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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Complex_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complex_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Complex performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complex_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changing_fan_expectations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_fan_expectations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Changing fan expectations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_fan_expectations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Using_real_singing_and_some_lip_syncing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_real_singing_and_some_lip_syncing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Using real singing and some lip syncing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_real_singing_and_some_lip_syncing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Musical theater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parade_floats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parade_floats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Parade floats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parade_floats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incorrect_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incorrect_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Incorrect allegations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incorrect_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_entertainment_and_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_entertainment_and_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>For entertainment and effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_entertainment_and_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_and_ethical_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_and_ethical_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Legal and ethical aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_and_ethical_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recurring_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recurring_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1</span> <span>Recurring events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recurring_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protests_by_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests_by_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Protests by artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests_by_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Reception and impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In video</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_video-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In video subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ADR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ADR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>ADR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ADR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_dubbing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_dubbing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Language dubbing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_dubbing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In video games</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_video_games-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In video games subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role-playing_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role-playing_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Role-playing games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role-playing_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategy_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Strategy games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategy_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First-person_shooters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First-person_shooters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>First-person shooters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First-person_shooters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_transmission_synchronization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_transmission_synchronization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Television transmission synchronization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_transmission_synchronization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finger_syncing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finger_syncing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Finger syncing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finger_syncing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lip sync</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipsinchronisasie" title="Lipsinchronisasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lipsinchronisasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodaq_sinxronizasiyas%C4%B1" title="Dodaq sinxronizasiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dodaq sinxronizasiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B" title="ঠোঁট মেলানো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঠোঁট মেলানো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippensynchronisation" title="Lippensynchronisation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lippensynchronisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincron%C3%ADa_de_labios" title="Sincronía de labios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sincronía de labios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipsinkronigo" title="Lipsinkronigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lipsinkronigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D9%86%DB%8C" title="لب‌زنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لب‌زنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronisation_labiale" title="Synchronisation labiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Synchronisation labiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%BD%EC%8B%B1%ED%81%AC" title="립싱크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="립싱크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usna_sinkronizacija" title="Usna sinkronizacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Usna sinkronizacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suai_bibir" title="Suai bibir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suai bibir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincronismo_labiale" title="Sincronismo labiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sincronismo labiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="ליפ סינק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליפ סינק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyegerakan_bibir" title="Penyegerakan bibir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyegerakan bibir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipsynchronisatie" title="Lipsynchronisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lipsynchronisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF" title="口パク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="口パク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincronia_labial" title="Sincronia labial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sincronia labial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Липсинг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Липсинг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lip sync" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4ppsynk" title="Läppsynk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Läppsynk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleybek" title="Pleybek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pleybek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A9p_m%C3%B4i" title="Nhép môi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhép môi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%AA%E5%98%B4" title="咪嘴 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="咪嘴" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%87%E5%94%B1" title="假唱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="假唱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6556133#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about mimed singing or speaking performance. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lip_sync_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lip sync (disambiguation)">Lip sync (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LipSyncRecording.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/LipSyncRecording.jpg/220px-LipSyncRecording.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/LipSyncRecording.jpg/330px-LipSyncRecording.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/LipSyncRecording.jpg/440px-LipSyncRecording.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">audio engineer</a> (foreground) recording a <a href="/wiki/Voice_acting" title="Voice acting">voice actor</a> (at microphone) for an animated video production. Lip synchronization of this recording with <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> will give the impression that an animated character is speaking.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lip sync</b> or <b>lip synch</b> (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>, the same as the word <i>sink</i>), short for <b>lip synchronization</b>, is a technical term for matching a <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speaking</a> or <a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">singing</a> person's lip movements with sung or spoken vocals. </p><p>Audio for lip syncing is generated through the <a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">sound reinforcement system</a> in a live performance or via television, computer, cinema <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">speakers</a>, or other forms of <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio</a> output. The term can refer to any of a number of different techniques and processes, in the context of live performances and <a href="/wiki/Audiovisual" title="Audiovisual">audiovisual</a> recordings. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">film production</a>, lip syncing is often part of the <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> phase. <a href="/wiki/Dubbing" title="Dubbing">Dubbing</a> foreign-language films and making <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animated</a> characters appear to speak both require elaborate lip syncing. Many video games make extensive use of lip-synced sound files to create an immersive environment in which on-screen characters appear to be speaking. In the <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music industry</a>, lip syncing is used by singers for <a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">music videos</a>, television and film appearances and some types of live performances. Lip syncing by singers can be controversial to fans attending concert performances who expect to view a live performance. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_music">In music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lip sync is considered a form of <a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">miming</a>. It can be used to make it appear as though actors have substantial singing ability (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/The_Partridge_Family" title="The Partridge Family">The Partridge Family</a></i> television show), to simulate a vocal effect that can be achieved only in the recording studio (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cher" title="Cher">Cher</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Believe_(Cher_song)" title="Believe (Cher song)">Believe</a></i>, which used an <a href="/wiki/Auto-Tune" title="Auto-Tune">Auto-Tune</a> <a href="/wiki/Effect_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Effect unit">effects processing on her voice</a>); to improve performance during choreographed live dance numbers that incorporate vocals; to misattribute vocals entirely (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Milli_Vanilli" title="Milli Vanilli">Milli Vanilli</a>, a band which lip synced to recordings made by other singers), or to cover deficiencies in live performance. It is also commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Drag_queen#Drag_shows_and_venues" title="Drag queen">drag shows</a>. Sometimes lip sync performances are forced on performers by television producers to shorten the guest appearances of celebrities, as it requires less time for rehearsals and hugely simplifies the process of sound mixing, or to eliminate the risk of vocal errors. Some artists lip sync because they are not confident singing live and want to avoid singing out of tune. </p><p>Because the film track and music track are recorded separately during the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">music video</a>, artists usually lip sync their songs and often imitate playing <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a> as well. Artists also sometimes move their lips at a faster speed than the recorded track, to create videos with a slow-motion effect in the final clip, which is widely considered to be complex to achieve. Similarly, some artists have been known to lip sync backward for music videos such that, when reversed, the singer is seen to sing forwards while time appears to move backwards in his or her surroundings, such as in Coldplay's "<a href="/wiki/The_Scientist_(song)#Music_video" title="The Scientist (song)">The Scientist</a>". Notable exceptions to this trend include <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a>'s hit "<a href="/wiki/Streets_of_Philadelphia" title="Streets of Philadelphia">Streets of Philadelphia</a>", which only uses the instruments as a <a href="/wiki/Backing_track" title="Backing track">backing track</a> while the vocals were recorded with a microphone attached on the singer, giving a different feel to it. </p><p>On <i><a href="/wiki/American_Bandstand" title="American Bandstand">American Bandstand</a></i> and most variety shows of the 1960s, vocals and instrumentals were all (with a few notable exceptions on American Bandstand) synced to pre-recorded music.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Feb_2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Feb_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the creation of MTV in the 1980s, many artists have focused on visual effects, rather than singing, for their live shows.<sup id="cite_ref-MT25_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MT25-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists often lip sync during strenuous dance numbers in both live and recorded performances.<sup id="cite_ref-Edna_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edna-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complex_performance">Complex performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Complex performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artists often lip sync during strenuous dance numbers in both live and recorded performances, due to lung capacity being needed for physical activity (both at once would require incredibly trained lungs). <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> is an example of this; he performed complex dance routines while lip syncing and live singing. His performance on the television special <i><a href="/wiki/Motown_25:_Yesterday,_Today,_Forever" title="Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever">Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever</a></i> (1983) changed the scope of live stage show. Ian Inglis, author of <i>Performance and Popular Music: History, Place and Time</i> (2006) notes the fact that "Jackson lip-synced 'Billie Jean' is, in itself, not extraordinary, but the fact that it did not change the impact of the performance is extraordinary; whether the performance was live or lip synced made no difference to the audience," thus creating an era in which artists recreate the spectacle of music video imagery on stage.<sup id="cite_ref-MT25_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MT25-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chris Nelson of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported: "Artists like <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna (entertainer)">Madonna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a> set new standards for showmanship, with concerts that included not only elaborate costumes and precision-timed pyrotechnics but also highly athletic dancing. These effects came at the expense of live singing."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Feb_2004_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Feb_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edna_Gundersen" title="Edna Gundersen">Edna Gundersen</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i> comments that the complexity of modern stage show has forced "singing and musicianship into minor roles", citing as example artists such as <a href="/wiki/New_Kids_on_the_Block" title="New Kids on the Block">New Kids on the Block</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milli_Vanilli" title="Milli Vanilli">Milli Vanilli</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Michael" title="George Michael">George Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cher" title="Cher">Cher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paula_Abdul" title="Paula Abdul">Paula Abdul</a> and Janet Jackson.<sup id="cite_ref-Edna_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edna-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gundersen elaborates: "The most obvious example is Madonna's <a href="/wiki/Blond_Ambition_World_Tour" title="Blond Ambition World Tour">Blond Ambition World Tour</a>, a visually preoccupied and heavily choreographed spectacle. Madonna lip-syncs the duet 'Now I'm Following You', while a Dick Tracy character mouths Warren Beatty's recorded vocals. On other songs, background singers plump up her voice, strained by the exertion of non-stop dancing."<sup id="cite_ref-Edna_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edna-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_fan_expectations">Changing fan expectations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Changing fan expectations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i> editor Thom Duffy commented in 1990: "The expectations of fans have changed, and that's the driving force here ... They expect a concert as perfect as what they see on MTV."<sup id="cite_ref-Edna_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edna-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rashod D. Ollison of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a></i> observed in 2004: "Since the advent of MTV and other video music channels, pop audiences have been fed elaborate videos thick with jaw-dropping effects, awesome choreography, fabulous clothes, marvelous bodies. And the same level of perfection is expected to extend beyond the video set to the concert stage. So if Britney Spears, Janet Jackson or Madonna sounds shrill and flat without a backing track, fans won't pay up to $300 for a concert ticket."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Using_real_singing_and_some_lip_syncing">Using real singing and some lip syncing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Using real singing and some lip syncing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some singers habitually lip sync during live performances, both concert and televised, over pre-recorded music and mimed backing vocals; this is known as singing over playback. Some artists switch between live singing and lip syncing during a performance, particularly during songs that require them to hit particularly high or low notes. Lip syncing these notes ensures that the performer will not be out of tune or strain their voice. Once the difficult portion of the song has passed, the artist may continue to lip sync or may resume singing live. Some artists lip sync choruses during songs but sing the main verses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_theater">Musical theater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Musical theater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The practice of syncing also occurs in musical theater, for much the same purpose as for musicians. A production may include a mix of lip synced and live musical numbers. In long-running shows, this may be done to help protect the performer's voice from strain and damage, as well as to maintain a high caliber of production. A notable example of using lip syncing as a special effect includes performances of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(1986_musical)" title="The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)">The Phantom of the Opera</a></i>, with swing actors in the same costumes as the lead actors give the illusion of the characters moving around the stage with some mystery.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parade_floats">Parade floats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Parade floats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artists may also lip sync in situations in which their <a href="/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">backup bands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">sound reinforcement systems</a> cannot be accommodated, such as the <a href="/wiki/Macy%27s_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade" title="Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade">Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade</a>, which features popular singers lip syncing while riding <a href="/wiki/Float_(parade)" title="Float (parade)">floats</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incorrect_allegations">Incorrect allegations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Incorrect allegations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes lip syncing is incorrectly identified by fans sitting in the back of a stadium because of the time it takes sound to carry over distance. Viewers might, for example, see a drummer hit a kit before they actually hear the sound. The delay can be mistaken for poor synchronization of miming artists and a backing track. </p><p>It is also possible that fans who are watching a live performance on a large-screen video display, either in the venue or remotely as in a live broadcast, are actually seeing a real lip sync timing error. These can be created by the video signal processing delay that occurs in the electronic video signal path between the on stage camera and the large screen displays. This lip sync error can cause those fans to perceive the performance as less entertaining or possibly negatively, as compared to a performance displayed without the electronically introduced error. </p><p>There is a technical solution to this problem, the SMPTE ST-2064 standard, but as of March 2018 it has not been adopted by any television production groups such as those who provide large venue television, or by broadcasters who provide live broadcasts. These video signal processing delays, the negative perceptions that are created and the SMPTE ST-2064 standard are discussed in <a href="/wiki/Audio_to_video_synchronization" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio to video synchronization">audio to video synchronization</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"[S]ome of the most talented singers have been caught in the act of lip-synching".<sup id="cite_ref-abcnews_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcnews-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arts journalist Chuck Taylor says that it is considered "an egregious offense", but he points out that when singers are dancing and doing complex stage shows, it is hard to sing live.<sup id="cite_ref-abcnews_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcnews-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On some TV show performances, "the singer's microphone is still on. On the parts they're not confident on or if the performance is physically demanding, the artist will sing quieter, and more of the performance [backing] track vocals can be heard."<sup id="cite_ref-abcnews_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcnews-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are "very few artists who [...] completely lip-sync" while a backing track is playing with "full lead vocals", a practice done due to "weather conditions, technical issues, or sickness."<sup id="cite_ref-abcnews_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcnews-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_entertainment_and_effect">For entertainment and effect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: For entertainment and effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lip syncing where the audience knows the performer is pretending has also been popular as a form of musical pantomime, in which performers mime to pre-recorded music for the public's entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-Zak_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zak-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often performed by <a href="/wiki/Drag_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag (clothing)">drag</a> performers (<a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">drag queens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drag_king" title="Drag king">drag kings</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-pinknews-rupaul_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinknews-rupaul-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iron_Maiden" title="Iron Maiden">Iron Maiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muse_(band)" title="Muse (band)">Muse</a> both mocked demands by two music television programs to give mimed performances, by having their band members deliberately swap instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-nme-miming_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nme-miming-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of lip sync performances (sometimes referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Lip_dub" title="Lip dub">lip dub</a> video) have also been popular as <a href="/wiki/Viral_video" title="Viral video">viral videos</a> on the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-Zak_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zak-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cbc-seniorssyncing_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc-seniorssyncing-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early example, "<a href="/wiki/Numa_Numa_(video)" title="Numa Numa (video)">Numa Numa</a>", a video recorded by Gary Brolsma of him dancing and lip syncing to the song "<a href="/wiki/Dragostea_din_Tei" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragostea din Tei">Dragostea din Tei</a>", was ranked in 2007 by <a href="/wiki/The_Viral_Factory" title="The Viral Factory">The Viral Factory</a> as the second most-viewed viral video of all time behind the <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_Kid" title="Star Wars Kid"><i>Star Wars</i> Kid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various television competition programs have been built around lip sync performances, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Puttin%27_on_the_Hits" title="Puttin' on the Hits">Puttin' on the Hits</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Lip_Service_(game_show)" title="Lip Service (game show)">Lip Service</a></i>. Comedian <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Fallon" title="Jimmy Fallon">Jimmy Fallon</a> incorporated similar performances with celebrities as sketches during his <a href="/wiki/Late_night_talk_show" class="mw-redirect" title="Late night talk show">late night talk show</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Late_Night_with_Jimmy_Fallon" title="Late Night with Jimmy Fallon">Late Night with Jimmy Fallon</a></i>; he oversaw a standalone television series for <a href="/wiki/Spike_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spike (TV channel)">Spike</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lip_Sync_Battle" title="Lip Sync Battle">Lip Sync Battle</a></i>, which extended the concept into a competitive format between pairs of celebrities.<sup id="cite_ref-success_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-success-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to their prominence as part of drag culture, the reality competition franchise <i><a href="/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race" title="RuPaul's Drag Race">RuPaul's Drag Race</a></i> uses lip sync performances as a recurring challenge, particularly to eliminate contestants.<sup id="cite_ref-pinknews-rupaul_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinknews-rupaul-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-into_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-into-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Mobile apps</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dubsmash" title="Dubsmash">Dubsmash</a> and <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> (which acquired and shut down <a href="/wiki/Musical.ly" title="Musical.ly">Musical.ly</a> in 2017), which allow users to record their own lip sync videos to pre-existing audio and song clips for sharing on <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking services</a> or an internal platform, have also been popular.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-dubsmash_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-dubsmash-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Maine_Mendoza" title="Maine Mendoza">Maine Mendoza</a> — a Filipino content creator who had been nicknamed the "Queen of Dubsmash" — became a cast member of the Filipino variety show <i><a href="/wiki/Eat_Bulaga!" title="Eat Bulaga!">Eat Bulaga!</a></i> She appeared in a recurring sketch as a character named <a href="/wiki/Yaya_Dub" title="Yaya Dub">Yaya Dub</a>, whose dialogue consisted exclusively of lip synced audio. Her spontaneous reactions to fellow cast member <a href="/wiki/Alden_Richards" title="Alden Richards">Alden Richards</a> during a remote broadcast resulted in the creation of an on-air couple known as <a href="/wiki/AlDub" title="AlDub">AlDub</a>, in which the two were portrayed as a couple who never physically meet, and communicated solely via lip syncing. The couple became a major cultural phenomenon in the country, and appeared on-stage for the first time in an October 2015 concert special, <i><a href="/wiki/Tamang_Panahon" title="Tamang Panahon">Tamang Panahon</a></i>. A <a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">hashtag</a> associated with the special received 41 million posts within 24 hours on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, beating a global record previously set during <a href="/wiki/Brazil_v_Germany_(2014_FIFA_World_Cup)" title="Brazil v Germany (2014 FIFA World Cup)">Brazil and Germany's semi-final match</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2014 FIFA World Cup">2014 FIFA World Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Philippine_Star_2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Philippine_Star_2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_and_ethical_aspects">Legal and ethical aspects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legal and ethical aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Undue_weight_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies</b>. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STRUCTURE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:STRUCTURE">create a more balanced presentation</a>. Discuss and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">resolve</a> this issue before removing this message. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the Australian state of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, the government is considering new laws that would require pop singers to print disclaimers on tickets "to alert fans if [the singers] intend on miming throughout their shows". Fair Trading Minister <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Judge" title="Virginia Judge">Virginia Judge</a> stated that "Let's be clear – live means live." Minister Judge stated that "If you are spending up to $200 [on concert tickets], I think you deserve better than a film clip". She indicated that "The NSW Government would be happy to look at options, such as a disclaimer on a ticket which would warn consumers a performance is completely pre-recorded."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A writer on ethics calls lip syncing an "affront to all legitimate live performers who risk lyric mistakes and cracking voices to give an authentic performance". The author argues that lip syncing in live concerts will "...destroy our ability to enjoy great live performances the way we once could, thrilling to the certain knowledge that we are witnessing something extraordinary from a great talent". The author argues that this "...makes lip-syncing in public performances wrong. Not only is the audience being lied to; it is being made cynical".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashlee_Simpson-Wentz_at_CW_Upfront_2009_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ashlee_Simpson-Wentz_at_CW_Upfront_2009_2.jpg/170px-Ashlee_Simpson-Wentz_at_CW_Upfront_2009_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ashlee_Simpson-Wentz_at_CW_Upfront_2009_2.jpg/255px-Ashlee_Simpson-Wentz_at_CW_Upfront_2009_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ashlee_Simpson-Wentz_at_CW_Upfront_2009_2.jpg/340px-Ashlee_Simpson-Wentz_at_CW_Upfront_2009_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Pop singer Ashlee Simpson (pictured in 2009) lip synced a song on the variety TV show <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a></i> in 2004.</figcaption></figure><p>While <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>'s performance on the television special <i><a href="/wiki/Motown_25:_Yesterday,_Today,_Forever" title="Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever">Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever</a></i> (1983) changed the scope of live stage show, as he mixed singing and complex dance moves, Ian Inglis, author of <i>Performance and Popular Music: History, Place and Time</i> (2006) states that "Jackson lip-synced '<a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean" title="Billie Jean">Billie Jean</a>'" during this TV show.<sup id="cite_ref-MT25_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MT25-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, a <i>New York Times</i> article claimed that "<a href="/wiki/Bananarama" title="Bananarama">Bananarama</a>'s recent <i>concert</i> at the Palladium", the "first song had a big beat, layered vocal harmonies and a dance move for every line of lyrics", but "the drum kit was untouched until five songs into the set, or that the <a href="/wiki/Backup_vocals" class="mw-redirect" title="Backup vocals">backup vocals</a> (and, it seemed, some of the lead vocals as well-a hybrid lead performance) were on tape along with the beat". The article also claims that "British band <a href="/wiki/Depeche_Mode" title="Depeche Mode">Depeche Mode</a>, ...adds vocals and a few keyboard lines to [a] taped backup [track when they perform] onstage".<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_april_1989_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_april_1989-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milli_Vanilli_and_C._Michael_Greene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Milli_Vanilli_and_C._Michael_Greene.jpg/220px-Milli_Vanilli_and_C._Michael_Greene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Milli_Vanilli_and_C._Michael_Greene.jpg/330px-Milli_Vanilli_and_C._Michael_Greene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Milli_Vanilli_and_C._Michael_Greene.jpg/440px-Milli_Vanilli_and_C._Michael_Greene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>Milli Vanilli in 1990</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1989, during a <a href="/wiki/Milli_Vanilli" title="Milli Vanilli">Milli Vanilli</a> performance recorded by MTV at the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Compounce" title="Lake Compounce">Lake Compounce</a> theme park in <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Connecticut" title="Bristol, Connecticut">Bristol, Connecticut</a>, what sounded to be a pre-recorded track of the group's song "Girl You Know It's True" jammed and began to skip, repeating the partial line "Girl, you know it's..." over and over. Due to rising public questions regarding the source of singing talent in the group, owner <a href="/wiki/Frank_Farian" title="Frank Farian">Frank Farian</a> confessed to reporters on November 12, 1990, that Morvan and Pilatus did not actually sing on the records. As a result of American media pressure, Milli Vanilli's <a href="/wiki/Grammy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy">Grammy</a> was withdrawn four days later,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Arista_Records" title="Arista Records">Arista Records</a> dropped the act from its roster and <a href="/wiki/Deletion_(music_industry)" title="Deletion (music industry)">deleted</a> their album and its masters from their catalog, taking the album <i><a href="/wiki/Girl_You_Know_It%27s_True_(album)" title="Girl You Know It's True (album)">Girl You Know It's True</a></i> out of print in the process. After these details emerged, at least 26 different lawsuits were filed under various U.S. <a href="/wiki/Consumer_fraud" title="Consumer fraud">consumer fraud</a> protection laws.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 28, a settlement was approved that refunded those who attended concerts along with those who bought Milli Vanilli recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-refund_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refund-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 10 million buyers were eligible to claim a refund. </p><p>Chris Nelson of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported that by the 1990s, "[a]rtists like <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna (entertainer)">Madonna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a> set new standards for showmanship, with concerts that included not only elaborate costumes and precision-timed pyrotechnics but also highly athletic dancing. These effects came at the expense of live singing."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Feb_2004_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Feb_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edna Gundersen of <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i> reported: "The most obvious example is Madonna's <a href="/wiki/Blond_Ambition_World_Tour" title="Blond Ambition World Tour">Blond Ambition World Tour</a>, a visually preoccupied and heavily choreographed spectacle. Madonna lip syncs the duet "<a href="/wiki/Now_I%27m_Following_You" class="mw-redirect" title="Now I'm Following You">Now I'm Following You</a>", while a <a href="/wiki/Dick_Tracy" title="Dick Tracy">Dick Tracy</a> character mouths <a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a>'s recorded vocals. On other songs, background singers plump up her voice, strained by the exertion of non-stop dancing."<sup id="cite_ref-Edna_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edna-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, in reviewing Janet Jackson's <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_Nation_World_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythm Nation World Tour">Rhythm Nation World Tour</a>, Michael MacCambridge of the <i><a href="/wiki/Austin_American-Statesman" title="Austin American-Statesman">Austin American-Statesman</a></i> commented "[i]t seemed unlikely that anyone—even a prized member of the <a href="/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music" title="Honorific nicknames in popular music">First Family of Soul Music</a>—could dance like she did for 90 minutes and still provide the sort of powerful vocals that the '90s super concerts are expected to achieve."<sup id="cite_ref-MacCambridge_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacCambridge-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The music video for <a href="/wiki/Electrasy" title="Electrasy">Electrasy</a>'s 1998 single "<a href="/wiki/Morning_Afterglow" class="mw-redirect" title="Morning Afterglow">Morning Afterglow</a>" featured lead singer Alisdair McKinnell lip syncing the entire song backwards. This allowed the video to create the effect of an apartment being tidied by 'un-knocking over' bookcases, while the music plays forwards. </p><p>On October 23, 2004, US pop singer <a href="/wiki/Ashlee_Simpson" title="Ashlee Simpson">Ashlee Simpson</a> appeared as a musical guest of episode 568 of the live comedy TV show <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a></i>. During her performance, "she was revealed to apparently be lip-synching". According to "her manager-father[,]...his daughter needed the help because <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">acid reflux disease</a> had made her voice hoarse." Her manager stated that "Just like any artist in America, she has a backing track that she pushes so you don't have to hear her croak through a song on national television." During the incident, vocal parts from a previously performed song began to sound while the singer was "holding her microphone at her waist"; she made "some exaggerated hopping dance moves, then walked off the stage".<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_acid_reflux_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson_acid_reflux-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circus_Live_london2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Circus_Live_london2.jpg/170px-Circus_Live_london2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Circus_Live_london2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Spears performing in 2009's world tour <a href="/wiki/The_Circus_Starring_Britney_Spears" title="The Circus Starring Britney Spears">The Circus Starring Britney Spears</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2009, US pop singer <a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a> was "'extremely upset' over the savaging she has received after lip-synching at her Australian shows", where <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC News Australia">ABC News Australia</a> reported that "[d]isappointed fans ...stormed out of Perth's Burswood Dome after only a few songs".<sup id="cite_ref-spears_upset_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spears_upset-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reuters reports that Britney Spears "is, and always has been, about blatant, unapologetic lip-synching". The article claims that "at the New York stop of her anticipated comeback tour, Spears used her actual vocal cords only three times – twice to thank the crowd, and once to sing a ballad (though the vocals during that number were questionable, as well)".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> magazine stated that "Though some reports indicate Spears did some live singing [in her 2009 concerts], the <i>L.A. Times</i> Ann Powers notes that the show was dominated by backing tracks (which granted, is not the same thing as miming)".<sup id="cite_ref-rolling_stone_march_2009_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rolling_stone_march_2009-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teenage <a href="/wiki/Viral_video" title="Viral video">viral video</a> star <a href="/wiki/Keenan_Cahill" title="Keenan Cahill">Keenan Cahill</a> openly lip syncs popular songs on his <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> channel. His popularity has increased as he included guests such as rapper <a href="/wiki/50_Cent" title="50 Cent">50 Cent</a> in November 2010 and <a href="/wiki/David_Guetta" title="David Guetta">David Guetta</a> in January 2011, sending him to be one of the most popular channels on YouTube in January 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-BInsider_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BInsider-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MTV_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MTV-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Journal_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journal-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> ran foul of the contemporaneous British law against miming on television in 1967 with their lip synced promo clip to their song <i><a href="/wiki/Hello,_Goodbye" title="Hello, Goodbye">Hello, Goodbye</a></i>. On the 21 November 1967 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops" title="Top of the Pops">Top of the Pops</a></i>, the song was thus played over a series of sequences from the band's 1964 film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Hard_Day%27s_Night_(film)" title="A Hard Day's Night (film)">A Hard Day's Night</a></i>. On the 7 December edition of the show, a specially-made <a href="/wiki/Black_and_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and white">black and white</a> promo clip was broadcast with the song, which consisted of the band members editing their telefilm <i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Mystery_Tour_(film)" title="Magical Mystery Tour (film)">Magical Mystery Tour</a></i>, and (other than the official promo clip in color including miming, which first became commercially available with the 1996 VHS release of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles_Anthology_(documentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Beatles Anthology (documentary)">The Beatles Anthology</a></i>) was not released on home video up until appearing as a bonus feature on the 2012 DVD release of <i>Magical Mystery Tour</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian cinema relies heavily on lip syncing. Lip syncing by a <a href="/wiki/Playback_singer" title="Playback singer">playback singer</a> is almost exclusively used in Indian cinema, where actors perform song and dance sequences in movies while lip syncing to the song that is sung by playback singers. The playback singers are officially recognised and have gained much fame in their careers. Some notables among them are <a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kishore_Kumar" title="Kishore Kumar">Kishore Kumar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rafi">Muhammad Rafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asha_Bhosle" title="Asha Bhosle">Asha Bhosle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonu_Nigam" title="Sonu Nigam">Sonu Nigam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shreya_Ghoshal" title="Shreya Ghoshal">Shreya Ghoshal</a>, and many more. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Pitney" title="Gene Pitney">Gene Pitney</a> was involved in a memorable gaffe on <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/This_Morning_(TV_programme)" title="This Morning (TV programme)">This Morning</a></i> in 1989, owing to a "technical mishap".<sup id="cite_ref-anniversary_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anniversary-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giving an ostensibly live performance of his track "You're the Reason", Pitney missed his cue and was seen "failing dismally to mime along in time to his backing track";<sup id="cite_ref-echo_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-echo-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he tried not to laugh and continued with the song.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident has been repeated on television over the years, notably on a 2002 episode of <a href="/wiki/BBC_One" title="BBC One">BBC One</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Room_101_(British_TV_series)" title="Room 101 (British TV series)">Room 101</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-echo_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-echo-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where host <a href="/wiki/Paul_Merton" title="Paul Merton">Paul Merton</a> described it as a "very funny moment" in which Pitney came in "unbearably late".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was re-aired on the 25th-anniversary edition of <i>This Morning</i> in 2013, where presenter <a href="/wiki/Holly_Willoughby" title="Holly Willoughby">Holly Willoughby</a> "broke out into a cold sweat" while reliving the moment.<sup id="cite_ref-anniversary_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anniversary-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_Cent" title="50 Cent">50 Cent</a> was caught lip syncing live on stage at the BET awards, watched by millions of people when DJ Whoo Kidd played the instrumental version of the hit song "Amusement Park".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>During a concert at Madison Square Garden, the R & B singer <a href="/wiki/R._Kelly" title="R. Kelly">R. Kelly</a> put down his microphone in the middle of a song and let his recorded vocals keep singing.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Feb_2004_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Feb_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i> called <a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a> "one of pop's most notorious onstage lip synchers" in a 2001 article on lip syncing.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In an article about Katy Perry, entitled "Lip-Sync Malfunction Forces Katy Perry to Use Her Own Voice to Sing", <i>Gawker</i> stated that while the pop star was "performing her hit song "Roar" at the NRJ Music Awards in Cannes on Saturday, [she] suffered a devastating lip-sync malfunction." Perry was "unable to match the backing track" with her lip movements, causing the host to stop the performance and ask her if she wished to start again. Perry restarted the song, this time without the backing track. The producers issued a statement indicating that it was planned for Perry to sing live, except that a "technical problem" caused staff to play a "bad soundtrack".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recurring_events">Recurring events</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Recurring events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a> has used lip syncing during singers' performances at the live-to-air sports event. During <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIII" title="Super Bowl XLIII">Super Bowl XLIII</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Hudson" title="Jennifer Hudson">Jennifer Hudson</a>'s performance of the national anthem" was "lip-synched ...to a previously recorded track, and apparently so did <a href="/wiki/Faith_Hill" title="Faith Hill">Faith Hill</a> who performed before her". The singers lip synced "...at the request of <a href="/wiki/Rickey_Minor" title="Rickey Minor">Rickey Minor</a>, the pregame show producer", who argued that "There's too many variables to go live."<sup id="cite_ref-hudson_super_bowl_abc_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hudson_super_bowl_abc-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent Super Bowl national anthems were performed live. <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Houston" title="Whitney Houston">Whitney Houston</a>'s rendition of the anthem at the 1991 Super Bowl was also reported to have been lip synced.<sup id="cite_ref-hudson_super_bowl_abc_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hudson_super_bowl_abc-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such pre-recorded performances for the Super Bowl's halftime shows and national anthem have been commonplace since the 1990s; the <a href="/wiki/NFL" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL">NFL</a> has confirmed this as standard practice.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1998, singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Jewel_(singer)" title="Jewel (singer)">Jewel</a> was criticised for lip syncing the <a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">American national anthem</a> at the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXII" title="Super Bowl XXXII">Super Bowl XXXII</a> to a digitally-recorded track of her own voice. This was noticeable as the singer missed her cue, and thus, did not sing the first few words of the song.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Super Bowl producers have since admitted that they attempt to have all performers pre-record their vocals.<sup id="cite_ref-hudson_super_bowl_abc_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hudson_super_bowl_abc-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Olympics events have used lip syncing. In the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony" title="2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony">2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony</a>, the song "<a href="/wiki/Ode_to_the_Motherland" title="Ode to the Motherland">Ode to the Motherland</a>" appeared to be sung by <a href="/wiki/Lin_Miaoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin Miaoke">Lin Miaoke</a> at the ceremony, but it emerged that she mimed her performance to a recording by another girl, <a href="/wiki/Yang_Peiyi" title="Yang Peiyi">Yang Peiyi</a>, who actually won the audition. It was a last-minute decision to use lip syncing, following a Politburo member's objection to Yang's physical appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International Olympic Committee executive director Gilbert Felli defended the use of a more photogenic double.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 10, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a> appeared during a performance of the opera aria "<a href="/wiki/Nessun_Dorma" class="mw-redirect" title="Nessun Dorma">Nessun Dorma</a>" at the <a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics_opening_ceremony" title="2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony">2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy, at his final performance. In the last act of the opening ceremony, his performance received the longest and loudest ovation of the night from the international crowd. <a href="/wiki/Leone_Magiera" title="Leone Magiera">Leone Magiera</a>, the conductor who directed the performance, revealed in his 2008 memoirs, <i>Pavarotti Visto da Vicino</i>, that the performance was prerecorded weeks earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-lipsync_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-lipsync-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The orchestra pretended to play for the audience, I pretended to conduct and Luciano pretended to sing. The effect was wonderful," he wrote. Pavarotti's manager, Terri Robson, said that the tenor had turned the Winter Olympic Committee's invitation down several times because it would have been impossible to sing late at night in the sub-zero conditions of Turin in February. The committee eventually persuaded him to take part by pre-recording the song. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests_by_artists">Protests by artists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Protests by artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On occasion, some vocalists have protested being asked to lip sync on television programs by blatantly drawing attention to the fact they are not singing live. When <a href="/wiki/Public_Image_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Image Limited">Public Image Limited</a> singer <a href="/wiki/John_Lydon" title="John Lydon">John Lydon</a> performed on <i><a href="/wiki/American_Bandstand" title="American Bandstand">American Bandstand</a>,</i> <i>"</i>instead he sat on the floor of the studio, threw himself into the assembled audience, and stuck his nose into the camera while recordings over his own voice played".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When appearing on a TV program in Detroit in 1966, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a> and his band similarly gathered on a "stage" with items from the station's props department, and asked his band members to perform "a repeatable physical action, not necessarily in sync with (or even related to) the lyrics, and do it over and over until our spot on the show was concluded", leading to a performance Zappa described as "Detroit's first whiff of homemade prime-time <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Morrissey" title="Morrissey">Morrissey</a> protested a similar policy on the BBC music programme <i><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops" title="Top of the Pops">Top of the Pops</a></i> by singing "<a href="/wiki/This_Charming_Man" title="This Charming Man">This Charming Man</a>" with a <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">fern</a> plant as a "microphone".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When appearing on a German music programme in 1986, English metal band <a href="/wiki/Iron_Maiden" title="Iron Maiden">Iron Maiden</a> gave a lip synced performance of "<a href="/wiki/Wasted_Years" title="Wasted Years">Wasted Years</a>" where the band blatantly swapped instruments mid-song, and at one point had three members "playing" the drums at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception_and_impact">Reception and impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reception and impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Milli_Vanilli" title="Milli Vanilli">Milli Vanilli</a> vocal miming scandal, it "...forever embedded skepticism into the minds (and ears) of the listener." In the fallout of this miming controversy, MTV's <i><a href="/wiki/MTV_Unplugged" title="MTV Unplugged">Unplugged</a></i> series was launched, "a showcase for artists wanting to prove they were more than just <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">studio</a> creations". As the show used live performances with singers and acoustic instruments, it required performers to "...display their unembellished voices and ability to perform live." On MTV <i>Unplugged</i>, artists could not use lip syncing, backup tracks, synthesizers, and racks of vocal effects. With <i>Unplugged</i>, <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">authenticity</a> in live performances again became an important value in <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ellie_Goulding" title="Ellie Goulding">Ellie Goulding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ed_Sheeran" title="Ed Sheeran">Ed Sheeran</a> have called for honesty in live shows by joining the "Live Means Live" campaign. "Live Means Live" was launched by songwriter/composer <a href="/wiki/David_Mindel" title="David Mindel">David Mindel</a>. When a band displays the "Live Means Live" logo, the audience knows, "there's no <a href="/wiki/Auto-Tune" title="Auto-Tune">Auto-Tune</a>, nothing that isn't 100 per cent live" in the show, and there are no backing tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_video">In video</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Film_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Film production">film production</a>, lip syncing is often part of the post-production phase. Most film today contains scenes where the dialogue has been re-recorded afterwards; lip syncing is the technique used when <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animated</a> characters speak, and lip syncing is essential when films are dubbed into other languages. In many <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical films</a>, actors sang their own songs beforehand in a recording session and lip synced during filming, but many also lip synced to <a href="/wiki/Playback_singer" title="Playback singer">playback singers</a>, voices other than their own. <a href="/wiki/Rex_Harrison" title="Rex Harrison">Rex Harrison</a> was the exception in <i><a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady_(film)" title="My Fair Lady (film)">My Fair Lady</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marni_Nixon" title="Marni Nixon">Marni Nixon</a> sang for <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Kerr" title="Deborah Kerr">Deborah Kerr</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_King_and_I_(1956_film)" title="The King and I (1956 film)">The King and I</a></i> and for <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> in <i>My Fair Lady</i>, Annette Warren for <a href="/wiki/Ava_Gardner" title="Ava Gardner">Ava Gardner</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(1951_film)" title="Show Boat (1951 film)">Show Boat</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_McFerrin" title="Robert McFerrin">Robert McFerrin</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess_(film)" title="Porgy and Bess (film)">Porgy and Bess</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Wand" title="Betty Wand">Betty Wand</a> for <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Caron" title="Leslie Caron">Leslie Caron</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Gigi_(1958_film)" title="Gigi (1958 film)">Gigi</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Kirk" title="Lisa Kirk">Lisa Kirk</a> for <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Russell" title="Rosalind Russell">Rosalind Russell</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_(1962_film)" title="Gypsy (1962 film)">Gypsy</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Lee_(singer)" title="Bill Lee (singer)">Bill Lee</a> for <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Plummer" title="Christopher Plummer">Christopher Plummer</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_(film)" title="The Sound of Music (film)">The Sound of Music</a></i>. </p><p>Some pre-overdubbed performances have survived, such as Hepburn's original <i>My Fair Lady</i> vocals (included in documentaries related to the film), and Gardner's original vocals in <i>Show Boat</i> were heard for the first time in the 1994 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/That%27s_Entertainment!_III" title="That's Entertainment! III">That's Entertainment! III</a></i>. When songs appear in non-musical films, however, the actors sing live on set, but later dub their voices in <a href="/wiki/Automated_dialogue_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated dialogue replacement">ADR</a> using a "better" performance of the song. </p><p>Lip syncing is almost always used in modern <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical films</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show" title="The Rocky Horror Picture Show">The Rocky Horror Picture Show</a></i> being an exception) and in biopics such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ray_(film)" title="Ray (film)">Ray</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/La_Vie_en_Rose_(film)" title="La Vie en Rose (film)">La Vie en Rose</a></i>, where the original recording adds authenticity. But some early musicals usually use live recordings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1950s MGM classic <i><a href="/wiki/Singin%27_in_the_Rain" title="Singin' in the Rain">Singin' in the Rain</a></i>, lip syncing is a major plot point, with <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Reynolds" title="Debbie Reynolds">Debbie Reynolds</a>' character, Kathy Selden, providing the voice for the character Lina Lamont (played by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Hagen" title="Jean Hagen">Jean Hagen</a>). Writing in UK Sunday newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Kermode" title="Mark Kermode">Mark Kermode</a> noted, "Trivia buffs love to invoke the ironic dubbing of Debbie Reynolds by Betty Noyes on <i>Would You</i>" although he pointed out that "the 19-year-old Reynolds never puts a foot wrong on smashers like <i>Good Morning</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Observer_18_March_2007_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Observer_18_March_2007-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reynolds also later acknowledged <a href="/wiki/Betty_Noyes" title="Betty Noyes">Betty Noyes</a>' uncredited contribution to the film, writing: "I sang <i>You Are My Lucky Star</i> with Gene Kelly. It was a very rangy song and done in his key. My part did not come out well, and my singing voice was dubbed in by Betty Royce [sic]".<sup id="cite_ref-Debbie_Reynolds_My_Life_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debbie_Reynolds_My_Life-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ADR">ADR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: ADR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Automated_dialogue_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated dialogue replacement">Automated dialogue replacement</a>, also known as "ADR" or "looping", is a film sound technique involving the re-recording of dialogue after photography. Sometimes the dialogue recorded on location is unsatisfactory either because it has too much background noise on it or the director is not happy with the performance, so the actors replace their own voices in a "looping" session after the filming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animation">Animation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another manifestation of lip syncing is the <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> of making an animated character appear to speak in a prerecorded track of <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a>. The lip sync technique to make an <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animated</a> character appear to speak involves figuring out the timings of the speech (breakdown) as well as the actual animating of the lips/mouth to match the dialogue track. The earliest examples of lip sync in animation were attempted by <a href="/wiki/Max_Fleischer" title="Max Fleischer">Max Fleischer</a> in his 1926 short <i><a href="/wiki/My_Old_Kentucky_Home_(1926_film)" title="My Old Kentucky Home (1926 film)">My Old Kentucky Home</a></i>. The technique continues to this day, with animated films and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Shrek" title="Shrek">Shrek</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lilo_%26_Stitch" title="Lilo & Stitch">Lilo & Stitch</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> using lip syncing to make their artificial characters talk. Lip syncing is also used in comedies such as <i><a href="/wiki/This_Hour_Has_22_Minutes" title="This Hour Has 22 Minutes">This Hour Has 22 Minutes</a></i> and political satire, changing totally or just partially the original wording. It has been used in conjunction with translation of films from one language to another, for example, <i><a href="/wiki/Spirited_Away" title="Spirited Away">Spirited Away</a></i>. Lip syncing can be a very difficult issue in translating foreign works to a domestic release, as a simple translation of the lines often leaves overrun or underrun of high dialog to mouth movements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_dubbing">Language dubbing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Language dubbing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quality film <a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">dubbing</a> requires that the dialogue is first translated in such a way that the words used can match the lip movements of the actor. This is often hard to achieve if the translation is to stay true to the original dialogue. Elaborate lip sync of dubbing is also a lengthy and expensive process. The more simplified non-phonetic representation of mouth movement in many <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> helps this process. </p><p>In English-speaking countries, many foreign TV series (especially <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> like <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(anime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokémon (anime)"><i>Pokémon</i></a>) are dubbed for <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> broadcast. However, cinematic releases of films tend to come with subtitles instead. The same is true of countries in which the local language is not spoken widely enough to make the expensive dubbing commercially viable (in other words, there is not enough market for it). However, other countries with a large-enough population dub all foreign films into their national language cinematic release. Dubbing is preferred by some because it allows the viewer to focus on the on-screen action, without reading the subtitles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_video_games">In video games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> did not use any voice sounds, due to technical limitations. In the 1970s and early 1980s, most video games used simple electronic sounds such as bleeps and simulated explosion sounds. At most, these games featured some generic jaw or mouth movement to convey a communication process in addition to text. However, as games become more advanced in the 1990s and 2000s, lip sync and voice acting has become a major focus of many games. In the 2020s, <a href="/wiki/Facial_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Facial animation">facial animation</a> provided by companies like <a href="/wiki/FaceFX" title="FaceFX">FaceFX</a> allows for synchronization more efficiently. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role-playing_games">Role-playing games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Role-playing games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: examples and additional citations. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lip sync was for some time a minor focus in <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">role-playing video games</a>. Because of the amount of information conveyed through the game, the majority of communication uses of scrolling text. Older RPGs rely solely on text, using inanimate portraits to provide a sense of who is speaking. Some games make use of voice acting, such as <a href="/wiki/Grandia_II" title="Grandia II">Grandia II</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diablo_(series)" title="Diablo (series)">Diablo</a>, but due to simple character models, there is no mouth movement to simulate speech. RPGs for hand-held systems are still largely based on text, with the rare use of lip sync and voice files being reserved for <a href="/wiki/Full_motion_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Full motion video">full motion video</a> cutscenes. Newer RPGs, have extensive audio dialogues. The <a href="/wiki/Neverwinter_Nights" title="Neverwinter Nights">Neverwinter Nights</a> series are examples of transitional games where important dialogue and cutscenes are fully voiced, but less important information is still conveyed in text. In games such as <a href="/wiki/Jade_Empire" title="Jade Empire">Jade Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Knights_of_the_Old_Republic_(video_game)" title="Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic (video game)">Knights of the Old Republic</a>, developers created partial artificial languages to give the impression of full voice acting without having to actually voice all dialogue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategy_games">Strategy games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Strategy games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike RPGs, <a href="/wiki/Strategy_video_game" title="Strategy video game">strategy video games</a> make extensive use of sound files to create an immersive battle environment. Most games simply played a recorded audio track on cue with some games providing inanimate portraits to accompany the respective voice. <i><a href="/wiki/StarCraft" title="StarCraft">StarCraft</a></i> used full motion video character portraits with several generic speaking animations that did not synchronize with the lines spoken in the game. The game did, however, make extensive use of recorded speech to convey the game's plot, with the speaking animations providing a good idea of the flow of the conversation. <i><a href="/wiki/Warcraft_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Warcraft III">Warcraft III</a></i> used fully rendered 3D models to animate speech with generic mouth movements, both as character portraits as well as the in-game units. Like the FMV portraits, the 3D models did not synchronize with actual spoken text, while in-game models tended to simulate speech by moving their heads and arms rather than using actual lip synchronization. Similarly, the game <a href="/wiki/Codename_Panzers" class="mw-redirect" title="Codename Panzers">Codename Panzers</a> uses camera angles and hand movements to simulate speech, as the characters have no actual mouth movement. However, <i><a href="/wiki/StarCraft_II" title="StarCraft II">StarCraft II</a></i> used fully synced unit portraits and cinematic sequences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First-person_shooters">First-person shooters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: First-person shooters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FPS is a genre that generally places much more emphasis on graphical display, mainly due to the camera almost always being very close to character models. Due to increasingly detailed character models requiring animation, FPS developers assign many resources to create realistic lip synchronization with the many lines of speech used in most FPS games. Early 3D models used basic up-and-down jaw movements to simulate speech. As technology progressed, mouth movements began to closely resemble real human speech movements. <i><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor:_Frontline" title="Medal of Honor: Frontline">Medal of Honor: Frontline</a></i> dedicated a development team to lip sync alone, producing the most accurate lip synchronization for games at that time. Since then, games like <i><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor:_Pacific_Assault" title="Medal of Honor: Pacific Assault">Medal of Honor: Pacific Assault</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Half-Life_2" title="Half-Life 2">Half-Life 2</a></i> have made use of coding that dynamically simulates mouth movements to produce sounds as if they were spoken by a live person, resulting in astoundingly lifelike characters. Gamers who create their own <a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">videos</a> using character models with no lip movements, such as the helmeted <a href="/wiki/Master_Chief_(Halo)" title="Master Chief (Halo)">Master Chief</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Halo_(video_game_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halo (video game series)">Halo</a></i>, improvise lip movements by moving the characters' arms, bodies and making a bobbing movement with the head (see <i><a href="/wiki/Red_vs._Blue" title="Red vs. Blue">Red vs. Blue</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Television_transmission_synchronization">Television transmission synchronization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Television transmission synchronization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Audio_to_video_synchronization" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio to video synchronization">Audio to video synchronization</a></div> <p>An example of a lip synchronization problem, also known as <a href="/wiki/Lip_sync_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Lip sync error">lip sync error</a> is the case in which <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> video and audio signals are transported via different facilities (<i>e.g.,</i> a <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_satellite" title="Geosynchronous satellite">geosynchronous satellite</a> radio link and a landline) that have significantly different <a href="/wiki/Propagation_delay" title="Propagation delay">delay</a> times. In such cases, it is necessary to delay the earlier of the two signals electronically. </p><p>Lip sync issues have become a serious problem for the television industry worldwide. Lip sync problems are not only annoying but can lead to subconscious viewer stress which in turn leads to viewer dislike of the television program they are watching.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Television industry standards organizations have become involved in setting standards for lip sync errors.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 SMPTE (the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) adopted Standard <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?newsearch=true&queryText=SMPTE%20ST2064">ST2064</a> which provides technology for greatly reducing or eliminating lip sync errors in television programming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finger_syncing">Finger syncing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Finger syncing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Miming_in_instrumental_performance" title="Miming in instrumental performance">miming of the playing of a musical instrument</a>, also called <i>finger-syncing</i>, is the instrument equivalent of lip syncing.<sup id="cite_ref-vh1.com_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vh1.com-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A notable example of miming includes <a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a>' piece at President <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Obama's inauguration</a>, which was a recording made two days earlier and mimed by musicians <a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Perlman" title="Itzhak Perlman">Itzhak Perlman</a>. The musicians wore earpieces to hear the playback.<sup id="cite_ref-precisely_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-precisely-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Whitney Houston's performance of "The Star Spangled Banner" with full orchestra, a pre-recorded version was used: "At the game, everyone was playing, and Whitney was singing, but there were no live microphones," orchestra director Kathryn Holm McManus revealed in 2001. "Everyone was lip synching or finger-synching."<sup id="cite_ref-vh1.com_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vh1.com-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_synchronizer" title="Audio synchronizer">Audio synchronizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost singer">Ghost singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_video" title="Human video">Human video</a>, a style of dance sometimes referred to as a "lip sync"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lypsinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lypsinka">Lypsinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playback_singer" title="Playback singer">Playback singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_timestamp" title="Presentation timestamp">Presentation timestamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">Ventriloquism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lip_sync&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MTV&rft.atitle=David+Guetta+%27Had+A+Blast%27+Filming+With+Web+Sensation+Keenan+Cahill%3ADance-music+superstar+makes+the+trip+to+Chicago+to+shoot+15-year-old%27s+latest+lip-synching+video&rft.date=2011-01-25&rft.aulast=Bhansali&rft.aufirst=Akshay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F1656570%2FDavid-Guetta-Keenan-Cahill.jhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALip+sync" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Journal-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Journal_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuckett2011" class="citation news cs1">Puckett, Jeffrey Lee (January 29, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courier-journal.com/article/20110129/SCENE04/301290037">"Jeffrey Lee Puckett's Digital Downloads: Dierks Bentley live online"</a>. Courier-Journal.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jeffrey+Lee+Puckett%27s+Digital+Downloads%3A+Dierks+Bentley+live+online&rft.date=2011-01-29&rft.aulast=Puckett&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courier-journal.com%2Farticle%2F20110129%2FSCENE04%2F301290037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALip+sync" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2007" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Tim (2007). <i>John, Paul, George, and Ringo: The Definitive Illustrated Chronicle of the Beatles, 1960–1970</i>. New York, NY: Sterling Publishing. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-4223-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-4223-1"><bdi>978-1-4027-4223-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John%2C+Paul%2C+George%2C+and+Ringo%3A+The+Definitive+Illustrated+Chronicle+of+the+Beatles%2C+1960%E2%80%931970&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-4223-1&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALip+sync" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anniversary-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anniversary_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anniversary_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"25th Anniversary". <i><a href="/wiki/This_Morning_(TV_programme)" title="This Morning (TV programme)">This Morning</a></i>. October 3, 2013. <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>. <a href="/wiki/ITV_Studios" title="ITV Studios">ITV Studios</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Morning&rft.date=2013-10-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALip+sync" class="Z3988"></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Schofield" title="Phillip Schofield">Phillip Schofield</a>: "Well, today we're live from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Dock,_Liverpool" title="Royal Albert Dock, Liverpool">Albert Dock</a> where 24 years ago, this happened."<br /><i>[Clip rolls]</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Holly_Willoughby" title="Holly Willoughby">Holly Willoughby</a>: "Oh my goodness. I just broke out into a cold sweat, watching that...<a href="/wiki/Gene_Pitney" title="Gene Pitney">Gene Pitney</a>'s technical mishap."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-echo-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-echo_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-echo_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2002" class="citation web cs1">Mills, Barrie (April 23, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/TV+REVIEW+-+Romantic+interlude%3B+TELLY.-a085002778">"TV Review - Romantic interlude"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Echo" title="Liverpool Echo">Liverpool Echo</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/TheFreeDictionary.com#TheFreeLibrary.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheFreeDictionary.com">TheFreeLibrary</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liverpool+Echo&rft.atitle=TV+Review+-+Romantic+interlude&rft.date=2002-04-23&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Barrie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FTV%2BREVIEW%2B-%2BRomantic%2Binterlude%253B%2BTELLY.-a085002778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALip+sync" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginmedia.com/tvradio/galleries/thismorning-highlights.php?ssid=7">"This Morning's top moments"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media" title="Virgin Media">Virgin Media</a>. October 1, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Morning%27s+top+moments&rft.pub=Virgin+Media&rft.date=2002-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virginmedia.com%2Ftvradio%2Fgalleries%2Fthismorning-highlights.php%3Fssid%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALip+sync" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerton2002" class="citation episode cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Merton" title="Paul Merton">Merton, Paul</a> (April 22, 2002). "<a href="/wiki/Ricky_Gervais" title="Ricky Gervais">Ricky Gervais</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Room_101_(British_TV_series)" title="Room 101 (British TV series)">Room 101</a></i>. Season 7. Episode 8. 10 minutes in. <a href="/wiki/BBC_One" title="BBC One">BBC One</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">British Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <q>You [Gervais] mentioned people being late: this is a very funny moment from <i><a href="/wiki/This_Morning_(TV_programme)" title="This Morning (TV programme)">This Morning</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Gene_Pitney" title="Gene Pitney">Gene Pitney</a>, where Gene Pitney was unbearably late.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Room+101&rft.series=Season+7.+Episode+8&rft.date=2002-04-22&rft.aulast=Merton&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALip+sync" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213010638/http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,21982577-5001026,00.html">"50 Cent busted lip syncing"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. June 28, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,21982577-5001026,00.html">the original</a> on February 13, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=50+Cent+busted+lip+syncing&rft.date=2007-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fdailytelegraph%2Fstory%2F0%2C22049%2C21982577-5001026%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALip+sync" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensen2001" class="citation news cs1">Christensen, Thor (September 15, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=20010915&id=ZgcOAAAAIBAJ&pg=6781,1712425">"Loose lips: Pop singers' lip-syncing in concert is an open secret"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Loose+lips%3A+Pop+singers%27+lip-syncing+in+concert+is+an+open+secret&rft.date=2001-09-15&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Thor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1129%26dat%3D20010915%26id%3DZgcOAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6781%2C1712425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALip+sync" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2013" class="citation web cs1">Zimmerman, Neetzan (17 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gawker.com/lip-sync-malfunction-forces-katy-perry-to-use-her-own-v-1485152636">"Lip-Sync Malfunction Forces Katy Perry to Use Her Own Voice to Sing"</a>. <i>Gawker</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gawker&rft.atitle=Lip-Sync+Malfunction+Forces+Katy+Perry+to+Use+Her+Own+Voice+to+Sing&rft.date=2013-12-17&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Neetzan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgawker.com%2Flip-sync-malfunction-forces-katy-perry-to-use-her-own-v-1485152636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALip+sync" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hudson_super_bowl_abc-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hudson_super_bowl_abc_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hudson_super_bowl_abc_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hudson_super_bowl_abc_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherMarikar2009" class="citation news cs1">Fisher, Luchina; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=The+50+greatest+film+soundtracks%3A+11.+Singin%27+In+The+Rain&rft.date=2007-03-18&rft.aulast=Kermode&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2007%2Fmar%2F18%2Ffeatures.musicmonthly14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALip+sync" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debbie_Reynolds_My_Life-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Debbie_Reynolds_My_Life_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynoldsColumbia1989" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Debbie; Columbia, David Patrick (1989). <i>Debbie: My Life</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pocket_Books" title="Pocket Books">Pocket Books</a>. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0671687922" title="Special:BookSources/978-0671687922"><bdi>978-0671687922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debbie%3A+My+Life&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Pocket+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0671687922&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Debbie&rft.au=Columbia%2C+David+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALip+sync" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.curtpalme.com/docs/EffectsOfAudioVideoAsynchrony.pdf"><i>"Effects of Audio-Video Asynchrony on Viewer's Memory, Evaluation of Content and Detection Ability"</i></a> by Reeves and Voelker.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321084955/http://www.atsc.org/cms/index.php/standards/document-download/doc_download/47-is-191-relative-timing-of-sound-and-vision-for-broadcast-operations"><i>IS-191: Relative Timing of Sound and Vision for Broadcast Operations</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ATSC" class="mw-redirect" title="ATSC">ATSC</a>, 2003-06-26, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atsc.org/cms/index.php/standards/document-download/doc_download/47-is-191-relative-timing-of-sound-and-vision-for-broadcast-operations">the original</a> on 2012-03-21</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IS-191%3A+Relative+Timing+of+Sound+and+Vision+for+Broadcast+Operations&rft.pub=ATSC&rft.date=2003-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsc.org%2Fcms%2Findex.php%2Fstandards%2Fdocument-download%2Fdoc_download%2F47-is-191-relative-timing-of-sound-and-vision-for-broadcast-operations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALip+sync" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vh1.com-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vh1.com_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vh1.com_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vh1.com/news/7dfay7/10-biggest-lip-syncing-scandals">"Watch Your Mouth! The 10 Biggest Lip Syncing Scandals In Music History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529024423/https://www.vh1.com/news/7dfay7/10-biggest-lip-syncing-scandals">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Watch+Your+Mouth%21+The+10+Biggest+Lip+Syncing+Scandals+In+Music+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vh1.com%2Fnews%2F7dfay7%2F10-biggest-lip-syncing-scandals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALip+sync" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-precisely-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-precisely_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakin2009" class="citation news cs1">Wakin, Daniel J. (January 22, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/23/arts/music/23band.html?_r=1&hp">"The Frigid Fingers Were Live, but the Music Wasn't"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-23</span></span>. <q>The somber, elegiac tones before President Obama's oath of office at the inauguration on Tuesday came from the instruments of Yo-Yo Ma, Itzhak Perlman and two colleagues. But what the millions on the Mall and watching on television heard was in fact a recording, made two days earlier by the quartet and matched tone for tone by the musicians playing along. ... Famous practitioners since the Milli Vanilli affair include Ashlee Simpson, caught doing it on <i>Saturday Night Live,</i> and Luciano Pavarotti, discovered lip-synching during a concert in Modena, Italy. More recently, Chinese organizers superimposed the voice of a sweeter-singing little girl on that of a 9-year-old performer featured at the opening ceremony of last summer's Olympic Games. Movement to lips when the singer's singing</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Frigid+Fingers+Were+Live%2C+but+the+Music+Wasn%27t&rft.date=2009-01-22&rft.aulast=Wakin&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F23%2Farts%2Fmusic%2F23band.html%3F_r%3D1%26hp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALip+sync" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animation_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_animation" title="Bangladeshi animation">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_animation" title="Bhutanese animation">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_animation" title="Chinese animation">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_animation" title="Czech animation">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_animation" title="Estonian animation">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_animation_industry" title="Indian animation industry">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_animation" title="Malaysian animation">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_animation" title="Mexican animation">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_animation" title="North Korean animation">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino animation">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_animation" title="Portuguese animation">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_animation" title="Romanian animation">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Animation industry in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_animation" title="South Korean animation">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_animation" title="Spanish animation">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_animation" title="Taiwanese animation">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_animation" title="Thai animation">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_animation" title="American animation">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_animation" title="Vietnamese animation">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_animation" title="History of animation">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijani_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Azerbaijani animation">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_animation#History" title="Bangladeshi animation">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_animation" title="History of Canadian animation">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_animation" title="History of Chinese animation">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_animation" title="History of French animation">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungarian_animation" title="History of Hungarian animation">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animation_in_India" title="History of animation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian animation">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_animation" title="History of Korean animation">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_animation" title="History of Russian animation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukrainian animation">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of British animation">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_during_the_silent_era" title="Animation in the United States during the silent era">Silent Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_American_animation" title="Golden age of American animation">The Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_and_American_animation" title="World War II and American animation">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_in_the_television_era" title="Animation in the United States in the television era">Early TV broadcast era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_animation_in_the_United_States" title="Modern animation in the United States">Modern TV cable and streaming era</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animator" title="Animator">Animator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animators" title="List of animators">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_department" title="Animation department">Animation department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_director" title="Animation director">Animation director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_artist" title="Story artist">Story artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_studio" title="Animation studio">Animation studios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animation_studios" title="List of animation studios">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_database" title="Animation database">Animation database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_pipeline" title="Art pipeline">Art pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anatomical_simulation" title="Category:Anatomical simulation">Biologist simulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animation_film_festivals" title="Category:Animation film festivals">Animation film festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_animation_festivals" title="List of international animation festivals">international</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_animation_festivals" title="List of regional animation festivals">regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing animated films">Highest-grossing films</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_openings_for_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing openings for animated films">Opening weekends</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing_of_animation" title="Outsourcing of animation">Outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Animation_Day" title="International Animation Day">International Animation Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Films <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_films" title="List of computer-animated films">Computer-animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_films" title="Lists of animated films">Feature-length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_or_unfinished_animated_films" title="List of lost or unfinished animated films">Lost or unfinished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_package_films" title="List of animated package films">Package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_short_films" title="List of animated short films">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_short_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animated short series">Short series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stop_motion_films" title="List of stop motion films">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_animated_feature_films" title="List of adult animated feature films">Adult animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_films" title="List of children's animated films">Children's animated films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_series" title="Animated series">Series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_animated_television_series" title="List of adult animated television series">Adult animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_television_series" title="List of children's animated television series">Children's animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_television_series" title="List of computer-animated television series">Computer-animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_direct-to-video_series" title="List of animated direct-to-video series">Direct-to-video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Flash_animated_television_series" title="List of Flash animated television series">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_Internet_series" title="List of animated Internet series">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_television_series" title="Lists of animated television series">Television</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier-grid_animation_and_stereography" title="Barrier-grid animation and stereography">Barrier-grid and stereography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip_book" title="Flip book">Flip book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_animation" title="Limited animation">Limited animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masking_(art)" title="Masking (art)">Masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotoscoping" title="Rotoscoping">Rotoscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_sheet" title="Exposure sheet">Exposure sheet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claymation" title="Claymation">Claymation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay_painting" title="Clay painting">clay painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strata-cut_animation" title="Strata-cut animation">strata-cut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutout_animation" title="Cutout animation">Cutout</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silhouette_animation" title="Silhouette animation">silhouette</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic animation">Graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_animation" title="Model animation">Model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go_motion" title="Go motion">go motion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_animation" title="Object animation">Object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brickfilm" title="Brickfilm">Brickfilm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixilation" title="Pixilation">Pixilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetoons" title="Puppetoons">Puppetoons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_animation" title="History of computer animation">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_animation_in_film_and_television" title="Timeline of computer animation in film and television">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPoint_animation" title="PowerPoint animation">PowerPoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG_animation" title="SVG animation">SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_animations" title="CSS animations">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-sketch" title="Multi-sketch">Multi-sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_skinning" title="Onion skinning">Onion skinning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-pose" title="T-pose">T-pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel_shading" title="Cel shading">Cel shading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_simulation" title="Crowd simulation">Crowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_facial_animation" title="Computer facial animation">Facial animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morph_target_animation" title="Morph target animation">Morph target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">Motion capture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_motion_capture" title="Facial motion capture">facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">hand tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">eye tracking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-photorealistic_rendering" title="Non-photorealistic rendering">Non-photorealistic rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physically_based_animation" title="Physically based animation">Physically based animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_animation" title="Procedural animation">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_animation" title="Skeletal animation">Skeletal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_cinematography" title="Virtual cinematography">Virtual cinematography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">Traditional puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_puppetry" title="Digital puppetry">Digital puppetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniforms" title="Aniforms">Aniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_human" title="Virtual human">Virtual human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live2D" title="Live2D">Live2D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarionation" title="Supermarionation">Supermarionation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio-Animatronics" title="Audio-Animatronics">Audio-Animatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_alternator" title="Linear alternator">Linear Animation Generator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_manipulation_animation" title="Direct manipulation animation">Direct manipulation animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid_animation" title="Humanoid animation">Humanoid animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_animation" title="Idle animation">Idle animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink-wash_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink-wash animation">Ink-wash animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">Magic Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanimate" title="Scanimate">Scanimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadowmation" title="Shadowmation">Shadowmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squigglevision" title="Squigglevision">Squigglevision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteboard_animation" title="Whiteboard animation">Whiteboard animation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(animation)" title="Blocking (animation)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_animation" title="Character animation">Character animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_sheet" title="Model sheet">model sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_cycle" title="Walk cycle">walk cycle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">lip sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-model" title="Off-model">off-model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuckimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuckimation">Chuckimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawn-on-film_animation" title="Drawn-on-film animation">Drawn-on-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Erasure animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydrotechnics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbetweening" title="Inbetweening">Inbetweening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphing" title="Morphing">Morphing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint-on-glass_animation" title="Paint-on-glass animation">Paint-on-glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinscreen_animation" title="Pinscreen animation">Pinscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel artist">Pixel art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pose_to_pose_animation" title="Pose to pose animation">Pose to pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_ahead_animation" title="Straight ahead animation">Straight ahead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_hose_animation" title="Rubber hose animation">Rubber hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">Special effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_animation" title="Sand animation">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncro-Vox" title="Syncro-Vox">Syncro-Vox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoetrope" title="Zoetrope">Zoetrope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract animation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visual_music" title="Visual music">visual music</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_animation" title="Adult animation">Adult animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Animated cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_animation" title="Educational animation">Educational animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotic animation">Erotic animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_animation" title="Independent animation">Independent animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_animation" title="Instructional animation">Instructional animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_newscaster" title="Virtual newscaster">Virtual newscaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_music" title="Animation music">Animation music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouncing_ball_(music)" title="Bouncing ball (music)">Bouncing ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mousing" title="Mickey Mousing">Mickey Mousing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_frame" title="Key frame">Key frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel" title="Cel">Cel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_animation" title="Character animation">Character animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_sheet" title="Model sheet">model sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_cycle" title="Walk cycle">walk cycle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">lip sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-model" title="Off-model">off-model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creature_animation" title="Creature animation">Creature animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_basic_principles_of_animation" title="Twelve basic principles of animation">Twelve basic principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_comic" title="Motion comic">Motion comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">Films with live action and animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live-action/animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing live-action/animated films">highest grossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_physics" title="Cartoon physics">Cartoon physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_violence" title="Cartoon violence">Cartoon violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_animated_films" title="List of most expensive animated films">Most expensive animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_films_by_box_office_admissions" title="List of animated films by box office admissions">List of animated films by box office admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_television_series_by_episode_count" title="List of animated television series by episode count">List of animated television series by episode count</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_series_by_episode_count" title="List of anime series by episode count">anime series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_franchises_by_episode_count" title="List of anime franchises by episode count">anime franchises</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animation" 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