World War II and American animation">World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_in_the_television_era" title="Animation in the United States in the television era">Television era</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">American comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_comics" title="History of American comics">History of American comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_bible" title="Tijuana bible">Tijuana bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humorous_Phases_of_Funny_Faces" title="Humorous Phases of Funny Faces">Humorous Phases of Funny Faces</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">Flash animation</a></li> <li>Labor strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1937_Fleischer_Studios_strike" title="1937 Fleischer Studios strike">Fleischer Studios</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_animators%27_strike" title="Disney animators' strike">Disney</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_animators%27_strike" title="1982 animators' strike">Multiple studios</a> (1982)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_animation" title="Category:American animation">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animation_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animation" title="Template:Animation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animation" title="Template talk:Animation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animation_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_animation" title="Bangladeshi animation">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_animation" title="Bhutanese animation">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_animation" title="Chinese animation">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_animation" title="Czech animation">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_animation" title="Estonian animation">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_animation_industry" title="Indian animation industry">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_animation" title="Malaysian animation">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_animation" title="Mexican animation">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_animation" title="North Korean animation">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino animation">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_animation" title="Portuguese animation">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_animation" title="Romanian animation">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Animation industry in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_animation" title="South Korean animation">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_animation" title="Spanish animation">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_animation" title="Taiwanese animation">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_animation" title="Thai animation">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_animation" title="American animation">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_animation" title="Vietnamese animation">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_animation" title="History of animation">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijani_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Azerbaijani animation">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_animation#History" title="Bangladeshi animation">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_animation" title="History of Canadian animation">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_animation" title="History of Chinese animation">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_animation" title="History of French animation">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungarian_animation" title="History of Hungarian animation">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animation_in_India" title="History of animation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian animation">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_animation" title="History of Korean animation">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_animation" title="History of Russian animation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukrainian animation">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of British animation">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_during_the_silent_era" title="Animation in the United States during the silent era">Silent Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_American_animation" title="Golden age of American animation">The Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_and_American_animation" title="World War II and American animation">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_in_the_television_era" title="Animation in the United States in the television era">Early TV broadcast era</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern TV cable and streaming era</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animator" title="Animator">Animator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animators" title="List of animators">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_department" title="Animation department">Animation department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_director" title="Animation director">Animation director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_artist" title="Story artist">Story artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_studio" title="Animation studio">Animation studios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animation_studios" title="List of animation studios">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_database" title="Animation database">Animation database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_pipeline" title="Art pipeline">Art pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anatomical_simulation" title="Category:Anatomical simulation">Biologist simulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animation_film_festivals" title="Category:Animation film festivals">Animation film festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_animation_festivals" title="List of international animation festivals">international</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_animation_festivals" title="List of regional animation festivals">regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing animated films">Highest-grossing films</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_openings_for_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing openings for animated films">Opening weekends</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing_of_animation" title="Outsourcing of animation">Outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Animation_Day" title="International Animation Day">International Animation Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Films <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_films" title="List of computer-animated films">Computer-animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_films" title="Lists of animated films">Feature-length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_or_unfinished_animated_films" title="List of lost or unfinished animated films">Lost or unfinished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_package_films" title="List of animated package films">Package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_short_films" title="List of animated short films">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_short_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animated short series">Short series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stop_motion_films" title="List of stop motion films">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_animated_feature_films" title="List of adult animated feature films">Adult animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_films" title="List of children's animated films">Children's animated films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_series" title="Animated series">Series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_animated_television_series" title="List of adult animated television series">Adult animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_television_series" title="List of children's animated television series">Children's animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_television_series" title="List of computer-animated television series">Computer-animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_direct-to-video_series" title="List of animated direct-to-video series">Direct-to-video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Flash_animated_television_series" title="List of Flash animated television series">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_Internet_series" title="List of animated Internet series">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_television_series" title="Lists of animated television series">Television</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier-grid_animation_and_stereography" title="Barrier-grid animation and stereography">Barrier-grid and stereography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip_book" title="Flip book">Flip book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_animation" title="Limited animation">Limited animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masking_(art)" title="Masking (art)">Masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotoscoping" title="Rotoscoping">Rotoscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_sheet" title="Exposure sheet">Exposure sheet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claymation" title="Claymation">Claymation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay_painting" title="Clay painting">clay painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strata-cut_animation" title="Strata-cut animation">strata-cut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutout_animation" title="Cutout animation">Cutout</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silhouette_animation" title="Silhouette animation">silhouette</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic animation">Graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_animation" title="Model animation">Model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go_motion" title="Go motion">go motion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_animation" title="Object animation">Object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brickfilm" title="Brickfilm">Brickfilm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixilation" title="Pixilation">Pixilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetoons" title="Puppetoons">Puppetoons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_animation" title="History of computer animation">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_animation_in_film_and_television" title="Timeline of computer animation in film and television">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPoint_animation" title="PowerPoint animation">PowerPoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG_animation" title="SVG animation">SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_animations" title="CSS animations">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-sketch" title="Multi-sketch">Multi-sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_skinning" title="Onion skinning">Onion skinning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-pose" title="T-pose">T-pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel_shading" title="Cel shading">Cel shading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_simulation" title="Crowd simulation">Crowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_facial_animation" title="Computer facial animation">Facial animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morph_target_animation" title="Morph target animation">Morph target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">Motion capture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_motion_capture" title="Facial motion capture">facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">hand tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">eye tracking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-photorealistic_rendering" title="Non-photorealistic rendering">Non-photorealistic rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physically_based_animation" title="Physically based animation">Physically based animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_animation" title="Procedural animation">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_animation" title="Skeletal animation">Skeletal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_cinematography" title="Virtual cinematography">Virtual cinematography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">Traditional puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_puppetry" title="Digital puppetry">Digital puppetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniforms" title="Aniforms">Aniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_human" title="Virtual human">Virtual human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live2D" title="Live2D">Live2D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarionation" title="Supermarionation">Supermarionation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio-Animatronics" title="Audio-Animatronics">Audio-Animatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_alternator" title="Linear alternator">Linear Animation Generator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_manipulation_animation" title="Direct manipulation animation">Direct manipulation animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid_animation" title="Humanoid animation">Humanoid animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_animation" title="Idle animation">Idle animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink-wash_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink-wash animation">Ink-wash animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">Magic Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanimate" title="Scanimate">Scanimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadowmation" title="Shadowmation">Shadowmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squigglevision" title="Squigglevision">Squigglevision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteboard_animation" title="Whiteboard animation">Whiteboard animation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(animation)" title="Blocking (animation)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_animation" title="Character animation">Character animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_sheet" title="Model sheet">model sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_cycle" title="Walk cycle">walk cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-model" title="Off-model">off-model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuckimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuckimation">Chuckimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawn-on-film_animation" title="Drawn-on-film animation">Drawn-on-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Erasure animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydrotechnics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbetweening" title="Inbetweening">Inbetweening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphing" title="Morphing">Morphing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint-on-glass_animation" title="Paint-on-glass animation">Paint-on-glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinscreen_animation" title="Pinscreen animation">Pinscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel artist">Pixel art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pose_to_pose_animation" title="Pose to pose animation">Pose to pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_ahead_animation" title="Straight ahead animation">Straight ahead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_hose_animation" title="Rubber hose animation">Rubber hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">Special effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_animation" title="Sand animation">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncro-Vox" title="Syncro-Vox">Syncro-Vox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoetrope" title="Zoetrope">Zoetrope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract animation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visual_music" title="Visual music">visual music</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_animation" title="Adult animation">Adult animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Animated cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_animation" title="Educational animation">Educational animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotic animation">Erotic animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_animation" title="Independent animation">Independent animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_animation" title="Instructional animation">Instructional animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_newscaster" title="Virtual newscaster">Virtual newscaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_music" title="Animation music">Animation music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouncing_ball_(music)" title="Bouncing ball (music)">Bouncing ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mousing" title="Mickey Mousing">Mickey Mousing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_frame" title="Key frame">Key frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel" title="Cel">Cel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_animation" title="Character animation">Character animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_sheet" title="Model sheet">model sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_cycle" title="Walk cycle">walk cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-model" title="Off-model">off-model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creature_animation" title="Creature animation">Creature animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_basic_principles_of_animation" title="Twelve basic principles of animation">Twelve basic principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_comic" title="Motion comic">Motion comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">Films with live action and animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live-action/animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing live-action/animated films">highest grossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_physics" title="Cartoon physics">Cartoon physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_violence" title="Cartoon violence">Cartoon violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_animated_films" title="List of most expensive animated films">Most expensive animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_films_by_box_office_admissions" title="List of animated films by box office admissions">List of animated films by box office admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_television_series_by_episode_count" title="List of animated television series by episode count">List of animated television series by episode count</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_series_by_episode_count" title="List of anime series by episode count">anime series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_franchises_by_episode_count" title="List of anime franchises by episode count">anime franchises</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animation" 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