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id="toc-Commercial_and_popular_uptake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Design </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Design subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-User_interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User_interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 User interface </div> </a> <ul id="toc-User_interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_input_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_input_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Video input infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_input_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Development </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Development subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Development_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programming_on_Linux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming_on_Linux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Programming on Linux </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programming_on_Linux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Hardware support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_share_and_uptake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_share_and_uptake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Market share and uptake </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_share_and_uptake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright,_trademark,_and_naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright,_trademark,_and_naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Copyright, trademark, and naming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright,_trademark,_and_naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Linux</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 156 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-156" aria-hidden="true" > 156 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%91%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5" title="ሊኑክስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሊኑክስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लिनक्स – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लिनक्स" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3" title="لينكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لينكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%A3" title="ܠܝܢܘܟܣ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܝܢܘܟܣ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Լինուքս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լինուքս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="লীনাক্স – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লীনাক্স" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینوکس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لینوکس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="লিনাক্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিনাক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लिनक्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लिनक्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Линукс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Линукс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3" title="لينوكس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لينوكس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینوکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لینوکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%88%85%EC%8A%A4" title="리눅스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리눅스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Լինուքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լինուքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लिनक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लिनक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Линукс – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Линукс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="לינוקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לינוקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲಿನಕ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಿನಕ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Линукс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Линукс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%8A%E0%BB%8C" title="ລິນຸກຊ໌ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລິນຸກຊ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux" title="GNU/Linux – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="GNU/Linux" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/la_.linuks." title="la .linuks. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="la .linuks." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Линукс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Линукс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लिनक्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लिनक्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3" title="لينكس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لينكس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Линукс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Линукс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="လင်းနပ်စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လင်းနပ်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लिनक्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लिनक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लाइनक्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लाइनक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8" title="ଲିନକ୍ସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲିନକ୍ସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8" title="ਲਿਨਅਕਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਨਅਕਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لینکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینکس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لینکس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%85" title="លីនុច – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="លីនុច" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(Bedriefsystem)" title="Linux (Bedriefsystem) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Linux (Bedriefsystem)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Лінукс – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лінукс" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="ලිනක්ස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලිනක්ස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AA%D8%B3" title="لينڪس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لينڪس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(opera%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m)" title="Linux (operačný systém) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Linux (operačný systém)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینوکس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لینوکس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="லினக்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லினக்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="లినక్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లినక్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="ลินุกซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลินุกซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینکس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لینکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF" title="林納斯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="林納斯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="לינוקס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לינוקס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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For the kernel, see <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Linux_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Linux (disambiguation)">Linux (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Linux</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Tux.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tux the penguin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/150px-Tux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/225px-Tux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/300px-Tux.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="607" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Tux_(mascot)" title="Tux (mascot)">Tux</a> the penguin, the mascot of Linux<a href="#cite_note-LinuxOnLine2008-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Community contributors, <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Written in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a> and others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Current</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">September 17, 1991; 33 years ago (1991-09-17)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/">git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/torvalds/linux">github.com/torvalds/linux</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Marketing target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embedded_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded device">embedded devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">Available in</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Multilingual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARC_(processor)" title="ARC (processor)">ARC</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C2%B7CORE" title="M·CORE">C-Sky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon" title="Qualcomm Hexagon">Hexagon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loongson" title="Loongson">LoongArch</a>, <a href="/wiki/M68k" class="mw-redirect" title="M68k">m68k</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microblaze" class="mw-redirect" title="Microblaze">Microblaze</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nios_II" title="Nios II">Nios II</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a>, <a href="/wiki/PA-RISC" title="PA-RISC">PA-RISC</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a>, <a href="/wiki/ESA/390" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA/390">s390</a>, <a href="/wiki/SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a>, <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xtensa" class="mw-redirect" title="Xtensa">Xtensa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">Userland</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Util-linux" title="Util-linux">util-linux</a> by standard<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a>, various alternatively, such as <a href="/wiki/Busybox" class="mw-redirect" title="Busybox">Busybox</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[c]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_User_Space" title="Plan 9 from User Space">Plan 9 from User Space</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[d]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toybox" title="Toybox">Toybox</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[e]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">Default user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">CLI</a>)</li><li>Most <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">distributions</a> include a <a href="/wiki/Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop environment</a> (<a href="/wiki/GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a>).</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GPLv2" class="mw-redirect" title="GPLv2">GPLv2</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[f]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kernel.org/">kernel.org</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Articles in the series</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distribution</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Linux (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlɪnʊks/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">LIN-uuks</a>)<a href="#cite_note-pronunciation-2-21">[15]</a> is a family of <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open-source</a> <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[16]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">operating system kernel</a> first released on September 17, 1991, by <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[19]</a> Linux is typically <a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">packaged</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distribution</a> (distro), which includes the kernel and supporting <a href="/wiki/System_software" title="System software">system software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a> — many of which are provided by the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a> — to create a complete operating system. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> uses and recommends the name "GNU/Linux" to emphasize the use and importance of <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> software in many distributions, causing some <a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">controversy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gnu_linux_faq-26">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-linux-and-gnu-27">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">Thousands of distributions</a> exist, many based directly or indirectly on other distributions;<a href="#cite_note-28">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[23]</a> popular Linux distributions<a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a> include <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch Linux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a>, while commercial distributions include <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux_Enterprise" title="SUSE Linux Enterprise">SUSE Linux Enterprise</a>. Other than the Linux kernel, key components that make up a distribution may include a <a href="/wiki/Display_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Display server">display server (windowing system)</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">package manager</a>, a bootloader and the <a href="/wiki/Bash_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Bash shell">Bash shell</a>. Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> collaboration. While originally developed for <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> based <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, it has since been <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">ported</a> to more <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware_platforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer hardware platforms">platforms</a> than any other operating system,<a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a> and is used on a wide variety of devices including PCs, <a href="/wiki/Workstations" class="mw-redirect" title="Workstations">workstations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainframes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainframes">mainframes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>. Linux is the predominant operating system for <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a> and is also used on all of the <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">world's 500 fastest supercomputers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[g]</a> When combined with <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, which is Linux-based and designed for <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, they have the <a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">largest installed base</a> of all <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="General-purpose operating system">general-purpose operating systems</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> The Linux kernel was designed by <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>, following the lack of a working <a href="/wiki/Kernel" class="mw-disambig" title="Kernel">kernel</a> for <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>-compatible operating system made entirely of <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> that had been undergoing development since 1983 by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>. While a separate working Unix-compatible system called <a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a> was later released, its license was not entirely free at the time.<a href="#cite_note-meta-35">[28]</a> The first entirely free Unix for personal computers, <a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a>, did not appear until 1992, by which time Torvalds had already built and publicly released the first version of the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[29]</a> Like GNU and 386BSD, Linux did not have any Unix code and therefore avoided any <a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_Laboratories,_Inc._v._Berkeley_Software_Design,_Inc." title="UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. v. Berkeley Software Design, Inc.">current legal issues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[30]</a> Desktop Linux distributions include a <a href="/wiki/Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">windowing system</a> such as <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X11</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wayland_(protocol)" title="Wayland (protocol)">Wayland</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop environment</a> such as <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a>, <a href="/wiki/KDE_Plasma" title="KDE Plasma">KDE Plasma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Xfce" title="Xfce">Xfce</a>. Distributions intended for <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a> may not have a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> at all or include a <a href="/wiki/Solution_stack" title="Solution stack">solution stack</a> such as <a href="/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)" title="LAMP (software bundle)">LAMP</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> of Linux may be used, modified, and distributed commercially or non-commercially by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (GPL). The license means creating novel distributions is permitted by anyone<a href="#cite_note-what-38">[31]</a> and is easier than it would be for an operating system such as <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">MacOS</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[34]</a> The Linux kernel, for example, is licensed under the GPLv2, with an exception for <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system calls</a> that allows code that calls the kernel via system calls not to be licensed under the GPL.<a href="#cite_note-42">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-what-38">[31]</a> Because of the dominance of Linux-based <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> on <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, Linux, including Android, has the <a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">largest installed base</a> of all <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="General-purpose operating system">general-purpose operating systems</a> as of May 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a> Linux is, as of March 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit">[update]</a>, used by around 4 percent of <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-statcounter-desktop-47">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chromebook" title="Chromebook">Chromebook</a>, which runs the Linux kernel-based <a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a>, dominates the US <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312" title="K–12">K–12</a> education market and represents nearly 20 percent of sub-$300 <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">notebook</a> sales in the US.<a href="#cite_note-48">[41]</a> Linux is the leading operating system on servers (over 96.4% of the top one million web servers' operating systems are Linux),<a href="#cite_note-49">[42]</a> leads other <a href="/wiki/Big_iron_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big iron (computing)">big iron</a> systems such as <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a>, and is used on all of the <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">world's 500 fastest supercomputers</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[h]</a> (as of November 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit">[update]</a>, having gradually displaced all competitors).<a href="#cite_note-51">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-rules_supercomputers-53">[45]</a> Linux also runs on <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>, i.e., devices whose operating system is typically built into the <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> and is highly tailored to the system. This includes <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> controls, <a href="/wiki/Smart_home_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart home technology">smart home devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">televisions</a> (Samsung and LG <a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">smart TVs</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Linux_Smart_TVs-54">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Automobiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobiles">automobiles</a> (Tesla, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Hyundai, and Toyota),<a href="#cite_note-Linux_cars-57">[49]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> rocket, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon</a> crew capsule, and the <a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)">Ingenuity</a> Mars helicopter).<a href="#cite_note-auto-58">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Linux" title="History of Linux">History of Linux</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Precursors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linus_Torvalds_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Linus_Torvalds_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Linus_Torvalds_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Linus_Torvalds_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>, principal author of the Linux kernel </figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969, at <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, in the United States by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_McIlroy" title="Douglas McIlroy">Douglas McIlroy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Ossanna" title="Joe Ossanna">Joe Ossanna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[52]</a> First released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>, as was common practice at the time. In 1973, in a key pioneering approach, it was rewritten in the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> programming language by Dennis Ritchie (except for some hardware and I/O routines). The availability of a <a href="/wiki/High-level_language" class="mw-redirect" title="High-level language">high-level language</a> implementation of Unix made its <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">porting</a> to different computer platforms easier.<a href="#cite_note-61">[53]</a> Due to an earlier <a href="/wiki/Antitrust_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust case">antitrust case</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">specify</a>] forbidding it[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">specify</a>] from entering the computer business, AT&T licensed the operating system's <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secret</a> to anyone who asked.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] As a result, Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by <a href="/wiki/Academic_institution" title="Academic institution">academic institutions</a> and businesses. In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_the_Bell_System" title="Breakup of the Bell System">AT&T divested itself</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Regional_Bell_Operating_Company" title="Regional Bell Operating Company">regional operating companies</a>, and was released from its obligation not to enter the computer business; freed of that obligation, Bell Labs began selling Unix as a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> product, where users were not legally allowed to modify it.<a href="#cite_note-Vetter2021-62">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tozzi2017-63">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Onyx_Systems" title="Onyx Systems">Onyx Systems</a> began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in 1980. Later, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>, founded as a spin-off of a student project at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, also began selling Unix-based desktop workstations in 1982. While Sun workstations did not use commodity PC hardware, for which Linux was later originally developed, it represented the first successful commercial attempt at distributing a primarily single-user microcomputer that ran a Unix operating system.<a href="#cite_note-64">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[57]</a> With Unix increasingly "locked in" as a proprietary product, the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>, started in 1983 by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, had the goal of creating a "complete Unix-compatible software system" composed entirely of <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>. Work began in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-gnu_announce-66">[58]</a> Later, in 1985, Stallman started the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> and wrote the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">text editors</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)#Command-line_shells" title="Shell (computing)">command-line shell</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">windowing system</a>) were completed, although low-level elements such as <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daemon_(computing)" title="Daemon (computing)">daemons</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>, called <a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a>, were stalled and incomplete.<a href="#cite_note-67">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a> was created by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> professor, and released in 1987 as a minimal Unix-like operating system targeted at students and others who wanted to learn operating system principles. Although the complete source code of Minix was freely available, the licensing terms prevented it from being <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> until the licensing changed in April 2000.<a href="#cite_note-minix-lic-68">[60]</a> Although not released until 1992, due to <a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_Laboratories,_Inc._v._Berkeley_Software_Design,_Inc." title="UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. v. Berkeley Software Design, Inc.">legal complications</a>, the development of <a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a>, from which <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> descended, predated that of Linux. Linus Torvalds has stated on separate occasions that if the <a href="/wiki/GNU_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU kernel">GNU kernel</a> or 386BSD had been available at the time (1991), he probably would not have created Linux.<a href="#cite_note-69">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-meta-35">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Creation">edit</a>]</div> While attending the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a> in the fall of 1990, Torvalds enrolled in a Unix course.<a href="#cite_note-70">[62]</a> The course used a <a href="/wiki/MicroVAX" title="MicroVAX">MicroVAX</a> minicomputer running <a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a>, and one of the required texts was <a href="/wiki/Operating_Systems:_Design_and_Implementation" title="Operating Systems: Design and Implementation">Operating Systems: Design and Implementation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a>. This textbook included a copy of Tanenbaum's <a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a> operating system. It was with this course that Torvalds first became exposed to Unix. In 1991, he became curious about operating systems.<a href="#cite_note-71">[63]</a> Frustrated by the licensing of Minix, which at the time limited it to educational use only,<a href="#cite_note-minix-lic-68">[60]</a> he began to work on his operating system kernel, which eventually became the Linux kernel. On July 3, 1991, to implement Unix <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system calls</a>, Linus Torvalds attempted unsuccessfully to obtain a digital copy of the <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> standards <a href="/wiki/Software_documentation" title="Software documentation">documentation</a> with a request to the comp.os.minix <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">newsgroup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[64]</a> After not finding the POSIX documentation, Torvalds initially resorted to determining system calls from <a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a> documentation owned by the university for use in operating its <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> server. He also learned some system calls from Tanenbaum's Minix text. Torvalds began the development of the Linux kernel on Minix and applications written for Minix were also used on Linux. Later, Linux matured and further Linux kernel development took place on Linux systems.<a href="#cite_note-73">[65]</a> GNU applications also replaced all Minix components, because it was advantageous to use the freely available code from the GNU Project with the fledgling operating system; code licensed under the GNU GPL can be reused in other computer programs as long as they also are released under the same or a compatible license. Torvalds initiated a switch from his original license, which prohibited commercial redistribution, to the GNU GPL.<a href="#cite_note-74">[66]</a> Developers worked to integrate GNU components with the Linux kernel, creating a fully functional and free operating system.<a href="#cite_note-gnu_history-75">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming">Naming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linux_0_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Linux_0_12.jpg/220px-Linux_0_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Linux_0_12.jpg/330px-Linux_0_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Linux_0_12.jpg/440px-Linux_0_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="1501" /></a><figcaption>5.25-inch <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disks</a> holding a very early version of Linux</figcaption></figure> Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention "Freax", a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of "free", "freak", and "x" (as an allusion to Unix). During the start of his work on the system, some of the project's <a href="/wiki/Makefile" class="mw-redirect" title="Makefile">makefiles</a> included the name "Freax" for about half a year. Initially, Torvalds considered the name "Linux" but dismissed it as too egotistical.<a href="#cite_note-fun-76">[68]</a> To facilitate development, the files were uploaded to the <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP server</a> (<code>ftp.funet.fi</code>) of <a href="/wiki/FUNET" title="FUNET">FUNET</a> in September 1991. Ari Lemmke, Torvalds' coworker at the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_University_of_Technology" title="Helsinki University of Technology">Helsinki University of Technology</a> (HUT) who was one of the volunteer administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that "Freax" was a good name, so he named the project "Linux" on the server without consulting Torvalds.<a href="#cite_note-fun-76">[68]</a> Later, however, Torvalds consented to "Linux". According to a <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">newsgroup</a> post by Torvalds,<a href="#cite_note-pronunciation-2-21">[15]</a> the word "Linux" should be pronounced (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlɪnʊks/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/03\/Linus-linux.ogg\/Linus-linux.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Linus-linux.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Linus-linux.ogg/Linus-linux.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Linus-linux.ogg" title="File:Linus-linux.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">LIN-uuks</a>) with a short 'i' as in 'print' and 'u' as in 'put'. To further demonstrate how the word "Linux" should be pronounced, he included an audio guide with the kernel source code.<a href="#cite_note-Pronounce-77">[69]</a> However, in this recording, he pronounces Linux as /ˈlinʊks/ (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">LEEN-uuks</a>) with a short but <a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">close front unrounded vowel</a>, instead of a <a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">near-close near-front unrounded vowel</a> as in his newsgroup post. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_and_popular_uptake">Commercial and popular uptake</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Commercial and popular uptake">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linux_adoption" title="Linux adoption">Linux adoption</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ubuntu_24.04_Noble_Numbat_Desktop_English.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ubuntu_24.04_Noble_Numbat_Desktop_English.png/220px-Ubuntu_24.04_Noble_Numbat_Desktop_English.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ubuntu_24.04_Noble_Numbat_Desktop_English.png/330px-Ubuntu_24.04_Noble_Numbat_Desktop_English.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ubuntu_24.04_Noble_Numbat_Desktop_English.png/440px-Ubuntu_24.04_Noble_Numbat_Desktop_English.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a>, a popular Linux distribution</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nexus_5X_(White).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Nexus_5X_%28White%29.jpg/220px-Nexus_5X_%28White%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Nexus_5X_%28White%29.jpg/330px-Nexus_5X_%28White%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Nexus_5X_%28White%29.jpg/440px-Nexus_5X_%28White%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nexus_5X" title="Nexus 5X">Nexus 5X</a> running <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> </figcaption></figure> The adoption of Linux in production environments, rather than being used only by hobbyists, started to take off first in the mid-1990s in the supercomputing community, where organizations such as <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> started to replace their increasingly expensive machines with <a href="/wiki/Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">clusters</a> of inexpensive commodity computers running Linux. Commercial use began when <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>, started offering Linux support to escape <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s monopoly in the desktop operating system market.<a href="#cite_note-security-78">[70]</a> Today, Linux systems are used throughout computing, from <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a> to virtually all <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-rules_supercomputers-53">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[71]</a> and have secured a place in server installations such as the popular <a href="/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)" title="LAMP (software bundle)">LAMP</a> application stack. The use of Linux distributions in home and enterprise desktops has been growing.<a href="#cite_note-galli2007-80">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-paul2007-81">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-beer2007-82">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-applications2007-83">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-xitimonitor2007-84">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-globalstats2007-85">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-zeitgeist2004-86">[78]</a> Linux distributions have also become popular in the <a href="/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">netbook</a> market, with many devices shipping with customized Linux distributions installed, and Google releasing their own <a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a> designed for netbooks. Linux's greatest success in the consumer market is perhaps the mobile device market, with Android being the dominant operating system on <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and very popular on <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a> and, more recently, on <a href="/wiki/Wearable_technology" title="Wearable technology">wearables</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linux_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux gaming">Linux gaming</a> is also on the rise with <a href="/wiki/Valve_Corporation" title="Valve Corporation">Valve</a> showing its support for Linux and rolling out <a href="/wiki/SteamOS" title="SteamOS">SteamOS</a>, its own gaming-oriented Linux distribution, which was later implemented in their <a href="/wiki/Steam_Deck" title="Steam Deck">Steam Deck</a> platform. Linux distributions have also gained popularity with various local and national governments, such as the federal government of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In_flight_system_Linux_bootup_flat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/In_flight_system_Linux_bootup_flat.jpg/220px-In_flight_system_Linux_bootup_flat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/In_flight_system_Linux_bootup_flat.jpg/330px-In_flight_system_Linux_bootup_flat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/In_flight_system_Linux_bootup_flat.jpg/440px-In_flight_system_Linux_bootup_flat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2138" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment</a> system booting up displaying the Linux mascot, Tux.</figcaption></figure> Linus Torvalds is the lead maintainer for the Linux kernel and guides its development, while <a href="/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a> is the lead maintainer for the stable branch.<a href="#cite_note-88">[80]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zo%C3%AB_Kooyman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoë Kooyman (page does not exist)">Zoë Kooyman</a> is the executive director of the Free Software Foundation,<a href="#cite_note-89">[81]</a> which in turn supports the GNU components.<a href="#cite_note-90">[82]</a> Finally, individuals and corporations develop third-party non-GNU components. These third-party components comprise a vast body of work and may include both kernel modules and user applications and libraries. Linux vendors and communities combine and distribute the kernel, GNU components, and non-GNU components, with additional <a href="/wiki/Package_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Package management">package management</a> software in the form of Linux distributions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel#Architecture_and_features" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel § Architecture and features</a></div> Many developers of <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open-source</a> software agree that the Linux kernel was not designed but rather <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> through <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>. Torvalds considers that although the design of Unix served as a scaffolding, "Linux grew with a lot of mutations – and because the mutations were less than random, they were faster and more directed than <a href="/wiki/Mutation#Induced_mutation" title="Mutation">alpha-particles in DNA</a>."<a href="#cite_note-91">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Eric S. Raymond</a> considers Linux's revolutionary aspects to be social, not technical: before Linux, complex software was designed carefully by small groups, but "Linux evolved in a completely different way. From nearly the beginning, it was rather casually hacked on by huge numbers of volunteers coordinating only through the Internet. Quality was maintained not by rigid standards or autocracy but by the naively simple strategy of releasing every week and getting feedback from hundreds of users within days, creating a sort of rapid Darwinian selection on the mutations introduced by developers."<a href="#cite_note-92">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Cantrill" title="Bryan Cantrill">Bryan Cantrill</a>, an engineer of a competing OS, agrees that "Linux wasn't designed, it evolved", but considers this to be a limitation, proposing that some features, especially those related to security,<a href="#cite_note-93">[85]</a> cannot be evolved into, "this is not a biological system at the end of the day, it's a software system."<a href="#cite_note-94">[86]</a> A Linux-based system is a modular Unix-like operating system, deriving much of its basic design from principles established in Unix during the 1970s and 1980s. Such a system uses a <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">monolithic kernel</a>, the Linux kernel, which handles process control, networking, access to the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripherals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a>. <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a> are either integrated directly with the kernel or added as modules that are loaded while the system is running.<a href="#cite_note-95">[87]</a> The GNU <a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">userland</a> is a key part of most systems based on the Linux kernel, with Android being the notable exception. The <a href="/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">GNU C library</a>, an implementation of the <a href="/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a>, works as a wrapper for the system calls of the Linux kernel necessary to the kernel-userspace interface, the <a href="/wiki/GNU_toolchain" title="GNU toolchain">toolchain</a> is a broad collection of programming tools vital to Linux development (including the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">compilers</a> used to build the Linux kernel itself), and the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">coreutils</a> implement many basic <a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_commands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Unix commands">Unix tools</a>. The GNU Project also develops <a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">Bash</a>, a popular <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">CLI</a> shell. The <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (or GUI) used by most Linux systems is built on top of an implementation of the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oreilly-anatomy-96">[88]</a> More recently, the Linux community has sought to advance to <a href="/wiki/Wayland_(protocol)" title="Wayland (protocol)">Wayland</a> as the new display server protocol, in place of X11. Many other open-source software projects contribute to Linux systems. <table> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1245122290">.mw-parser-output .linux-layers{border:none;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-sys{background-color:#def;color:#202122}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-other{background-color:#fffdd0;color:#202122}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-cstd{background-color:#dfd;color:#202122}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-kernel{background-color:#ffb7b7;color:#202122}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-hw{background-color:#ffd99c;color:#202122}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .linux-layers{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:75%}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-width10{width:10%}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-width15{width:15%}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-width30{width:30%}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-width80{width:80%}}</style> <table class="wikitable linux-layers"> <caption>Various layers within Linux, also showing separation between the <a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">userland</a> and <a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">kernel space</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="rowgroup" rowspan="3" class="linux-layers-width10">User mode </th> <td class="linux-layers-width10">User applications </td> <td colspan="5" class="linux-layers-width80"><a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">bash</a>, <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a>, <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a>, <a href="/wiki/0_A.D._(video_game)" title="0 A.D. (video game)">0 A.D.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a>, ... </td></tr> <tr> <td>System components </td> <td class="linux-layers-width15 linux-layers-sys"><a href="/wiki/Init" title="Init">init daemon</a>: <a href="/wiki/OpenRC" title="OpenRC">OpenRC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Runit" title="Runit">runit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a>... </td> <td class="linux-layers-width15 linux-layers-sys"><a href="/wiki/Daemon_(computing)" title="Daemon (computing)">System daemons</a>: <a href="/wiki/Polkit" title="Polkit">polkitd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samba_(software)" title="Samba (software)">smbd</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenSSH" title="OpenSSH">sshd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udevd" class="mw-redirect" title="Udevd">udevd</a>... </td> <td class="linux-layers-width15 linux-layers-sys"><a href="/wiki/Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">Window manager</a>: <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayland_(protocol)" title="Wayland (protocol)">Wayland</a>, <a href="/wiki/SurfaceFlinger" class="mw-redirect" title="SurfaceFlinger">SurfaceFlinger</a> (Android) </td> <td class="linux-layers-width15 linux-layers-sys">Graphics: <a href="/wiki/Mesa_(computer_graphics)" title="Mesa (computer graphics)">Mesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Radeon Software">AMD Catalyst</a>, ... </td> <td class="linux-layers-width30 linux-layers-other">Other libraries: <a href="/wiki/GTK" title="GTK">GTK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qt_(software)" title="Qt (software)">Qt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_Foundation_Libraries" title="Enlightenment Foundation Libraries">EFL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">SDL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simple_and_Fast_Multimedia_Library" title="Simple and Fast Multimedia Library">SFML</a>, <a href="/wiki/FLTK" title="FLTK">FLTK</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a>, ... </td></tr> <tr class="linux-layers-cstd"> <td><a href="/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a> </td> <td colspan="5"><code><a href="/wiki/Fopen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fopen">fopen</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Exec_(system_call)" title="Exec (system call)">execv</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Malloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Malloc">malloc</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Memcpy" class="mw-redirect" title="Memcpy">memcpy</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Localtime" class="mw-redirect" title="Localtime">localtime</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Pthread_create" class="mw-redirect" title="Pthread create">pthread_create</a></code>... (up to 2000 <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">subroutines</a>) <a href="/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a> aims to be fast, <a href="/wiki/Musl" title="Musl">musl</a> aims to be lightweight, <a href="/wiki/UClibc" title="UClibc">uClibc</a> targets embedded systems, <a href="/wiki/Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">bionic</a> was written for <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, etc. All aim to be <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>/<a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">SUS</a>-compatible. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="rowgroup" rowspan="3">Kernel mode </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> </td> <td colspan="5" class="linux-layers-kernel"><code><a href="/wiki/Stat_(system_call)" title="Stat (system call)">stat</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Splice_(system_call)" title="Splice (system call)">splice</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Dup_(system_call)" title="Dup (system call)">dup</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Read_(system_call)" title="Read (system call)">read</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Open_(system_call)" title="Open (system call)">open</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Ioctl" title="Ioctl">ioctl</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Write_(system_call)" title="Write (system call)">write</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Mmap" title="Mmap">mmap</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Close_(system_call)" title="Close (system call)">close</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Exit_(system_call)" title="Exit (system call)">exit</a></code>, etc. (about 380 system calls) The Linux kernel <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">System Call Interface</a> (SCI), aims to be <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>/<a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">SUS</a>-compatible<a href="#cite_note-97">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="linux-layers-kernel"> <td><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">Process scheduling</a> subsystem </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a> subsystem </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">Memory management</a> subsystem </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual files</a> subsystem </td> <td>Networking subsystem </td></tr> <tr class="linux-layers-kernel"> <td colspan="5">Other components: <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture" title="Advanced Linux Sound Architecture">ALSA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Infrastructure" title="Direct Rendering Infrastructure">DRI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evdev" title="Evdev">evdev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klibc" title="Klibc">klibc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)" title="Logical Volume Manager (Linux)">LVM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Device_mapper" title="Device mapper">device mapper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux_Network_Scheduler" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux Network Scheduler">Linux Network Scheduler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netfilter" title="Netfilter">Netfilter</a> <a href="/wiki/Linux_Security_Modules" title="Linux Security Modules">Linux Security Modules</a>: <a href="/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux" title="Security-Enhanced Linux">SELinux</a>, <a href="/wiki/TOMOYO_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="TOMOYO Linux">TOMOYO</a>, <a href="/wiki/AppArmor" title="AppArmor">AppArmor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smack_(Linux_security_module)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smack (Linux security module)">Smack</a> </td></tr> <tr class="linux-layers-hw"> <th colspan="7" scope="row">Hardware (<a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">main memory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">data storage devices</a>, etc.) </th></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> Installed components of a Linux system include the following:<a href="#cite_note-oreilly-anatomy-96">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[90]</a> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloader</a>, for example <a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB">GNU GRUB</a>, <a href="/wiki/LILO_(bootloader)" title="LILO (bootloader)">LILO</a>, <a href="/wiki/SYSLINUX" title="SYSLINUX">SYSLINUX</a> or <a href="/wiki/Systemd-boot" title="Systemd-boot">systemd-boot</a>. This is a program that loads the Linux kernel into the computer's <a href="/wiki/Main_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Main memory">main memory</a>, by being executed by the computer when it is turned on and after the <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> initialization is performed.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Init" title="Init">init</a> program, such as the traditional <a href="/wiki/Sysvinit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sysvinit">sysvinit</a> and the newer <a href="/wiki/Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenRC" title="OpenRC">OpenRC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upstart_(software)" title="Upstart (software)">Upstart</a>. This is the first <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">process</a> launched by the Linux kernel, and is at the root of the process tree. It starts processes such as system services and login prompts (whether graphical or in terminal mode).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software libraries</a>, which contain code that can be used by running processes. On Linux systems using <a href="/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format" title="Executable and Linkable Format">ELF</a>-format executable files, the <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_linker" title="Dynamic linker">dynamic linker</a> that manages the use of dynamic libraries is known as <a href="/wiki/Ld-linux.so" class="mw-redirect" title="Ld-linux.so">ld-linux.so</a>. If the system is set up for the user to compile software themselves, <a href="/wiki/Header_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Header file">header files</a> will also be included to describe the <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">programming interface</a> of installed libraries. Besides the most commonly used software library on Linux systems, the <a href="/wiki/GNU_C_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU C Library">GNU C Library</a> (glibc), there are numerous other libraries, such as <a href="/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">SDL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesa_(computer_graphics)" title="Mesa (computer graphics)">Mesa</a>. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a> is the library necessary to run programs written in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> on a computer system, with the GNU C Library being the standard. It provides an implementation of the POSIX API, as well as extensions to that API. For embedded systems, alternatives such as <a href="/wiki/Musl" title="Musl">musl</a>, <a href="/wiki/EGLIBC" class="mw-redirect" title="EGLIBC">EGLIBC</a> (a glibc fork once used by Debian) and <a href="/wiki/UClibc" title="UClibc">uClibc</a> (which was designed for <a href="/wiki/UClinux" class="mw-redirect" title="UClinux">uClinux</a>) have been developed, although the last two are no longer maintained. Android uses its own C library, <a href="/wiki/Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">Bionic</a>. However, musl can additionally be used as a replacement for glibc on desktop and laptop systems, as seen on certain Linux distributions like <a href="/wiki/Void_Linux" title="Void Linux">Void Linux</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Basic Unix commands, with GNU coreutils being the standard implementation. Alternatives exist for embedded systems, such as the copyleft <a href="/wiki/BusyBox" title="BusyBox">BusyBox</a>, and the BSD-licensed <a href="/wiki/Toybox" title="Toybox">Toybox</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widget_toolkit" title="Widget toolkit">Widget toolkits</a> are the libraries used to build <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a> (GUIs) for software applications. Numerous widget toolkits are available, including <a href="/wiki/GTK" title="GTK">GTK</a> and Clutter developed by the <a href="/wiki/GNOME_Project" title="GNOME Project">GNOME Project</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qt_(software)" title="Qt (software)">Qt</a> developed by the <a href="/wiki/Qt_Project" title="Qt Project">Qt Project</a> and led by <a href="/wiki/The_Qt_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Qt Company">The Qt Company</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_Foundation_Libraries" title="Enlightenment Foundation Libraries">Enlightenment Foundation Libraries</a> (EFL) developed primarily by the <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (software)">Enlightenment</a> team.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">package management system</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Dpkg" title="Dpkg">dpkg</a> and <a href="/wiki/RPM_Package_Manager" title="RPM Package Manager">RPM</a>. Alternatively packages can be compiled from binary or source <a href="/wiki/Tar_(computing)" title="Tar (computing)">tarballs</a>.</li> <li>User interface programs such as command shells or windowing environments.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_interface">User interface</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: User interface">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">shell</a>, is either a command-line interface (CLI), a graphical user interface (GUI), or controls attached to the associated hardware, which is common for embedded systems. For desktop systems, the default user interface is usually graphical, although the CLI is commonly available through <a href="/wiki/Terminal_emulator" title="Terminal emulator">terminal emulator</a> windows or on a separate <a href="/wiki/Virtual_console" title="Virtual console">virtual console</a>. CLI shells are text-based user interfaces, which use text for both input and output. The dominant shell used in Linux is the <a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">Bourne-Again Shell</a> (bash), originally developed for the GNU Project, <a href="/wiki/List_of_command-line_interpreters" title="List of command-line interpreters">other shells</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Z_shell" title="Z shell">Zsh</a> are also used.<a href="#cite_note-99">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a> Most low-level Linux components, including various parts of the <a href="/wiki/Userland_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Userland (computing)">userland</a>, use the CLI exclusively. The CLI is particularly suited for automation of repetitive or delayed tasks and provides very simple <a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">inter-process communication</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VirtualBox_debian64_XFCE_Hebrew.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/VirtualBox_debian64_XFCE_Hebrew.png/220px-VirtualBox_debian64_XFCE_Hebrew.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/VirtualBox_debian64_XFCE_Hebrew.png/330px-VirtualBox_debian64_XFCE_Hebrew.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/VirtualBox_debian64_XFCE_Hebrew.png/440px-VirtualBox_debian64_XFCE_Hebrew.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> running the <a href="/wiki/Xfce" title="Xfce">Xfce</a> desktop environment</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fedora_Linux_40_KDE_Plasma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fedora_Linux_40_KDE_Plasma.png/220px-Fedora_Linux_40_KDE_Plasma.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fedora_Linux_40_KDE_Plasma.png/330px-Fedora_Linux_40_KDE_Plasma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fedora_Linux_40_KDE_Plasma.png/440px-Fedora_Linux_40_KDE_Plasma.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Linux</a> running the <a href="/wiki/KDE_Plasma" title="KDE Plasma">Plasma</a> desktop environment</figcaption></figure> On desktop systems, the most popular user interfaces are the <a href="/wiki/GUI_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI shell">GUI shells</a>, packaged together with extensive <a href="/wiki/Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">Desktop environments</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5" title="KDE Plasma 5">KDE Plasma</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a>, <a href="/wiki/MATE_(desktop_environment)" title="MATE (desktop environment)">MATE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_(desktop_environment)" title="Cinnamon (desktop environment)">Cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/LXDE" title="LXDE">LXDE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elementary_OS" title="Elementary OS">Pantheon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xfce" title="Xfce">Xfce</a>, though a variety of additional user interfaces exist. Most popular user interfaces are based on the X Window System, often simply called "X". It provides <a href="/wiki/Network_transparency" title="Network transparency">network transparency</a> and permits a graphical application running on one system to be displayed on another where a user may interact with the application; however, certain extensions of the X Window System are not capable of working over the network.<a href="#cite_note-101">[93]</a> Several X display servers exist, with the reference implementation, <a href="/wiki/X.Org_Server" title="X.Org Server">X.Org Server</a>, being the most popular. Server distributions might provide a command-line interface for developers and administrators, but provide a custom interface for end-users, designed for the use case of the system. This custom interface is accessed through a client that resides on another system, not necessarily Linux-based. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I3_window_manager_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/I3_window_manager_screenshot.png/220px-I3_window_manager_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/I3_window_manager_screenshot.png/330px-I3_window_manager_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/I3_window_manager_screenshot.png/440px-I3_window_manager_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/I3_(window_manager)" title="I3 (window manager)">I3</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiling_window_manager" title="Tiling window manager">Tiling window manager</a></figcaption></figure> Several types of <a href="/wiki/Window_manager" title="Window manager">window managers</a> exist for X11, including <a href="/wiki/Tiling_window_manager" title="Tiling window manager">tiling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_window_manager" title="Dynamic window manager">dynamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stacking_window_manager" title="Stacking window manager">stacking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Compositing_window_manager" title="Compositing window manager">compositing</a>. Window managers provide means to control the placement and appearance of individual application windows, and interact with the X Window System. Simpler <a href="/wiki/X_window_manager" title="X window manager">X window managers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dwm" title="Dwm">dwm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratpoison" title="Ratpoison">ratpoison</a>, or <a href="/wiki/I3_(window_manager)" title="I3 (window manager)">i3wm</a> provide a <a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(computing)" title="Minimalism (computing)">minimalist</a> functionality, while more elaborate window managers such as <a href="/wiki/FVWM" title="FVWM">FVWM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (software)">Enlightenment</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Window_Maker" class="mw-redirect" title="Window Maker">Window Maker</a> provide more features such as a built-in <a href="/wiki/Taskbar" title="Taskbar">taskbar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theme_(computing)" title="Theme (computing)">themes</a>, but are still lightweight when compared to desktop environments. Desktop environments include window managers as part of their standard installations, such as <a href="/wiki/Mutter_(software)" title="Mutter (software)">Mutter</a> (GNOME), <a href="/wiki/KWin" title="KWin">KWin</a> (KDE), or <a href="/wiki/Xfwm" class="mw-redirect" title="Xfwm">Xfwm</a> (xfce), although users may choose to use a different window manager if preferred. Wayland is a display server protocol intended as a replacement for the X11 protocol; as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit">[update]</a>, it has received relatively wide adoption.<a href="#cite_note-102">[94]</a> Unlike X11, Wayland does not need an external window manager and compositing manager. Therefore, a Wayland compositor takes the role of the display server, window manager, and compositing manager. Weston is the reference implementation of Wayland, while GNOME's Mutter and KDE's KWin are being ported to Wayland as standalone display servers. Enlightenment has already been successfully ported since version 19.<a href="#cite_note-103">[95]</a> Additionally, many window managers have been made for Wayland, such as Sway or Hyprland, as well as other graphical utilities such as Waybar or Rofi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_input_infrastructure">Video input infrastructure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Video input infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video4Linux" title="Video4Linux">Video4Linux</a></div> Linux currently has two modern kernel-userspace APIs for handling video input devices: <a href="/wiki/Video4Linux" title="Video4Linux">V4L2</a> API for video streams and radio, and <a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">DVB</a> API for digital TV reception.<a href="#cite_note-104">[96]</a> Due to the complexity and diversity of different devices, and due to the large number of formats and standards handled by those APIs, this infrastructure needs to evolve to better fit other devices. Also, a good userspace device library is the key to the success of having userspace applications to be able to work with all formats supported by those devices.<a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_2">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unix_timeline.en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Unix_timeline.en.svg/500px-Unix_timeline.en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Unix_timeline.en.svg/750px-Unix_timeline.en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Unix_timeline.en.svg/1000px-Unix_timeline.en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>Simplified history of Unix-like operating systems. Linux shares similar architecture and concepts (as part of the <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> standard) but does not share non-free source code with the original <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> or Minix.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distribution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></div> The primary difference between Linux and many other popular contemporary operating systems is that the Linux kernel and other components are free and open-source software. Linux is not the only such operating system, although it is by far the most widely used.<a href="#cite_note-MarketShare09NOV-107">[99]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">free</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">open-source software licenses</a> are based on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a>, a kind of reciprocity: any work derived from a copyleft piece of software must also be copyleft itself. The most common free software license, the GNU General Public License (GPL), is a form of copyleft and is used for the Linux kernel and many of the components from the GNU Project.<a href="#cite_note-108">[100]</a> Linux-based distributions are intended by developers for <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a> with other operating systems and established computing standards. Linux systems adhere to POSIX,<a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">SUS</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">LSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a> standards where possible, although to date only one Linux distribution has been POSIX.1 certified, Linux-FT.<a href="#cite_note-111">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[104]</a> Free software projects, although developed through <a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaboration</a>, are often produced independently of each other. The fact that the software licenses explicitly permit redistribution, however, provides a basis for larger-scale projects that collect the software produced by stand-alone projects and make it available all at once in the form of a Linux distribution. Many Linux distributions manage a remote collection of system software and application software packages available for download and installation through a network connection. This allows users to adapt the operating system to their specific needs. Distributions are maintained by individuals, loose-knit teams, volunteer organizations, and commercial entities. A distribution is responsible for the default configuration of the installed Linux kernel, general system security, and more generally integration of the different software packages into a coherent whole. Distributions typically use a package manager such as <a href="/wiki/APT_(software)" title="APT (software)">apt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yum_(software)" title="Yum (software)">yum</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZYpp" title="ZYpp">zypper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacman_(package_manager)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacman (package manager)">pacman</a> or <a href="/wiki/Portage_(software)" title="Portage (software)">portage</a> to install, remove, and update all of a system's software from one central location.<a href="#cite_note-113">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community">Community</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Community">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux_user_group" title="Linux user group">Linux user group</a></div> A distribution is largely driven by its developer and user communities. Some vendors develop and fund their distributions on a volunteer basis, <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> being a well-known example. Others maintain a community version of their commercial distributions, as <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a> does with <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SUSE_S.A." title="SUSE S.A.">SUSE</a> does with <a href="/wiki/OpenSUSE" title="OpenSUSE">openSUSE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[107]</a> In many cities and regions, local associations known as <a href="/wiki/Linux_User_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux User Group">Linux User Groups</a> (LUGs) seek to promote their preferred distribution and by extension free software. They hold meetings and provide free demonstrations, training, technical support, and operating system installation to new users. Many Internet communities also provide support to Linux users and developers. Most distributions and free software / open-source projects have <a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">IRC</a> chatrooms or <a href="/wiki/Newsgroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsgroup">newsgroups</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Online forums</a> are another means of support, with notable examples being <a href="/wiki/Stack_Exchange" title="Stack Exchange">Unix & Linux Stack Exchange</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/LinuxQuestions.org" title="LinuxQuestions.org">LinuxQuestions.org</a> and the various distribution-specific support and community forums, such as ones for <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a>, Fedora, <a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a>, etc. Linux distributions host <a href="/wiki/Mailing_list" title="Mailing list">mailing lists</a>; commonly there will be a specific topic such as usage or development for a given list. There are several technology websites with a Linux focus. Print magazines on Linux often bundle <a href="/wiki/Cover_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cover disk">cover disks</a> that carry software or even complete Linux distributions.<a href="#cite_note-118">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[111]</a> Although Linux distributions are generally available without charge, several large corporations sell, support, and contribute to the development of the components of the system and free software. An analysis of the Linux kernel in 2017 showed that well over 85% of the code was developed by programmers who are being paid for their work, leaving about 8.2% to unpaid developers and 4.1% unclassified.<a href="#cite_note-Linux_Foundation_2021-11-14-120">[112]</a> Some of the major corporations that provide contributions include <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Linux_Foundation_2021-11-14-120">[112]</a> Several corporations, notably Red Hat, <a href="/wiki/Canonical_(company)" title="Canonical (company)">Canonical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SUSE_S.A." title="SUSE S.A.">SUSE</a> have built a significant business around Linux distributions. The <a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">free software licenses</a>, on which the various software packages of a distribution built on the Linux kernel are based, explicitly accommodate and encourage commercialization; the relationship between a Linux distribution as a whole and individual vendors may be seen as <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a>. One common <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business model</a> of commercial suppliers is charging for support, especially for business users. A number of companies also offer a specialized business version of their distribution, which adds proprietary support packages and tools to administer higher numbers of installations or to simplify administrative tasks.<a href="#cite_note-121">[113]</a> Another business model is to give away the software to sell hardware. This used to be the norm in the computer industry, with operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a>, and versions of the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a> before 7.6 freely copyable (but not modifiable). As computer hardware standardized throughout the 1980s, it became more difficult for hardware manufacturers to profit from this tactic, as the OS would run on any manufacturer's computer that shared the same architecture. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programming_on_Linux">Programming on Linux</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Programming on Linux">edit</a>]</div> Most <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> support Linux either directly or through third-party community based <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">ports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[114]</a> The original development tools used for building both Linux applications and operating system programs are found within the <a href="/wiki/GNU_toolchain" title="GNU toolchain">GNU toolchain</a>, which includes the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a> (GCC) and the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Build_System" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Build System">GNU Build System</a>. Amongst others, GCC provides compilers for <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>. Many programming languages have a cross-platform reference implementation that supports Linux, for example <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>. First released in 2003, the <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a> project provides an alternative cross-platform open-source compiler for many languages. <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a> compilers for Linux include the <a href="/wiki/Intel_C%2B%2B_Compiler" title="Intel C++ Compiler">Intel C++ Compiler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Studio_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Studio (software)">Sun Studio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IBM_XL_C/C%2B%2B_Compilers" title="IBM XL C/C++ Compilers">IBM XL C/C++ Compiler</a>. <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> is available in <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a> form from <a href="/wiki/QB64" title="QB64">QB64</a>, <a href="/wiki/PureBasic" title="PureBasic">PureBasic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yabasic" title="Yabasic">Yabasic</a>, <a href="/wiki/GLBasic" title="GLBasic">GLBasic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basic4GL" title="Basic4GL">Basic4GL</a>, <a href="/wiki/XBasic" title="XBasic">XBasic</a>, <a href="/wiki/WxBasic" title="WxBasic">wxBasic</a>, <a href="/wiki/SdlBasic" title="SdlBasic">SdlBasic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basic-256" title="Basic-256">Basic-256</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Object_oriented_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Object oriented programming">object oriented</a> through <a href="/wiki/Gambas" title="Gambas">Gambas</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBASIC" title="FreeBASIC">FreeBASIC</a>, B4X, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_for_Qt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basic for Qt (page does not exist)">Basic for Qt</a>, Phoenix Object Basic, <a href="/wiki/NS_Basic" title="NS Basic">NS Basic</a>, ProvideX, <a href="/wiki/Chipmunk_Basic" title="Chipmunk Basic">Chipmunk Basic</a>, <a href="/wiki/RapidQ" title="RapidQ">RapidQ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xojo" title="Xojo">Xojo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> is implemented through <a href="/wiki/GNU_Pascal" title="GNU Pascal">GNU Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Pascal" title="Free Pascal">Free Pascal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Pascal" title="Virtual Pascal">Virtual Pascal</a>, as well as graphically via <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_(software)" title="Lazarus (software)">Lazarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/PascalABC.NET" title="PascalABC.NET">PascalABC.NET</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Delphi_(software)" title="Delphi (software)">Delphi</a> using <a href="/wiki/FireMonkey" title="FireMonkey">FireMonkey</a> (previously through <a href="/wiki/Borland_Kylix" title="Borland Kylix">Borland Kylix</a>). A common feature of Unix-like systems, Linux includes traditional specific-purpose programming languages targeted at <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting</a>, text processing and system configuration and management in general. Linux distributions support <a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">shell scripts</a>, <a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK">awk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sed" title="Sed">sed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Make_(software)" title="Make (software)">make</a>. Many programs also have an embedded programming language to support configuring or programming themselves. For example, <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a> are supported in programs like <a href="/wiki/Grep" title="Grep">grep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Locate_(Unix)" title="Locate (Unix)">locate</a>, the traditional Unix message transfer agent <a href="/wiki/Sendmail" title="Sendmail">Sendmail</a> contains its own <a href="/wiki/Turing_completeness" title="Turing completeness">Turing complete</a> scripting system, and the advanced text editor <a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a> is built around a general purpose <a href="/wiki/Emacs_Lisp" title="Emacs Lisp">Lisp</a> interpreter. Most distributions also include support for <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_programming_language" title="Dynamic programming language">dynamic languages</a>. While not as common, Linux also supports <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">CLI</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_CLI_languages" title="List of CLI languages">languages</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vala_(programming_language)" title="Vala (programming language)">Vala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guile_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guile (programming language)">Guile Scheme</a> acts as an <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">extension language</a> targeting the GNU system utilities, seeking to make the conventionally small, <a href="/wiki/Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">static</a>, compiled C programs of <a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Unix design</a> rapidly and dynamically extensible via an elegant, <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a> high-level scripting system; many GNU programs can be compiled with optional Guile <a href="/wiki/Language_binding" title="Language binding">bindings</a> to this end. A number of <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machines</a> and development kits run on Linux, including the original Sun Microsystems JVM (<a href="/wiki/HotSpot_(virtual_machine)" title="HotSpot (virtual machine)">HotSpot</a>), and IBM's J2SE RE, as well as many open-source projects like <a href="/wiki/Kaffe" title="Kaffe">Kaffe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jikes_RVM" title="Jikes RVM">Jikes RVM</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_Groovy" title="Apache Groovy">Groovy</a> and other <a href="/wiki/List_of_JVM_languages" title="List of JVM languages">JVM languages</a> are also available. <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a> and <a href="/wiki/KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a> are popular desktop environments and provide a framework for developing applications. These projects are based on the <a href="/wiki/GTK" title="GTK">GTK</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qt_(toolkit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qt (toolkit)">Qt</a> widget toolkits, respectively, which can also be used independently of the larger framework. Both support a wide variety of languages. There are <a href="/wiki/Category:Linux_integrated_development_environments" title="Category:Linux integrated development environments">a number</a> of <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environments</a> available including <a href="/wiki/Anjuta" title="Anjuta">Anjuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code::Blocks" title="Code::Blocks">Code::Blocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/CodeLite" title="CodeLite">CodeLite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geany" title="Geany">Geany</a>, <a href="/wiki/ActiveState_Komodo" class="mw-redirect" title="ActiveState Komodo">ActiveState Komodo</a>, <a href="/wiki/KDevelop" title="KDevelop">KDevelop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_(software)" title="Lazarus (software)">Lazarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/MonoDevelop" title="MonoDevelop">MonoDevelop</a>, <a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qt_Creator" title="Qt Creator">Qt Creator</a>, while the long-established editors <a href="/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_nano" title="GNU nano">nano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a> remain popular.<a href="#cite_note-123">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_support">Hardware support</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hardware support">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg/500px-Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg/750px-Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg/1000px-Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Linux is ubiquitously found on various types of hardware.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux-supported_computer_architectures" title="List of Linux-supported computer architectures">List of Linux-supported computer architectures</a></div> The Linux kernel is a widely ported operating system kernel, available for devices ranging from mobile phones to supercomputers; it runs on a highly diverse range of <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">computer architectures</a>, including <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a>-based Android smartphones and the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Z" title="IBM Z">IBM Z</a> mainframes. Specialized distributions and kernel forks exist for less mainstream architectures; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Embeddable_Linux_Kernel_Subset" title="Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset">ELKS</a> kernel <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">fork</a> can run on <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">Intel 80286</a> 16-bit microprocessors,<a href="#cite_note-124">[116]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/%CE%9CClinux" title="ΜClinux">μClinux</a> kernel fork may run on systems without a <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">memory management unit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[117]</a> The kernel also runs on architectures that were only ever intended to use a proprietary manufacturer-created operating system, such as <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> computers<a href="#cite_note-126">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[119]</a> (with <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Apple silicon</a> processors), <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDAs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable music players</a>, and mobile phones. Linux has a reputation for supporting old hardware very well by maintaining standardized drivers for a long time.<a href="#cite_note-128">[120]</a> There are several industry associations and hardware <a href="/wiki/Convention_(meeting)" title="Convention (meeting)">conferences</a> devoted to maintaining and improving support for diverse hardware under Linux, such as <a href="/wiki/FreedomHEC" title="FreedomHEC">FreedomHEC</a>. Over time, support for different hardware has improved in Linux, resulting in any off-the-shelf purchase having a "good chance" of being compatible.<a href="#cite_note-129">[121]</a> In 2014, a new initiative was launched to automatically collect a database of all tested hardware configurations.<a href="#cite_note-linuxhw-130">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linux_range_of_use" title="Linux range of use">Linux range of use</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market_share_and_uptake">Market share and uptake</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Market share and uptake">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linux_adoption" title="Linux adoption">Linux adoption</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share of operating systems</a></div> Many quantitative studies of free/open-source software focus on topics including market share and reliability, with numerous studies specifically examining Linux.<a href="#cite_note-131">[123]</a> The Linux market is growing, and the Linux operating system market size is expected to see a growth of 19.2% by 2027, reaching $15.64 billion, compared to $3.89 billion in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-132">[124]</a> Analysts project a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 13.7% between 2024 and 2032, culminating in a market size of USD 34.90 billion by the latter year.<a href="#cite_note-133">[125]</a> Analysts and proponents attribute the relative success of Linux to its security, reliability, low cost, and freedom from <a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">vendor lock-in</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[127]</a> <dl><dt>Desktops and laptops</dt> <dd>According to <a href="/wiki/Web_analytics" title="Web analytics">web server statistics</a> (that is, based on the numbers recorded from visits to websites by client devices), in October 2024, the estimated market share of Linux on <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computers</a> was around 4.3%. In comparison, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> had a market share of around 73.4%, while <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> covered around 15.5%.<a href="#cite_note-statcounter-desktop-47">[40]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Web servers</dt></dl> <dl><dd>W3Cook publishes stats that use the top 1,000,000 Alexa domains,<a href="#cite_note-136">[128]</a> which as of May 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit">[update]</a> estimate that 96.55% of web servers run Linux, 1.73% run Windows, and 1.72% run FreeBSD.<a href="#cite_note-137">[129]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd>W3Techs publishes stats that use the top 10,000,000 Alexa domains and the top 1,000,000 Tranco domains, updated monthly<a href="#cite_note-138">[130]</a> and as of November 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit">[update]</a> estimate that Linux is used by 39% of the web servers, versus 21.9% being used by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[131]</a> 40.1% used other types of Unix.<a href="#cite_note-140">[132]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/International_Data_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Data Corporation">IDC</a>'s Q1 2007 report indicated that Linux held 12.7% of the overall server market at that time;<a href="#cite_note-Linux-watch.com_IDC's_Q1_2007_report-141">[133]</a> this estimate was based on the number of Linux servers sold by various companies, and did not include server hardware purchased separately that had Linux installed on it later.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Mobile devices</dt> <dd>Android, which is based on the Linux kernel, has become the dominant operating system for smartphones. In April 2023, 68.61% of mobile devices accessing websites using <a href="/wiki/StatCounter" title="StatCounter">StatCounter</a> were from Android.<a href="#cite_note-142">[134]</a> Android is also a popular operating system for tablets, being responsible for more than 60% of tablet sales as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[135]</a> According to web server statistics, as of October 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit">[update]</a> Android has a market share of about 71%, with <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> holding 28%, and the remaining 1% attributed to various niche platforms.<a href="#cite_note-144">[136]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Film production</dt> <dd>For years, Linux has been the platform of choice in the film industry. The first major film produced on Linux servers was 1997's <a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[138]</a> Since then major studios including <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation" title="DreamWorks Animation">DreamWorks Animation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weta_Digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Weta Digital">Weta Digital</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">Industrial Light & Magic</a> have migrated to Linux.<a href="#cite_note-147">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[141]</a> According to the Linux Movies Group, more than 95% of the servers and desktops at large animation and visual effects companies use Linux.<a href="#cite_note-150">[142]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Use in government</dt> <dd>Linux distributions have also gained popularity with various local and national governments. News of the Russian military creating its own Linux distribution has also surfaced, and has come to fruition as the G.H.ost Project.<a href="#cite_note-151">[143]</a> The Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> has gone to the extent of mandating that all state high schools run Linux on their computers.<a href="#cite_note-152">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> uses Linux exclusively as the operating system for its <a href="/wiki/Loongson" title="Loongson">Loongson</a> processor family to achieve technology independence.<a href="#cite_note-154">[146]</a> In Spain, some regions have developed their own Linux distributions, which are widely used in education and official institutions, like gnuLinEx in Extremadura and Guadalinex in Andalusia. <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> have also taken steps toward the adoption of Linux.<a href="#cite_note-155">[147]</a> North Korea's <a href="/wiki/Red_Star_OS" title="Red Star OS">Red Star OS</a>, developed as of 2002<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit">[update]</a>, is based on a version of Fedora Linux.<a href="#cite_note-156">[148]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright,_trademark,_and_naming">Copyright, trademark, and naming</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Copyright, trademark, and naming">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a> and <a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO–Linux disputes</a></div> The Linux kernel is <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">licensed</a> under the GNU General Public License (GPL), version 2. The GPL requires that anyone who distributes software based on source code under this license must make the originating source code (and any modifications) available to the recipient under the same terms.<a href="#cite_note-157">[149]</a> Other key components of a typical Linux distribution are also mainly licensed under the GPL, but they may use other licenses; many libraries use the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a> (LGPL), a more permissive variant of the GPL, and the <a href="/wiki/X.Org_Server" title="X.Org Server">X.Org</a> implementation of the X Window System uses the <a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a>. Torvalds states that the Linux kernel will not move from version 2 of the GPL to version 3.<a href="#cite_note-158">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[151]</a> He specifically dislikes some provisions in the new license which prohibit the use of the software in <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[152]</a> It would also be impractical to obtain permission from all the copyright holders, who number in the thousands.<a href="#cite_note-161">[153]</a> A 2001 study of <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">Red Hat Linux</a> 7.1 found that this distribution contained 30 million <a href="/wiki/Source_lines_of_code" title="Source lines of code">source lines of code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-estimating_size-162">[154]</a> Using the <a href="/wiki/COCOMO" title="COCOMO">Constructive Cost Model</a>, the study estimated that this distribution required about eight thousand person-years of development time. According to the study, if all this software had been developed by conventional proprietary means, it would have cost about US$1.82 billion<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-163">[155]</a> to develop in 2023 in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-estimating_size-162">[154]</a> Most of the source code (71%) was written in the C programming language, but many other languages were used, including <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>, assembly language, Perl, Python, <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">shell scripting</a> languages. Slightly over half of all lines of code were licensed under the GPL. The Linux kernel itself was 2.4 million lines of code, or 8% of the total.<a href="#cite_note-estimating_size-162">[154]</a> In a later study, the same analysis was performed for Debian version 4.0 (etch, which was released in 2007).<a href="#cite_note-164">[156]</a> This distribution contained close to 283 million source lines of code, and the study estimated that it would have required about seventy three thousand man-years and cost US$10.2 billion<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-163">[155]</a> (in 2023 dollars) to develop by conventional means. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LinuxWasch3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/LinuxWasch3.jpg/220px-LinuxWasch3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/LinuxWasch3.jpg/330px-LinuxWasch3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/LinuxWasch3.jpg/440px-LinuxWasch3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The name "Linux" is also used for a laundry detergent made by Swiss company Rösch.<a href="#cite_note-165">[157]</a></figcaption></figure> In the United States, the name Linux is a trademark registered to Linus Torvalds.<a href="#cite_note-US_trademark-19">[14]</a> Initially, nobody registered it. However, on August 15, 1994, William R. Della Croce Jr. filed for the trademark Linux, and then demanded royalties from Linux distributors. In 1996, Torvalds and some affected organizations sued him to have the trademark assigned to Torvalds, and, in 1997, the case was settled.<a href="#cite_note-166">[158]</a> The licensing of the trademark has since been handled by the <a href="/wiki/Linux_Mark_Institute" title="Linux Mark Institute">Linux Mark Institute</a> (LMI). Torvalds has stated that he trademarked the name only to prevent someone else from using it. LMI originally charged a nominal sublicensing fee for use of the Linux name as part of trademarks,<a href="#cite_note-167">[159]</a> but later changed this in favor of offering a free, perpetual worldwide sublicense.<a href="#cite_note-168">[160]</a> The Free Software Foundation (FSF) prefers GNU/Linux as the name when referring to the operating system as a whole, because it considers Linux distributions to be <a href="/wiki/GNU_variants" title="GNU variants">variants</a> of the GNU operating system initiated in 1983 by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, president of the FSF.<a href="#cite_note-gnu_linux_faq-26">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-linux-and-gnu-27">[21]</a> The foundation explicitly takes no issue over the name Android for the Android OS, which is also an operating system based on the Linux kernel, as GNU is not a part of it. A minority of public figures and software projects other than Stallman and the FSF, notably distributions consisting of only free software, such as Debian (which had been sponsored by the FSF up to 1996),<a href="#cite_note-169">[161]</a> also use GNU/Linux when referring to the operating system as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-tivo-170">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[164]</a> Most media and common usage, however, refers to this family of operating systems simply as Linux, as do many large Linux distributions (for example, <a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a>). As of May 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit">[update]</a>, about 8% to 13% of the <a href="/wiki/Source_lines_of_code" title="Source lines of code">lines of code</a> of the Linux distribution Ubuntu (version "Natty") is made of GNU components (the range depending on whether GNOME is considered part of GNU); meanwhile, 6% is taken by the Linux kernel, increased to 9% when including its direct dependencies.<a href="#cite_note-how-much-gnu-173">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/19px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/29px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/38px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:NewTux.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/16px-NewTux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/24px-NewTux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/32px-NewTux.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of Linux distributions">Comparison of Linux distributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison of operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_X_Window_System_desktop_environments" title="Comparison of X Window System desktop environments">Comparison of X Window System desktop environments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Linux" title="Criticism of Linux">Criticism of Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_version_history" title="Linux kernel version history">Linux kernel version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Documentation_Project" title="Linux Documentation Project">Linux Documentation Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_From_Scratch" title="Linux From Scratch">Linux From Scratch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Software_Map" title="Linux Software Map">Linux Software Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">List of Linux distributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_games" title="List of Linux games">List of games released on Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List of operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Loadable kernel module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share of operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Timeline of operating systems</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> util-linux is the standard set of utilities for use as part of the Linux operating system.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> BusyBox is a userland written with size-optimization and limited resources in mind, used in many embedded Linux distributions. BusyBox replaces most <a href="/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">GNU Core Utilities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> One notable Desktop distribution using BusyBox is <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Linux" title="Alpine Linux">Alpine Linux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> GNU is a userland used in various Linux distributions.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> The GNU userland contains system daemons, user applications, the GUI, and various libraries. <a href="/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">GNU Core Utilities</a> are an essential part of most distributions. Most Linux distributions use the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> Other components of the userland, such as the <a href="/wiki/Widget_toolkit" title="Widget toolkit">widget toolkit</a>, vary with the specific distribution, desktop environment, and user configuration.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Plan 9 from User Space (aka plan9port) is a port of many Plan 9 libraries and programs from their native Plan 9 environment to Unix-like operating systems, including Linux and FreeBSD.<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Toybox is a userland that combines over 200 Unix command line utilities together into a single BSD-licensed executable. After a talk at the 2013 Embedded Linux Conference, Google merged toybox into AOSP and began shipping toybox in Android Marshmallow in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The name "Linux" itself is a trademark owned by <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a><a href="#cite_note-US_trademark-19">[14]</a> and administered by the <a href="/wiki/Linux_Mark_Institute" title="Linux Mark Institute">Linux Mark Institute</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> As measured by the <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> list, which uses <a href="/wiki/LINPACK_benchmarks#HPL" title="LINPACK benchmarks">HPL</a> to measure computational power </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> As measured by the <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> list, which uses <a href="/wiki/LINPACK_benchmarks#HPL" title="LINPACK benchmarks">HPL</a> to measure computational power </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LinuxOnLine2008-1"><a href="#cite_ref-LinuxOnLine2008_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLinux_Online2008" class="citation web cs1">Linux Online (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100815085106/http://www.linux.org/info/logos.html">"Linux Logos and Mascots"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linux.org/info/logos.html">the original</a> on August 15, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Logos+and+Mascots&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Linux+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.org%2Finfo%2Flogos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/util-linux">"The util-linux code repository"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>. 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Retrieved November 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=busybox.net&rft.atitle=The+Busybox+about+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusybox.net%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alpinelinux.org/about/">"The Alpine Linux about page"</a>. alpinelinux.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110508001131/https://alpinelinux.org/about/">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alpinelinux.org&rft.atitle=The+Alpine+Linux+about+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falpinelinux.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308205852/http://www.linux.org/threads/gnu-userland.7429/">"GNU Userland"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linux.org/threads/gnu-userland.7429/">the original</a> on March 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU+Userland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.org%2Fthreads%2Fgnu-userland.7429%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005114243/http://cyborginstitute.org/projects/administration/unix-fundamentals/">"Unix Fundamentals — System Administration for Cyborgs"</a>. 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Retrieved June 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IT+PRO&rft.atitle=Linux+on+Mars%21&rft.date=2021-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itpro.com%2Fsoftware%2Flinux%2F360542%2Flinux-on-mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie1984" class="citation cs2">Ritchie, D.M. (October 1984), "The UNIX System: The Evolution of the UNIX Time-sharing System", AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal, 63 (8): 1577, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1984.tb00054.x">10.1002/j.1538-7305.1984.tb00054.x</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:571269">571269</a>, <q>However, UNIX was born in 1969 ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AT%26T+Bell+Laboratories+Technical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+UNIX+System%3A+The+Evolution+of+the+UNIX+Time-sharing+System&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1577&rft.date=1984-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1984.tb00054.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A571269%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=D.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeeker2017" class="citation web cs1">Meeker, Heather (September 21, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.com/article/17/9/open-source-licensing">"Open source licensing: What every technologist should know"</a>. Opensource.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924185302/https://opensource.com/article/17/9/open-source-licensing">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Opensource.com&rft.atitle=Open+source+licensing%3A+What+every+technologist+should+know&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft.aulast=Meeker&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopensource.com%2Farticle%2F17%2F9%2Fopen-source-licensing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vetter2021-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Vetter2021_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Vetter2021" class="citation book cs1">Michael Vetter (August 10, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_Q8EAAAQBAJ">Acquisitions and Open Source Software Development</a>. Springer Nature. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-658-35084-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-658-35084-0"><bdi>978-3-658-35084-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805143225/https://books.google.com/books?id=L_Q8EAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acquisitions+and+Open+Source+Software+Development&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2021-08-10&rft.isbn=978-3-658-35084-0&rft.au=Michael+Vetter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL_Q8EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tozzi2017-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Tozzi2017_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Tozzi2017" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Tozzi (August 11, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MXosDwAAQBAJ">For Fun and Profit: A History of the Free and Open Source Software Revolution</a>. MIT Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03647-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03647-4"><bdi>978-0-262-03647-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805143226/https://books.google.com/books?id=MXosDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+Fun+and+Profit%3A+A+History+of+the+Free+and+Open+Source+Software+Revolution&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2017-08-11&rft.isbn=978-0-262-03647-4&rft.au=Christopher+Tozzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMXosDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric1999" class="citation book cs1">Eric, S. Raymond (October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/the-cathedral/0596001088/ch01.html">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a>. Sebastopol, California: O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-00108-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-00108-8"><bdi>0-596-00108-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220718070144/https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/the-cathedral/0596001088/ch01.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2022. <q>In 1982, a group of Unix hackers from Stanford and Berkeley founded Sun Microsystems on the belief that Unix running on relatively inexpensive 68000-based hardware would prove a winning combination for a wide variety of applications. They were right, and their vision set the pattern for an entire industry. While still priced out of reach of most individuals, workstations were cheap for corporations and universities; networks of them (one to a user) rapidly replaced the older VAXes and other time-sharing systems</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cathedral+and+the+Bazaar&rft.place=Sebastopol%2C+California&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+%26+Associates%2C+Inc&rft.date=1999-10&rft.isbn=0-596-00108-8&rft.aulast=Eric&rft.aufirst=S.+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oreilly.com%2Flibrary%2Fview%2Fthe-cathedral%2F0596001088%2Fch01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazzareschi1988" class="citation news cs1">Lazzareschi, Carla (January 31, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-31-fi-39535-story.html">"Sun Microsystems Is Blazing a Red-Hot Trail in Computers: $300-Million AT&T; Deal Moves Firm to Set Sights on IBM"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220721100144/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-31-fi-39535-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Sun+Microsystems+Is+Blazing+a+Red-Hot+Trail+in+Computers%3A+%24300-Million+AT%26T%3B+Deal+Moves+Firm+to+Set+Sights+on+IBM&rft.date=1988-01-31&rft.aulast=Lazzareschi&rft.aufirst=Carla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-01-31-fi-39535-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnu_announce-66"><a href="#cite_ref-gnu_announce_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/initial-announcement.html">"About the GNU Project – Initial Announcement"</a>. Gnu.org. June 23, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305002259/http://www.gnu.org/gnu/initial-announcement.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved March 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+GNU+Project+%E2%80%93+Initial+Announcement&rft.pub=Gnu.org&rft.date=2008-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fgnu%2Finitial-announcement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Tozzi2016" class="citation web cs1">Christopher Tozzi (August 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170817205211/http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/050415/open-source-history-why-did-linux-succeed">"Open Source History: Why Did Linux Succeed?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/050415/open-source-history-why-did-linux-succeed">the original</a> on August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+Source+History%3A+Why+Did+Linux+Succeed%3F&rft.date=2016-08-23&rft.au=Christopher+Tozzi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthevarguy.com%2Fopen-source-application-software-companies%2F050415%2Fopen-source-history-why-did-linux-succeed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-minix-lic-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-minix-lic_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-minix-lic_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minix1.woodhull.com/faq/mxlicense.html">"MINIX is now available under the BSD license"</a>. minix1.woodhull.com. April 9, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083114/http://minix1.woodhull.com/faq/mxlicense.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minix1.woodhull.com&rft.atitle=MINIX+is+now+available+under+the+BSD+license&rft.date=2000-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminix1.woodhull.com%2Ffaq%2Fmxlicense.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003060514/http://www.dina.dk/~abraham/Linus_vs_Tanenbaum.html">"Linus vs. Tanenbaum debate"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dina.dk/~abraham/Linus_vs_Tanenbaum.html">the original</a> on October 3, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linus+vs.+Tanenbaum+debate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dina.dk%2F~abraham%2FLinus_vs_Tanenbaum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoody1997" class="citation web cs1">Moody, Glyn (August 1, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/1997/08/linux-5">"The Greatest OS That (N)ever Was"</a>. Wired. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220725204746/http://www.wired.com/1997/08/linux-5/">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Greatest+OS+That+%28N%29ever+Was&rft.pub=Wired&rft.date=1997-08-01&rft.aulast=Moody&rft.aufirst=Glyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F1997%2F08%2Flinux-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Torvalds, Linus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/b813d52cbc5a044b">"What would you like to see most in minix?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.os.minix">comp.os.minix</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:1991Aug25.205708.9541@klaava.Helsinki.FI">1991Aug25.205708.9541@klaava.Helsinki.FI</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509134305/http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/b813d52cbc5a044b">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+would+you+like+to+see+most+in+minix%3F&rft.pub=comp.os.minix&rft_id=news%3A1991Aug25.205708.9541%40klaava.Helsinki.FI%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.os.minix%2Fmsg%2Fb813d52cbc5a044b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvaldsDiamond2001" class="citation book cs1">Torvalds, Linus; Diamond, David (2001). Just for Fun: The Story of an Accidental Revolutionary. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. pp. 78–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-662073-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-662073-2"><bdi>0-06-662073-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+for+Fun%3A+The+Story+of+an+Accidental+Revolutionary&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=78-80&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-06-662073-2&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft.au=Diamond%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinus_Torvalds1992" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Linus Torvalds (October 14, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.linux/msg/4ae6db18d3f49b0e">"Chicken and egg: How was the first linux gcc binary created??"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.os.minix">comp.os.minix</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:1992Oct12.100843.26287@klaava.Helsinki.FI">1992Oct12.100843.26287@klaava.Helsinki.FI</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509140002/http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.linux/msg/4ae6db18d3f49b0e">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chicken+and+egg%3A+How+was+the+first+linux+gcc+binary+created%3F%3F&rft.pub=comp.os.minix&rft.date=1992-10-14&rft_id=news%3A1992Oct12.100843.26287%40klaava.Helsinki.FI%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.au=Linus+Torvalds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.os.linux%2Fmsg%2F4ae6db18d3f49b0e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds1992" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus</a> (January 5, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819045030/http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12">"Release notes for Linux v0.12"</a>. Linux Kernel Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12">the original</a> on August 19, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2007. <q>The Linux copyright will change: I've had a couple of requests to make it compatible with the GNU copyleft, removing the "you may not distribute it for money" condition. I agree. I propose that the copyright be changed so that it confirms to GNU ─ pending approval of the persons who have helped write code. I assume this is going to be no problem for anybody: If you have grievances ("I wrote that code assuming the copyright would stay the same") mail me. Otherwise, The GNU copyleft takes effect since the first of February. If you do not know the gist of the GNU copyright ─ read it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Release+notes+for+Linux+v0.12&rft.pub=Linux+Kernel+Archives&rft.date=1992-01-05&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2FHistoric%2Fold-versions%2FRELNOTES-0.12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnu_history-75"><a href="#cite_ref-gnu_history_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-history.html">"Overview of the GNU System"</a>. Gnu.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228140819/http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-history.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2009. 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Retrieved February 24, 2008. <q>LMI has restructured its sublicensing program. Our new sublicense agreement is: Free – approved sublicense holders pay no fees; Perpetual – sublicense terminates only in breach of the agreement or when your organization ceases to use its mark; Worldwide – one sublicense covers your use of the mark anywhere in the world</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Mark+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxmark.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stallman1996" class="citation web cs1">Richard Stallman (April 28, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech-insider.org/free-software/research/1996/0428.html">"The FSF is no longer sponsoring Debian"</a>. tech-insider.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221230241/http://tech-insider.org/free-software/research/1996/0428.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+FSF+is+no+longer+sponsoring+Debian&rft.pub=tech-insider.org&rft.date=1996-04-28&rft.au=Richard+Stallman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech-insider.org%2Ffree-software%2Fresearch%2F1996%2F0428.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tivo-170"><a href="#cite_ref-tivo_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070519150730/http://www.tivo.com/linux/linux.asp">"TiVo ─ GNU/Linux Source Code"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tivo.com/linux/linux.asp">the original</a> on May 19, 2007. Retrieved December 12, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TiVo+%E2%94%80+GNU%2FLinux+Source+Code&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tivo.com%2Flinux%2Flinux.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debian.org/intro/about">"About Debian"</a>. debian.org. December 8, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140123071309/http://www.debian.org/intro/about">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Debian&rft.pub=debian.org&rft.date=2013-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debian.org%2Fintro%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_D._Balsa2009" class="citation web cs1">Andrew D. Balsa; et al. (October 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vger.kernel.org/lkml/#s1-1">"The linux-kernel mailing list FAQ"</a>. vger.kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121001231709/http://vger.kernel.org/lkml/">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2013. <q>...we have tried to use the word "Linux" or the expression "Linux kernel" to designate the kernel, and GNU/Linux to designate the entire body of GNU/GPL'ed OS software,... ...many people forget that the linux kernel mailing list is a forum for discussion of kernel-related matters, not GNU/Linux in general...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vger.kernel.org&rft.atitle=The+linux-kernel+mailing+list+FAQ&rft.date=2009-10-17&rft.au=Andrew+D.+Balsa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvger.kernel.org%2Flkml%2F%23s1-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-how-much-gnu-173"><a href="#cite_ref-how-much-gnu_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCôrte-Real2011" class="citation web cs1">Côrte-Real, Pedro (May 31, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pedrocr.pt/text/how-much-gnu-in-gnu-linux/">"How much GNU is there in GNU/Linux?"</a>. Split Perspective. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207120339/http://pedrocr.pt/text/how-much-gnu-in-gnu-linux/">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Split+Perspective&rft.atitle=How+much+GNU+is+there+in+GNU%2FLinux%3F&rft.date=2011-05-31&rft.aulast=C%C3%B4rte-Real&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpedrocr.pt%2Ftext%2Fhow-much-gnu-in-gnu-linux%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPS">self-published</a> data) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Criticism_of_desktop_Linux" title="Criticism of desktop Linux">Criticism of desktop Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate" title="Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate">Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO and Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Distributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of Linux distributions">General comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">Distributions list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_netbook-oriented_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of netbook-oriented Linux distributions">Netbook-specific comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions_that_run_from_RAM" title="List of Linux distributions that run from RAM">Distributions that run from RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-weight_Linux_distribution" title="Light-weight Linux distribution">Lightweight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security-focused_operating_system#Linux" title="Security-focused operating system">Security-focused operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package manager</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Package_format" title="Package format">Package format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems" title="List of software package management systems">List of software package managers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LinuxChix" title="LinuxChix">LinuxChix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Counter" title="Linux Counter">Linux Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Documentation_Project" title="Linux Documentation Project">Linux Documentation Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Mark_Institute" title="Linux Mark Institute">Linux Mark Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_user_group" title="Linux user group">Linux User Group (LUG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_adoption" title="Linux adoption">Adoption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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Software Magazine">Free Software Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Circle_(magazine)" title="Full Circle (magazine)">Full Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacker_Public_Radio" title="Hacker Public Radio">Hacker Public Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux.com" title="Linux.com">Linux.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Format" title="Linux Format">Linux Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Gazette" title="Linux Gazette">Linux Gazette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Journal" title="Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Magazine" title="Linux Magazine">Linux Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinuxUser" title="LinuxUser">LinuxUser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_User" title="Ubuntu User">Ubuntu User</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Outlaws" title="Linux Outlaws">Linux Outlaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Voice" title="Linux Voice">Linux Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LugRadio" title="LugRadio">LugRadio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronix_Test_Suite#Phoronix_website" title="Phoronix Test Suite">Phoronix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Code_(2001_film)" title="The Code (2001 film)">The Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_security_certifications" title="List of computer security certifications">Professional related certifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CompTIA_Linux%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="CompTIA Linux+">CompTIA Linux+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Foundation_Linux_Certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux Foundation Linux Certification">Linux Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Certification_Program" title="Red Hat Certification Program">Red Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Professional_Certification" title="Ubuntu Professional Certification">Ubuntu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:NewTux.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/13px-NewTux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/20px-NewTux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/27px-NewTux.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/16px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/24px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/32px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Linux" title="Category:Linux">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Contributors_to_the_Linux_operating_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linux_people" title="Template:Linux people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linux_people" title="Template talk:Linux people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linux_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linux people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Contributors_to_the_Linux_operating_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Contributors to the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linux operating system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._Peter_Anvin" title="H. Peter Anvin">H. Peter Anvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Axboe" title="Jens Axboe">Jens Axboe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andries_Brouwer" title="Andries Brouwer">Andries Brouwer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Card" title="Rémy Card">Rémy Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cox_(computer_programmer)" title="Alan Cox (computer programmer)">Alan Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Garrett" title="Matthew Garrett">Matthew Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kerrisk" title="Michael Kerrisk">Michael Kerrisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuah_Khan" title="Shuah Khan">Shuah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Con_Kolivas" title="Con Kolivas">Con Kolivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Leung" title="Benson Leung">Benson Leung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Love" title="Robert Love">Robert Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Miller" title="David S. Miller">David S. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingo_Moln%C3%A1r" title="Ingo Molnár">Ingo Molnár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Morton_(computer_programmer)" title="Andrew Morton (computer programmer)">Andrew Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Packard" title="Keith Packard">Keith Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reiser" title="Hans Reiser">Hans Reiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty_Russell" title="Rusty Russell">Rusty Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_Sharp" title="Sage Sharp">Sage Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Ts%27o" title="Theodore Ts'o">Theodore Ts'o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Tweedie" title="Stephen Tweedie">Stephen Tweedie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_Weil" title="Sage Weil">Sage Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Welte" title="Harald Welte">Harald Welte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Wright_(programmer)" title="Chris Wright (programmer)">Chris Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Oliva" title="Alexandre Oliva">Alexandre Oliva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tiemann" title="Michael Tiemann">Michael Tiemann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Distributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Designer" title="Solar Designer">Solar Designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%ABl_Duval" title="Gaël Duval">Gaël Duval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Ewing" title="Marc Ewing">Marc Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill" title="Benjamin Mako Hill">Benjamin Mako Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacDonald_(computer_programmer)" title="Peter MacDonald (computer programmer)">Peter MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Murdock" title="Ian Murdock">Ian Murdock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Robbins_(computer_programmer)" title="Daniel Robbins (computer programmer)">Daniel Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Silber" title="Jane Silber">Jane Silber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth" title="Mark Shuttleworth">Mark Shuttleworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Volkerding" title="Patrick Volkerding">Patrick Volkerding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Young_(businessman)" title="Bob Young (businessman)">Bob Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timothee_Besset" title="Timothee Besset">Timothee Besset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Ettrich" title="Matthias Ettrich">Matthias Ettrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Fourdan" title="Olivier Fourdan">Olivier Fourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Galassi" title="Mark Galassi">Mark Galassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gettys" title="Jim Gettys">Jim Gettys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_C._Gordon" title="Ryan C. Gordon">Ryan C. Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hoyer" title="Harald Hoyer">Harald Hoyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Icaza" title="Miguel de Icaza">Miguel de Icaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havoc_Pennington" title="Havoc Pennington">Havoc Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Poettering" title="Lennart Poettering">Lennart Poettering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Sievers" title="Kay Sievers">Kay Sievers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Taylor_(game_programmer)" title="Dave Taylor (game programmer)">Dave Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Waugh" title="Jeff Waugh">Jeff Waugh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Aurora" title="Valerie Aurora">Valerie Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Benjamin" title="Donna Benjamin">Donna Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Coar" title="Ken Coar">Ken Coar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Gardiner" title="Mary Gardiner">Mary Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Hall_(programmer)" title="Jon Hall (programmer)">Jon Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Heinz" class="mw-redirect" title="Federico Heinz">Federico Heinz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_M._Kuhn" title="Bradley M. Kuhn">Bradley M. Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Perens" title="Bruce Perens">Bruce Perens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Eric S. Raymond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pia_Andrews" title="Pia Andrews">Pia Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jono_Bacon" title="Jono Bacon">Jono Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Bergelt" title="Keith Bergelt">Keith Bergelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Jones" title="Pamela Jones">Pamela Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Randal" title="Allison Randal">Allison Randal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Sandler" title="Karen Sandler">Karen Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Sifry" title="Dave Sifry">Dave Sifry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Villa" title="Luis Villa">Luis Villa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:NewTux.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/13px-NewTux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/20px-NewTux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/27px-NewTux.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Linux_distributions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linux_distributions" title="Template:Linux distributions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linux_distributions" title="Template talk:Linux distributions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linux_distributions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linux distributions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Linux_distributions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LineageOS" title="LineageOS">LineageOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//e/_(operating_system)" title="/e/ (operating system)">/e/</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CalyxOS" title="CalyxOS">CalyxOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrDroid" title="CrDroid">CrDroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DivestOS" title="DivestOS">DivestOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iod%C3%A9OS" title="IodéOS">iodéOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicant_(operating_system)" title="Replicant (operating system)">Replicant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android-x86" title="Android-x86">Android-x86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android-x86#Project_Celadon" title="Android-x86">Celadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorOS" title="ColorOS">ColorOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMUI" title="EMUI">EMUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_OS" title="Fire OS">Fire OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GrapheneOS" title="GrapheneOS">GrapheneOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_UI" title="One UI">One UI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_Android_(operating_system)" title="Paranoid Android (operating system)">Paranoid Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_Remix_OS" title="Resurrection Remix OS">Resurrection Remix OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmniROM" title="OmniROM">OmniROM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArchBang" title="ArchBang">ArchBang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artix_Linux" title="Artix Linux">Artix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackArch" title="BlackArch">BlackArch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EndeavourOS" title="EndeavourOS">EndeavourOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugalware_Linux" title="Frugalware Linux">Frugalware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Linux" title="Garuda Linux">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbola_GNU/Linux-libre" title="Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre">Hyperbola GNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinHES" title="LinHES">LinHES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjaro" title="Manjaro">Manjaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabola_GNU/Linux-libre" title="Parabola GNU/Linux-libre">Parabola GNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SteamOS" title="SteamOS">SteamOS</a> (3.0 onwards)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemRescue" title="SystemRescue">SystemRescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Official: <a href="/wiki/Edubuntu" title="Edubuntu">Edubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubuntu" title="Kubuntu">Kubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubuntu" title="Lubuntu">Lubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Budgie" title="Ubuntu Budgie">Ubuntu Budgie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Cinnamon" title="Ubuntu Cinnamon">Ubuntu Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Kylin" title="Ubuntu Kylin">Ubuntu Kylin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_MATE" title="Ubuntu MATE">Ubuntu MATE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Studio" title="Ubuntu Studio">Ubuntu Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Unity" title="Ubuntu Unity">Ubuntu Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xubuntu" title="Xubuntu">Xubuntu</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Derivatives: <a href="/wiki/BackBox" title="BackBox">BackBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Linux" title="Bodhi Linux">Bodhi Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_OS" title="Elementary OS">elementary OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmabunt%C3%BCs" title="Emmabuntüs">Emmabuntüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDE_neon" title="KDE neon">KDE neon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freespire" title="Freespire">Freespire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Lite" title="Linux Lite">Linux Lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Mint" title="Linux Mint">Linux Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LXLE_Linux" title="LXLE Linux">LXLE Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_(operating_system)" title="Nova (operating system)">Nova OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppermint_OS" title="Peppermint OS">Peppermint OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop!_OS" title="Pop! OS">Pop! OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisquel" title="Trisquel">Trisquel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Touch" title="Ubuntu Touch">Ubuntu Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_GNU/Linux" title="Uruk GNU/Linux">Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubuntu" title="Wubuntu">Wubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorin_OS" title="Zorin OS">Zorin OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AntiX" title="AntiX">antiX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Linux" title="Astra Linux">Astra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Operating_System_Solutions" title="Bharat Operating System Solutions">Bharat Operating System Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlankOn_Linux" title="BlankOn Linux">BlankOn Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_OS" title="Commodore OS">Commodore OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damn_Small_Linux" title="Damn Small Linux">Damn Small Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepin" title="Deepin">deepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devuan" title="Devuan">Devuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elive" title="Elive">Elive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endless_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Endless OS">Endless OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomBox" title="FreedomBox">FreedomBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaisen_Linux" title="Kaisen Linux">Kaisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Linux" title="Kali Linux">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanotix" title="Kanotix">Kanotix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoppix" title="Knoppix">Knoppix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MX_Linux" title="MX Linux">MX Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrot_OS" title="Parrot OS">Parrot OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureOS" title="PureOS">PureOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_OS" title="Raspberry Pi OS">Raspberry Pi OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q4OS" title="Q4OS">Q4OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slax" title="Slax">Slax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SparkyLinux" title="SparkyLinux">SparkyLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SolydXK" title="SolydXK">SolydXK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tails_(operating_system)" title="Tails (operating system)">Tails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizen" title="Tizen">Tizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Operating_System" title="Unity Operating System">UOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whonix" title="Whonix">Whonix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CentOS_Stream" title="CentOS Stream">CentOS Stream</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlmaLinux" title="AlmaLinux">AlmaLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EulerOS" title="EulerOS">EulerOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Linux" title="Miracle Linux">MIRACLE LINUX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Linux" title="Oracle Linux">Oracle Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Linux" title="Rocky Linux">Rocky Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Linux" title="Asahi Linux">Asahi Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Security_Toolkit" title="Network Security Toolkit">Network Security Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobara_Linux" title="Nobara Linux">Nobara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubes_OS" title="Qubes OS">Qubes OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Star_OS" title="Red Star OS">Red Star OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailfish_OS" title="Sailfish OS">Sailfish OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramarine_Linux" title="Ultramarine Linux">Ultramarine Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculate_Linux" title="Calculate Linux">Calculate Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChromiumOS" title="ChromiumOS">ChromiumOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentoo" title="Pentoo">Pentoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandrake_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandrake Linux">Mandrake</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALT_Linux" title="ALT Linux">ALT Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCLinuxOS" title="PCLinuxOS">PCLinuxOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandriva_Linux" title="Mandriva Linux">Mandriva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mageia" title="Mageia">Mageia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenMandriva_Lx" title="OpenMandriva Lx">OpenMandriva Lx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROSA_Linux" title="ROSA Linux">ROSA Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slackware" title="Slackware">Slackware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrumi_Linux" title="Austrumi Linux">Austrumi Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porteus_(operating_system)" title="Porteus (operating system)">Porteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salix_OS" title="Salix OS">Salix OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slax" title="Slax">Slax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenwalk" title="Zenwalk">Zenwalk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenSUSE" title="OpenSUSE">openSUSE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux_Enterprise" title="SUSE Linux Enterprise">SUSE Linux Enterprise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_Enterprise_Server" title="Open Enterprise Server">Open Enterprise Server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GeckoLinux" title="GeckoLinux">GeckoLinux</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4MLinux" title="4MLinux">4MLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Linux" title="Alpine Linux">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHAOS_(operating_system)" title="CHAOS (operating system)">CHAOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_Linux" title="Chimera Linux">Chimera Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Linux_OS" title="Clear Linux OS">Clear Linux OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRUX" title="CRUX">CRUX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwort_Linux" title="Kwort Linux">Kwort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoboLinux" title="GoboLinux">GoboLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Guix_System" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Guix System">Guix SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KaiOS" title="KaiOS">KaiOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KaOS" title="KaOS">KaOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NixOS" title="NixOS">NixOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_Linux" title="Puppy Linux">Puppy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_Mage" title="Source Mage">Source Mage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solus_(operating_system)" title="Solus (operating system)">Solus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T2_SDE" title="T2 SDE">T2 SDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_Core_Linux" title="Tiny Core Linux">Tiny Core Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_Linux" title="Void Linux">Void</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CyanogenMod" title="CyanogenMod">CyanogenMod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIUI" title="MIUI">MIUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PixelExperience" title="PixelExperience">PixelExperience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_OS" title="Remix OS">Remix OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArchLabs" title="ArchLabs">ArchLabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antergos" title="Antergos">Antergos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra_(operating_system)" title="Chakra (operating system)">Chakra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ubuntu: <a href="/wiki/Asturix" title="Asturix">Asturix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lab_Linux" title="Black Lab Linux">Black Lab Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cub_Linux" title="Cub Linux">Cub Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobuntu" title="Gobuntu">Gobuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOS_(operating_system)" title="GOS (operating system)">gOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Caixa_M%C3%A1gica" title="Linux Caixa Mágica">Linux Caixa Mágica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinuxTLE" title="LinuxTLE">LinuxTLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinguy_OS" title="Pinguy OS">Pinguy OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabily" title="Sabily">Sabily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_GNOME" title="Ubuntu GNOME">Ubuntu GNOME</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other derivatives: <a href="/wiki/BackTrack" title="BackTrack">BackTrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corel_Linux" title="Corel Linux">Corel Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrunchBang_Linux" title="CrunchBang Linux">CrunchBang Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DoudouLinux" title="DoudouLinux">DoudouLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamlinux" title="Dreamlinux">Dreamlinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Feather Linux">Feather Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNewSense" title="GNewSense">gNewSense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HandyLinux" title="HandyLinux">HandyLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libranet" title="Libranet">Libranet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musix_GNU%2BLinux" title="Musix GNU+Linux">Musix GNU+Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsix" title="Parsix">Parsix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SteamOS" title="SteamOS">SteamOS</a> (1.0–2.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwah_Linux" title="Sunwah Linux">Sunwah Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Container_Linux" title="Container Linux">Container Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabayon_Linux" title="Sabayon Linux">Sabayon Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XB_Machine" title="XB Machine">xB Machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">Red Hat</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BLAG_Linux_and_GNU" title="BLAG Linux and GNU">BLAG Linux and GNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CentOS" title="CentOS">CentOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ClearOS" title="ClearOS">ClearOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linpus_Linux" title="Linpus Linux">Linpus Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korora_(operating_system)" title="Korora (operating system)">Korora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_for_PlayStation_2" title="Linux for PlayStation 2">Linux for PlayStation 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Linux" title="Scientific Linux">Scientific Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">Red Hat Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocks_Cluster_Distribution" title="Rocks Cluster Distribution">Rocks Cluster Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_Blue_Linux" title="Think Blue Linux">Think Blue Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbolinux" title="Turbolinux">Turbolinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_Linux" title="Vine Linux">Vine Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Dog_Linux" title="Yellow Dog Linux">Yellow Dog Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slackware" title="Slackware">Slackware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BioSLAX" title="BioSLAX">BioSLAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damn_Vulnerable_Linux" title="Damn Vulnerable Linux">Damn Vulnerable Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KateOS" title="KateOS">KateOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongoni_(operating_system)" title="Kongoni (operating system)">Kongoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NimbleX" title="NimbleX">NimbleX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platypux" title="Platypux">Platypux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TopologiLinux" title="TopologiLinux">TopologiLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VectorLinux" title="VectorLinux">VectorLinux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SUSE_Studio" title="SUSE Studio">SUSE Studio Express</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caldera_OpenLinux" title="Caldera OpenLinux">Caldera OpenLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DemoLinux" title="DemoLinux">DemoLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar_Linux" title="Familiar Linux">Familiar Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_OS" title="Firefox OS">Firefox OS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_OS#B2G_OS" title="Firefox OS">B2G OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppyfw" title="Floppyfw">Floppyfw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_Linux" title="Foresight Linux">Foresight Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunix" title="Immunix">Immunix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurix" title="Jurix">Jurix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Router_Project" title="Linux Router Project">Linux Router Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCC_Interim_Linux" title="MCC Interim Linux">MCC Interim Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeeGo" title="MeeGo">MeeGo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mer_(software_distribution)" title="Mer (software distribution)">Mer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilinux" title="Mobilinux">Mobilinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitix" title="Nitix">Nitix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenELEC" title="OpenELEC">OpenELEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softlanding_Linux_System" title="Softlanding Linux System">Softlanding Linux System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splashtop_OS" title="Splashtop OS">Splashtop OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkix" title="Turkix">Turkix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:NewTux.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/13px-NewTux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/20px-NewTux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/27px-NewTux.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_na_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Non-article page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/16px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/23px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/31px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of Linux distributions">Comparison</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Linux_distributions" title="Category:Linux distributions">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unix" title="Template:Unix"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unix" title="Template talk:Unix"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unix" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unix"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">compatibility layers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unix_architecture" title="Unix architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Filesystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Unix" title="History of Unix">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_security" title="Unix security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DYNIX" title="DYNIX">DYNIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linux</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">Other distributions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">System V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A/UX" title="A/UX">A/UX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenServer" title="OpenServer">OpenServer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">Illumos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64 UNIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnixWare" title="UnixWare">UnixWare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherent_(operating_system)" title="Coherent (operating system)">Coherent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain/OS" title="Domain/OS">Domain/OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">Hurd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LynxOS" title="LynxOS">LynxOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOS_(operating_system)" title="MOS (operating system)">MOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSF/1" title="OSF/1">OSF/1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SerenityOS" title="SerenityOS">SerenityOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_systems" title="List of Unix systems">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darling_(software)" title="Darling (software)">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(software)" title="Eunice (software)">Eunice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS#Cross_platform_compatibility" title="OpenVMS">GNV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interix" title="Interix">Interix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MachTen" title="MachTen">MachTen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem" title="Microsoft POSIX subsystem">Microsoft POSIX subsystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MKS_Toolkit" title="MKS Toolkit">MKS Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_i#PASE" title="IBM i">PASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P.I.P.S." title="P.I.P.S.">P.I.P.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWS/VSE-AF" class="mw-redirect" title="PWS/VSE-AF">PWS/VSE-AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_Services" title="UNIX System Services">UNIX System Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UserLAnd_Technologies" title="UserLAnd Technologies">UserLAnd Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX" title="Windows Services for UNIX">Windows Services for UNIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate discontinued systems. <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Unix" title="Category:Unix">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Unix">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FOSS" title="Template:FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FOSS" title="Template talk:FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_and_open-source_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Advocacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU AGPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Free_software" title="Category:Free software">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Operating_systems" title="Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Operating_systems" title="Template talk:Operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operating_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_software_engineering" title="Forensic software engineering">Forensic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_operating_systems" title="History of operating systems">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of user features of operating systems">User features comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">Disk operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_operating_system" title="Distributed operating system">Distributed operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Embedded operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbyist_operating_system" title="Hobbyist operating system">Hobbyist operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_enough_operating_system" title="Just enough operating system">Just enough operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_operating_system" title="Network operating system">Network operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system" title="Object-oriented operating system">Object-oriented operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer_operating_system" title="Supercomputer operating system">Supercomputer operating system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exokernel" title="Exokernel">Exokernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multikernel" title="Multikernel">Multikernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vkernel" title="Vkernel">vkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rump_kernel" title="Rump kernel">Rump kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unikernel" title="Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Loadable kernel module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">User space and kernel space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Computer multitasking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_switch" title="Context switch">Context switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">Interrupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control_block" title="Process control block">Process control block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">Time-sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">Scheduling algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-priority_pre-emptive_scheduling" title="Fixed-priority pre-emptive scheduling">Fixed-priority preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue" title="Multilevel feedback queue">Multilevel feedback queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">Round-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortest_job_next" title="Shortest job next">Shortest job next</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)" title="Memory management (operating systems)">Memory management</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_resource" title="System resource">resource</a> protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_error" title="Bus error">Bus error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_protection_fault" title="General protection fault">General protection fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">Memory paging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">Memory protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_ring" title="Protection ring">Protection ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmentation_fault" title="Segmentation fault">Segmentation fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">Storage</a> access, <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booting#BOOT-LOADER" title="Booting">Boot loader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defragmentation" title="Defragmentation">Defragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">Device file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_tape_library" title="Virtual tape library">Virtual tape library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supporting concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_abstraction" title="Hardware abstraction">HAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD">Live CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_USB" title="Live USB">Live USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preboot_Execution_Environment" title="Preboot Execution Environment">PXE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q388#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q388#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q388#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" 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