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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Attitudes toward historical writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitudes_toward_historical_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Medieval sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Josippon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Josippon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Josippon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Josippon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_expulsions_and_the_Spanish_Inquisition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_expulsions_and_the_Spanish_Inquisition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Jewish expulsions and the Spanish Inquisition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_expulsions_and_the_Spanish_Inquisition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_histories_in_the_post-medieval_and_Renaissance_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_histories_in_the_post-medieval_and_Renaissance_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early modern histories in the post-medieval and Renaissance era </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_modern_histories_in_the_post-medieval_and_Renaissance_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early modern histories in the post-medieval and Renaissance era subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_histories_in_the_post-medieval_and_Renaissance_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zacuto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zacuto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Zacuto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zacuto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ibn_Yahya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ibn_Yahya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 ibn Yahya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ibn_Yahya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ibn_Verga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ibn_Verga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 ibn Verga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ibn_Verga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ha-Cohen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ha-Cohen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 ha-Cohen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ha-Cohen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-dei_Rossi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#dei_Rossi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 dei Rossi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-dei_Rossi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Gans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 17th century </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 17th century subsection </button> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conforte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conforte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Conforte </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conforte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hannover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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aria-controls="toc-19th_century_and_birth_of_modern_Jewish_studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 19th century and birth of modern Jewish studies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-19th_century_and_birth_of_modern_Jewish_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Jost </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zunz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zunz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Zunz </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zunz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graetz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graetz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Graetz </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graetz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Collections_of_the_National_Library_of_Israel_by_ArmAg_%282%29.jpg/114px-Collections_of_the_National_Library_of_Israel_by_ArmAg_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Collections_of_the_National_Library_of_Israel_by_ArmAg_%282%29.jpg/171px-Collections_of_the_National_Library_of_Israel_by_ArmAg_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Collections_of_the_National_Library_of_Israel_by_ArmAg_%282%29.jpg/228px-Collections_of_the_National_Library_of_Israel_by_ArmAg_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:NLIsraelspecialcollections.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/NLIsraelspecialcollections.jpg/114px-NLIsraelspecialcollections.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/NLIsraelspecialcollections.jpg/171px-NLIsraelspecialcollections.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/NLIsraelspecialcollections.jpg/228px-NLIsraelspecialcollections.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3468" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:NLIbooks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NLIbooks.jpg/145px-NLIbooks.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NLIbooks.jpg/218px-NLIbooks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NLIbooks.jpg/290px-NLIbooks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:84px;max-width:84px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:NLIotomaticstore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/NLIotomaticstore.jpg/82px-NLIotomaticstore.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/NLIotomaticstore.jpg/123px-NLIotomaticstore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/NLIotomaticstore.jpg/164px-NLIotomaticstore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="2040" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a>, Jerusalem</div></div></div></div> Modern Jewish historiography is the development of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish historical narrative</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a>. While Jewish <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">oral history</a> and the collection of commentaries in the <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> are ancient, with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> and <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, Jewish histories and <a href="/wiki/Early_editions_of_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Early editions of the Hebrew Bible">early editions of the Torah/Tanakh</a> were published which dealt with the history of the Jewish religion, and increasingly, <a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_history" title="Nationalization of history">national histories</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_peoplehood" title="Jewish peoplehood">Jewish peoplehood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_identity" title="Jewish identity">identity</a>. This was a move from a <a href="/wiki/Manuscript_culture" title="Manuscript culture">manuscript or scribal culture</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Printing_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Printing culture">printing culture</a>. Jewish historians wrote accounts of their collective experiences, but also increasingly used history for political, cultural, and scientific or philosophical exploration. Writers drew upon a corpus of culturally inherited text in seeking to construct a logical narrative to critique or advance the state of the art. Modern Jewish historiography intertwines with intellectual movements such as the European <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> but drew upon earlier works in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> and into diverse sources in antiquity. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_context">Background and context</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and context">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a> defined Judaism as a "historical religion;" Yerushalmi disagreed, but believed Jews practiced oriented or sacred history, such as biblical history, and were the "fathers of meaning in history." However, premodern Judaism before the Renaissance often didn't focus on history, preferring philosophy and mysticism. <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Idel" title="Moshe Idel">Moshe Idel</a> posits a model of Jewish history distinct from the typical role of history in European nationalism, conceived as a unification with, and then a rupture from, Jewish religious tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Idel-2020-1">[1]</a> Though not many of their works fully survive, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Jewish">Hellenistic Jewish</a> historians such as <a href="/wiki/Artapanus_of_Alexandria" title="Artapanus of Alexandria">Artapanus of Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eupolemus" title="Eupolemus">Eupolemus</a> presented an interpretatio Judaica which argued for the antiquity of their people, drawing on inherited texts.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> While Hellenistic Jewish historiography was forgotten by mainstream Jewish thought for many years, it was preserved by the Church and in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Maccabees">Book of Maccabees</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean Kingdom">Hasmonean Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The earliest Hebrew books were printed in Rome starting in 1469, and early printers were aware of the strong <a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">sofer tradition</a> of Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribal</a> production.<a href="#cite_note-Schrijver-2017-4">[4]</a> The move to printing eliminated the diversity and variation exhibited in manuscripts and enabled texts to reach more people.<a href="#cite_note-Chabás-2000-5">[5]</a> The major publications in Jewish history in the early modern period were influenced by the political climate of their respective times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner201015-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner201049,_50-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2007661-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYerushalmi198285-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiale19943-10">[10]</a> Certain Jewish historians, acting on a desire to achieve Jewish equality, used Jewish history as a tool towards Jewish emancipation and religious reform. Regarding the Jewish historians of the 18th and 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Meyer" title="Michael A. Meyer">Michael A. Meyer</a> writes that: "Envisaging Jewish identity as essentially religious, they created a Jewish past that focused on Jewish religious rationality, and stressed Jewish integration within the societies in which Jews lived."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2007662-11">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halper_462_Genealogy_of_the_Exilarchs_to_David_and_Adam,_Cairo_Geniza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Genealogy of the Exilarchs to David and Adam, Avraham ben Tamim, Cairo Geniza, 1100s (Katz Center/UPenn)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Halper_462_Genealogy_of_the_Exilarchs_to_David_and_Adam%2C_Cairo_Geniza.jpg/243px-Halper_462_Genealogy_of_the_Exilarchs_to_David_and_Adam%2C_Cairo_Geniza.jpg" decoding="async" width="243" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Halper_462_Genealogy_of_the_Exilarchs_to_David_and_Adam%2C_Cairo_Geniza.jpg/365px-Halper_462_Genealogy_of_the_Exilarchs_to_David_and_Adam%2C_Cairo_Geniza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Halper_462_Genealogy_of_the_Exilarchs_to_David_and_Adam%2C_Cairo_Geniza.jpg/486px-Halper_462_Genealogy_of_the_Exilarchs_to_David_and_Adam%2C_Cairo_Geniza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1618" /></a><figcaption>Genealogy of the Exilarchs to David and Adam, Avraham ben Tamim, Cairo Geniza, 1100s (<a href="/wiki/Katz_Center_for_Advanced_Judaic_Studies" title="Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies">Katz Center</a>/<a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">UPenn</a>)<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitudes_toward_historical_writing">Attitudes toward historical writing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Attitudes toward historical writing">edit</a>]</div> Talmudic authorities discouraged the writing of history in the medieval and early modern era; the extent to which this was effective in discouraging actual historical production is unclear. <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Steinschneider" title="Moritz Steinschneider">Moritz Steinschneider</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Momigliano" title="Arnaldo Momigliano">Arnaldo Momigliano</a> had observed that Jewish historiography appears to slow down at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (1138–1204) considered history a waste of time.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tropper-2004-14">[14]</a> Officially, secular philosophy was seen as a <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentile</a> activity and forbidden. Higher-class Jewish scholars were encouraged to study <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>. Astrology was also permitted.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Medicine, astronomy and cosmography were an acceptable blending of religion and science, drawing on the Babylonians.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> History was read at times but considered an activity pursued by other groups; however, medieval Jewish authorities in the Arab world treated the practice of secular philosophy with <a href="/wiki/Salutary_neglect" title="Salutary neglect">salutary neglect</a>, though banned, a blind eye was turned to its practice. In fact, as <a href="/wiki/David_Berger_(historian)" title="David Berger (historian)">David Berger</a> notes, Spanish Jewry was clearly hospitable to philosophy, literary arts and the sciences.<a href="#cite_note-Berger-2011-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caro" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Caro">Joseph Caro</a> called history books "books of wars," which he prohibited the reading of as the "sitting in the gathering of thoughtless people," and the <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a>, implied the roots of heresy or simply lack of education.<a href="#cite_note-Bonfil-1997-18">[18]</a> Some early attempts at writing history were met with controversy or imposed sanctions or prohibitions, such as bans, selective or general, or ordered burnings, or boycotts and effective sabotage of the publication's success.<a href="#cite_note-Whitfield-2002-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg-1978-20">[20]</a> The conventional wisdom in Jewish historiography, as epitomized by <a href="/wiki/Salo_Wittmayer_Baron" title="Salo Wittmayer Baron">Salo Wittmayer Baron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Hayim_Yerushalmi" title="Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi">Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi</a>, is that <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakhic</a> attitudes severely limited the output of medieval Jewish historians, though this has been challenged in part by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bonfil" title="Robert Bonfil">Robert Bonfil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amos_Funkenstein" title="Amos Funkenstein">Amos Funkenstein</a>, and Berger, the former considering the Renaissance to be the "swan song" of earlier work, forming an important Yerushalmi-Bonfil debate in Jewish historiography according to Yerushalmi's student <a href="/wiki/David_N._Myers" title="David N. Myers">David N. Myers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Funkenstein-1989-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bonfil-1988-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bonfil-1997-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berger-2011-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Myers-2014-23">[23]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_Genizah_Fragment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="letter from Abraham Maimonides (1186-1237), in the Cairo Geniza, reprinted 1906 Brockhaus & Efron Jewish Encyclopedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cairo_Genizah_Fragment.jpg/218px-Cairo_Genizah_Fragment.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cairo_Genizah_Fragment.jpg/327px-Cairo_Genizah_Fragment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cairo_Genizah_Fragment.jpg/435px-Cairo_Genizah_Fragment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>letter from <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maimonides" title="Abraham Maimonides">Abraham Maimonides</a> (1186-1237), in the Cairo Geniza, reprinted 1906 Brockhaus & Efron Jewish Encyclopedia</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amram_Tropper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amram Tropper (page does not exist)">Amram Tropper</a> has explained that intellectual elites used classicist literature and scholasticism to construct identity in the Roman Empire after failed Jewish revolts.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Explaining through the example of Maimonides, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_ha-Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph ha-Cohen">ha-Cohen</a>'s, and <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Capsali" title="Elijah Capsali">Elijah Capsali</a> (1485-1550)'s attitude toward history, Bonfil shows there is nonetheless a medieval historiography inherited by later writers, though he acknowledges the paucity of Jewish medieval historiography and the impact of the negative halakhic stance that should not be underestimated.<a href="#cite_note-Bonfil-1997-18">[18]</a> Capsali, an important historian of Muslim and Ottoman history, has a medieval historical approach, with early modern subject matter.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Capsali's chronicle may be the first example of a diasporic Jew writing a history of their own location (Venice).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Bonfil surmises that the return to traditionalism in orthodoxy was actually a later phenomenon, a reactionary response to modernity.<a href="#cite_note-Bonfil-1997-18">[18]</a> When those among the halakhic authorities who valued philosophy studied it, such as <a href="/wiki/Moses_Isserles" title="Moses Isserles">Moses Isserles</a>, they justified it with a continuity to Hellenistic philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Fuss-1994-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Notably, <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> was <a href="/wiki/Herem_(censure)" title="Herem (censure)">excommunicated</a> for transgressing the bounds of Rabbinic thought into the growing domain of Enlightenment philosophy in 1656.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Spinoza and rabbi <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Solomon_Delmedigo" title="Joseph Solomon Delmedigo">Joseph Solomon Delmedigo</a>, who studied with <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a>, shared a goal to liberate science from theology, and combined it with scriptural references.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Spinoza and other <a href="/wiki/Heretics" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretics">heretics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Abulafia" title="Abraham Abulafia">Abraham Abulafia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Caspi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Caspi">ibn Caspi</a> became figures in the conflict between emancipation and traditionalism in Jewish political and historical ideology.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isra%C3%ABl_Salvator_R%C3%A9vah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israël Salvator Révah (page does not exist)">Israël Salvator Révah</a>, per <a href="/wiki/Marina_Rustow" title="Marina Rustow">Marina Rustow</a>, has stressed that the anti-rabbinic themes expressed by both <a href="/wiki/Uriel_da_Costa" title="Uriel da Costa">Uriel da Costa</a> (1585-1640) and Spinoza had emerged from the crucible of Iberian <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">crypto-Jewish</a> culture.<a href="#cite_note-Rustow-2014-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Early modern <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a> (i.e. the study of historical texts) had an important impact on the development of the Enlightenment intellectual movements through work such as that of Spinoza.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Simon_(priest)" title="Richard Simon (priest)">Richard Simon</a> also had his work of historical biblical criticism suppressed by the Catholic authorities in France in 1678.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> While some Jews were willing to express doubt or disbelief privately, they feared the judgment or ostracism of the community to go too far in criticism of the establishment.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cod._Hebr._120_-_Zalman_Stern_1849_---_12a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Responsa of the Geonim, 1300s, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek in Vienna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cod._Hebr._120_-_Zalman_Stern_1849_---_12a.jpg/224px-Cod._Hebr._120_-_Zalman_Stern_1849_---_12a.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cod._Hebr._120_-_Zalman_Stern_1849_---_12a.jpg/336px-Cod._Hebr._120_-_Zalman_Stern_1849_---_12a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cod._Hebr._120_-_Zalman_Stern_1849_---_12a.jpg/448px-Cod._Hebr._120_-_Zalman_Stern_1849_---_12a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Responsa of the Geonim, 1300s, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_National_Library" title="Austrian National Library">Österreichische Nationalbibliothek</a>, Vienna</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_sources">Medieval sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval sources">edit</a>]</div> About 90% of world Jewry inhabited the Muslim world around the Mediterranean in the medieval period.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Cambridge-2022-39">[39]</a> Jews of the medieval Islamic world such as <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Andalusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Africa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="History of the Jews in North Africa (disambiguation)">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Land_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Land of Israel">Palestine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a> were prolific producers and consumers of historical works in Hebrew, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and rarely <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_B._Ruderman" title="David B. Ruderman">David B. Ruderman</a> has stated that Bonfil's perspective on the complex dialectic between Jews and non-Jews, rather than a simplistic understanding of "influence," is a revisionist perspective with implications for understanding historiography in context be it Christian or Ottoman; Ruderman is a proponent of Bonfil's interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Over 400,000 manuscript fragments in the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a> are an important historical source from the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> period, rediscovered as a historical source in the 18th and 19th centuries. The Geniza has been called a "lost archive." The Geniza is a storeroom in the <a href="/wiki/Ben_Ezra_Synagogue" title="Ben Ezra Synagogue">Ben Ezra Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> which contained scrap documents dating to the 9th century, and now exists at various academic institutions for study.<a href="#cite_note-Rustow-2020-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Cambridge-2022-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rustow-2014-2-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iggeret_of_Rabbi_Sherira_Gaon" title="Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon">Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon</a> (987)<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sefer_ha-Qabbalah" title="Sefer ha-Qabbalah">Sefer ha-Qabbalah</a> (1161)<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a> (ibn David)<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> were two medieval sources available to and trusted by Jewish early modern historians.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Ibn David is considered one of the first rationalist Spanish Jewish philosophers.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The 10th century <a href="/wiki/Responsa_of_the_Geonim" title="Responsa of the Geonim">responsa of the Geonim</a> are an important corpus of correspondence. Iraqi Jews in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, were an important community in this time period and corresponded with the <a href="/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia" title="Talmudic academies in Babylonia">Talmudic academies in Babylonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e8_843-0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Yiddish Josippon 1546, reprinted 1906 Brockhaus & Efron Jewish Encyclopedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e8_843-0.jpg/242px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e8_843-0.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e8_843-0.jpg/363px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e8_843-0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e8_843-0.jpg/484px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e8_843-0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption>Yiddish Josippon 1546,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> reprinted 1906 Brockhaus & Efron Jewish Encyclopedia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Josippon">Josippon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Josippon">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Josippon" title="Josippon">Josippon</a> (or Sefer/Sepher Josippon), also called "Josephus of the Jews," was a key medieval source familiar to <a href="/wiki/Hasdai_ibn_Shaprut" title="Hasdai ibn Shaprut">Hasdai ibn Shaprut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a>, one of if not the most influential historical works in pre-modern Jewish historiography, probably composed by a pseudonymous "Joseph ben Gorion" in the 10th century based on the earlier <a href="/wiki/Josephus_Flavius" class="mw-redirect" title="Josephus Flavius">Josephus Flavius</a> and his work <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus-1948-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> It relies on the <a href="/wiki/Hegesippus_(chronicler)" title="Hegesippus (chronicler)">Hegesippus</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Hegesippus" title="Pseudo-Hegesippus">Pseudo-Hegesippus</a>), a Latin translator of Antiquities and Josephus' <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The author had access to a decent library of material and drew on <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>'s translation of <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Like its namesake and inspiration, the work commingles Roman history and Jewish history.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Yosippon was republished in the 16th century and was a historical chronicle of critical importance to medieval Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Yerushalmi-1979-63">[63]</a> It was relied on by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abravanel" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Abravanel">Isaac Abravanel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> These books were frequently reprinted through the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schatz-2019-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The work emerged from the context of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Romaniote Jew">Romaniote Judaism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Jewish Byzantine Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The version of Josippon by the young Balkan scholar <a href="/wiki/Yehudah_ibn_Moskoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehudah ibn Moskoni">Yehudah ibn Moskoni</a> (1328-1377), printed in <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Constantinople</a> in 1510 and translated to English in 1558, became the most popular book published by Jews and about Jews for non-Jews, who ascribed its authenticity to the Roman Josephus, until the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Bowman-1995-71">[71]</a> Born in Byzantium, Moskoni's library of 198 volumes was once considered by historians to be the largest individual Jewish library in medieval Western Europe, although as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleazar_Gutwirth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleazar Gutwirth (page does not exist)">Eleazar Gutwirth</a> notes, there were numerous Jewish and <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">converso</a> libraries 1229-1550, citing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jocelyn_Nigel_Hillgarth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jocelyn Nigel Hillgarth (page does not exist)">Jocelyn Nigel Hillgarth</a>. He further notes that Moskoni's library was sold in 1375 for a high price, and that Moskoni specifically commented on the use of non-Jewish sources in Josippon.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Moskoni was part of a Byzantine Greek-Jewish milieu that produced a number of philosophical works in Hebrew and a common intellectual community of Jews in the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yosippon_%3D_Josippon,_sive_Josephi_Ben-Gorionis_Historiae_Judaicae_libri_sex_Fleuron_T154274-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Printer's fleuron from 1706 edition of Josippon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Yosippon_%3D_Josippon%2C_sive_Josephi_Ben-Gorionis_Historiae_Judaicae_libri_sex_Fleuron_T154274-1.png/222px-Yosippon_%3D_Josippon%2C_sive_Josephi_Ben-Gorionis_Historiae_Judaicae_libri_sex_Fleuron_T154274-1.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Yosippon_%3D_Josippon%2C_sive_Josephi_Ben-Gorionis_Historiae_Judaicae_libri_sex_Fleuron_T154274-1.png/333px-Yosippon_%3D_Josippon%2C_sive_Josephi_Ben-Gorionis_Historiae_Judaicae_libri_sex_Fleuron_T154274-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Yosippon_%3D_Josippon%2C_sive_Josephi_Ben-Gorionis_Historiae_Judaicae_libri_sex_Fleuron_T154274-1.png/444px-Yosippon_%3D_Josippon%2C_sive_Josephi_Ben-Gorionis_Historiae_Judaicae_libri_sex_Fleuron_T154274-1.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>Printer's <a href="/wiki/Fleuron_(typography)" title="Fleuron (typography)">fleuron</a> from 1706 edition of Josippon</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (1332-1406) 's <a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Muqaddimah</a> (1377) also contains a post-biblical Jewish history of the "Israelites in Syria" and he relied on Jewish sources, such as the Arabic translation of Josippon by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zachariah_ibn_Said&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zachariah ibn Said (page does not exist)">Zachariah ibn Said</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite Jew">Yemenite Jew</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi" title="Kâtip Çelebi">Khalifa</a> (d. 1655).<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saskia_D%C3%B6nitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saskia Dönitz (page does not exist)">Saskia Dönitz</a> has analyzed an earlier Egyptian version older than the version reconstructed by <a href="/wiki/David_Flusser" title="David Flusser">David Flusser</a>, drawing on the work of a parallel Judaeo-Arabic Josippon by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shulamit_Sela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shulamit Sela (page does not exist)">Shulamit Sela</a> and fragments in the Cairo Geniza, which indicate that Josippon is a composite text written by multiple authors over time.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Josippon was also a popular work or a <a href="/wiki/Volksbuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksbuch">volksbuch</a>, and had further influence such as its Latin translation by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Hebraist" title="Christian Hebraist">Christian Hebraist</a> <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster" title="Sebastian Münster">Sebastian Münster</a> which was translated into English by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Morvyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Morvyn">Peter Morvyn</a>, a fellow of <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalen College">Magdalen College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Canon_(clergy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (clergy)">Canon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a>, printed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Jugge" title="Richard Jugge">Richard Jugge</a>, printer to the Queen in England, and according to <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Wolf" title="Lucien Wolf">Lucien Wolf</a> may have played a role in the <a href="/wiki/Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="Resettlement of the Jews in England">resettlement of the Jews in England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Munster also translated the historical work of ibn Daud which was included with Morwyng's edition.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Bowman" title="Steven Bowman">Steven Bowman</a> notes that Josippon is an early work that inspired Jewish nationalism and had a significant influence on midrashic literature and talmudic chroniclers as well as secular historians, though considered <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">aggadah</a> by mainstream Jewish thought, and acted as an <a href="/wiki/Urtext_(biblical_studies)" title="Urtext (biblical studies)">ur-text</a> for 19th century efforts in Jewish national history.<a href="#cite_note-Bowman-1995-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_expulsions_and_the_Spanish_Inquisition">Jewish expulsions and the Spanish Inquisition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jewish expulsions and the Spanish Inquisition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Expulsion_judios-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="map of Jewish expulsions"><img alt="map of Jewish expulsions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Expulsion_judios-en.svg/243px-Expulsion_judios-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="243" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Expulsion_judios-en.svg/365px-Expulsion_judios-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Expulsion_judios-en.svg/486px-Expulsion_judios-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="8960" data-file-height="6672" /></a><figcaption>map of Jewish expulsions</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews#15th_century" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Jewish expulsions</a> accelerated in the 15th century and influenced the growth in Jewish historiography.<a href="#cite_note-Wallet-2007-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rustow-2014-34">[34]</a> Sephardic Jews from Spain, Portugal, and France settled in Italy and the Ottoman Empire during this period, shifting the nexus of Jewry east.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a> region, which had a large population and respected rabbis known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Hachmei_Provence" title="Hachmei Provence">Hachmei Provence</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced to convert</a> or flee in the 14th century, and they sought to avoid detection, which creates a paucity of documentation and a difficult scenario for historians.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Within Italy, there was also considerable upheaval with the migration and expulsion of Jews in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> in the late 1500s.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> attempted to burn any parchment or paper containing Hebrew, and any book known to have been translated from Hebrew. This led to an estimated millions of texts destroyed in Spain and Portugal, especially centers of academic learning as <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a>, rendering surviving manuscripts in foreign libraries rare and hard to come by.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chaldeans_Carrying_Away_the_Pillars_of_the_Temple_of_Jerusalem,_from_The_Disasters_of_the_Jewish_People,_plate_17_MET_DP300234.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Maarten van Heemskerck (1498–1574), Philip Galle (1537–1612), The Chaldeans Carrying Away the Pillars of the Temple of Jerusalem, from The Disasters of the Jewish People (1569)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_Chaldeans_Carrying_Away_the_Pillars_of_the_Temple_of_Jerusalem%2C_from_The_Disasters_of_the_Jewish_People%2C_plate_17_MET_DP300234.jpg/243px-The_Chaldeans_Carrying_Away_the_Pillars_of_the_Temple_of_Jerusalem%2C_from_The_Disasters_of_the_Jewish_People%2C_plate_17_MET_DP300234.jpg" decoding="async" width="243" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_Chaldeans_Carrying_Away_the_Pillars_of_the_Temple_of_Jerusalem%2C_from_The_Disasters_of_the_Jewish_People%2C_plate_17_MET_DP300234.jpg/365px-The_Chaldeans_Carrying_Away_the_Pillars_of_the_Temple_of_Jerusalem%2C_from_The_Disasters_of_the_Jewish_People%2C_plate_17_MET_DP300234.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_Chaldeans_Carrying_Away_the_Pillars_of_the_Temple_of_Jerusalem%2C_from_The_Disasters_of_the_Jewish_People%2C_plate_17_MET_DP300234.jpg/486px-The_Chaldeans_Carrying_Away_the_Pillars_of_the_Temple_of_Jerusalem%2C_from_The_Disasters_of_the_Jewish_People%2C_plate_17_MET_DP300234.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3903" data-file-height="2904" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maarten_van_Heemskerck" title="Maarten van Heemskerck">Maarten van Heemskerck</a> (1498–1574), <a href="/wiki/Philip_Galle" title="Philip Galle">Philip Galle</a> (1537–1612), The Chaldeans Carrying Away the Pillars of the Temple of Jerusalem, The Disasters of the Jewish People (1569)</figcaption></figure> Whether the Spanish Inquisition's records are truthful or worthy of trust is the subject of debate. Historians such as <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Baer" title="Yitzhak Baer">Yitzhak Baer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haim_Beinart" title="Haim Beinart">Haim Beinart</a> have taken the view that the crypto-Jews were sincerely Jewish; <a href="/wiki/Benzion_Netanyahu" title="Benzion Netanyahu">Benzion Netanyahu</a> has argued they were sincerely Christian converts, and their secret practice of Judaism a myth, before changing his view; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Roth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Roth (page does not exist)">Norman Roth</a> has also argued the Inquisition's records can be trusted, which is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_histories_in_the_post-medieval_and_Renaissance_era">Early modern histories in the post-medieval and Renaissance era</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early modern histories in the post-medieval and Renaissance era">edit</a>]</div> The 16th century is considered something of a blossoming of Jewish historiography by some historians, such as Yerushalmi, who characterizes the focus as shifting social and post-biblical.<a href="#cite_note-Yerushalmi-1979-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bonfil-1988-22">[22]</a> Although some historians focus on the 19th century as an important period in the development of modern Jewish historiography, the 16th century is also considered an important period.<a href="#cite_note-Rutkowski-2010-90">[90]</a> Religion figured prominently and the differences in martyrdom and messianic figures in Sephardic and Askenazic communities post-expulsion are the subject of historiographical debate.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Some historians, such as Bonfil, have disagreed with Yerushalmi that this period produced a significant sea change in historiography.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tropper-2004-14">[14]</a> Italian Jewry in particular benefitted from factors such as education, geography, and access to printing. They enjoyed relative freedom during the period and had contact with Christian scholars. Besides their interest in Jewish text, they also pursued the sciences, medicine, music, and history.<a href="#cite_note-Portraying_the_Land-2018-93">[93]</a> The liberal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Este" title="House of Este">dukes of d'Este</a> practiced toleration of Jewish faith.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Man_Pointing_at_a_Hebrew_Tablet,_Campi,_Antonio_Cremona_1524_-1587.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of a Man Pointing at a Hebrew Tablet, Antonio Campi, Cremona (1524-1587)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Portrait_of_a_Man_Pointing_at_a_Hebrew_Tablet%2C_Campi%2C_Antonio_Cremona_1524_-1587.jpg/266px-Portrait_of_a_Man_Pointing_at_a_Hebrew_Tablet%2C_Campi%2C_Antonio_Cremona_1524_-1587.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Portrait_of_a_Man_Pointing_at_a_Hebrew_Tablet%2C_Campi%2C_Antonio_Cremona_1524_-1587.jpg/399px-Portrait_of_a_Man_Pointing_at_a_Hebrew_Tablet%2C_Campi%2C_Antonio_Cremona_1524_-1587.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Portrait_of_a_Man_Pointing_at_a_Hebrew_Tablet%2C_Campi%2C_Antonio_Cremona_1524_-1587.jpg/532px-Portrait_of_a_Man_Pointing_at_a_Hebrew_Tablet%2C_Campi%2C_Antonio_Cremona_1524_-1587.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a Man Pointing at a Hebrew Tablet, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Campi" title="Antonio Campi">Antonio Campi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a> (1524-1587)</figcaption></figure> The Book of the Honeycomb's Flow (1476) by Italian rabbi <a href="/wiki/Judah_Messer_Leon" title="Judah Messer Leon">Judah Messer Leon</a> (c.1420-1498) (Judah ben Jehiel, alias Leone di Vitale) is an early work of humanistic classical rhetorical analysis that was also noted by Graetz, which was noted by Bonfil, and paraphrasing <a href="/wiki/Israel_Zinberg" title="Israel Zinberg">Israel Zinberg</a> stated, he "was a child not only of the old people of Israel, but also of the youthful Renaissance." Nofet Zufim drew on the classical theoretical writings of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> While not a work of history, it was a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Azariah_dei_Rossi" title="Azariah dei Rossi">Azariah dei Rossi</a> and cited by him as opening the door to the value of secular studies. It was printed by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Conat" title="Abraham Conat">Abraham Conat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_ben_Judah_Messer_Leon" title="David ben Judah Messer Leon">David ben Judah Messer Leon</a>, his son, published a humanistic work defending the literary arts in Constantinople in 1497.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zacuto">Zacuto</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Zacuto">edit</a>]</div> The 1504 historic work of the Portuguese royal astronomer<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zacuto" title="Abraham Zacuto">Abraham Zacuto</a> (1452-1515),<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Sefer ha-Yuḥasin (Book of the Genealogies), contains anti-Christian historiographical polemic and urging of strength in the face of persecution and Jewish martyrdom.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Still, Zacuto was aware of and depended on secular work.<a href="#cite_note-Chabás-2000-5">[5]</a> Zacuto was an important scientist who befriended Columbus and provided a meaningful new <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a> for the Portuguese explorers in addition to his work in history and commentary. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_A._Neuman" title="Abraham A. Neuman">Abraham A. Neuman</a> writes, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Sefer Yuhasin is a medley of historical biographical notes, reminiscences, comments and observations which often express his inner thoughts. Here, he appears in his strength and weakness, a man of numerous contradictions. He was necessarily a many-sided figure, for he lived and participated in the adventures of an explosive age, midway between medievalism and modernism, holding in its grasp the Inquisition and the discovery of new worlds.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Zacut_(MUNCYT,_Eulogia_Merle).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Zacuto, Eulogia Merle, 2011, National Museum of Science and Technology (Spain)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Abraham_Zacut_%28MUNCYT%2C_Eulogia_Merle%29.jpg/211px-Abraham_Zacut_%28MUNCYT%2C_Eulogia_Merle%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Abraham_Zacut_%28MUNCYT%2C_Eulogia_Merle%29.jpg/316px-Abraham_Zacut_%28MUNCYT%2C_Eulogia_Merle%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Abraham_Zacut_%28MUNCYT%2C_Eulogia_Merle%29.jpg/421px-Abraham_Zacut_%28MUNCYT%2C_Eulogia_Merle%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4062" data-file-height="4724" /></a><figcaption>Zacuto, Eulogia Merle, 2011, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Science_and_Technology_(Spain)" title="National Museum of Science and Technology (Spain)">National Museum of Science and Technology (Spain)</a></figcaption></figure> It is primarily a world history with specific attention to the Jewish plight, from creation to 1500.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Sefer Yuhasin traces the chronology and development of the Oral Torah, and contains critical appraisal of Talmudic evidence. Zacuto expresses his view of the importance of familiarity with Roman history. He was familiar with Josippon but was apparently unfamiliar with the genuine Josephus; <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Shullam" title="Samuel Shullam">Samuel Shullam</a>, his editor who published his annotated version in 1566, was familiar with the original Josephus, and inserted comments and glosses with corrections.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg-2016-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ibn_Yahya">ibn Yahya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: ibn Yahya">edit</a>]</div> Italian talmudic chronologer <a href="/wiki/Gedaliah_ibn_Yahya_ben_Joseph" title="Gedaliah ibn Yahya ben Joseph">Gedaliah ibn Yahya ben Joseph</a>'s (1515-1587) 1587 Shalshelet ha-Kabbalah (Chain of Tradition) was also of significance during this period.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yerushalmi-1979-63">[63]</a> It included a justification of Aristotelian and Neoplatonic philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The "chain of tradition" or the successor tradition is also used to refer to the continuation aspect of historians building on the shared reference base of works by creating introductions or citations to prior work, key to rabbinic textual analysis in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">mishnah</a> or <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">mesorah</a> well as Jewish historiography.<a href="#cite_note-Wallet-2007-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1525-30veneto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1525-30veneto.jpg/242px-1525-30veneto.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1525-30veneto.jpg/363px-1525-30veneto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1525-30veneto.jpg/484px-1525-30veneto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Abraham Farissol, <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Veneto" title="Bartolomeo Veneto">Bartolomeo Veneto</a>, (1525)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ibn_Verga">ibn Verga</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: ibn Verga">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Verga" title="Solomon ibn Verga">Solomon ibn Verga</a> (1460-1554)'s 1520 <a href="/wiki/Scepter_of_Judah" title="Scepter of Judah">Scepter of Judah</a> (Shevret Yehudah) was a notable chronicle of Jewish persecutions, written in Italy and published in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1550.<a href="#cite_note-Funkenstein-1989-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raz-Krakotzkin-2007-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> It contains some 75 stories of Jewish persecution,<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2013-114">[114]</a> and is a transitional work between the medieval and modern periods of Jewish history.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2009-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Born in Spain, Verga's views were shaped by the expulsion in 1492, his forced baptism, and the massacres as he fled Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2013-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Shevret Yehudah was "the first Jewish work whose main concern was the struggle against ritual murder accusations."<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2009-115">[115]</a> It was cited by his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Usque" title="Samuel Usque">Samuel Usque</a>, Consolação às Tribulações de Israel ("Consolation for the Tribulations of Israel"), Ferrara, 1553.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Usque was a trader.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebecca_Rist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rebecca Rist (page does not exist)">Rebecca Rist</a> has called it a satirical work that blends fiction with history.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Cohen_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeremy Cohen (historian) (page does not exist)">Jeremy Cohen</a> has said Verga was a pragmatist who presented benevolent and enlightened characters with a happy ending.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ha-Cohen">ha-Cohen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: ha-Cohen">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_ha-Kohen" title="Joseph ha-Kohen">Joseph ha-Cohen</a> (1496-1575) was a Sephardic physician and chronicler who is considered one of the most significant 16th century Jewish historians and Renaissance scholars.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Born in Avignon to Castilian and Aragonian Jewish parents and later in Genoa, he was cited and highly regarded by later historians such as Basnage.<a href="#cite_note-Price-2020-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> His <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emek_Ha-Bakha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emek Ha-Bakha (page does not exist)">Emek Ha-Bakha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vale_of_tears" title="Vale of tears">Vale of Tears</a>), appeared in 1558<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> and is considered an important historical work.<a href="#cite_note-Yerushalmi-1979-63">[63]</a> The name comes from <a href="/wiki/Psalm_84" title="Psalm 84">Psalm 84</a>, and it is a history of Jewish <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> It consisted of the narrative of Jewish persecution that extracted from and built on the Jewish part of his earlier world histories, and inspired Salo Baron's idea of the "lachrymose" conception of Jewish history.<a href="#cite_note-Bonfil-1988-22">[22]</a> Yerushalmi notes that it begins in the post-biblical era.<a href="#cite_note-Yerushalmi-1979-63">[63]</a> Bonfil notes that ha-Cohen's historiography is specifically shaped by the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_expulsion_from_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish expulsion from Spain">Jewish expulsion from Spain</a> and France that ha-Cohen personally experienced.<a href="#cite_note-Bonfil-1988-22">[22]</a> ha-Cohen's sources included Samuel Usque.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> ha-Cohen and Usque are sources for early documentation of Jewish <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> He was a contemporary of the Italian-Jewish geographer <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Farissol" title="Abraham Farissol">Abraham Farissol</a>, a scribe from Avignon who worked for Judah Messer Leon,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> and drew upon his work.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> It incorporates earlier medieval chronicles almost verbatim.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="dei_Rossi">dei Rossi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: dei Rossi">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mantua_Map_1560.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map, Mantua, 1560, intended for a hagaddah, Central Library of Zurich<" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mantua_Map_1560.png/343px-Mantua_Map_1560.png" decoding="async" width="343" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mantua_Map_1560.png/515px-Mantua_Map_1560.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mantua_Map_1560.png/686px-Mantua_Map_1560.png 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption>Map, Mantua, 1560, intended for a <a href="/wiki/Hagaddah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagaddah">hagaddah</a>, Central Library of Zurich<a href="#cite_note-Portraying_the_Land-2018-93">[93]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Azariah_dei_Rossi" title="Azariah dei Rossi">Azariah dei Rossi</a> (1511-1578) was an Italian-Jewish physician, <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>, and a leading Torah scholar during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>. Born in <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>, he translated classical works such as Aristotle, and was known to quote Roman and Greek writers along with Hebrew in his work.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-2007-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shulvass-1948-141">[141]</a> He is often considered the father of modern Jewish historiography.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> He was the first major author in Jewish historiography to incorporate and edit non-Jewish texts into his work.<a href="#cite_note-Rutkowski-2010-90">[90]</a> His 1573 work <a href="/w/index.php?title=Me%27or_Einayim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Me'or Einayim (page does not exist)">Me'or Einayim</a> (Light of the Eyes) is an important early work of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanistic</a> 16th century Jewish historiography.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yerushalmi-1979-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bonfil-1988-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> It includes a polemic critique of <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> noted by Baron and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Bentwich" title="Norman Bentwich">Norman Bentwich</a>; Philo's work was popular among contemporary Italian Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus-1948-58">[58]</a> Rossi drew on the Latin Josephus, with specific annotations on source text versions for the Jewish academies at <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a>, and investigated the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg-2016-104">[104]</a> Bonfil writes that it was an attempt at a "New History" of the Jews and a work of ecclesiastical historiography, that adopted as its main tool, logical and philological criticism.<a href="#cite_note-Bonfil-1997-18">[18]</a> Rossi also cited rabbinical material and Jewish writers such as Zacuto; Baron has also noted it was an apologetic work, and Bonfil has asserted ultimately a conservative work with a medieval worldview, but nonetheless pioneering in its critical study and methods.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> De Rossi's work was critical of the rabbinical establishment, questioning the historicity of post-biblical Jewish legends, and was met with condemnation, opprobrium and bans; Joseph Caro called for it to be burned, though he died before this was carried out, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Judah_Katzenellenbogen" title="Samuel Judah Katzenellenbogen">Samuel Judah Katzenellenbogen</a>, the leader of the Venetian rabbis at the time, published herem prior to publication prohibiting owning or reading the book without permission.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wieseltier-1981-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whitfield-2002-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Visi-2014-150">[150]</a> Rossi's work mixed the world of secular Renaissance scholarship with Jewish rabbinical textual analysis, addressing contradictions, which offended the sensibilities of religious leaders such as the Rabbi Judah Loew of Prague, known as the <a href="/wiki/Maharal" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharal">Maharal</a>, who said the words of Torah should not mix with those of science.<a href="#cite_note-Ruderman-2001-151">[151]</a> Signatories to the ban included important Jewish community scholars <a href="/wiki/Yehiel_Nissim_da_Pisa" title="Yehiel Nissim da Pisa">Yehiel Nissim da Pisa</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yehiel_Trabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yehiel Trabot (page does not exist)">Yehiel Trabot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Nonetheless, the rabbis of Mantua, <a href="/wiki/Judah_Moscato" title="Judah Moscato">Judah Moscato</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Provençal (page does not exist)">David Provençal</a>, although critical in some ways, still considered him a respectable Jew with great value.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg-1978-20">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsemakh_David_Frankfurt_1698.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tsemakh David, Frankfurt, 1698" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tsemakh_David_Frankfurt_1698.jpg/243px-Tsemakh_David_Frankfurt_1698.jpg" decoding="async" width="243" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tsemakh_David_Frankfurt_1698.jpg/365px-Tsemakh_David_Frankfurt_1698.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tsemakh_David_Frankfurt_1698.jpg/486px-Tsemakh_David_Frankfurt_1698.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2575" /></a><figcaption>Tsemakh David, Frankfurt, 1698</figcaption></figure> Rossi went to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> to argue his case with the rabbis who had charged him with heresy, who said he could publish if he would include David's brother <a href="/wiki/Moses_Proven%C3%A7al" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Provençal">Moses Provençal</a>'s defense of the traditional chronology, which he did along with his own response to the response. They also requested some passages to be deleted, which he yielded to; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Coen_Porto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Coen Porto (page does not exist)">Abraham Coen Porto</a> rescinded his veto, but the 1574 decree still held sway in limiting publication. Rossi sought help from the Catholics interested in bible study, and obtained an <a href="/wiki/Imprimatur" title="Imprimatur">imprimatur</a> from <a href="/wiki/Marco_Marini" title="Marco Marini">Marco Marini</a>, a teacher of Hebrew and Latin in Venice. Marini taught <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Boncompagno" class="mw-redirect" title="Giacomo Boncompagno">Giacomo Boncompagno</a> who requested Rossi translate Me'or Einyanim into Italian. Like <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Levita" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah Levita">Elijah Levita</a>, Rossi became known for teaching Hebrew to Christians, earning disapproval from fellow Jews, but he did not convert.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg-1978-20">[20]</a> Rossi was cited by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Hebraists" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Hebraists">Christian Hebraists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Bartolocci" title="Giulio Bartolocci">Bartolocci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bochart" title="Samuel Bochart">Bochart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Buxtorf" title="Johannes Buxtorf">Buxtorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Hottinger" title="Johann Heinrich Hottinger">Hottinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowth" title="Robert Lowth">Lowth</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Voisin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph de Voisin (page does not exist)">Voisin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Morin_(theologian)" title="Jean Morin (theologian)">Morin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus-1948-58">[58]</a> Despite its controversial status, Rossi's work was known in the 17th and 18th centuries, per <a href="/wiki/David_Cassel" title="David Cassel">David Cassel</a> and Zunz as relayed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joanna_Weinberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joanna Weinberg (page does not exist)">Joanna Weinberg</a>, individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Solomon_Delmedigo" title="Joseph Solomon Delmedigo">Joseph Solomon Delmedigo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menasseh_ben_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Menasseh ben Israel">Menasseh ben Israel</a> considered it required reading. Baron considered Rossi an antiquarian; Bonfil argues he had a nationalistic view of Jewish history.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Rossi's work is considered by some to be an early example of the construction of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_identity" title="Jewish identity">Jewish identity</a> through modern historical methods.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gans">Gans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gans">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/David_Gans" title="David Gans">David Gans</a> (1541–1613) was a German-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>, astronomer, historian, and chronicler from <a href="/wiki/Lippstadt" title="Lippstadt">Lippstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a>, whose historical work Tzemach David, published in 1592, was a pioneering study of Jewish history.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Gans wrote on a variety of liberal arts and scientific topics, making him unique among the Ashkenazi for his production of secular scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Gans was a student of the Maharal, whom Yerushalmi says had the more profound ideas about Jewish history,<a href="#cite_note-Yerushalmi-1979-63">[63]</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Moses_Isserles" title="Moses Isserles">Moses Isserles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ruderman-2001-151">[151]</a> Gans was the first Jewish scholar to use a telescope and the science of <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernicus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fuss-1994-28">[28]</a> Gans also corresponded with secular astronomers such as <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a>, and drew on <a href="/wiki/August_Gottlieb_Spangenberg" title="August Gottlieb Spangenberg">August Gottlieb Spangenberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Gans took inspiration from Josippon and Maimonides.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Gans' work is a hybrid of two parallel stories of world and Jewish history.<a href="#cite_note-Bonfil-1988-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> While not as cutting-edge a historian as his contemporary, de Rossi, his books introduced historiography to the Ashkenazi audience, making him a forerunner of subsequent developments in Jewish culture.<a href="#cite_note-Visi-2014-150">[150]</a> Gans' work can be seen as a defense of the traditional dissemination of knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portaleone_De_auro_dialogi_tres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="De auro dialogi tres. In quibus non solum de Auri in re Medica facultate verum etiam de specifica eius & caeterarum rerum forma ac duplici potestate qua mixtis in omnibus illa operatur copiose disputatur. Medico Hebraeo Auctore. Abraham ben David Portaleone, Baptistam a Porta, Venezia, 1584." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Portaleone_De_auro_dialogi_tres.jpg/243px-Portaleone_De_auro_dialogi_tres.jpg" decoding="async" width="243" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Portaleone_De_auro_dialogi_tres.jpg/365px-Portaleone_De_auro_dialogi_tres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Portaleone_De_auro_dialogi_tres.jpg/486px-Portaleone_De_auro_dialogi_tres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>De auro dialogi tres. In quibus non solum de Auri in re Medica facultate verum etiam de specifica eius & caeterarum rerum forma ac duplici potestate qua mixtis in omnibus illa operatur copiose disputatur. Medico Hebraeo Auctore. Abraham ben David Portaleone, Baptistam a Porta, Venezia, 1584.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="17th_century">17th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 17th century">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Portaleone" title="Abraham Portaleone">Abraham Portaleone</a> was another Italian-Jewish Renaissance physician who, as discussed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_N._Miller" title="Peter N. Miller">Peter Miller</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moses_A._Shulvass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moses A. Shulvass (page does not exist)">Moses Shulvass</a>, published the historiographical work, Shilte ha-Giborim (Shields of the Heroes) in Mantua in 1612<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> which contained detailed descriptions of ancient life. Miller calls it a "complex" and "strange" "encyclopedic study."<a href="#cite_note-Shulvass-1948-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller-2007-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Myers-2014-23">[23]</a> While ostensibly on the subject of the <a href="/wiki/Levites" class="mw-redirect" title="Levites">levitical</a> tasks of the Temple, it touches on diverse topics such as botany, music, warfare, zoology, mineralogy, chemistry, and philology, and appears as a work of Renaissance scholarship per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_S._Kottek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel S. Kottek (page does not exist)">Samuel S. Kottek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conforte">Conforte</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Conforte">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/David_Conforte" title="David Conforte">David Conforte</a> (1618) was a literary historian and compiler of Jewish bibliographic material from <a href="/wiki/Salonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonica">Salonica</a> whose 17th century chronicle Kore ha-Dorot contains information on Sephardic rabbis from the Ottoman Empire and Italy in the 16th and 17th centuries, and relies on the rabbinic chain of tradition via Zacuto, Daud, and Yahya as well as <a href="/wiki/Responsa" title="Responsa">responsa</a> literature.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-40">[40]</a> It was reprinted in Warsaw in 1838 with an introduction by Jost, and by Cassel in 1846.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> This work contains historical information on extant <a href="/wiki/Yeshivot" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivot">yeshivot</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> According to Bonfil, likely motivated by the failure of <a href="/wiki/Sabbateanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbateanism">Sabbateanism</a>, the work explores the history of the Jewish people without mentioning that messianic movement.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> His work was also cited by Azulai.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hannover">Hannover</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hannover">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Nathan_ben_Moses_Hannover" title="Nathan ben Moses Hannover">Nathan ben Moses Hannover</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yeven_Mezulah" title="Yeven Mezulah">Yeven Mezulah</a> (Abyss of Despair) (1653)<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> is a chronicle of the <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising#Massacres" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky massacres</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> in eastern Europe in the mid 17th century. While a massacre certainly occurred, accounts and casualty numbers differ among Ukrainian, Polish, and Jewish historians.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> All three groups also use the story as part of their own national ideologies.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basnage">Basnage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Basnage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodcut_Jews_synagogu,_shoshanat_hamakim,_Prague,_1617.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jews in a synagogue with books, woodcut, Prague, 1617" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Woodcut_Jews_synagogu%2C_shoshanat_hamakim%2C_Prague%2C_1617.png/221px-Woodcut_Jews_synagogu%2C_shoshanat_hamakim%2C_Prague%2C_1617.png" decoding="async" width="221" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Woodcut_Jews_synagogu%2C_shoshanat_hamakim%2C_Prague%2C_1617.png/331px-Woodcut_Jews_synagogu%2C_shoshanat_hamakim%2C_Prague%2C_1617.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Woodcut_Jews_synagogu%2C_shoshanat_hamakim%2C_Prague%2C_1617.png/441px-Woodcut_Jews_synagogu%2C_shoshanat_hamakim%2C_Prague%2C_1617.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Jews in a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> with books, <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>, reprinted in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Rubens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Rubens (page does not exist)">Rubens</a>, 1971 <a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Basnage" title="Jacques Basnage">Jacques Basnage</a> (1653-1723), a <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> living in the Netherlands, was one of the first authors in the modern era to publish a comprehensive post-biblical history of the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1988169-186">[186]</a> Basnage aimed to recount the story of the Jewish religion in his work Histoire des juifs, depuis Jésus-Christ jusqu'a present. Pour servir de continuation à l'histoire de Joseph (1706, in 15 volumes). Basnage heavily cites early modern and medieval Sephardic Jewish historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Cardoso" title="Isaac Cardoso">Isaac Cardoso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Modena">Leon Modena</a>, Abraham ibn Daud, Josippon, and Joseph ha-Cohen (whom he called "the best historian this nation has had since Josephus"), but also drew on Christian sources such as <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Juan de Mariana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Price-2020-129">[129]</a> It was said to be the first comprehensive post-biblical history of Judaism and became the authoritative work for 100 years;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner20108,_19-187">[187]</a> Basnage was aware that no such work had ever been published before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYerushalmi198281b-188">[188]</a> Basnage sought to provide an objective account of the history of Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-de_Beauval_1716-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Segal_1983_pp._303–324-190">[190]</a> His work was widely influential, and developed further by other authors such as <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Adams" title="Hannah Adams">Hannah Adams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner201019-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1988169-172-192">[192]</a> Basnage's work is considered the birth of the "Christian historiography" of Jewish history.<a href="#cite_note-Price-2020-129">[129]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mendelssohn,_Lessing,_Lavater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mendelssohn, Lavater and Lessing, in an imaginary portrait by the Jewish artist Moritz Daniel Oppenheim (1856). Collection of the Judah L. Magnes Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mendelssohn%2C_Lessing%2C_Lavater.jpg/343px-Mendelssohn%2C_Lessing%2C_Lavater.jpg" decoding="async" width="343" height="430" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mendelssohn%2C_Lessing%2C_Lavater.jpg/515px-Mendelssohn%2C_Lessing%2C_Lavater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mendelssohn%2C_Lessing%2C_Lavater.jpg/686px-Mendelssohn%2C_Lessing%2C_Lavater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="2278" /></a><figcaption>Mendelssohn, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Kaspar_Lavater" title="Johann Kaspar Lavater">Lavater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a>, in an imaginary portrait by the Jewish artist <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim" title="Moritz Daniel Oppenheim">Moritz Daniel Oppenheim</a> (1856). Collection of the <a href="/wiki/Judah_L._Magnes_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah L. Magnes Museum">Judah L. Magnes Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century">18th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 18th century">edit</a>]</div> In the 18th century, reformists such as <a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a> (1729-1786) invoked <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> to pursue a rational emancipationist movement for German Jews.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Mendelssohn has a significant role in Jewish history and the Haskalah or Jewish enlightenment. One of Mendelssohn's central goals concerned a grounding in Jewish history.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Euchel" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Euchel">Isaac Euchel</a> (1756-1804)'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toledot_Rabbenu_Moshe_ben_Menahem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toledot Rabbenu Moshe ben Menahem (page does not exist)">Toledot Rabbenu Moshe ben Menahem</a> (1788) was the first biography of Mendelssohn and significant in beginning a movement of biographical studies in Jewish historiography.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Meyer notes that Euchel acknowledges that Mendelssohn began his secular studies in history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1988-198">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Zamosz" title="Israel Zamosz">Israel Zamosz</a>, one of Mendelssohn's teachers, also published a work applying reason and science to the statements of talmudic authorities.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/David_B._Ruderman" title="David B. Ruderman">David B. Ruderman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maskilim" class="mw-redirect" title="Maskilim">maskilim</a> were inspired by such medieval and early modern historians and thinkers as Judah Messer Leon, de Rossi, ibn Verga, Moscato, Portaleone, <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobias Cohen">Tobias Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simone_Luzzatto" title="Simone Luzzatto">Simone Luzzatto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menasseh_ben_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Menasseh ben Israel">Menasseh ben Israel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Orobio_de_Castro" title="Isaac Orobio de Castro">Isaac Orobio de Castro</a>. Rossi's Me'or Einayim was republished by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Satanow" title="Isaac Satanow">Isaac Satanow</a> in 1794.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Satanow wrote on education and encouraged the study of science and enlightenment philosophy, citing David Gans.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> According to Funkenstein as related by <a href="/wiki/David_Sorkin" title="David Sorkin">David Sorkin</a>, the development of the Haskalah was related to <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>, citing Mendelssohn's influence by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a> made education a priority and produced pedagogical literature in the humanistic vein, such as that of Satanow and <a href="/wiki/David_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="David Friedländer">David Friedländer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> The Haskalah became interested in Sephardic Jewish sources and had an idea of historiography with an eye toward reformism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer19881-2-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The scholarship of the Sephardim held a mystique for emancipated German Jews who had an opportunity to redefine their identities.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> They held manuscripts in held esteem, and superior to other types of sources.<a href="#cite_note-Schrijver-2017-4">[4]</a> The travel diary of <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Yosef_David_Azulai" title="Chaim Yosef David Azulai">Chaim Yosef David Azulai</a> (1724-1806) is one important source for information on the broader Jewish world during this period.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a> was another figure that encouraged critical reading of text and scientific study during this period.<a href="#cite_note-Thulin-2018-211">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> was a major center of Jewish scholarship before the 19th century, with maskilim Peter Beer (1758-1838), <a href="/wiki/Salomo_L%C3%B6wisohn" class="mw-redirect" title="Salomo Löwisohn">Salomo Löwisohn</a> (1789-1821), and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Fischer" title="Marcus Fischer">Marcus Fischer</a> (1788-1858) making it a center for Jewish historical production.<a href="#cite_note-Hecht-2005-212">[212]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solomon_Schechter_studying_the_fragments_of_the_Cairo_Genizah,_c._1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Solomon Schechter studying the fragments of the Cairo Geniza, 1898 (Cambridge University)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Solomon_Schechter_studying_the_fragments_of_the_Cairo_Genizah%2C_c._1898.jpg/343px-Solomon_Schechter_studying_the_fragments_of_the_Cairo_Genizah%2C_c._1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="343" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Solomon_Schechter_studying_the_fragments_of_the_Cairo_Genizah%2C_c._1898.jpg/515px-Solomon_Schechter_studying_the_fragments_of_the_Cairo_Genizah%2C_c._1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Solomon_Schechter_studying_the_fragments_of_the_Cairo_Genizah%2C_c._1898.jpg/686px-Solomon_Schechter_studying_the_fragments_of_the_Cairo_Genizah%2C_c._1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5665" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Solomon Schechter studying the fragments of the Cairo Geniza, 1898 (Cambridge University)</figcaption></figure> There was also significant progression in Yiddish historiography during the 18th century such as the work of <a href="/wiki/Menahem_Amelander" title="Menahem Amelander">Menahem Amelander</a> (also called Menahem ben Solomon ha-Levi or Menahem Mann) in the Netherlands, who translated Josippon.<a href="#cite_note-Rutkowski-2010-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fuks-Mansfeld-1981-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wallet-2012-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schatz-2019-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> He also drew on Basnage.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> His 1743 work <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheyris_Yisroel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheyris Yisroel (page does not exist)">Sheyris Yisroel</a> (Remnant of Israel) picks up where Josippon left off.<a href="#cite_note-Wallet-2012-214">[214]</a> It is a continuation of his Yiddish translation of Josippon with a general history of the Jews in the diaspora until 1740.<a href="#cite_note-Fuks-Mansfeld-1981-213">[213]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Erik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Erik (page does not exist)">Max Erik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel_Zinberg" title="Israel Zinberg">Israel Zinberg</a> considered it the foremost representative of its genre.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> It was cited by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Trebitsch" title="Abraham Trebitsch">Abraham Trebitsch</a> with his Qorot ha-'Ittim and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Braatbard" title="Abraham Braatbard">Abraham Chaim Braatbard</a> with his Ayn Naye Kornayk.<a href="#cite_note-Wallet-2007-84">[84]</a> Zinberg called it "the most important work of Old Yiddish historiographical literature".<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> The Lithuanian rabbi <a href="/wiki/Jehiel_ben_Solomon_Heilprin" title="Jehiel ben Solomon Heilprin">Jehiel ben Solomon Heilprin</a> (1660-1746)'s <a href="/wiki/Seder_HaDoroth" title="Seder HaDoroth">Seder HaDoroth</a> (1768) was another 18th century historical work which cited the earlier work by Gans, ibn Yahya and Zacuto as well as other medieval work such as the itinerary of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century_and_birth_of_modern_Jewish_studies">19th century and birth of modern Jewish studies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 19th century and birth of modern Jewish studies">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Jewish studies</a></div> Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi wrote that first modern professional Jewish historians appeared in the early 19th century,<a href="#cite_note-Yeru81-223">[223]</a> writing that "[v]irtually all nineteenth-century Jewish ideologies, from Reform to Zionism, would feel a need to appeal to history for validation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYerushalmi198286-224">[224]</a> He has further explained that the 19th century themes of martyrology and the chain of rabbinic tradition were a line of continuation from the medieval era; Daniel Frank has suggested a corollary, that Jewish history had tended to focus on these themes and ignore threads without clear expression of them.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jost, Anton Goldschmidt, Shavadron collection, National Library of Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>Jost, Anton Goldschmidt, Shavadron collection, National Library of Israel</figcaption></figure> The German <a href="/wiki/Wissenschaft_des_Judentums" title="Wissenschaft des Judentums">Wissenschaft des Judentums</a> (or the "science of Judaism" or "Jewish studies") movement, was founded by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Marcus_Jost" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Marcus Jost">Isaac Marcus Jost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Zunz" title="Leopold Zunz">Leopold Zunz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Judah_Loeb_Rapoport" title="Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport">Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Gans" title="Eduard Gans">Eduard Gans</a>, and was the birth of modern academic Jewish studies. Although a rationalist movement, it also drew on spiritual sources such as <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Halevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehuda Halevi">Yehuda Halevi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kuzari" title="Kuzari">Kuzari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Zunz started the movement in 1818 with his Etwas.<a href="#cite_note-Brämer-2019-228">[228]</a> Another important father of the movement was <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Immanuel Wolf">Immanuel Wolf</a> whose essay Über den Begriff einer Wissenschaft des Judentums (On the Concept of Jewish Studies) in 1822 proposed a structure for Jewish studies, and indicated a modern notion of Jewish peoplehood.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Wolf was a <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealist</a> who dealt with Judaism in systematic, universal, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegelian</a> terms.<a href="#cite_note-Brämer-2019-228">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Cassel" title="David Cassel">David Cassel</a> was a notable historian and student of Zunz.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Edouard Gans was one of Hegel's students.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Geiger" title="Abraham Geiger">Abraham Geiger</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_die_Wissenschaft_des_Judentums" title="Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums">Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums</a> or school/seminary for Jewish studies, in Berlin in 1872, which remained until it was shuttered by the Nazis in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Schechter" title="Solomon Schechter">Solomon Schechter</a> was an important Moldavian-born, later British-American rabbi. A student of the Hochschule, he went on to start his own American school, become president of synagogues and was influential in the development of <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> in the United States. He was also influential in British and American Jewish education. Schechter became aware of the Cairo Geniza and was instrumental in bringing the documents to <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Library" title="Cambridge University Library">Cambridge University Library</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">Jewish Theological Seminary</a> for study.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moritz_Steinschneider_writing_at_his_desk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Moritz Steinschneider (1816–1907), Germany, Leo Baeck Institute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Moritz_Steinschneider_writing_at_his_desk.jpg/267px-Moritz_Steinschneider_writing_at_his_desk.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Moritz_Steinschneider_writing_at_his_desk.jpg/401px-Moritz_Steinschneider_writing_at_his_desk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Moritz_Steinschneider_writing_at_his_desk.jpg/534px-Moritz_Steinschneider_writing_at_his_desk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>Moritz Steinschneider (1816–1907), Germany, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute" title="Leo Baeck Institute">Leo Baeck Institute</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Jellinek" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolph Jellinek">Adolph Jellinek</a> was a rabbi, publisher and pamphleteer who spoke and wrote emphatically against antisemitism, and republished medieval works from the Crusades era and history from the early modern period such as ha-Kohen's Emeq ha-Bakha.<a href="#cite_note-Kessler-2022-235">[235]</a> The Wissenschaft has been called "institutionalized German historicism," and a number of historians from Funkenstein to Meyer to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shmuel_Feiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shmuel Feiner (page does not exist)">Shmuel Feiner</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Hecht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louise Hecht (page does not exist)">Louise Hecht</a> have challenged Yerushalmi's interpretation that the 19th century narrative is the salient shift in the characterization of Jewish historiography into modernity.<a href="#cite_note-Hecht-2005-212">[212]</a> Significant work from the 19th century included <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Steinschneider" title="Moritz Steinschneider">Moritz Steinschneider</a> (1816-1907)'s Geschichtsliteratur der Juden.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Steinschneider became the preeminent scholar of the period.<a href="#cite_note-Brämer-2019-228">[228]</a> The work of <a href="/wiki/Julius_F%C3%BCrst" title="Julius Fürst">Julius Fürst</a> was also significant.<a href="#cite_note-Kessler-2022-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Reinach" title="Théodore Reinach">Théodore Reinach</a> (1860-1928)'s Histoire des Israelites (1884) is the most significant example of 19th-century French-Jewish historiography which is something of a counterpoint to the mainstream German development in this time.<a href="#cite_note-Naar-2014-240">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Mortara" title="Marco Mortara">Marco Mortara</a> (1815-1894) can be considered an Italian-Jewish version.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Loeb" title="Isidore Loeb">Isidore Loeb</a> (1839-1892) founded the <a href="/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Juives" title="Revue des Études Juives">Revue des Études Juives</a> or Jewish studies review, in 1880 in Paris. British Jews <a href="/wiki/Claude_Montefiore" title="Claude Montefiore">Claude Montefiore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel_Abrahams" title="Israel Abrahams">Israel Abrahams</a> founded <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Quarterly_Review" title="The Jewish Quarterly Review">The Jewish Quarterly Review</a>, an English counterpart, in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Emmanuel Levinas</a>, a Lithuanian-French philosopher, offered a "new science of Judaism" critique of the Wissenschaft pertaining to Jewish particularism.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim_Portrait_Leopold_Zunz.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Leopold Zunz (portrait by Moritz Daniel Oppenheim)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim_Portrait_Leopold_Zunz.jpeg/200px-Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim_Portrait_Leopold_Zunz.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim_Portrait_Leopold_Zunz.jpeg/300px-Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim_Portrait_Leopold_Zunz.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim_Portrait_Leopold_Zunz.jpeg/399px-Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim_Portrait_Leopold_Zunz.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>Leopold Zunz (portrait by <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim" title="Moritz Daniel Oppenheim">Moritz Daniel Oppenheim</a>)</figcaption></figure> Forerunners to Jewish national Zionist historiography from the 19th century include <a href="/wiki/Peretz_Smolenskin" title="Peretz Smolenskin">Peretz Smolenskin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Shalom_Friedberg" title="Abraham Shalom Friedberg">Abraham Shalom Friedberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saul_Pinchas_Rabinowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Saul Pinchas Rabinowitz">Saul Pinchas Rabinowitz</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Hovevei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovevei Zion">Hibbat Zion</a> movement, leading to <a href="/wiki/Ahad_Ha%27am" title="Ahad Ha'am">Ahad Ha'am</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jost">Jost</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Jost">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Isaak_Markus_Jost" title="Isaak Markus Jost">Isaak Markus Jost</a> (1793-1860) was the first Jewish author to publish a comprehensive post-biblical modern history of the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1988167-245">[245]</a> His Geschichte der Israeliten seit den Zeit der Maccabaer, in 9 volumes (1820–1829), was the first comprehensive history of Judaism from Biblical to modern times by a Jewish author. It primarily focused on recounting the history of the Jewish religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner201013,_32-246">[246]</a> Jost's history left "the differences among various phases of the Jewish past clearly apparent". He was criticized for this by later scholars such as Graetz, who worked to create an unbroken narrative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1988175-247">[247]</a> Unlike Zunz, Jost has an anti-rabbinical stance, and sought to free Jewish history from Christian theology. He saw influence from Greco-Roman law and philosophy in Jewish philosophy, and sought to secularize Jewish history.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zunz">Zunz</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Zunz">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Zunz" title="Leopold Zunz">Leopold Zunz</a> (1794-1886), a colleague of Jost, was considered the father of academic Jewish studies in universities, or Wissenschaft des Judentums (or the "science of Judaism").<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Zunz' article Etwas über die rabbinische Litteratur ("On Rabbinical Literature"), published in 1818, was a manifesto for modern Jewish scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-Wieseltier-1981-149">[149]</a> Zunz was influenced by Rossi's philological and <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative linguistics</a> approach.<a href="#cite_note-Thulin-2018-211">[211]</a> Though they were childhood friends, Zunz had a harsh and perhaps jealous criticism of Jost's earlier work and sought to improve on it.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> Zunz was a student of <a href="/wiki/August_B%C3%B6ckh" title="August Böckh">August Böckh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_Wolf" title="Friedrich August Wolf">Friedrich August Wolf</a> and they influenced his work.<a href="#cite_note-Wieseltier-1981-149">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Graetz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Heinrich Graetz, ca. 1885" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Heinrich_Graetz.jpg/223px-Heinrich_Graetz.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Heinrich_Graetz.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Heinrich Graetz, ca. 1885</figcaption></figure> Zunz urged his contemporaries to, through the embrace of study of a wide swath of literature, grasp the <a href="/wiki/Geist" title="Geist">geist</a> or "spirit" of the Jewish people.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Zunz proposed an ambitious Jewish historiography and further proposed that Jewish people adopt history as a way of life.<a href="#cite_note-Wieseltier-1981-149">[149]</a> Zunz not only proposed a university vision of Jewish studies, but believed Jewish history to be an inseparable part of human culture.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> Zunz's historiographical view aligns with the "lachrymose" view of Jewish history of persecution.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Zunz was the least philosophically inclined of the Wissenschaft but the most devoted to scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> Zunz called for an "emanicipation" of Jewish scholarship "from the theologians."<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> He was the editor of <a href="/wiki/Nachman_Krochmal" title="Nachman Krochmal">Nachman Krochmal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Contrasting with earlier bible printing, Zunz adopted a re-Hebraization of names.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Zunz was politically active and was elected to office. He believed that Jewish emancipation would come out of universal human rights.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">The revolutionary year of 1848</a> had an influence on Zunz, and he expressed a messianic eagerness in the ideals of equality.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Zunz's stated goal was to transform Prussia into a democratic republic.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graetz">Graetz</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Graetz">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Graetz" title="Heinrich Graetz">Heinrich Graetz</a> (1817-1891) was one of the first modern historians to write a comprehensive history of the Jewish people from a specifically Jewish perspective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner201013,_15,_56-57,_73-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> Geschichte der Juden (History of the Jews) (1853-1876) had a dual focus. While he provided a comprehensive history of the Jewish religion, he also highlighted the emergence of a Jewish national identity and the role of Jews in modern nation-states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner201013-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner201053-92-264">[264]</a> Graetz sought to improve on Jost's work, which he disdained for lacking warmth and passion.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> Salo Baron later identified Graetz with the "lachrymose conception" of Jewish history which he sought to critique.<a href="#cite_note-Teller-2014-266">[266]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Writers_in_Odessa_before_leaving_the_Soviet_Russia.3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ben-Zion Dinur (far left, middle row) with Hebrew writers, leaving Odessa, 1921" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hebrew_Writers_in_Odessa_before_leaving_the_Soviet_Russia.3.jpg/267px-Hebrew_Writers_in_Odessa_before_leaving_the_Soviet_Russia.3.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hebrew_Writers_in_Odessa_before_leaving_the_Soviet_Russia.3.jpg/401px-Hebrew_Writers_in_Odessa_before_leaving_the_Soviet_Russia.3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hebrew_Writers_in_Odessa_before_leaving_the_Soviet_Russia.3.jpg/534px-Hebrew_Writers_in_Odessa_before_leaving_the_Soviet_Russia.3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Ben-Zion Dinur (far left, middle row) with Hebrew writers, leaving Odessa, 1921</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Ben-Jacob&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baruch Ben-Jacob (page does not exist)">Baruch Ben-Jacob</a> (1886-1943) likewise criticized Graetz' "sad and bitter" narrative for omitting <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Jews">Ottoman Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Naar-2014-240">[240]</a> Graetz was also meaningfully challenged by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Cohen" title="Hermann Cohen">Hermann Cohen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zecharias_Frankel" title="Zecharias Frankel">Zecharias Frankel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century_histories">20th century histories</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 20th century histories">edit</a>]</div> The 20th century saw the <a href="/wiki/Shoah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoah">Shoah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Establishment_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Establishment of Israel">establishment of Israel</a>, both of which had a major impact on Jewish historiography.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ben-Sasson, 1917" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F.JPG/156px-%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F.JPG" decoding="async" width="156" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F.JPG/235px-%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F.JPG/313px-%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F.JPG 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Ben-Sasson, 1917</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Deinard" title="Ephraim Deinard">Ephraim Deinard</a> (1846–1930) was a notable 20th century historian of American Jews.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> The writings of <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> are also important in modern Jewish historiography of the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> Scholem was a critic of the Wissenschaft for their history that had omitted <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish mysticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a> also was a significant exponent of Jewish mysticism building on the work of Scholem in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Idel-2020-1">[1]</a> While most of the historians associated with the Wissenschaft were men, <a href="/wiki/Selma_Stern" title="Selma Stern">Selma Stern</a> (1890-1981) was the first woman associated with the movement and one of the first professional female historians in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dubnow">Dubnow</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Dubnow">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semionas_Dubnovas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Simon Dubnow (1936)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Semionas_Dubnovas.jpg/177px-Semionas_Dubnovas.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Semionas_Dubnovas.jpg/266px-Semionas_Dubnovas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Semionas_Dubnovas.jpg/354px-Semionas_Dubnovas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Simon Dubnow (1930s)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Dubnow" title="Simon Dubnow">Simon Dubnow</a> (1860-1941) wrote Weltgeschichte des Jüdischen Volkes (World History of the Jewish People), which focused on the history of Jewish communities across the world. His scholarship developed a unified Jewish national narrative, especially in the context of the Russian Revolution and Zionism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner201043-120-277">[277]</a> Dubnow's work nationalized and secularized Jewish history, whilst also moving its modern center of gravity from Germany to Eastern Europe and shifting its focus from intellectual history to social history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2007663-278">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Brenner_(historian)" title="Michael Brenner (historian)">Michael Brenner</a> commented that Yerushalmi's "faith of fallen Jews" observation "is probably applicable to no one more than to Dubnow, who claimed to be praying in the temple of history that he himself erected."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2010106-279">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dinur">Dinur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dinur">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ben-Zion_Dinur" title="Ben-Zion Dinur">Ben-Zion Dinur</a> (1884 – 1973) followed Dubnow with a Zionist version of Jewish history. Conforti writes that Dinur "provided Jewish historiography with a clear Zionist-nationalist structure... [and] established the Palestine-centric approach, which viewed the entire Jewish past through the prism of Eretz Israel".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConforti20052-280">[280]</a> Dinur was the first Zionist scholar to study the fate of Jewish communities in Palestine during the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baron">Baron</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Baron">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salo_Wittmayer_Baron_at_Eichmann_trial_1961_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Prof. Baron testifying at Adolf Eichmann's trial (1961)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Salo_Wittmayer_Baron_at_Eichmann_trial_1961_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>Prof. Baron testifying at <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann#Trial" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann's trial</a> (1961)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Salo_Wittmayer_Baron" title="Salo Wittmayer Baron">Salo Wittmayer Baron</a> (1895-1989), a professor at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, became the first chair in Jewish history at a secular university; the chair at Columbia is now named after him.<a href="#cite_note-Yeru81-223">[223]</a> Born in <a href="/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w" title="Tarnów">Tarnów</a>, he was ordained at the Jewish Theological Seminary in <a href="/wiki/Vienna,_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna, Austria">Vienna, Austria</a> in 1920. He joined the faculty at Columbia in 1930, and starting in 1950 he directed Columbia's Institute for Israel and Jewish Studies, where he worked until retirement in 1963. He published 13 works of Jewish history. His student Yerushalmi called him the greatest 20th century historian of Jewish history.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> His A Social and Religious History of the Jews (18 vols., 2d ed. 1952–1983) covered both the religious and social aspects of Jewish history. His work is the most recent comprehensive multi-volume Jewish history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner201014-283">[283]</a> Baron's work further developed the Jewish national history, particularly in the wake of the Holocaust and the establishment of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2010123-131-284">[284]</a> Baron called for Jews and Jewish historical studies to be integrated into traditional general world history as a key part.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barzilay-1994-286">[286]</a> Baron sought to balance the tendencies toward extremes of traditionalism or modernity, seeking a third way on the question of emancipation.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> While Baron's earlier work was periodic, in The Jewish Community he analyzed a Jewish community that transcended time, per <a href="/wiki/Elisheva_Carlebach" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisheva Carlebach">Elisheva Carlebach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amnon_Raz%E2%80%90Krakotzkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amnon Raz‐Krakotzkin (page does not exist)">Amnon Raz‐Krakotzkin</a> says Baron's historiography is a call to view Jewish history as counter-history.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> In contrast to Baer and the Zionist historians, Baron believed the diaspora to be a critical source of strength and vitality.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> While Baron was mainly criticizing the lachrymose conception of medieval Jewish history, "neobaronianism" has been proposed by <a href="/wiki/David_Engel_(historian)" title="David Engel (historian)">David Engel</a> to apply more generally.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esther_Benbassa_dans_une_manifestation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Esther Benbassa, French senator and historian, 2019" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Esther_Benbassa_dans_une_manifestation.jpg/177px-Esther_Benbassa_dans_une_manifestation.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Esther_Benbassa_dans_une_manifestation.jpg/265px-Esther_Benbassa_dans_une_manifestation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Esther_Benbassa_dans_une_manifestation.jpg/354px-Esther_Benbassa_dans_une_manifestation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Esther Benbassa, French senator and historian, 2019</figcaption></figure> Baron admired and even revered Graetz, who was an influence on him, but he sought to counter and critique the historical view espoused by the older historian.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> Engel says the Baronian view of history stresses continuities, rather than ruptures.<a href="#cite_note-Teller-2014-266">[266]</a> Baron's analysis of Jewish historiography runs through Zacuto, Hacohen, Ibn Verga, to Jost, Graetz, and Dubnow.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> Baron believed older work to be "parochial."<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Teller" title="Adam Teller">Adam Teller</a> says his work is an alternative to history motivated by persecution and antisemitism, at the risk of de-emphasizing the impact of violence on Jewish history.<a href="#cite_note-Teller-2014-266">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Esther_Benbassa" title="Esther Benbassa">Esther Benbassa</a> is another critic of the lachrymose conception and says that Baron is joined by <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Roth" title="Cecil Roth">Cecil Roth</a> and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Ismar_Schorsch" title="Ismar Schorsch">Schorsch</a> in restoring a less tragic vision of Jewish fate.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baer">Baer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Baer">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Baer" title="Yitzhak Baer">Yitzhak Baer</a> (1888-1980) made a significant contribution to medieval and modern Jewish historiography. He had a critique of Baron's view that had failed to take into account his friend <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Sholem" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershom Sholem">Gershom Sholem</a>'s studies of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish mysticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_messianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish messianism">Jewish messianism</a>. Baer aligned his approach with Israeli Zionist historians such as Dinur and <a href="/wiki/Hayim_Hillel_Ben-Sasson" title="Hayim Hillel Ben-Sasson">Hayim Hillel Ben-Sasson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barzilay-1994-286">[286]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Idel" title="Moshe Idel">Moshe Idel</a> considers Baer a "historian's historian" and possibly the most important historian at the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a> since its inception, and the founder of the Jerusalem School of Jewish history.<a href="#cite_note-Idel-2020-1">[1]</a> Baer's periodization considers Jewish history one long period from the end of the Second Temple until the Enlightenment.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yosef_Hayim_Yerushalmi_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Yerushalmi, 1989" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Yosef_Hayim_Yerushalmi_1989.jpg/289px-Yosef_Hayim_Yerushalmi_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="289" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Yosef_Hayim_Yerushalmi_1989.jpg/434px-Yosef_Hayim_Yerushalmi_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Yosef_Hayim_Yerushalmi_1989.jpg/578px-Yosef_Hayim_Yerushalmi_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Yerushalmi, 1989</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_20th_century:_history_of_historiography">Later 20th century: history of historiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Later 20th century: history of historiography">edit</a>]</div> Jewish historiography also developed uniquely in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a> communities<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> such as Anglo-Jewish historiography,<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> Polish-Jewish historiography,<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> and American-Jewish historiography.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> History of women and Jewish women in particular became more widespread in the 1980s, such as the work of <a href="/wiki/Paula_Hyman" title="Paula Hyman">Paula Hyman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judith_Baskin" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith Baskin">Judith Baskin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> Beginning around 1970, a new Polish-Jewish historiography gradually arose, driven by reprints of works by Zinberg, Dubnow, and Baron, as well as new consideration by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Dov_Weinryb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Dov Weinryb (page does not exist)">Bernard Dov Weinryb</a>. Relevant authors in Polish-Jewish historiography are <a href="/wiki/Meier_Balaban" class="mw-redirect" title="Meier Balaban">Meier Balaban</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yitzhak_Schipper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yitzhak Schipper (page does not exist)">Yitzhak Schipper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moses_Schorr" title="Moses Schorr">Moses Schorr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> The concept of <a href="/wiki/Microhistory" title="Microhistory">microhistory</a> has also arisen to describe a new movement in Jewish history led by <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Trivellato" title="Francesca Trivellato">Francesca Trivellato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Ginzburg" title="Carlo Ginzburg">Carlo Ginzburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Bowman" title="Steven Bowman">Steven Bowman</a> is the recipient of a <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulbright Fellowship">Fulbright Fellowship</a> and filled a gap in the study of Greek Jews.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yerushalmi">Yerushalmi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Yerushalmi">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GLAM_National_Library_Trude_Krolik.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1947 drawing, Trude Krolik, Scholem, National Library of Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/GLAM_National_Library_Trude_Krolik.JPG/188px-GLAM_National_Library_Trude_Krolik.JPG" decoding="async" width="188" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/GLAM_National_Library_Trude_Krolik.JPG/282px-GLAM_National_Library_Trude_Krolik.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/GLAM_National_Library_Trude_Krolik.JPG/376px-GLAM_National_Library_Trude_Krolik.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>1947 drawing, Trude Krolik, Scholem, <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a> </figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Hayim_Yerushalmi" title="Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi">Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi</a> (1932-2009) wrote <a href="/wiki/Zakhor:_Jewish_History_and_Jewish_Memory" title="Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory">Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory</a> (1982) which explored the intersection of historical scholarship and Jewish <a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">collective memory</a>, including mythology, religion and assimilation. The term Zakhor is an imperative "Remember," and the book discusses the author's perception of the decay in memory and the impact on the Jewish psyche; his core belief is that one can never stop being Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> It has been described as the "pathbreaking study on the relationship between Jewish historiography and memory from the biblical period to the modern age".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2010221-314">[314]</a> Yerushalmi's work can be viewed largely as critique of the Wissenschaft.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> He was influenced by his teacher, Salo Baron, whose classes he attended at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> where he later taught, and saw himself as a social historian of Jews, not of Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> Yerushalmi was born and lived most of his life in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, aside from a stint at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Myers-2014-23">[23]</a> Whilst Yerushalmi's work largely centered on premodern Jewish histories, it set the stage for future analysis of modern Jewish histories, per his student Brenner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner200615-317">[317]</a> Yerushalmi deeply studied the Sephardim, such as Isaac Cardoso, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">marrano</a> or converso, i.e. crypto-Jewish or forced Catholic secular Jews, which were a core historical interest.<a href="#cite_note-Rustow-2014-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> In addition to his work on the Sephardim, Yerushalmi's history also focused on German Jewish, not Eastern European Jewish social history, despite being American Eastern European Jewish himself.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> Yerushalmi wrote that: <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halper_113_Midrash_David_on_Genesis,_colophon,_Cairo_Geniza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Midrash David on Genesis, colophon, Cairo Geniza, David ben Abraham Maimuni (ha-Nagid), 12th or 13th c., Katz Center/UPenn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Halper_113_Midrash_David_on_Genesis%2C_colophon%2C_Cairo_Geniza.jpg/144px-Halper_113_Midrash_David_on_Genesis%2C_colophon%2C_Cairo_Geniza.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Halper_113_Midrash_David_on_Genesis%2C_colophon%2C_Cairo_Geniza.jpg/216px-Halper_113_Midrash_David_on_Genesis%2C_colophon%2C_Cairo_Geniza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Halper_113_Midrash_David_on_Genesis%2C_colophon%2C_Cairo_Geniza.jpg/288px-Halper_113_Midrash_David_on_Genesis%2C_colophon%2C_Cairo_Geniza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1343" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Midrash David on Genesis, <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">colophon</a>, Cairo Geniza, David ben Abraham Maimuni (ha-Nagid), 12th or 13th c., Katz Center/UPenn</figcaption></figure> <blockquote>...the secularization of Jewish history is a break with the past, [and] the historicizing of Judaism itself has been an equally significant departure... Only in the modern era do we really find, for the first time, a Jewish historiography divorced from Jewish collective memory and, in crucial respects, thoroughly at odds with it. To a large extent, of course, this reflects a universal and ever-growing modern dichotomy... Intrinsically, modern Jewish historiography cannot replace an eroded group memory which, as we have seen throughout, never depended on historians in the first place. The collective memories of the Jewish people were a function of the shared faith, cohesiveness, and will of the group itself, transmitting and recreating its past through an entire complex of interlocking social and religious institutions that functioned organically to achieve this. The decline of Jewish collective memory in modern times is only a symptom of the unraveling of that common network of belief and praxis through whose mechanisms, some of which we have examined, the past was once made present. Therein lies the root of the malady. Ultimately Jewish memory cannot be "healed" unless the group itself finds healing, unless its wholeness is restored or rejuvenated. But for the wounds inflicted upon Jewish life by the disintegrative blows of the last two hundred years the historian seems at best a pathologist, hardly a physician.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYerushalmi198291-94-320">[320]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scholem_card_catalog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scholem's card catalog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Scholem_card_catalog.jpg/147px-Scholem_card_catalog.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Scholem_card_catalog.jpg/220px-Scholem_card_catalog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Scholem_card_catalog.jpg/294px-Scholem_card_catalog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Scholem's card catalog</figcaption></figure> Some scholars such as Bonfil, Yerushalmi's students <a href="/wiki/David_N._Myers" title="David N. Myers">David N. Myers</a> and Marina Rustow, and Amos Funkenstein took issue with Yerushalmi's interpretation of the importance of Jewish historiography or its relative abundance in the medieval period. In particular, Funkenstein argues that collective memory is an earlier form of historical consciousness, not a fundamental break.<a href="#cite_note-Funkenstein-1989-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raz-Krakotzkin-2007-112">[112]</a> Rustow says that Yerushalmi's core thesis rests on a narrow definition of historiography and explores the issue of <a href="/wiki/Historical_particularism" title="Historical particularism">historical particularism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gavriel_D._Rosenfeld" title="Gavriel D. Rosenfeld">Gavriel D. Rosenfeld</a> writes that Yerushalmi's fear that history would overtake memory was unfounded.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> Myers writes that his teacher took the criticism of his paper, which contextualized the work as a post-Shoah malaise and a postmodern authorial perspective, hard, and did not know how to respond to it, leading to estrangement that lasted years before reconnecting shortly before his professor's death.<a href="#cite_note-Myers-2014-23">[23]</a> Yerushalmi is also described by Rustow as practicing microhistory, that he did not believe in traditional methods, "heritage", "contributions", but sought a spirituality and "immanence" in his study of history.<a href="#cite_note-Rustow-2014-34">[34]</a> Yerushalmi was frustrated by "antiquarianism" and the anachronistic view of history. He had a complex relationship with the Jerusalem school of historians including Baer, whom he disagreed with, but was influenced by, and Scholem. He was also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Febvre" title="Lucien Febvre">Lucien Febvre</a>. Rustow, writes that Yerushalmi, like his teacher Baron, believed modernity to be a trade-off and that the role of the Church in protecting, as well as persecuting, the Jewish people of premodern Europe was "anti-lachrymose," and drew admiration from his teacher. However she writes that he agreed with Baer and Scholem that history could be only understood in Jewish terms, and disagreed with Baron's more integrationist view. Ultimately, he is criticized for accepting the sources of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> without characterizing their motive as <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Jewish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rustow-2014-34">[34]</a> One of Yerushalmi's major themes as expressed in the foreword to Zakhor is about a proposed return to previous modes of thinking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYerushalmi1982-324">[324]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MichaelMeyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Michael A. Meyer in 2007" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/MichaelMeyer.jpg/145px-MichaelMeyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/MichaelMeyer.jpg/218px-MichaelMeyer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/MichaelMeyer.jpg/290px-MichaelMeyer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Michael A. Meyer in 2007</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meyer">Meyer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Meyer">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Meyer" title="Michael A. Meyer">Michael A. Meyer</a>'s Ideas of Jewish History (1974) is a milestone in the study of modern Jewish histories, and Meyer's ideas were developed further by <a href="/wiki/Ismar_Schorsch" title="Ismar Schorsch">Ismar Schorsch</a>'s "From Text to Context" (1994). These works emphasized the transformation of Jewish historical understanding in the modern era and are significant in summarizing the evolution of modern Jewish histories. According to Michael Brenner, these works – like Yerushalmi's before them – underlined the "break between a traditional Jewish understanding of history and its modern transformation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner200615-16-325">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brenner">Brenner</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Brenner">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasia_Diner_US_historian_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Hasia_Diner_US_historian_%28cropped%29.jpg/166px-Hasia_Diner_US_historian_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Hasia_Diner_US_historian_%28cropped%29.jpg/249px-Hasia_Diner_US_historian_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Hasia_Diner_US_historian_%28cropped%29.jpg/332px-Hasia_Diner_US_historian_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption>Hasia Diner</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Brenner_(historian)" title="Michael Brenner (historian)">Michael Brenner</a>'s Prophets of the Past, first published in German in 2006, was described by Michael A. Meyer as "the first broadly conceived history of modern Jewish historiography".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2007661a-326">[326]</a> Born in <a href="/wiki/Weiden_in_der_Oberpfalz" title="Weiden in der Oberpfalz">Weiden in der Oberpfalz</a>, Brenner studied under Yerushalmi at Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rustow">Rustow</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Rustow">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Marina_Rustow" title="Marina Rustow">Marina Rustow</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> professor and student of Yerushalmi's at Columbia, was a recipient of a <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="MacArthur Fellowship">MacArthur Fellowship</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship" title="Guggenheim Fellowship">Guggenheim Fellowship</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> and specializes in medieval Egypt, particularly the Cairo Geniza.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rustow-2020-43">[43]</a> Her 2008 work has changed the scholarly view of heresy with respect to the relative community interaction with the <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a>, a divergent group from the <a href="/wiki/Rabbanite" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbanite">Rabbanite</a> sect dominant in Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rustow-2014-2-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jewish_history" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jewish history">Jewish history</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Collections_of_the_National_Library_of_Israel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Collections of the National Library of Israel">Collections of the National Library of Israel</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Idel-2020-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Idel-2020_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Idel-2020_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Idel-2020_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIdel2020" class="citation cs2">Idel, Moshe (2020-12-31), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781644693087-011">"The Ascent and Decline of the "Historical Jew""</a>, Swimming against the Current, Academic Studies Press, pp. 163–187, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781644693087-011">10.1515/9781644693087-011</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781644693087" title="Special:BookSources/9781644693087"><bdi>9781644693087</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241246075">241246075</a>, retrieved 2023-11-24</cite><span 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(September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781405185110">"The Jewish Appropriation of Hellenistic Historiography"</a>. A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography. pp. 213–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781405185110.ch19">10.1002/9781405185110.ch19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405102162" title="Special:BookSources/9781405102162"><bdi>9781405102162</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Appropriation+of+Hellenistic+Historiography&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Greek+and+Roman+Historiography&rft.pages=213-224&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781405185110.ch19&rft.isbn=9781405102162&rft.aulast=Sterling&rft.aufirst=Gregory+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1002%2F9781405185110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelinčič_Boeta2023" class="citation journal cs1">Jelinčič Boeta, Klemen (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34291%2Fedinost%2F78%2F01%2Fjelincic">"Jewish Historiography"</a>. Edinost in Dialog. 78 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34291%2Fedinost%2F78%2F01%2Fjelincic">10.34291/edinost/78/01/jelincic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2385-8907">2385-8907</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263821644">263821644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edinost+in+Dialog&rft.atitle=Jewish+Historiography&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A263821644%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2385-8907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34291%2Fedinost%2F78%2F01%2Fjelincic&rft.aulast=Jelin%C4%8Di%C4%8D+Boeta&rft.aufirst=Klemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.34291%252Fedinost%252F78%252F01%252Fjelincic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schrijver-2017-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schrijver-2017_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrijver-2017_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrijver2017" class="citation cs2">Schrijver, Emile G. 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(2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1586015">"Astronomy in the Iberian Peninsula: Abraham Zacut and the Transition from Manuscript to Print"</a>. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 90 (2): iii–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1586015">10.2307/1586015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-9746">0065-9746</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1586015">1586015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Astronomy+in+the+Iberian+Peninsula%3A+Abraham+Zacut+and+the+Transition+from+Manuscript+to+Print&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=iii-196&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0065-9746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1586015%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1586015&rft.aulast=Chab%C3%A1s&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Bernard+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1586015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner201015-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner201015_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrenner2010">Brenner 2010</a>, p. 15: "Along with periodization we can also see the differing titles of works on Jewish history that cover more than one era as indexes of their respective orientations. It is no accident that Jost’s work on the history of religion is called The History of the Israelites; that Graetz titles his already nationally oriented work History of the Jews; that Dubnow, as a convinced diasporic nationalist, chooses the title World History of the Jewish People, in which both the national character of the Jews and their dispersal over the whole world are contained; and that in his monumental work Dinur distinguishes between Israel in Its Own Land and Israel in Dispersal. In all these cases the title is already a program." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner201049,_50-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner201049,_50_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrenner2010">Brenner 2010</a>, p. 49, 50: "At the same time, however, they shaped a scholarly discipline that used the weapons of historiography to elaborate new Jewish identities. All over Europe, during the nineteenth century historiography was part of the battle among Jews for their emancipation, their identification with their respective nation-states, and their striving for religious reform. What for Jews had earlier been one Jewish history was now transformed by historians into several Jewish histories in the respective national contexts.At the same time, during the second half of the nineteenth century a new variant of Jewish historiography developed that put passionate emphasis on the existence of a unified Jewish national history. Its begin- nings are found in the work of the most important Jewish historian of the nineteenth century, Heinrich Graetz." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2007661-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer2007661_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyer2007">Meyer 2007</a>, p. 661: "A constant temptation within Jewish historiography has been and is still today its instrumentalization, whether for the sake of emancipation, religious reform, a socialist or Zionist ideology, or the resuscitation and reshaping of Jewish memory for the sake of Jewish survival - all of these standing against the <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Rankean</a> ideal of historical writing for its own sake." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYerushalmi198285-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYerushalmi198285_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYerushalmi1982">Yerushalmi 1982</a>, p. 85: "It should be manifest by now that it did not derive from prior Jewish historical writing or historical thought. Nor was it the fruit of a gradual and organic evolution, as was the case with general modern historiography whose roots extend back to the Renaissance. Modern Jewish historiography began precipitously out of that assimilation from without and collapse from within which characterized the sudden emergence of Jews out of the ghetto. It originated, not as scholarly curiosity, but as ideology, one of a gamut of responses to the crisis of Jewish emancipation and the struggle to attain it." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiale19943-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiale19943_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiale1994">Biale 1994</a>, p. 3: "The question of Jewish politics lies at the very heart of any attempt to understand Jewish history. The dialectic between power and powerlessness that threads its way from biblical to modern times is one of the central themes in the long history of the Jews and, especially in the modern period, defines one of the key ideological issues in Jewish life. How one understands the history of Jewish politics may well determine the stance one takes on the possibility of Jewish existence in diaspora or the necessity for a Jewish state. Or conversely, perhaps the ideological position one takes on this political question may determine how one interprets Jewish history. It may therefore not be an exaggeration to say that modern Jewish historiography is the historiography of Jewish politics, even when its explicit concerns appear to lie elsewhere. Since the modern historian writes in a context in which political questions are so important, he or she brings them to bear--consciously or not--on the broad field of Jewish history. To take but one famous example, Gershom Scholem's magisterial history of Jewish mysticism cannot be separated from his commitment to Zionism, although in no sense can one speak of a crudely direct correspondence between the one and the other." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2007662-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer2007662_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyer2007">Meyer 2007</a>, p. 662. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colenda.library.upenn.edu/catalog/81431-p30c4t39x">"[Genealogy of the Exilarchs to David and Adam]: manuscript. - Colenda Digital Repository"</a>. colenda.library.upenn.edu. 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Vanderbilt University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-0361-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-0361-9"><bdi>978-0-8265-0361-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+and+Of+the+Mediterranean%3A+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Iberian+Studies&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2021-04-30&rft.isbn=978-0-8265-0361-9&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Michelle+M.&rft.au=Silleras-Fernandez%2C+Nuria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFbwpEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%255B%255BSamuel%2BUsque%255D%255D%2C%2B%2BConsola%2525C3%2525A7%2525C3%2525A3o%2B%2525C3%2525A0s%2BTribula%2525C3%2525A7%2525C3%2525B5es%2Bde%2BIsrael%2B%28%252522Consolation%2Bfor%2Bthe%2BTribulations%2Bof%2BIsrael%252522%29%2C%2BFerrara%2C%2B1553%26pg%3DPT250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen-2013-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen-2013_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen-2013_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Jeremy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24751814">"Interreligious Debate and Literary Creativity: Solomon ibn Verga on the Disputation of Tortosa"</a>. Jewish Studies Quarterly. 20 (2): 159–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1628%2F094457013X13661210446274">10.1628/094457013X13661210446274</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0944-5706">0944-5706</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24751814">24751814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Interreligious+Debate+and+Literary+Creativity%3A+Solomon+ibn+Verga+on+the+Disputation+of+Tortosa&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-181&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0944-5706&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24751814%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1628%2F094457013X13661210446274&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24751814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen-2009-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen-2009_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen-2009_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2009" class="citation cs2">Cohen, Jeremy (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203876404-13/blood-libel-solomon-ibn-verga-shevet-yehudah-jeremy-cohen">"The blood libel in Solomon ibn Verga's Shevet Yehudah"</a>, Jewish Blood, Routledge, pp. 128–147, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203876404-13">10.4324/9780203876404-13</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-87640-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-87640-4"><bdi>978-0-203-87640-4</bdi></a>, retrieved 2023-11-05</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Blood&rft.atitle=The+blood+libel+in+Solomon+ibn+Verga%27s+Shevet+Yehudah&rft.pages=128-147&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203876404-13&rft.isbn=978-0-203-87640-4&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9780203876404-13%2Fblood-libel-solomon-ibn-verga-shevet-yehudah-jeremy-cohen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudermanVeltriWolfenbütteler_Arbeitskreis_für_RenaissanceforschungLeopold-Zunz-Zentrum_zur_Erforschung_des_Europäischen_Judentums2004" class="citation book cs1">Ruderman, Daṿid; Veltri, Giuseppe; Wolfenbütteler Arbeitskreis für Renaissanceforschung; Leopold-Zunz-Zentrum zur Erforschung des Europäischen Judentums; Herzog August Bibliothek, eds. 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Philadelphia, Pa: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3779-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3779-5"><bdi>978-0-8122-3779-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+intermediaries%3A+Jewish+intellectuals+in+early+modern+Italy&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa&rft.series=Jewish+culture+and+contexts&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3779-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWacks2015" class="citation book cs1">Wacks, David A. 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Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01572-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01572-3"><bdi>978-0-253-01572-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt16gzfs2">j.ctt16gzfs2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Double+Diaspora+in+Sephardic+Literature%3A+Jewish+Cultural+Production+Before+and+After+1492&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt16gzfs2%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-253-01572-3&rft.aulast=Wacks&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt16gzfs2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiner2021" class="citation book cs1">Diner, Hasia R. 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Vértices: 140–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11606%2Fissn.2179-5894.ip140-158">10.11606/issn.2179-5894.ip140-158</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2179-5894">2179-5894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193200054">193200054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=V%C3%A9rtices&rft.atitle=Presen%C3%A7a+do+Sublime+na+Consola%C3%A7%C3%A3o+%C3%A0s+Tribula%C3%A7%C3%B5es+de+Israel%2C+de+Samuel+Usque&rft.pages=140-158&rft.date=2011-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193200054%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2179-5894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11606%2Fissn.2179-5894.ip140-158&rft.aulast=Schuartz&rft.aufirst=Miriam+S%C3%ADlvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11606%252Fissn.2179-5894.ip140-158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoeb1892" class="citation journal cs1">Loeb, Isidore (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rjuiv_0484-8616_1892_num_24_47_3805">"Le folk-lore juif dans la chronique du Schébet Iehuda d'Ibn Verga"</a>. Revue des études juives. 24 (47): 1–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frjuiv.1892.3805">10.3406/rjuiv.1892.3805</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263176489">263176489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%A9tudes+juives&rft.atitle=Le+folk-lore+juif+dans+la+chronique+du+Sch%C3%A9bet+Iehuda+d%27Ibn+Verga&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=1-29&rft.date=1892&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frjuiv.1892.3805&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A263176489%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Loeb&rft.aufirst=Isidore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frjuiv_0484-8616_1892_num_24_47_3805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMongeMuchnik2022" class="citation book cs1">Monge, Mathilde; Muchnik, Natalia (2022-04-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9YZjEAAAQBAJ&dq=%5B%5BSamuel+Usque%5D%5D,++Consola%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+%25C3%25A0s+Tribula%25C3%25A7%25C3%25B5es+de+Israel+(%2522Consolation+for+the+Tribulations+of+Israel%2522),+Ferrara,+1553&pg=PT34">Early Modern Diasporas: A European History</a>. 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Journal of the American Oriental Society. 80 (2): 91–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F595583">10.2307/595583</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/595583">595583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Documents+of+the+Cairo+Geniza+as+a+Source+for+Mediterranean+Social+History&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=91-100&rft.date=1960&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F595583%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F595583&rft.aulast=Goitein&rft.aufirst=S.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F595583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23414835">"תקצירים באנגלית / Summaries"</a>. Sefunot: Studies and Sources on the History of the Jewish Communities in the East / ספונות: מחקרים ומקורות לתולדות קהילות ישראל במזרח. ג (יח): VII–XII. 1985. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0582-3943">0582-3943</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23414835">23414835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sefunot%3A+Studies+and+Sources+on+the+History+of+the+Jewish+Communities+in+the+East+%2F+%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA%3A+%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97&rft.atitle=%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA+%2F+Summaries&rft.volume=%D7%92+%28%D7%99%D7%97%29&rft.pages=VII-XII&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23414835%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0582-3943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23414835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Zaken2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ben-Zaken, Avner (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25653803">"Bridging networks of trust: practicing astronomy in late sixteenth-century Salonika: To the memory of Richard Popkin"</a>. Jewish History. 23 (4): 343–361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10835-009-9092-0">10.1007/s10835-009-9092-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0334-701X">0334-701X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25653803">25653803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+History&rft.atitle=Bridging+networks+of+trust%3A+practicing+astronomy+in+late+sixteenth-century+Salonika%3A+To+the+memory+of+Richard+Popkin&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=343-361&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0334-701X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25653803%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10835-009-9092-0&rft.aulast=Ben-Zaken&rft.aufirst=Avner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25653803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkovitz1989" class="citation book cs1">Berkovitz, Jay R. 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Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2011-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2011-2"><bdi>978-0-8143-2011-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shaping+of+Jewish+Identity+in+Nineteenth-century+France&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2011-2&rft.aulast=Berkovitz&rft.aufirst=Jay+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXeZU6K4XL1sC%26dq%3Dconforte%2Bha-dorot%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen-KokorušTerpitz2021" class="citation book cs1">Hansen-Kokoruš, Renate; Terpitz, Olaf (2021-10-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=npjkEAAAQBAJ&dq=conforte+ha-dorot&pg=PA119">Jewish Literatures and Cultures in Southeastern Europe: Experiences, Positions, Memories</a>. 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Zutot. 12 (1): 16–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18750214-12341268">10.1163/18750214-12341268</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1571-7283">1571-7283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zutot&rft.atitle=History+for+Religious+Purposes%3A+The+Writing%2C+Publication%2C+and+Renewal+of+Tzemah+David&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-30&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18750214-12341268&rft.issn=1571-7283&rft.aulast=Sclar&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F18750214-12341268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Naeh2008" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Naeh, Yaron (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xWZ4qCzJKasC&dq=%22david+conforte%22&pg=PA260">Jews in the Realm of the Sultans: Ottoman Jewish Society in the Seventeenth Century</a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149523-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149523-6"><bdi>978-3-16-149523-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+in+the+Realm+of+the+Sultans%3A+Ottoman+Jewish+Society+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149523-6&rft.aulast=Ben-Naeh&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxWZ4qCzJKasC%26dq%3D%2522david%2Bconforte%2522%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonfilShazar1973" class="citation journal cs1">Bonfil, Roberto; Shazar, Zalman (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41283876">"Rabbì David Conforti e il suo tempo"</a>. La Rassegna Mensile di Israel. 39 (7/8): 393–402. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-9792">0033-9792</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41283876">41283876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Rassegna+Mensile+di+Israel&rft.atitle=Rabb%C3%AC+David+Conforti+e+il+suo+tempo&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=7%2F8&rft.pages=393-402&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41283876%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0033-9792&rft.aulast=Bonfil&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft.au=Shazar%2C+Zalman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41283876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruber2007" class="citation book cs1">Gruber, Mayer I. 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Jewish History. 17 (2): 165–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1022308423637">10.1023/A:1022308423637</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0334-701X">0334-701X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20101496">20101496</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159214775">159214775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+History&rft.atitle=The+Events+of+1648-1649%3A+Contemporary+Reports+and+the+Problem+of+Verification&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-178&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0334-701X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159214775%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20101496%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1022308423637&rft.aulast=Yakovenko&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20101496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpicer1996" class="citation journal cs1">Spicer, Joaneath (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20169118">"The Star of David and Jewish Culture in Prague around 1600, Reflected in Drawings of Roelandt Savery and Paulus van Vianen"</a>. The Journal of the Walters Art Gallery. 54: 203–224. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0083-7156">0083-7156</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20169118">20169118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Walters+Art+Gallery&rft.atitle=The+Star+of+David+and+Jewish+Culture+in+Prague+around+1600%2C+Reflected+in+Drawings+of+Roelandt+Savery+and+Paulus+van+Vianen&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=203-224&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20169118%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0083-7156&rft.aulast=Spicer&rft.aufirst=Joaneath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20169118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1988169-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer1988169_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyer1988">Meyer 1988</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner20108,_19-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner20108,_19_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrenner2010">Brenner 2010</a>, p. 8, 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYerushalmi198281b-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYerushalmi198281b_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYerushalmi1982">Yerushalmi 1982</a>, p. 81b: "It is significant that the first real attempt in modern times at a coherent and comprehensive post-biblical history of the Jews was made, not by a Jew, but by a French Huguenot minister and diplomat, Jacques Basnage, who had found refuge in Holland… nothing like it had been produced before, and Basnage knew this. "I dare to say," he writes, "that no historian has appeared among the Jews themselves who has gathered together so many facts concerning their nation." He complains of the paucity of reliable materials. Of those Jewish works that were devoted to the "chain of tradition" he observes that, "attached only to the succession of the persons through whom the tradition has passed from mouth to mouth, they have preserved the names and have often neglected the rest."" </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Beauval_1716-189"><a href="#cite_ref-de_Beauval_1716_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Beauval1716" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Beauval, J.B. (1716). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0emTxflriAAC">Histoire des juifs, depuis Jésus-Christ jusqu'a present. Pour servir de continuation à l'histoire de Joseph. Par Mr. Basnage. 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Studia Rosenthaliana. 47 (2): 117–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5117%2FSR2021.2.002.SMIT">10.5117/SR2021.2.002.SMIT</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Rosenthaliana&rft.atitle=Two+Views+of+Yiddish+Culture+in+the+Netherlands&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-138&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5117%2FSR2021.2.002.SMIT&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aup-online.com%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.5117%2FSR2021.2.002.SMIT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinberg1975" class="citation book cs1">Zinberg, Israel (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7auAgLTBgU0C&q=amelander">Old Yiddish Literature from Its Origins to the Haskalah Period</a>. 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The Journal of Religious Ethics. 41 (4): 626–642. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjore.12035">10.1111/jore.12035</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0384-9694">0384-9694</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24586152">24586152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Religious+Ethics&rft.atitle=Emmanuel+Levinas+and+the+New+Science+of+Judaism&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=626-642&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0384-9694&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24586152%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjore.12035&rft.aulast=Sohn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24586152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYedidya2023" class="citation journal cs1">Yedidya, Asaf (2023-12-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fnps.2023.86">"Between Peretz Smolenskin and Ahad Ha'am: The Forgotten Historiography of the Jewish National Movement Hibbat Zion"</a>. 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Rather he loosely stitched together sources that he found unconnected, leaving the differences among various phases of the Jewish past clearly apparent. Graetz declared that his own approach was entirely different: not accumulative but dialectical - and hence fully integrative… As historicism in Germany came increasingly to center upon the German legacy and to act as a force for German unity, so did Graetz come to view study of the Jewish past as a tool for reversing the declining salience of Jewish identity in a community by then well on the road to social, cultural, and political integration. 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University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226487618.001.0001">10.7208/chicago/9780226487618.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-92451-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-92451-9"><bdi>978-0-226-92451-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Correspondence+of+Hannah+Arendt+and+Gershom+Scholem&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226487618.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-226-92451-9&rft.aulast=Arendt&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Scholem%2C+Gershom&rft.au=David%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Knott%2C+Marie+Luise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226487618.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt6wp5wx">Dutch Jewry in a Cultural Maelstrom: 1880-1940</a>. Amsterdam University Press. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt6wp5wx">10.2307/j.ctt6wp5wx</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5260-268-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5260-268-4"><bdi>978-90-5260-268-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt6wp5wx">j.ctt6wp5wx</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+Jewry+in+a+Cultural+Maelstrom%3A+1880-1940&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt6wp5wx%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt6wp5wx&rft.isbn=978-90-5260-268-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt6wp5wx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroneThulin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Krone, K. v. d.; Thulin, M. (2013-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/leobaeck/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/leobaeck/ybt010">"Wissenschaft in Context: A Research Essay on the Wissenschaft des Judentums"</a>. The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook. 58 (1): 249–280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fleobaeck%2Fybt010">10.1093/leobaeck/ybt010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-8744">0075-8744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Leo+Baeck+Institute+Yearbook&rft.atitle=Wissenschaft+in+Context%3A+A+Research+Essay+on+the+Wissenschaft+des+Judentums&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=249-280&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fleobaeck%2Fybt010&rft.issn=0075-8744&rft.aulast=Krone&rft.aufirst=K.+v.+d.&rft.au=Thulin%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fleobaeck%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fleobaeck%2Fybt010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner201043-120-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner201043-120_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrenner2010">Brenner 2010</a>, p. 43-120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2007663-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer2007663_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyer2007">Meyer 2007</a>, p. 663. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2010106-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner2010106_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrenner2010">Brenner 2010</a>, p. 106: "Yerushalmi’s observation that history could become a religion for unbelieving Jews is probably applicable to..." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConforti20052-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConforti20052_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConforti2005">Conforti 2005</a>, p. 2: "Zionist historiographers accepted and welcomed this view, especially historians like Ben Zion Dinur, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Yosef Klausner, Avraham Ya’ari and others. These historians acted out of secular and nationalist motivations.They based their study of Jewish history on the idea that history has a central role in creating a modern, secular-nationalist Jewish identity. History, from their point of view, provided an alternative to the religious ethics of traditional Jewish identity. This school of thought emphasized the ideological motif in a sometimes explicit manner. Although the leaders of this school were exceptionally talented historians, the ideological mission they adopted often resulted in the formulation of a Zionist-nationalist image of the course of all Jewish history. The best known example of this nationalist approach among researchers in Eretz Israel is Ben Zion Dinur (1884–1973). To a large extent, his historiographic opus parallels the work of other nationalist historians in Europe, as Arielle Rein has demonstrated in her doctoral dissertation (Rein). His energetic work laid the foundation for research of Jewish history in Eretz Israel. A close examination of his writings reveals that he provided Jewish historiography with a clear Zionist-nationalist structure: A. Dinur, along with Ben-Zvi (Ben-Zvi), established the Palestine-centric approach, which viewed the entire Jewish past through the prism of Eretz Israel." </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronstein2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bronstein, Judith (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26900171">"Reviving Forgotten Jewish Heroes: An Aspect of the Early Twentieth-Century Zionist Perception of the Crusader Period in Palestine"</a>. The Jewish Quarterly Review. 109 (4): 631–649. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-6682">0021-6682</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26900171">26900171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Reviving+Forgotten+Jewish+Heroes%3A+An+Aspect+of+the+Early+Twentieth-Century+Zionist+Perception+of+the+Crusader+Period+in+Palestine&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=631-649&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26900171%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0021-6682&rft.aulast=Bronstein&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26900171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinfels1989" class="citation news cs1">Steinfels, Peter (1989-11-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/26/obituaries/salo-w-baron-94-scholar-of-jewish-history-dies.html">"Salo W. Baron, 94, Scholar of Jewish History, Dies"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 2023-11-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Salo+W.+Baron%2C+94%2C+Scholar+of+Jewish+History%2C+Dies&rft.date=1989-11-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Steinfels&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F11%2F26%2Fobituaries%2Fsalo-w-baron-94-scholar-of-jewish-history-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner201014-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner201014_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrenner2010">Brenner 2010</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2010123-131-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner2010123-131_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrenner2010">Brenner 2010</a>, p. 123-131. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanTeter2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Debra; Teter, Magda (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40540639">"Out of the (Historiographie) Ghetto: European Jews and Reformation Narratives"</a>. The Sixteenth Century Journal. 40 (2): 365–394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2FSCJ40540639">10.1086/SCJ40540639</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-0160">0361-0160</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40540639">40540639</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155563177">155563177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=Out+of+the+%28Historiographie%29+Ghetto%3A+European+Jews+and+Reformation+Narratives&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=365-394&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0361-0160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155563177%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40540639%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2FSCJ40540639&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft.au=Teter%2C+Magda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40540639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barzilay-1994-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barzilay-1994_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barzilay-1994_286-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarzilay1994" class="citation journal cs1">Barzilay, Isaac E. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3622569">"Yiṣḥaq (Fritz) Baer and Shalom (Salo Wittmayer) Baron: Two Contemporary Interpreters of Jewish History"</a>. 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Jewish History. 28 (1): 51–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10835-014-9199-9">10.1007/s10835-014-9199-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0334-701X">0334-701X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24709809">24709809</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254597671">254597671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+History&rft.atitle=Yosef+Hayim+Yerushalmi%2C+the+Royal+Alliance%2C+and+Jewish+Political+Theory&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-81&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0334-701X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254597671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24709809%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10835-014-9199-9&rft.aulast=Dubin&rft.aufirst=Lois+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24709809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner200615-317"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner200615_317-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrenner2006">Brenner 2006</a>, p. 15: The first attempts to deal with the history of Jewish history writing were made by the scions of 19th-century Wissenschaft des Judentums, most notably Moritz Steinschneider in his essay on the Geschichtsliteratur der Juden which, however, like most of his writings was a bibliographical essay rather than a comprehensive historical analysis. 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The Jewish Quarterly Review. 97 (4): 508–520. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-6682">0021-6682</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25470224">25470224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=A+Flawed+Prophecy%3F+%22Zakhor%22%2C+the+Memory+Boom%2C+and+the+Holocaust&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=508-520&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25470224%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0021-6682&rft.aulast=Rosenfeld&rft.aufirst=Gavriel+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25470224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYerushalmi1982-324"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYerushalmi1982_324-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYerushalmi1982">Yerushalmi 1982</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner200615-16-325"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner200615-16_325-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrenner2006">Brenner 2006</a>, p. 15-16: The most comprehensive attempts so far to summarize the achievements of Wissenschaft des Judentums and modern Jewish historiography are a collection of essays and an anthology. Ismar Schorsch's From Text to Context (1994), which brings together the author's essays on modern Jewish scholarship, underlines the same break between a traditional Jewish understanding of history and its modern transformation that Yerushalmi stressed in Zakhor. This break is also made clear in the only systematic anthology of Jewish history writing, Michael Meyer's pioneering Ideas of Jewish History (1987). In his introduction, which remains the most compact treatment of the subject, Mever writes: "It was not until the nineteenth century that a reflective conception of Jewish history became central to the consciousness of the Jew. The reasons for this new concern lay first of all in a transformation of the cultural environment.” </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2007661a-326"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer2007661a_326-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyer2007">Meyer 2007</a>, p. 661a. </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWissenschaften1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wissenschaften, Bayerische Akademie der (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=guZAnT_Hi0sC&dq=%22Michael+Brenner%22&pg=PA243">Jahrbuch der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften</a> (in German). C.H.Beck.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jahrbuch+der+Bayerischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.pub=C.H.Beck&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Wissenschaften&rft.aufirst=Bayerische+Akademie+der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DguZAnT_Hi0sC%26dq%3D%2522Michael%2BBrenner%2522%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNJ.com2015" class="citation web cs1">NJ.com, Amy Kuperinsky | NJ Advance Media for (2015-09-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2015/09/marina_rustow_princeton_university_macarthur_fello.html">"Princeton University historian named MacArthur 'genius'"</a>. nj. 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Retrieved 2023-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.macfound.org&rft.atitle=Marina+Rustow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macfound.org%2Ffellows%2Fclass-of-2015%2Fmarina-rustow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Jewish_historiography&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaronHertzbergFeldman1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Salo_Wittmayer_Baron" title="Salo Wittmayer Baron">Baron, Salo Wittmayer</a>; Hertzberg, A.; Feldman, L.A. 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Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3661-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3661-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-3661-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+of+the+Past%3A+Interpreters+of+Jewish+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3661-1&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx1bNkmjiFmMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConforti2005" class="citation journal cs1">Conforti, Yitzhak (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2217638">"Alternative voices in Zionist historiography"</a>. 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Informa UK Limited: 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14725880500052667">10.1080/14725880500052667</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1472-5886">1472-5886</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144459744">144459744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=Alternative+voices+in+Zionist+historiography&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144459744%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1472-5886&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14725880500052667&rft.aulast=Conforti&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2217638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConforti2012" class="citation journal cs1">Conforti, Yitzhak (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2217641">"Zionist Awareness of the Jewish Past: Inventing Tradition or Renewing the Ethnic Past?"</a>. 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Consortium Erudit: 98–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1008979ar">10.7202/1008979ar</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1712-6274">1712-6274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Canadian+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Creating+a+Historical+Narrative+for+a+Spiritual+Nation%3A+Simon+Dubnow+and+the+Politics+of+the+Jewish+Past&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=98-124&rft.date=2012-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F1008979ar&rft.issn=1712-6274&rft.aulast=Gechtman&rft.aufirst=Roni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erudit.org%2Fen%2Fjournals%2Fjcha%2F2011-v22-n2-jcha083%2F1008979ar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelled2021" class="citation book cs1">Helled, Alon (2021). "The Israeli National Habitus and Historiography: The Importance of Generations and State-Building". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/51132647">Norbert Elias in Troubled Times</a>. Palgrave Studies on Norbert Elias. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 295–311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-74993-4_16">10.1007/978-3-030-74993-4_16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-74992-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-74992-7"><bdi>978-3-030-74992-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2662-3102">2662-3102</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238937377">238937377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Israeli+National+Habitus+and+Historiography%3A+The+Importance+of+Generations+and+State-Building&rft.btitle=Norbert+Elias+in+Troubled+Times&rft.place=Cham&rft.series=Palgrave+Studies+on+Norbert+Elias&rft.pages=295-311&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-74993-4_16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238937377%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2662-3102&rft.isbn=978-3-030-74992-7&rft.aulast=Helled&rft.aufirst=Alon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F51132647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Israel, Jonathan I.</a> (1998). European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism, 1550-1750 (Third ed.). The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874774-42-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-874774-42-0"><bdi>1-874774-42-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Jewry+in+the+Age+of+Mercantilism%2C+1550-1750&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=The+Littman+Library+of+Jewish+Civilization&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-874774-42-0&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFמיכאל1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">מיכאל, ראובן (Reuven Michael) (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OmNIAAAAMAAJ">הכתיבה ההיסטורית היהודית: מהרנסנס עד העת החדשה</a> (in Hebrew). מוסד ביאליק. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-342-601-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-342-601-6"><bdi>978-965-342-601-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2023-09-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA%3A+%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%A1+%D7%A2%D7%93+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%94&rft.pub=%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%93+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-965-342-601-6&rft.aulast=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%9C&rft.aufirst=%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9F+%28Reuven+Michael%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOmNIAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFמיכאל1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">מיכאל, ראובן (Reuven Michael) (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HNULAAAAIAAJ">י״מ יוסט, אבי ההיסטוריוגרופיה היהודית המודרנית</a> (in Hebrew). הוצאת ספרים ע״ש י״ל מאגנס, האוניברסיטה העבירת. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-223-450-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-223-450-6"><bdi>978-965-223-450-6</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 2023-09-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A+%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A5%3A+%D7%94%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9D+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99&rft.pub=%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%93+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-965-342-843-0&rft.aulast=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%9C&rft.aufirst=%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9F+%28Reuven+Michael%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzoZtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Meyer" title="Michael A. Meyer">Meyer, Michael A.</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38374405">Ideas of Jewish History</a>. Library of Jewish studies. Behrman House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87441-202-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87441-202-4"><bdi>978-0-87441-202-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2023-09-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideas+of+Jewish+History&rft.series=Library+of+Jewish+studies&rft.pub=Behrman+House&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-87441-202-4&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38374405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Meyer" title="Michael A. Meyer">Meyer, Michael A.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2505001">"The Emergence of Jewish Historiography: Motives and Motifs"</a>. History and Theory. 27 (4). [Wesleyan University, Wiley]: 160–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2505001">10.2307/2505001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2656">0018-2656</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2505001">2505001</a>. 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The Jewish Quarterly Review. 97 (4). [University of Pennsylvania Press, Center for Advanced Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania]: 660–672. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-6682">0021-6682</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25470231">25470231</a>. Retrieved 2023-09-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=New+Reflections+on+Jewish+Historiography&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=660-672&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25470231%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0021-6682&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25470231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_N._Myers" title="David N. Myers">Myers, David N.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1396383">"History as Ideology: The Case of Ben Zion Dinur, Zionist Historian"</a>. Modern Judaism. 8 (2). Oxford University Press: 167–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmj%2F8.2.167">10.1093/mj/8.2.167</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0276-1114">0276-1114</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396383">1396383</a>. Retrieved 2023-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Judaism&rft.atitle=History+as+Ideology%3A+The+Case+of+Ben+Zion+Dinur%2C+Zionist+Historian&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-193&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0276-1114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1396383%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmj%2F8.2.167&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1396383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyersKaye2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_N._Myers" title="David N. Myers">Myers, David N.</a>; Kaye, Alexander (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vrcuAgAAQBAJ">The Faith of Fallen Jews: Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi and the Writing of Jewish History</a>. Tauber Institute Series for the Study of European Jewry. Brandeis University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-487-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-487-2"><bdi>978-1-61168-487-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2023-09-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Faith+of+Fallen+Jews%3A+Yosef+Hayim+Yerushalmi+and+the+Writing+of+Jewish+History&rft.series=Tauber+Institute+Series+for+the+Study+of+European+Jewry&rft.pub=Brandeis+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61168-487-2&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rft.au=Kaye%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvrcuAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRam1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ram, Uri (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25618681">"Zionist Historiography and the Invention of Modern Jewish Nationhood: The Case of Ben Zion Dinur"</a>. History and Memory. 7 (1). Indiana University Press: 91–124. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0935-560X">0935-560X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25618681">25618681</a>. Retrieved 2023-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Memory&rft.atitle=Zionist+Historiography+and+the+Invention+of+Modern+Jewish+Nationhood%3A+The+Case+of+Ben+Zion+Dinur&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-124&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25618681%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0935-560X&rft.aulast=Ram&rft.aufirst=Uri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25618681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosman2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Rosman" title="Moshe Rosman">Rosman, Moshe</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4G1vEAAAQBAJ">How Jewish is Jewish History?</a>. The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909821-12-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909821-12-5"><bdi>978-1-909821-12-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Jewish+is+Jewish+History%3F&rft.series=The+Littman+Library+of+Jewish+Civilization&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-909821-12-5&rft.aulast=Rosman&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4G1vEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchorsch1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ismar_Schorsch" title="Ismar Schorsch">Schorsch, Ismar</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tdZtAAAAMAAJ">From Text to Context: The Turn to History in Modern Judaism</a>. Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry Waltham, Mass.: The Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry series. Brandeis University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-664-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-664-7"><bdi>978-0-87451-664-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2023-09-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Text+to+Context%3A+The+Turn+to+History+in+Modern+Judaism&rft.series=Tauber+Institute+for+the+Study+of+European+Jewry+Waltham%2C+Mass.%3A+The+Tauber+Institute+for+the+Study+of+European+Jewry+series&rft.pub=Brandeis+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87451-664-7&rft.aulast=Schorsch&rft.aufirst=Ismar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtdZtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulin1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Schulin" class="extiw" title="de:Ernst Schulin">Schulin, Ernst</a> [in German] (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ghil.ac.uk/fileadmin/redaktion/dokumente/annual_lectures/AL_1995_Schulin.pdf">'The Most Historical of All Peoples': Nationalism and the New Construction of Jewish History in Nineteenth-century Germany</a> (PDF). Annual Lecture - German Historical Institute London. German Historical Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9521607-8-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9521607-8-6"><bdi>978-0-9521607-8-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2023-09-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27The+Most+Historical+of+All+Peoples%27%3A+Nationalism+and+the+New+Construction+of+Jewish+History+in+Nineteenth-century+Germany&rft.series=Annual+Lecture+-+German+Historical+Institute+London&rft.pub=German+Historical+Institute&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-9521607-8-6&rft.aulast=Schulin&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghil.ac.uk%2Ffileadmin%2Fredaktion%2Fdokumente%2Fannual_lectures%2FAL_1995_Schulin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinschneider1905" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Steinschneider" title="Moritz Steinschneider">Steinschneider, Moritz</a> (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BaNAAQAAIAAJ">Die geschichtsliteratur der Juden in druckwerken und handschriften, zusammengestellt: von Moritz Steinschneider</a> (in German). H. Itzkowski. Retrieved 2023-09-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+geschichtsliteratur+der+Juden+in+druckwerken+und+handschriften%2C+zusammengestellt%3A+von+Moritz+Steinschneider&rft.pub=H.+Itzkowski&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Steinschneider&rft.aufirst=Moritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBaNAAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYerushalmi1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Hayim_Yerushalmi" title="Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi">Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Faa6QgAACAAJ">Zakhor, Jewish History and Jewish Memory</a>. Samuel and Althea Stroum lectures in Jewish studies. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-95939-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-95939-9"><bdi>978-0-295-95939-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2023-09-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zakhor%2C+Jewish+History+and+Jewish+Memory&rft.series=Samuel+and+Althea+Stroum+lectures+in+Jewish+studies&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-295-95939-9&rft.aulast=Yerushalmi&rft.aufirst=Yosef+Hayim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFaa6QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Jewish+historiography" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="History">History</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historians" title="Category:Historians">historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historicity" title="Category:Historicity">historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History" title="Category:History">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_history" title="Category:Theories of history">theories of history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_sources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_source" title="Historical source">Historical sources</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_diary" title="War diary">War diaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_record" title="Service record">Service records</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fields_of_study" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">Fields of study</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scale</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_history" title="Local history">Local history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microhistory" title="Microhistory">Microhistory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a> / <a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Template:Libraries and library science">template</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codicology" title="Codicology">Books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorography" title="Chorography">Chorography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">dating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatics" title="Diplomatics">Diplomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedistics" title="Encyclopaedistics">Encyclopaedistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics (Money)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">Oral history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history_preservation" title="Oral history preservation">preservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopography" title="Prosopography">Prosopography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">Sigillography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_ecology" title="Historical ecology">Ecology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">Environment</a> / <a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_history" title="Business history">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_history" title="Intellectual history">Intellectual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geistesgeschichte" title="Geistesgeschichte">Geistesgeschichte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_ecclesiastic_historiography" title="Medieval ecclesiastic historiography">Medieval churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Military historiography">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history" title="Constitutional history">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history" title="Diplomatic history">Diplomatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_history" title="Gender history">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history" title="Labor history">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_history" title="Rural history">Rural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_history" title="Quantitative history">Quantitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_history" title="Urban history">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Methodology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Methodology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_eras" title="Category:Historical eras">Historical eras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarikh" title="Tarikh">Tarikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">Three-age system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Approaches,_schools" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches, schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annales_school" title="Annales school">Annales school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mentalities" title="History of mentalities">History of mentalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_histoire" title="Nouvelle histoire">Nouvelle histoire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiometry" title="Historiometry">Historiometry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cliometrics" title="Cliometrics">Cliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative historical research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_historiography" title="Critical historiography">Critical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decoloniality" title="Decoloniality">Decoloniality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_anthropology" title="Historical anthropology">Historical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical-critical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_historiography" title="Humanistic historiography">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiscipline_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indiscipline of history (page does not exist)">Indiscipline of history</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisciplina_da_hist%C3%B3ria" class="extiw" title="pt:Indisciplina da história">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninist_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist historiography">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_civilisation" title="Ancestral civilisation">Ancestral civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_history" title="Nationalization of history">Nationalization of history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_history" title="People's history">People's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_Studies" title="Subaltern Studies">Subaltern Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_history" title="Popular history">Pop history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_history" title="Quantitative history">Quantitative history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_history" title="Transnational history">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Man_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Man theory">Great Man theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_and_continuity" title="Change and continuity">Change and continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">Historic preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_recurrence" title="Historic recurrence">Historic recurrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_significance" title="Historical significance">Historical significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity" title="Historicity">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiology">Historiology</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiolog%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="es:Historiología">es</a>] <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theory of history (page does not exist)">Theory of history</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorie_der_Geschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Theorie der Geschichte">de</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_legend" title="Black legend">Black legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge" title="Coloniality of knowledge">Coloniality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_knowledge" title="Decolonization of knowledge">decolonization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian%27s_fallacy" title="Historian's fallacy">Historian's fallacy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Presentism_(historical_analysis)" title="Presentism (historical analysis)">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">Invented tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernisation theory">Modernisation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_history" title="Narrative history">Narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">Paradigm shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_periods_of_regional_peace" title="List of periods of regional peace">Pax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Paxes" title="Template:Paxes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-year_rule" title="Thirty-year rule">Thirty-year rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhistoricity" title="Transhistoricity">Transhistoricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">Translatio imperii</a> / <a href="/wiki/Translatio_studii" title="Translatio studii">Translatio studii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaticinium_ex_eventu" title="Vaticinium ex eventu">Vaticinium ex eventu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Periodization_ofmodern_history" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodization of <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_War" title="European Civil War">European Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Second Thirty Years' War">Second Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_eighteenth_century" title="Long eighteenth century">Long 18th</a> / <a href="/wiki/Long_nineteenth_century" title="Long nineteenth century">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_thesis" title="Continuity thesis">Continuity thesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By country or region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_historiography" title="African historiography">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egypt <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pyramid construction techniques">Pyramid construction techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Egypt_Thesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Egypt Thesis (page does not exist)">Black Egypt Thesis</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3tesis_del_Egipto_Negro" class="extiw" title="es:Hipótesis del Egipto Negro">es</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography" title="Ethiopian historiography">Ethiopia</a></li> <li>Morocco <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rwanda <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory_(Rwanda)" title="Double genocide theory (Rwanda)">Double genocide theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maafa" title="Maafa">Maafa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan-hinterland_thesis" title="Metropolitan-hinterland thesis">Metropolitan-hinterland thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_history_wars" title="Canadian history wars">Residential schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staples_thesis" title="Staples thesis">Staples thesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous population history</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_studies" title="Latin American studies">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Argentina" title="Historiography of Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_May_Revolution" title="Historiography of the May Revolution">May Revolution</a> / <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_May_Revolution" title="Causes of the May Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historical revisionism in Argentina (page does not exist)">Revisionist</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionismo_hist%C3%B3rico_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Revisionismo histórico en Argentina">es</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Peru (page does not exist)">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iquicha_War_of_1825%E2%80%931828#Historiography" title="Iquicha War of 1825–1828">Iquicha Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Colonial_Spanish_America" title="Historiography of Colonial Spanish America">Colonial Spanish America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history#Historiography" title="African-American history">African-American history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoabolitionism_(race_relations)" title="Neoabolitionism (race relations)">Neoabolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era#Legacy_and_historiography" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_history" title="Consensus history">Consensus history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclical_theory_(United_States_history)" title="Cyclical theory (United States history)">Cyclical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier thesis">Frontier thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_in_the_United_States" title="Political history in the United States">Political history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Eras</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_historians" title="Progressive historians">Progressive-era historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Albania" title="Historiography of Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dealbanisation" title="Dealbanisation">Dealbanisation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Austria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_myth" title="Habsburg myth">Habsburg myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balhae_controversies" title="Balhae controversies">Balhae</a></li> <li>Belarus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litvinism" title="Litvinism">Litvinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_historiography" title="Bulgarian historiography">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byzantine historiography (page does not exist)">Byzantine Empire</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinische_Geschichtsschreibung" class="extiw" title="de:Byzantinische Geschichtsschreibung">de</a>] <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Byzantine_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Byzantine historiography (page does not exist)">Early</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Ранневизантийская историография">ru</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_historiography" title="Croatian historiography">Croatia</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_ancient_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of ancient Europe (page does not exist)">Ancient</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Античная историография">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval historiography">Medieval</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Средневековая историография">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Age_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Age historiography (page does not exist)">New Age</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Нового времени">ru</a>]</li></ul></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Kartli" title="Aryan Kartli">Aryan Kartli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_historiography" title="Hellenic historiography">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,500-year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500-year celebration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Korea" title="Historiography of Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalist_historiography" title="Korean nationalist historiography">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo_controversies" title="Goguryeo controversies">Goguryeo controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_North_Macedonia" title="Historiography in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Philippines" title="Historiography of the Philippines">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Philippine_settlements" title="Historiography of early Philippine settlements">Early settlements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiograpy_of_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiograpy of Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_de_Portugal" class="extiw" title="pt:Historiografia de Portugal">pt</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusotropicalism" title="Lusotropicalism">Lusotropicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Union" title="Great Union">Great Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_historiography" title="Serbian historiography">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Myth" title="Kosovo Myth">Kosovo Myth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland_theory" title="Götaland theory">Götaland theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwanese_historiography" title="History of Taiwanese historiography">Taiwan</a></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executed_Renaissance" title="Executed Renaissance">Executed Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">Nam tiến</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_sisters" title="Trưng sisters">Trưng sisters</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catilinarian_conspiracy#Historiography" title="Catilinarian conspiracy">Catilinarian conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Christianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Romanisation" title="Historiography of Romanisation">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of Western Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_ancient_Rome" title="Prosopography of ancient Rome">Prosopography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Succession to the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Moscow, third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Ottoman claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_two_emperors" title="Problem of two emperors">Problem of two emperors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_thousand_years_of_Chinese_civilization" title="Five thousand years of Chinese civilization">5000-year civilization assertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology" title="History of Chinese archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wunu_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wunu School (page does not exist)">Wunu School</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%A5%B4%E6%B4%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:无奴派">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_dynasty" title="Conquest dynasty">Conquest dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_Chineseness_of_the_Yuan_and_Qing_dynasties" title="Debate on the Chineseness of the Yuan and Qing dynasties">"Chineseness" debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ages_of_China" title="Golden ages of China">Golden ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" title="Hua–Yi distinction">Hua–Yi distinction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Barbarians" title="Four Barbarians">Four Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement#Evaluation" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprouts_of_capitalism" title="Sprouts of capitalism">Sprouts of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Tibetan sovereignty debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(international_relations)" title="Cordon sanitaire (international relations)">Cordon sanitaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankish_Interregnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankish Interregnum (page does not exist)">Frankish Interregnum</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interr%C3%A8gne_franc" class="extiw" title="fr:Interrègne franc">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Si%C3%A8cle" title="Grand Siècle">Grand Siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legendary_Saracen_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legendary Saracen in France (page does not exist)">Legendary Saracen</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gendaire_sarrasin_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Légendaire sarrasin en France">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiographical_debate_on_the_location_of_Al%C3%A9sia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiographical debate on the location of Alésia (page does not exist)">Location of Alésia</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_d%C3%A9bat_sur_la_localisation_d%27Al%C3%A9sia" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du débat sur la localisation d'Alésia">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Lyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Lyon (page does not exist)">Lyon</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_de_Lyon" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie de Lyon">fr</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alltagsgeschichte" title="Alltagsgeschichte">Alltagsgeschichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borussian_myth" title="Borussian myth">Borussian myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturgeschichte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strukturgeschichte (page does not exist)">Strukturgeschichte</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturgeschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Strukturgeschichte">de</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybel-Ficker_controversy" title="Sybel-Ficker controversy">Sybel-Ficker controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_India" title="Historiography of India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indocentrism" title="Indocentrism">Indocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland#Historiography" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)#Analysis_of_the_government's_role" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/More_Irish_than_the_Irish_themselves" title="More Irish than the Irish themselves">More Irish than the Irish themselves</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Ireland)" title="Revisionism (Ireland)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period" title="Irish revolutionary period">Revolutionary period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy#Historiography" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiae_Patriae_Monumenta" title="Historiae Patriae Monumenta">Historiae Patriae Monumenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Series_of_the_Bank_of_Italy" title="Historical Series of the Bank of Italy">Historical Series of the Bank of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiani_brava_gente" title="Italiani brava gente">Italians, the good people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerum_italicarum_scriptores" title="Rerum italicarum scriptores">Rerum italicarum scriptores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento" title="Revisionism of Risorgimento">Revisionism of Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty#Assessment" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)#In_popular_culture" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland#Reasons,_legality_and_justifications" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_about_Polish_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography about Polish People's Republic (page does not exist)">Polish People's Republic</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_PRL" class="extiw" title="pl:Historiografia PRL">pl</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Normanism" title="Anti-Normanism">Anti-Normanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Revolution_Russian_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre-Revolution Russian historiography (page does not exist)">Pre-Revolutionary Russia</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Российская дореволюционная историография">ru</a>] <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skeptic_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skeptic School (page does not exist)">Skeptic School</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Скептическая школа">ru</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Historiography in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution#Historiography" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Soviet famine of 1930–1933">Soviet famine of 1930–1933</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Holodomor" title="Causes of the Holodomor">Causes of the Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_genocide_question" title="Holodomor genocide question">Holodomor genocide question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_in_modern_politics" title="Holodomor in modern politics">Holodomor in modern politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend (Spain)">Black legend</a> / <a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)#White_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend (Spain)">White legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanism" title="Hispanism">Hispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_on_Carlism_during_the_Francoist_era" title="Historiography on Carlism during the Francoist era">Carlism in the Francoist era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convivencia" title="Convivencia">Convivencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition" title="Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limpieza_de_sangre_controversy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limpieza de sangre controversy (page does not exist)">Limpieza de sangre controversy</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatutos_de_limpieza_de_sangre#Los_estatutos_de_limpieza_de_sangre,_¿el_origen_del_racismo_europeo?" class="extiw" title="es:Estatutos de limpieza de sangre">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_revolution_of_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic revolution of Spain (page does not exist)">Islamic revolution of Spain</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_revoluci%C3%B3n_isl%C3%A1mica_en_Occidente" class="extiw" title="es:La revolución islámica en Occidente">es</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Spain)" title="Revisionism (Spain)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty#Controversy_over_whether_the_American_Viceroyalties_were_Colonies_or_Provinces" title="Viceroyalty">Colonies or Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_decline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish decline (page does not exist)">Spanish decline</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadencia_espa%C3%B1ola" class="extiw" title="es:Decadencia española">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ser_de_Espa%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ser de España (page does not exist)">Ser de España</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Ser de España">es</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemalist_historiography" title="Kemalist historiography">Kemalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Historiography of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline thesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historiography of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Poor_Laws" title="Historiography of the Poor Laws">Poor Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Scotland" title="Historiography of Scotland">Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Origins of the Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Stone_theory" title="Westminster Stone theory">Westminster Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_over_the_gentry" title="Storm over the gentry">Storm over the gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Suffragette Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_myth" title="Tudor myth">Tudor myth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_(Richard_III)" title="Ricardian (Richard III)">Ricardians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent#Legacy" title="Winter of Discontent">Winter of Discontent</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BritishEmpire" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">British Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_School_(imperial_history)" title="Cambridge School (imperial history)">Cambridge School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter%E2%80%93MacKenzie_debate" title="Porter–MacKenzie debate">Porter–MacKenzie debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_colonial_occupation" title="Second colonial occupation">Second colonial occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars">Colonial Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_war,_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By war, conflict</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_historiography" title="Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_historiography" title="Template talk:Military historiography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_historiography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_historiography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_museums" title="List of military museums">List of military museums</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-18th century conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade#Legacy" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catharism#Historical_and_current_scholarship" title="Catharism">Catharism debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Crusades" title="Historiography of the Crusades">Crusades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_the_crusades" title="Islamic views on the crusades">Islamic views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Historiography of the Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Origins of the Eighty Years' War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon#Historiography" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars#Historiography" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th century conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coalition_Wars(1792–1815)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a> (1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">French Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_pre-revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French pre-revolution (page does not exist)">Pre-revolution</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Prérévolution française">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Russian_School_(French_Revolution)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Russian School (French Revolution) (page does not exist)">New Russian School</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_XVIII_%D0%B2." class="extiw" title="ru:«Новая русская школа» в историографии Французской революции XVIII в.">ru</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e#Historiography" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_studies" title="Napoleonic studies">Napoleonic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia#Historical_assessment" title="French invasion of Russia">Invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo#Historical_importance" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li></ul></li> <li>Franco-Prussian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Franco-Prussian_War" title="Causes of the Franco-Prussian War">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paris_Commune" title="Historiography of the Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857#Historiography" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paraguayan_War" title="Historiography of the Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Historiography of the War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>War of the Pacific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of the War of the Pacific">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of English aid (page does not exist)">Myth of English aid</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa" class="extiw" title="es:Mito de la ayuda inglesa">es</a>]</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Causes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Color_book" title="Color book">Color books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)#Fischer_thesis" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fischer thesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Causes of the Armenian genocide">Causes of the Armenian genocide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriotic_consent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriotic consent (page does not exist)">Patriotic consent</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consentement_patriotique" class="extiw" title="fr:Consentement patriotique">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_famine_of_1917%E2%80%931919" title="Persian famine of 1917–1919">Persian famine of 1917–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_keg_of_Europe" title="Powder keg of Europe">Powder keg of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan#History" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1914" title="Spirit of 1914">Spirit of 1914</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1917" title="Spirit of 1917">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (page does not exist)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Брестского мира">ru</a>]</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Treaty_ofVersailles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#Historical_assessments" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations#Analysis" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">Article 231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_inquiry_into_guilt_for_World_War_I" title="Reichstag inquiry into guilt for World War I">Reichstag inquiry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_burning_of_Smyrna" title="Responsibility for the burning of Smyrna">Burning of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War#Aftermath_and_legacy" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Causes of the Polish–Soviet War">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spanish Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II" title="Historiography of World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg#Post-war_controversy" title="Blitzkrieg">"Blitzkrieg" concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_front_versus_narrow_front_controversy_in_World_War_II" title="Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II">Broad vs. narrow front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="Historiography of German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_foreign_policy_debate" title="Nazi foreign policy debate">Nazi foreign policy debate</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact#Postwar_commentary_on_motives_of_Stalin_and_Hitler" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising#Soviet_stance" title="Warsaw Uprising">Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Historiography of the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Winter_War" title="Aftermath of the Winter War">Winter War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Winter_War" title="Background of the Winter War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Winter_War" title="Spirit of the Winter War">Spirit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">The Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate" title="Auschwitz bombing debate">Auschwitz bombing debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism%E2%80%93intentionalism_debate" title="Functionalism–intentionalism debate">Functionalism–intentionalism debate</a></li> <li>In relation to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_and_the_Nakba" title="The Holocaust and the Nakba">Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust#Historiography" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pius_Wars" title="Pius Wars">Pius Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy" title=""Polish death camp" controversy">"Polish death camp"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="Historiography of the Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Australia" title="Battle for Australia">"Battle for Australia"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943#Historiography" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine</a></li> <li>Second Sino-Japanese War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Nanjing_Massacre" title="Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Battle_of_France" title="Historiography of the Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilty_Men" title="Guilty Men">Guilty Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sistancialisme" title="Résistancialisme">Résistancialisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Vichy_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Vichy France (page does not exist)">Vichy France</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_r%C3%A9gime_de_Vichy" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du régime de Vichy">fr</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Cold_War" title="Historiography of the Cold War">Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Cold_War" title="Origins of the Cold War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war#Historiography" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba" title="Ongoing Nakba">Ongoing Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malayan Emergency <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Background and causes of the Malayan Emergency">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Algerian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li>Six-Day War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War" title="Origins of the Six-Day War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iranian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Iranian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_memory_of_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Legacy and memory of the Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Falklands_War" title="Aftermath of the Falklands War">Falklands War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">Sovereignty dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sri Lankan civil war <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Cold War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russo-Georgian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Background of the Russo-Georgian War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Responsibility for the Russo-Georgian War">Responsibility</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syrian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Syrian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_thesis" title="Conflict thesis">Conflict thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War and genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_historiography" title="Category:Military historiography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_person" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By person</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Historiography of Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Historiography of Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Evaluations_of_Husseini's_historical_significance" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb#Assessments_and_legacy" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Cato_the_Younger" title="Legacy of Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Che_Guevara" title="Legacy of Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Chiang_Ching-kuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Chiang Ching-kuo (page does not exist)">Chiang Ching-kuo</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%94%A3%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對蔣經國的評價">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Chiang_Kai_Shek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Chiang Kai Shek (page does not exist)">Chiang Kai Shek</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對蔣中正的評價">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great#Historiography" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamism#Initial_Western_reactions" title="Palamism">Gregory Palamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Legacy of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia#Legacy" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Jiang Zemin (page does not exist)">Jiang Zemin</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B1%9F%E6%BE%A4%E6%B0%91%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對江澤民的評價">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Joseph_Stalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Joseph Stalin (page does not exist)">Joseph Stalin</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87#Мнения_и_оценки_личности_Сталина" class="extiw" title="ru:Сталин, Иосиф Виссарионович">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn#Historiography" title="Legacy of José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_assessment_of_Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Historical assessment of Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Louis_Riel" title="Historiography of Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Mao_Zedong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Mao Zedong (page does not exist)">Mao Zedong</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%84%E8%AE%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:对中国共产党的评论">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_and_legacy_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Reception and legacy of Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Napoleon" title="Legacy of Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain#Legacy_and_reputation" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Legacy of Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar#Legacy" title="Simón Bolívar">Simon Bolivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult_of_personality_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cult of personality of Simón Bolívar (page does not exist)">Cult of personality</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culto_a_la_personalidad_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="extiw" title="es:Culto a la personalidad de Simón Bolívar">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin#Recognition_and_legacy" title="Saladin">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Sun_Yat_Tse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Sun Yat Tse (page does not exist)">Sun Yat Tse</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對孫中山的評價">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas#Legacy,_veneration,_and_modern_reception" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Historical reputation of Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Historical reputation of Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Historical reputation of Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Yuan_Shikai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Yuan Shikai (page does not exist)">Yuan Shikai</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對袁世凱的評價">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Zhou_Enlai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Zhou Enlai (page does not exist)">Zhou Enlai</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E4%BE%86%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對周恩來的評價">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Zhuge_Liang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Zhuge Liang (page does not exist)">Zhuge Liang</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%B8%E8%91%9B%E4%BA%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對諸葛亮的評價">zh</a>]</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Historicalrankings" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_heads_of_government" title="Historical rankings of heads of government">Historical rankings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_chancellors_of_Germany" title="Historical rankings of chancellors of Germany">Modern Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Netherlands" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_the_Beatles" title="Cultural impact of the Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Industry" title="Darwin Industry">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_studies" title="Lovecraft studies">H. P. Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_history_of_Jane_Austen" title="Reception history of Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed">Muhammed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Muhammad">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Religious perspectives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Madonna" title="Cultural impact of Madonna">Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Controversies surrounding Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Influence and reception of Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Reputation of William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bears_in_antiquity" title="Bears in antiquity">Bears in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_of_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crisis of historiography (page does not exist)">Crisis of historiography</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_da_historiografia" class="extiw" title="pt:Crise da historiografia">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_feudalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professionalization_and_institutionalization_of_history" title="Professionalization and institutionalization of history">Professionalization and institutionalization of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_salon" title="Historiography of the salon">Salons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_Western_European_colonialism_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization">Western European colonialism and colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Recession" title="Causes of the Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Causes of the Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li>School of Thoughts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical school of economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics" title="English historical school of economics">English historical school of economics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_religion" title="Historiography of religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_geography" title="Avestan geography">Avestan geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Christianity" title="Historiography of early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy of Peter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy#Opposition" title="Papal supremacy">Opposition to Papal supremacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Early Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Criticism of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic golden age">Islamic golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites#Legacy" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council#Controversies" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics_of_Vatican_Council_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II (page does not exist)">Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermeneutica_del_Concilio_Vaticano_II" class="extiw" title="it:Ermeneutica del Concilio Vaticano II">it</a>]</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychast_controversy" title="Hesychast controversy">Hesychast controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation#Conclusion_and_legacy" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism of Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits#Controversies" title="Jesuits">Jesuit historiography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern Jewish history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wissenschaft_des_Judentums" title="Wissenschaft des Judentums">Wissenschaft des Judentums</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools of thought <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panbabylonism" title="Panbabylonism">Panbabylonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urreligion" title="Urreligion">Urreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religions_school" title="History of religions school">Religionsgeschichtliche Schule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School_(history_of_religion)" title="Roman School (history of religion)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_school_of_Islamic_studies" title="Revisionist school of Islamic studies">Revisionist school of Islamic studies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_science" title="Historiography of science">Science</a> / Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Merton thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">Protestant Ethic and Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_theory_of_invention_and_scientific_development" title="Heroic theory of invention and scientific development">Heroic theory of invention and scientific development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations,_publications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations, publications</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_registers" title="List of heritage registers">Heritage registers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_society" title="Historical society">Historical society</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_societies" title="List of historical societies">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_institutes" class="extiw" title="c:History institutes">History institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_history_journals" title="List of history journals">History journals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_journals" title="Template:History journals">template</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">Commemorative plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">Hagiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical realism">Historical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_metafiction" title="Historiographic metafiction">Historiographic metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_geographic_information_system" title="Historical geographic information system">Historical geographic information system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Historiography" title="Category:Historiography">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Historiography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Historiography">Multimedia</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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294.375 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 9.13% 254.054 35 Template:Citation"," 8.77% 243.777 32 Template:Sfn"," 8.73% 242.885 16 Template:Navbox"," 4.70% 130.710 42 Template:Ill"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.874","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7931523,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdelman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdler1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndreatta2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArendtScholemDavidKnott2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArkushBreuer1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvioz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAziz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBacon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanes1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaron1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaron1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaron1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaronHertzbergFeldman1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarzilay1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarzilay1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatnitzky2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen-Naeh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen-Shalom2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen-Zaken2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenbassa2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerger2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerger2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBerkovitz1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerns2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerti1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiale1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBitzan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBland1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBod2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonfil1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonfil1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonfil1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonfilShazar1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrenner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrenner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreuerGraetz1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronstein2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrämerברמר2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlebach2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlebachSchacter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChabásGoldstein2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChazan1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChazan1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohenRosman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohenStein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConforti2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConforti2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConforti2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorazzol2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiner2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunkelgrün2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDönitz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDönitz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDönitz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEfron2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEfronFisch2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisenstein-Barzilay1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEleazar2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndelman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeiner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischel1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFontaineSchatzZwiep2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedlander1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuks-Mansfeld1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunkenstein1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunkenstein1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuss1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGUTWIRTH1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGareau2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGartner1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGechtman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGertner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGil1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlatzer1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoitein1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodmanWeinberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraetz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhouse2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGross2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGruber2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalivni1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamiltonSilleras-Fernandez2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandlin1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen-KokorušTerpitz2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHecht2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelled2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHomolka2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIdel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIdel2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIlan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsrael1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsrael_Zinberg1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJelinčič_Boeta2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplanTeter2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarp1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKessler2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKessler2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohler2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohut2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKottek2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraemer1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKroneThulin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacerda2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambe1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehmann2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeichtFreudenthal2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLesleyLeon1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoeb1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalkiel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcus1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcus1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcus2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatut2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoskey2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMentzer1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichel2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMomigliano1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMongeMuchnik2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuller1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyersFunkenstein1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyersKaye2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNJ.com2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaar2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNahme2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNemoy1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuman1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuman1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuman1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNirenberg2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollak1975\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPoznański1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRam1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaz-Krakotzkin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaz-Krakotzkin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReiner1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRezler-Bersohn1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRist2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoditi1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg-Wohl2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenbluth1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenfeld2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosman1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosman2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRosman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRotenstreichרוטנשטרייך1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRozenblit2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudavsky2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuderman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuderman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudermanVeltriWolfenbütteler_Arbeitskreis_für_RenaissanceforschungLeopold-Zunz-Zentrum_zur_Erforschung_des_Europäischen_Judentums2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRustow2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRustow2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutkowski2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRôssîWeinbergRôssî2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSacks2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSackson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalah2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaldarini1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchapiro1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchatz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchechter1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchorsch1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchorsch1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchorsch1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchorsch1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchorsch1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchorsch2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchorsch2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchrijver2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuartz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulin1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSclar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegal1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegal2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegre1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSela1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShmuelevitz1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShulvass1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShulṿas1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSicroff1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinger2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinkoff2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSohn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorkin1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorkin1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorkin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoyer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpicer1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinfels1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinschneider1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSterling2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStowTeller2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeller2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThulinKrahMeyerSchorsch2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTirosh-Rothschild1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToaffSchwarzfuchsHorowitz1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTropper2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVehlow2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVehlow2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeltri1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeltri2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeltri2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVollandt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWacks2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallet2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallet2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWertheim2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitfield2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiese2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWieseltier1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWissenschaften1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWistrich1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitkam2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYakovenko2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYedidya2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYerushalmi1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYerushalmi1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoshiko_Reed2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeitlin1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeitlinBaron1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZinberg1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZonta2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Beauval1716\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFkatzcenterupenn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFגפניGafni1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFגפניGafni2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFגרטנרGertner2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFמיכאל1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFמיכאל1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFמיכאל2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFשמרוקShmeruk1988\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 11,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 35,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 66,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 194,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 24,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Historiography\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 32,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper 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