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id="toc-Musical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ornamentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ornamentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ornamentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ornamentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accompaniment" 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sean-nós songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sean-nós_songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caoineadh_songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caoineadh_songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Caoineadh songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caoineadh_songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dance music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dance_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dance music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dance_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_settings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_settings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Social settings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_settings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repertoire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repertoire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Repertoire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repertoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments_used_in_traditional_Irish_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments_used_in_traditional_Irish_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Instruments used in traditional Irish music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Instruments_used_in_traditional_Irish_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Instruments used in traditional Irish music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Instruments_used_in_traditional_Irish_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiddle_(violin)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiddle_(violin)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fiddle (violin)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiddle_(violin)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flute_and_whistle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flute_and_whistle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Flute and whistle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flute_and_whistle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uilleann_pipes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uilleann_pipes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Uilleann pipes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uilleann_pipes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Harp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accordion_and_concertina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accordion_and_concertina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Accordion and concertina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accordion_and_concertina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banjo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banjo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Banjo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banjo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandolin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandolin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Mandolin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandolin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guitar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guitar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Guitar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guitar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bouzouki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bouzouki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Bouzouki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bouzouki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bodhrán_and_other_percussion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bodhrán_and_other_percussion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Bodhrán and other percussion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bodhrán_and_other_percussion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harmonica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harmonica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Harmonica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harmonica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revivals_of_traditional_Irish_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revivals_of_traditional_Irish_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Revivals of traditional Irish music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revivals_of_traditional_Irish_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Revivals of traditional Irish music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Revivals_of_traditional_Irish_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_19th_century_revival_and_the_early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_19th_century_revival_and_the_early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Late 19th century revival and the early 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_19th_century_revival_and_the_early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_revival_in_the_1960s_and_1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_revival_in_the_1960s_and_1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Second revival in the 1960s and 1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_revival_in_the_1960s_and_1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Celtic rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century:_Folk-rock_and_more" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_century:_Folk-rock_and_more"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Late 20th century: Folk-rock and more</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_century:_Folk-rock_and_more-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pub_sessions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pub_sessions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pub sessions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pub_sessions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irsk%C3%A1_lidov%C3%A1_hudba" title="Irská lidová hudba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irská lidová hudba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irsk_folkemusik" title="Irsk folkemusik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Irsk folkemusik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Folk" title="Irish Folk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Irish Folk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="موسیقی سنتی ایرلندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی سنتی ایرلندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_traditionnelle_irlandaise" title="Musique traditionnelle irlandaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique traditionnelle irlandaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceol_traidisi%C3%BAnta_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Ceol traidisiúnta na hÉireann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceol traidisiúnta na hÉireann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%98_%ED%8F%AC%ED%81%AC_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="아일랜드의 포크 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아일랜드의 포크 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irski_folk" title="Irski folk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irski folk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Ирландиаг адæмон музыкæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ирландиаг адæмон музыкæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_tradizionale_irlandese" title="Musica tradizionale irlandese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica tradizionale irlandese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierse_folk" title="Ierse folk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ierse folk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irsk_folkemusikk" title="Irsk folkemusikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irsk folkemusikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irsk_folkemusikk" title="Irsk folkemusikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Irsk folkemusikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ирландская народная музыка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирландская народная музыка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genre of folk music that developed in Ireland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Irish music more generally, see <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music of Ireland</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musiciens_pub_Gus_O%27Connor-Doolin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Musiciens_pub_Gus_O%27Connor-Doolin.JPG/250px-Musiciens_pub_Gus_O%27Connor-Doolin.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Musiciens_pub_Gus_O%27Connor-Doolin.JPG/375px-Musiciens_pub_Gus_O%27Connor-Doolin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Musiciens_pub_Gus_O%27Connor-Doolin.JPG/500px-Musiciens_pub_Gus_O%27Connor-Doolin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Irish musicians during a music session, among them Christy Barry (left) and James Devitt (center). Traditional music sessions are commonplace in public houses throughout Ireland.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/IrishTraditionalMusic-IrishPub-Tokyo-2016-2-24.webm/220px--IrishTraditionalMusic-IrishPub-Tokyo-2016-2-24.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="21" data-mwtitle="IrishTraditionalMusic-IrishPub-Tokyo-2016-2-24.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:IrishTraditionalMusic-IrishPub-Tokyo-2016-2-24.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/IrishTraditionalMusic-IrishPub-Tokyo-2016-2-24.webm/IrishTraditionalMusic-IrishPub-Tokyo-2016-2-24.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/IrishTraditionalMusic-IrishPub-Tokyo-2016-2-24.webm/IrishTraditionalMusic-IrishPub-Tokyo-2016-2-24.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/IrishTraditionalMusic-IrishPub-Tokyo-2016-2-24.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/IrishTraditionalMusic-IrishPub-Tokyo-2016-2-24.webm/IrishTraditionalMusic-IrishPub-Tokyo-2016-2-24.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/IrishTraditionalMusic-IrishPub-Tokyo-2016-2-24.webm/IrishTraditionalMusic-IrishPub-Tokyo-2016-2-24.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/IrishTraditionalMusic-IrishPub-Tokyo-2016-2-24.webm/IrishTraditionalMusic-IrishPub-Tokyo-2016-2-24.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/IrishTraditionalMusic-IrishPub-Tokyo-2016-2-24.webm/IrishTraditionalMusic-IrishPub-Tokyo-2016-2-24.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Irish music session in an Irish pub in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, 2016</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mummers_Performance_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mummers_Performance_7.jpg/220px-Mummers_Performance_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mummers_Performance_7.jpg/330px-Mummers_Performance_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mummers_Performance_7.jpg/440px-Mummers_Performance_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3881" data-file-height="1522" /></a><figcaption>Irish folk music performers <a href="/wiki/The_Armagh_Rhymers" title="The Armagh Rhymers">Armagh Rhymers</a> at Aonach Mhacha in <a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">County Armagh</a>, 2023</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Irish traditional music</b> (also known as <b>Irish trad</b>, <b>Irish folk music</b>, and other variants) is a <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">genre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> that developed in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. </p><p>In <i>A History of Irish Music</i> (1905), <a href="/wiki/W._H._Grattan_Flood" title="W. H. Grattan Flood">W. H. Grattan Flood</a> wrote that, in <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a>, there were at least ten instruments in general use. These were the <i>cruit</i> (a small rubbed strings harp) and <i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">cláirseach</a></i> (a bigger harp with typically 30 strings), the <i>tiompán</i> (a small <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instrument</a> played with a <a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">bow</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a>), the <i>feadán</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Fife_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fife (musical instrument)">fife</a>), the <i>buinne</i> (an <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>), the <i>guthbuinne</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoon</a>-type <a href="/wiki/Natural_horn" title="Natural horn">horn</a>), the <i>beannbhuabhal</i> and <i>corn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hornpipe_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hornpipe (musical instrument)">hornpipes</a>), the <i>cuislenna</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">bagpipes</a> – see <a href="/wiki/Great_Irish_warpipes" title="Great Irish warpipes">Great Irish warpipes</a>), the <i>stoc</i> and <i>storgán</i> (<a href="/wiki/Clarion_(instrument)" title="Clarion (instrument)">clarions</a> or trumpets), and the <i>cnámha</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bones_(instrument)" title="Bones (instrument)">bones</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Flood3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also evidence of the <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a> being used in the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Flood3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several <a href="/wiki/Irish_music_collecting" title="Irish music collecting">collections of Irish folk music</a> from the 18th century, but it was not until the 19th century that ballad printers became established in Dublin. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_music_collectors" title="List of Irish music collectors">Important collectors</a> include <a href="/wiki/Colm_%C3%93_Lochlainn" title="Colm Ó Lochlainn">Colm Ó Lochlainn</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Petrie_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Petrie (artist)">George Petrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bunting" title="Edward Bunting">Edward Bunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_O%27Neill" title="Francis O'Neill">Francis O'Neill</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Goodman_(musicologist)" title="James Goodman (musicologist)">James Goodman</a> and many others. Though solo performance is preferred in the folk tradition, bands or at least small ensembles have probably been a part of Irish music since at least the mid-19th century, although this is a point of much contention among ethnomusicologists. </p><p>Irish <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">traditional music</a> has endured more strongly against the forces of cinema, radio and the mass media than the indigenous folk music of most countries in the west of Europe. From the end of the Second World War until the late fifties folk music was held in low regard. <a href="/wiki/Comhaltas_Ceolt%C3%B3ir%C3%AD_%C3%89ireann" title="Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann">Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann</a> (an Irish traditional music association) and the popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Fleadh_Cheoil" title="Fleadh Cheoil">Fleadh Cheoil</a> (music festival) helped lead the revival of the music. Following the success of <a href="/wiki/The_Clancy_Brothers_and_Tommy_Makem" class="mw-redirect" title="The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem">the Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem</a> in the <a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a> in 1959, Irish folk music became fashionable again. The lush sentimental style of singers such as <a href="/wiki/Delia_Murphy" title="Delia Murphy">Delia Murphy</a> was replaced by guitar-driven male groups such as <a href="/wiki/The_Dubliners" title="The Dubliners">the Dubliners</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_showband" title="Irish showband">Irish showbands</a> presented a mixture of pop music and folk dance tunes, though these died out during the seventies. The international success of <a href="/wiki/The_Chieftains" title="The Chieftains">the Chieftains</a> and subsequent musicians and groups has made Irish folk music a global brand. </p><p>Historically much <a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">old-time music</a> of the US grew out of the music of Ireland, England and Scotland, as a result of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diffusion" title="Cultural diffusion">cultural diffusion</a>. By the 1970s Irish traditional music was again influencing music in the US and further afield in Australia and Europe. It has occasionally been fused with <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> and other genres. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_characteristics">Musical characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Musical characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irish <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a> is <a href="/wiki/Isometre" class="mw-redirect" title="Isometre">isometric</a> and is built around patterns of bar-long melodic phrases akin to <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call and response</a>. A common pattern is A Phrase, B Phrase, A Phrase, Partial Resolution, A Phrase, B Phrase, A Phrase, Final Resolution, though this is not universal; mazurkas, for example, tend to feature a C Phrase instead of a repeated A Phrase before the Partial and Final Resolutions, for example. Many tunes have <a href="/wiki/Anacrusis" title="Anacrusis">pickup notes</a> which lead in to the beginning of the A or B parts. Mazurkas and hornpipes have a <a href="/wiki/Swing_feel" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing feel">swing feel</a>, while other tunes have straight feels.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tunes are typically <a href="/wiki/Binary_form" title="Binary form">binary in form</a>, divided into two (or sometimes more) parts, each with four to eight bars. The parts are referred to as the A-part, B-part, and so on. Each part is played twice, and the entire tune is played three times; AABB, AABB, AABB. Many tunes have similar ending phrases for both A and B parts; it is common for hornpipes to have the second half of each part be identical. Additionally, hornpipes often have three quavers or quarternotes at the end of each part, followed by pickup notes to lead back to the beginning of the A part of onto the B part. Many <a href="/wiki/Air_(music)" title="Air (music)">airs</a> have an <a href="/wiki/AABA_form" class="mw-redirect" title="AABA form">AABA form</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Irish_Fiddle_Book_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Irish_Fiddle_Book-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While airs are usually played singly, dance tunes are usually played in <a href="/wiki/Medley_(music)" title="Medley (music)">medleys</a> of 2-4 tunes called <i>sets</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Irish_Fiddle_Book_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Irish_Fiddle_Book-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modes">Modes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irish music generally is <a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">modal</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Ionian_mode" title="Ionian mode">Ionian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_mode" title="Aeolian mode">Aeolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorian_mode" title="Dorian mode">Dorian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mixolydian_mode" title="Mixolydian mode">Mixolydian</a> modes, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hexatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexatonic">hexatonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentatonic">pentatonic</a> versions of those scales. Some tunes do feature <a href="/wiki/Accidental_(music)" title="Accidental (music)">accidentals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Folk_Music_and_Dance_of_Ireland_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folk_Music_and_Dance_of_Ireland-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ornamentation">Ornamentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ornamentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Singers and instrumentalists often embellish melodies through <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">ornamentation</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Grace_note" title="Grace note">grace notes</a>, rolls, cuts, crans, or <a href="/wiki/Slide_(musical_ornament)" title="Slide (musical ornament)">slides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Irish_Fiddle_Book_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Irish_Fiddle_Book-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Folk_Music_and_Dance_of_Ireland_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folk_Music_and_Dance_of_Ireland-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accompaniment">Accompaniment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Accompaniment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Uilleann_pipes" title="Uilleann pipes">uilleann pipes</a> may use their drones and regulators to provide harmonic backup, and fiddlers often use <a href="/wiki/Double_stop" title="Double stop">double stops</a> in their playing, due to the importance placed on the melody in Irish music, <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> is typically kept simple or absent.<sup id="cite_ref-Folk_Music_and_Dance_of_Ireland_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folk_Music_and_Dance_of_Ireland-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, instruments are played in strict <a href="/wiki/Unison" title="Unison">unison</a>, always following the leading player. True <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a> is mostly unknown to traditional music, although a form of improvised "<a href="/wiki/Countermelody" class="mw-redirect" title="Countermelody">countermelody</a>" is often used in the accompaniments of <a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">bouzouki</a> and guitar players. In contrast to many kinds of western folk music, there are no set <a href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">chord progressions</a> to tunes; many accompanists use <a href="/wiki/Power_chord" title="Power chord">power chords</a> to let the melody define the tonality or use partial chords in combination with ringing drone strings to emphasize the <a href="/wiki/Tonal_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal center">tonal center</a>. Many guitarists use <a href="/wiki/DADGAD" title="DADGAD">DADGAD</a> tuning because it offers flexibility in using these approaches, as does the GDAD tuning for bouzouki.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_for_singing">Music for singing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Music for singing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like all <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">traditional music</a>, Irish folk music has changed slowly. Most folk songs are less than 200 years old. One measure of its age is the language used. Modern Irish songs are written in English and <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>. Most of the oldest songs and tunes are rural in origin and come from the older Irish language tradition. Modern songs and tunes often come from cities and towns, Irish songs went from the Irish language to the English language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the late 1900s <a href="/wiki/Frank_Harte" title="Frank Harte">Frank Harte</a> composed more ribald songs for the urban pub scene; the genre moved effortlessly from the countryside to the town. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sean-nós_songs"><span id="Sean-n.C3.B3s_songs"></span>Sean-nós songs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sean-nós songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="99" data-mwtitle="Rop_tu_mo_baile.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Rop_tu_mo_baile.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Rop_tu_mo_baile.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Rop_tu_mo_baile.ogg/Rop_tu_mo_baile.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Be_Thou_My_Vision" title="Be Thou My Vision">Be Thou My Vision</a>, an Irish hymn sung by Gareth Hughes in Old Irish.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unaccompanied vocals are called <i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">sean nós</a></i> ("in the old style") and are considered the ultimate expression of traditional singing. This is usually performed solo (very occasionally as a duet). <i>Sean-nós</i> singing is highly ornamented and the voice is placed towards the top of the range. A true <i>sean-nós</i> singer, such as <a href="/wiki/Tom_Lenihan" title="Tom Lenihan">Tom Lenihan</a>, will vary the melody of every verse, but not to the point of interfering with the words, which are considered to have as much importance as the melody. </p><p>Sean-nós can include <a href="/wiki/Non-lexical_vocables_in_music" title="Non-lexical vocables in music">non-lexical vocables</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Lilting" title="Lilting">lilting</a>, also referred to by the sounds, such as "diddly die-dely". </p><p>Non-<i>sean-nós</i> traditional singing, even when accompaniment is used, uses patterns of ornamentation and melodic freedom derived from <i>sean-nós singing</i>, and, generally, a similar voice placement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caoineadh_songs">Caoineadh songs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Caoineadh songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Keening" title="Keening">Caoineadh</a></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Irish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[kˠiːnʲə(w)]</a></span>) is <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Lament" title="Lament">lament</a>, a song which is typified by lyrics which stress sorrow and pain. The word is Anglicised as "keening". Traditionally, the <i>Caoineadh</i> song contained lyrics in which the singer lamented for Ireland after having been forced to emigrate due to political or financial reasons. The song may also lament the death of a family member or the lack of news from loved ones. In Irish music, the Caoineadh tradition was once widespread, but began to decline from the 18th century onwards and becoming almost completely extinct by the middle of the 20th century. Examples of <i>Caoineadh</i> songs include: <i>Far Away in Australia</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Town_I_Loved_So_Well" title="The Town I Loved So Well">The Town I Loved So Well</a></i>, <i>Going Back to Donegal</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Green_Fields" title="Four Green Fields">Four Green Fields</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caoineadh singers were originally paid to lament for the departed at funerals, according to a number of Irish sources.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dance_music">Dance music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dance music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Irish dance</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_settings">Social settings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social settings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irish traditional music and dance has seen a variety of settings, from house parties, country dances, <a href="/wiki/Ceili_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceili dance">ceili dances</a>, stage performances and competitions, weddings, <a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint's day">saint's days</a> or other observances. The most common setting for Irish dance music is the <i><a href="/wiki/Seisi%C3%BAn" class="mw-redirect" title="Seisiún">seisiún</a></i>, which very often features no dancing at all. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HaymakersJig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/HaymakersJig.jpg/220px-HaymakersJig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/HaymakersJig.jpg/330px-HaymakersJig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/HaymakersJig.jpg/440px-HaymakersJig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Haymakers jig</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repertoire">Repertoire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Repertoire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional dance music includes <a href="/wiki/Reel_(dance)" title="Reel (dance)">reels</a> (<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sub></span></span></span></span> or <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Hornpipe" title="Hornpipe">hornpipes</a> (<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> with <a href="/wiki/Swing_feel" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing feel">swung</a> eighth notes), and <a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">jigs</a> (double and single jigs are in <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>6</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time). Jigs come in various other forms for dancing – the <a href="/wiki/Slip_jig" title="Slip jig">slip jig</a> and hop jig are commonly written in <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>9</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Irish_Fiddle_Book_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Irish_Fiddle_Book-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Folk_Music_and_Dance_of_Ireland_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folk_Music_and_Dance_of_Ireland-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later additions to the repertoire include the <a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltz</a> (<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>3</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> with a heavy <a href="/wiki/Accent_(music)" title="Accent (music)">accent</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">down beat</a>) and, in <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">mazurkas</a> in the same time signature, though with an accent on the 2nd beat. Donegal is also notable for its "highland", a sort of Irish version of the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Strathspey_(dance)" title="Strathspey (dance)">strathspey</a>, but with a feel closer to a reel with the occasional <a href="/wiki/Scots_snap" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots snap">scots snap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Irish_Fiddle_Book_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Irish_Fiddle_Book-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">Polkas</a> are a type of <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> tune mostly found in the <a href="/wiki/Sliabh_Luachra" title="Sliabh Luachra">Sliabh Luachra</a> area, at the border of Counties <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">Cork</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">Kerry</a>, in the south of Ireland. Another distinctive <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a> rhythm is the <a href="/wiki/Slide_(tune_type)" title="Slide (tune type)">Slide</a> in <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>12</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Irish_Fiddle_Book_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Irish_Fiddle_Book-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style">Style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of "style" is of large importance to Irish traditional musicians. At the start of the 19th century, distinct variation in regional styles of performance existed. With the release of American recordings of Irish traditional musicians (e.g. Michael Coleman 1927) and increased communications and travel opportunities, regional styles have become more standardised. Regional playing styles remain nonetheless, as evidenced by the very different playing styles of musicians from Donegal (e.g. Tommy Peoples), Clare (e.g. brothers John & James Kelly) and Sliabh Luachra (e.g. Jacky Daly). Donegal fiddle playing is characterised by fast, energetic bowing, with the bow generating the majority of the ornamentation; Clare fiddle playing is characterised by slower bowing, with the fingering generating most of the ornamentation. While bowed triplets (three individual notes with the bow reversed between each) are more common in Donegal, fingered triplets and fingered rolls (five individual notes fingered with a single bow stroke) are very common in Clare. </p><p>Stage performers from the 1970s and 1980s (groups such as <a href="/wiki/The_Bothy_Band" title="The Bothy Band">The Bothy Band</a>, or soloists such as <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Burke_(musician)" title="Kevin Burke (musician)">Kevin Burke</a>) have used the repertoire of traditional music to create their own groups of tunes, without regard to the conventional 'sets' or the constraint of playing for dancers. Burke's playing is an example of an individual, unique, distinctive style, a hybrid of his classical training, the traditional Sligo fiddle style and various other influences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments_used_in_traditional_Irish_music">Instruments used in traditional Irish music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Instruments used in traditional Irish music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common instruments used in Irish traditional dance music, whose history goes back several hundred years, are the fiddle, tin whistle, <a href="/wiki/Irish_flute" title="Irish flute">flute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uilleann_pipes" title="Uilleann pipes">Uilleann pipes</a>. Instruments such as button <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concertina" title="Concertina">concertina</a> made their appearances in Irish traditional music late in the 19th century. The 4-string tenor <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a>, first used by Irish musicians in the US in the 1920s, is now fully accepted. The guitar was used as far back as the 1930s first appearing on some of the recordings of Michael Coleman and his contemporaries. The <a href="/wiki/Irish_bouzouki" title="Irish bouzouki">bouzouki</a> only entered the traditional Irish music world in the late 1960s. </p><p>The word <a href="/wiki/Bodhr%C3%A1n" title="Bodhrán">bodhrán</a>, indicating a drum, is first mentioned in a translated English document in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The saxophone featured in recordings from the early 20th century most notably in Paddy Killoran's Pride of Erin Orchestra. <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Cèilidh</a> bands of the 1940s often included a drum set and stand-up bass as well as saxophones. Traditional harp-playing died out in the late 18th century, and was revived by the McPeake Family of Belfast, <a href="/wiki/Derek_Bell_(musician)" title="Derek Bell (musician)">Derek Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_O%27Hara" title="Mary O'Hara">Mary O'Hara</a> and others in the mid-20th century. Although often encountered, it plays a fringe role in Irish Traditional dance music. </p><p>The piano is commonly used for accompaniment. In the early 20th century piano accompaniment was prevalent on the 78rpm records featuring Michael Coleman, James Morrison, John McKenna, PJ Conlon and many more. On many of these recordings the piano accompaniment was woeful because the backers were unfamiliar with Irish music. However, Morrison avoided using the studio piano players and hand-picked his own. The vamping style used by these piano backers has largely remained. There has been a few recent innovators such as Mícheál Ó Súilleabháin, Brian McGrath, Liam Bradley, Josephine Keegan, Ryan Molloy and others. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MyViolin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/MyViolin.jpg/220px-MyViolin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/MyViolin.jpg/330px-MyViolin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/MyViolin.jpg/440px-MyViolin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>A fiddle and bow</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiddle_(violin)"><span id="Fiddle_.28violin.29"></span>Fiddle (violin)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fiddle (violin)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Irish_fiddling" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish fiddling">Irish fiddling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">Fiddle</a></div> <p>One of the most important instruments in the traditional repertoire, the fiddle (or violin – there is no physical difference) is played differently in widely varying regional styles.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses the standard GDAE tuning. The best-known regional fiddling traditions are from Counties <a href="/wiki/Donegal_fiddle_tradition" title="Donegal fiddle tradition">Donegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Sligo" title="County Sligo">Sligo</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">Clare</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Sliabh_Luachra" title="Sliabh Luachra">Sliabh Luachra</a>. </p><p>The fiddle has ancient roots in Ireland, The earliest reference to the fiddle in Ireland was during the 7th century by O'curry.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1674 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Head" title="Richard Head">Richard Head</a> wrote in reference to Ireland 'On Sundays: In every field a fiddle, and the girls footing until they foam up'. suggesting the modern fiddle was already present in Ireland. Reference to the Irish fiddle can also be found in John Dunton's <i><a href="/wiki/Teague_Land" title="Teague Land">Teague Land: or A Merry Ramble to the Wild Irish</a></i> (1698) he says "on Sundays and Holydays, all the people resorted with the piper and fiddler to the village green" <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dineley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Dineley">Thomas Dineley</a> visited Ireland in 1680 he says in regards to music "with piper, harper, or fidler, revell and dance the night throughout"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There's a 17th century reference to children in Cork being taught the Irish fiddle<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the fiddle was being mass-produced in Ireland, as opposed to more local makers, starting in Dublin, with the likes of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Perry_(luthier)" title="Thomas Perry (luthier)">Thomas Perry (luthier)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molineux_(luthier)" title="Thomas Molineux (luthier)">Thomas Molineux (luthier)</a> and John Neal they heavily based their craft on the English violin makers and most were imported into Dublin from England<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An instrument was excavated during the 18th century in Dublin that was dated from the 11th century, it was made of dogwood with an animal carved on its tip, it was believed to have been the oldest bow in the world, however it's unclear what instrument the bow belonged too. There may also be a reference to the Irish fiddle in the book of Leinster (ca. 1160)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> The fiddling tradition of Sligo is perhaps most recognisable to outsiders, due to the popularity of American-based performers like <a href="/wiki/Michael_Coleman_(Irish_musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Coleman (Irish musician)">Michael Coleman</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Morrison_(fiddler)" title="James Morrison (fiddler)">James Morrison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Killoran" title="Paddy Killoran">Paddy Killoran</a>. These fiddlers did much to popularise Irish music in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s. Other Sligo fiddlers included Martin Wynne and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Finn_(musician)" title="Fred Finn (musician)">Fred Finn</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Notable fiddlers from Clare<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> include <a href="/wiki/Mary_Custy" title="Mary Custy">Mary Custy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Canny" title="Paddy Canny">Paddy Canny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kelly_(fiddler)" title="Patrick Kelly (fiddler)">Patrick Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peadar_O%27Loughlin" title="Peadar O'Loughlin">Peadar O'Loughlin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hayes_(musician)" title="Martin Hayes (musician)">Martin Hayes</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Donegal has produced <a href="/wiki/James_Byrne_(musician)" title="James Byrne (musician)">James Byrne</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Doherty_(musician)" title="John Doherty (musician)">John Doherty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Peoples" title="Tommy Peoples">Tommy Peoples</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sliabh Luachra, a small area between Counties <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">Kerry</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">Cork</a>, is known for <a href="/wiki/Julia_Clifford" title="Julia Clifford">Julia Clifford</a>, her brother <a href="/wiki/Denis_Murphy_(Irish_musician)" title="Denis Murphy (Irish musician)">Denis Murphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sean_McGuire_(fiddler)" title="Sean McGuire (fiddler)">Sean McGuire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Cronin" title="Paddy Cronin">Paddy Cronin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padraig_O%27Keeffe" title="Padraig O'Keeffe">Padraig O'Keeffe</a>. Contemporary fiddlers from Sliabh Luachra include <a href="/wiki/Matt_Cranitch" title="Matt Cranitch">Matt Cranitch</a> and Connie O'Connell.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Modern performers include <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Burke_(musician)" title="Kevin Burke (musician)">Kevin Burke</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_Breatnach" title="Máire Breatnach">Máire Breatnach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matt_Cranitch" title="Matt Cranitch">Matt Cranitch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Cronin" title="Paddy Cronin">Paddy Cronin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Gavin_(musician)" title="Frankie Gavin (musician)">Frankie Gavin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Glackin" title="Paddy Glackin">Paddy Glackin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathal_Hayden" title="Cathal Hayden">Cathal Hayden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hayes_(musician)" title="Martin Hayes (musician)">Martin Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Horan" title="Peter Horan">Peter Horan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Keane_(fiddler)" title="Seán Keane (fiddler)">Sean Keane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mair%C3%A9ad_N%C3%AD_Mhaonaigh" title="Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh">Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ir%C3%A9ad_Nesbitt" title="Máiréad Nesbitt">Máiréad Nesbitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerry_O%27Connor_(fiddle_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerry O'Connor (fiddle player)">Gerry O'Connor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caoimh%C3%ADn_%C3%93_Raghallaigh" title="Caoimhín Ó Raghallaigh">Caoimhín Ó Raghallaigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3nal_O%27Connor" title="Dónal O'Connor">Dónal O'Connor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_O%27Shaughnessy_(musician)" title="Paul O'Shaughnessy (musician)">Paul O'Shaughnessy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There have been many notable fiddlers from United States in recent years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Winifred_Horan" title="Winifred Horan">Winifred Horan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Conway" title="Brian Conway">Brian Conway</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liz_Carroll" title="Liz Carroll">Liz Carroll</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Ivers" title="Eileen Ivers">Eileen Ivers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flute_and_whistle">Flute and whistle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Flute and whistle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">Flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_flute" title="Irish flute">Irish flute</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tin_whistle" title="Tin whistle">Tin whistle</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tinwhistles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tinwhistles.jpg/150px-Tinwhistles.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tinwhistles.jpg/225px-Tinwhistles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Tinwhistles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Tin whistles, and a low whistle (right), in a variety of makes and keys</figcaption></figure> <p>The flute has been an integral part of Irish traditional music since roughly the middle of the 19th century, when art musicians largely abandoned the wooden simple-system flute (having a conical bore, and fewer keys) for the metal <a href="/wiki/Boehm_system" title="Boehm system">Boehm system</a> flutes of present-day classical music. Factory-made whistles started to be manufactured in Manchester in 1840, and the Feadóg Irish tin whistle was the most popular mass-produced model in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the choice of the Albert-system, wooden flute over the metal was initially driven by the fact that, being "outdated" castoffs, the old flutes were available cheaply second-hand, the wooden instrument has a distinct sound and continues to be commonly preferred by traditional musicians to this day. A number of players—<a href="/wiki/Joanie_Madden" title="Joanie Madden">Joanie Madden</a> being perhaps the best known—use the <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">Western concert flute</a>, but many others find that the simple system flute best suits traditional fluting. Original flutes from the pre-Boehm era continue in use, but since the 1960s a number of craftspeople have revived the art of wooden flute making. Some flutes are even made of <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>; these are especially popular with new learners and as travelling instruments, being both less expensive than wooden instruments and far more resistant to changes in humidity. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Flute_keyless.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Irish_Flute_keyless.jpg/40px-Irish_Flute_keyless.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Irish_Flute_keyless.jpg/60px-Irish_Flute_keyless.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Irish_Flute_keyless.jpg/80px-Irish_Flute_keyless.jpg 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A (keyless) Irish flute</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tin_whistle" title="Tin whistle">tin whistle</a> or metal whistle, which with its nearly identical fingering might be called a cousin of the simple-system flute, is also popular. It was mass-produced in 19th century Manchester England, as an inexpensive instrument. Clarke whistles almost identical to the first ones made by that company are still available, although the original version, pitched in C, has mostly been replaced for traditional music by that pitched in D, the "basic key" of traditional music. The other common design consists of a <a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">barrel</a> made of seamless tubing fitted into a plastic or wooden <a href="/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)" title="Mouthpiece (woodwind)">mouthpiece</a>. </p><p>Skilled craftspeople make fine custom whistles from a range of materials including not only aluminium, brass, and steel tubing but synthetic materials and tropical hardwoods; despite this, more than a few longtime professionals stick with ordinary factory made whistles. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="356" data-mwtitle="GalwaySession1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:GalwaySession1.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/GalwaySession1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/GalwaySession1.ogg/GalwaySession1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Galway musicians playing at a session where tin whistle is prominent.</figcaption></figure> <p>Irish schoolchildren are generally taught the rudiments of playing on the tin whistle, just as school children in many other countries are taught the soprano recorder. At one time the whistle was thought of by many traditional musicians as merely a sort of "beginner's flute", but that attitude has disappeared in the face of talented whistlers such as <a href="/wiki/Mary_Bergin" title="Mary Bergin">Mary Bergin</a>, whose classic early seventies recording <i>Feadóga Stáin</i> (with bouzouki accompaniment by <a href="/wiki/Alec_Finn" title="Alec Finn">Alec Finn</a>) is often credited with revolutionising the whistle's place in the tradition. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Low_whistle" title="Low whistle">low whistle</a>, a derivative of the common tin whistle, is also popular, although some musicians find it less agile for session playing than the flute or the ordinary D whistle. </p><p>Notable present-day flute-players (sometimes called 'flautists' or 'fluters') include <a href="/wiki/Matt_Molloy" title="Matt Molloy">Matt Molloy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Crawford" title="Kevin Crawford">Kevin Crawford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Horan" title="Peter Horan">Peter Horan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_McGoldrick" title="Michael McGoldrick">Michael McGoldrick</a>, Desi Wilkinson, Conal O'Grada, James Carty, Emer Mayock, <a href="/wiki/Joanie_Madden" title="Joanie Madden">Joanie Madden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tubridy" title="Michael Tubridy">Michael Tubridy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_McEvoy" title="Catherine McEvoy">Catherine McEvoy</a>, while whistlers include <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Moloney" title="Paddy Moloney">Paddy Moloney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmel_Gunning" title="Carmel Gunning">Carmel Gunning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Keenan" title="Paddy Keenan">Paddy Keenan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Ryan_(Irish_fiddler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seán Ryan (Irish fiddler)">Seán Ryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Corr" title="Andrea Corr">Andrea Corr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Bergin" title="Mary Bergin">Mary Bergin</a>, Packie Byrne and Cormac Breatnach.<sup id="cite_ref-keegan_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keegan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uilleann_pipes">Uilleann pipes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Uilleann pipes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uilleann_pipes" title="Uilleann pipes">Uilleann pipes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liam_O%27Flinn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Liam_O%27Flinn.jpg/220px-Liam_O%27Flinn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Liam_O%27Flinn.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liam_O%27Flynn" title="Liam O'Flynn">Liam O'Flynn</a> playing uilleann pipes</figcaption></figure> <p>Uilleann pipes (pronounced <i>ill-in</i> or <i>ill-yun</i>) are a complex instrument. Tradition holds that seven years learning, seven years practising and seven years playing is required before a piper could be said to have mastered his instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-exac_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exac-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uilleann pipes developed around the beginning of the 18th century, the history of which is depicted in carvings and pictures from contemporary sources in both Britain and Ireland as <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_Pipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral Pipes">pastoral</a> and union pipes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its modern form had arrived by the end of the 18th century, and was played by <i>gentlemen pipers</i> such as the mid-18th century piper Jackson from Limerick and the <a href="/wiki/Tandragee" title="Tandragee">Tandragee</a> pipemaker William Kennedy, the Anglican clergyman <a href="/wiki/Canon_James_Goodman" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon James Goodman">Canon James Goodman</a> (1828–1896) and his friend John Hingston from <a href="/wiki/Skibbereen" title="Skibbereen">Skibbereen</a>. These were followed in the 20th century by the likes of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_Ennis" title="Séamus Ennis">Séamus Ennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Rowsome" title="Leo Rowsome">Leo Rowsome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willie_Clancy_(musician)" title="Willie Clancy (musician)">Willie Clancy</a>, playing refined and ornate pieces, as well as showy, ornamented forms played by travelling pipers like John Cash and <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Doran" title="Johnny Doran">Johnny Doran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DoranITT_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoranITT-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uilleann piping tradition had nearly died before being re-popularized by the likes of <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Moloney" title="Paddy Moloney">Paddy Moloney</a> (of <a href="/wiki/The_Chieftains" title="The Chieftains">the Chieftains</a>), and the formation of <a href="/wiki/Na_P%C3%ADobair%C3%AD_Uilleann" title="Na Píobairí Uilleann">Na Píobairí Uilleann</a>, an organisation open to pipers that included such players as Rowsome and Ennis, as well as researcher and collector <a href="/wiki/Breand%C3%A1n_Breathnach" title="Breandán Breathnach">Breandán Breathnach</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liam_O%27Flynn" title="Liam O'Flynn">Liam O'Flynn</a> is one of the most popular of modern performers along with <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Keenan" title="Paddy Keenan">Paddy Keenan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davy_Spillane" title="Davy Spillane">Davy Spillane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_O%27Sullivan_(musician)" title="Jerry O'Sullivan (musician)">Jerry O'Sullivan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mick_O%27Brien_(musician)" title="Mick O'Brien (musician)">Mick O'Brien</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Pavee" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavee">Pavee</a> (Traveller) families, such as the Fureys and Dorans and Keenans, are famous for the pipers among them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Uilleann pipes are among the most complex forms of <a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">bagpipes</a>; they possess a <a href="/wiki/Chanter" title="Chanter">chanter</a> with a double <a href="/wiki/Reed_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed (music)">reed</a> and a two-octave range, three single-reed drones, and, in the complete version known as a full set, a trio of (<i>regulators</i>) all with double reeds and keys worked by the piper's forearm, capable of providing harmonic support for the melody. (Virtually all uilleann pipers begin playing with a half set, lacking the regulators and consisting of only bellows, bag, chanter, and drones. Some choose never to play the full set, and many make little use of the regulators.) The bag is filled with air by a <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a> held between the piper's elbow and side, rather than by the performer's lungs as in the <a href="/wiki/Highland_pipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland pipes">highland pipes</a> and almost all other forms of bagpipe, aside from the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_smallpipes" title="Scottish smallpipes">Scottish smallpipes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_pipes" title="Pastoral pipes">Pastoral pipes</a> (which also plays with regulators), the <a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_pipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Northumbrian pipes">Northumbrian pipes</a> of northern England, and the <a href="/wiki/Border_pipes" title="Border pipes">Border pipes</a> found in both parts of the Anglo-Scottish Border country. </p><p>The uilleann pipes play a prominent part in a form of instrumental music called Fonn Mall, closely related to unaccompanied singing <i>an <a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">sean nós</a></i> ("in the old style"). <a href="/wiki/Willie_Clancy_(musician)" title="Willie Clancy (musician)">Willie Clancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Rowsome" title="Leo Rowsome">Leo Rowsome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garret_Barry_(piper)" title="Garret Barry (piper)">Garret Barry</a> were among the many pipers famous in their day; <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Keenan" title="Paddy Keenan">Paddy Keenan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Davy_Spillane" title="Davy Spillane">Davy Spillane</a> play these traditional airs today, among many others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harp">Harp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Harp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_harp_dsc05425.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Celtic_harp_dsc05425.jpg/220px-Celtic_harp_dsc05425.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Celtic_harp_dsc05425.jpg/330px-Celtic_harp_dsc05425.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Celtic_harp_dsc05425.jpg/440px-Celtic_harp_dsc05425.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A medieval clarsach in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1irseach" class="mw-redirect" title="Cláirseach">Cláirseach</a></div> <p>The harp is among the chief symbols of Ireland. The Celtic harp, seen on Irish coinage and used in Guinness advertising, was played as long ago as the 10th century. In ancient times, the harpers were greatly respected and, along with poets and scribes, assigned a high place amongst the most significant retainers of the old Gaelic order of lords and chieftains. Perhaps the best known representative of this tradition of harping today is <a href="/wiki/Turlough_%C3%93_Carolan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turlough Ó Carolan">Turlough Ó Carolan</a>, a blind 18th century harper who is often considered the unofficial national composer of Ireland. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Connellan" title="Thomas Connellan">Thomas Connellan</a>, a slightly earlier County Sligo harper, composed such well known airs as <i>"<a href="/wiki/The_Dawning_of_the_Day" title="The Dawning of the Day">The Dawning of the Day</a>"</i>/<i>"Raglan Road"</i> and <i>"Carolan's Dream"</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Octavius_Hill_and_Robert_Adamson_-_Patrick_Byrne,_about_1794_-_1863._Irish_Harpist_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/David_Octavius_Hill_and_Robert_Adamson_-_Patrick_Byrne%2C_about_1794_-_1863._Irish_Harpist_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-David_Octavius_Hill_and_Robert_Adamson_-_Patrick_Byrne%2C_about_1794_-_1863._Irish_Harpist_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/David_Octavius_Hill_and_Robert_Adamson_-_Patrick_Byrne%2C_about_1794_-_1863._Irish_Harpist_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-David_Octavius_Hill_and_Robert_Adamson_-_Patrick_Byrne%2C_about_1794_-_1863._Irish_Harpist_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/David_Octavius_Hill_and_Robert_Adamson_-_Patrick_Byrne%2C_about_1794_-_1863._Irish_Harpist_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-David_Octavius_Hill_and_Robert_Adamson_-_Patrick_Byrne%2C_about_1794_-_1863._Irish_Harpist_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3036" data-file-height="4001" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Byrne_(musician)" title="Patrick Byrne (musician)">Patrick Byrne</a>, harper, by <a href="/wiki/Hill_%26_Adamson" title="Hill & Adamson">Hill & Adamson</a> (1845), <a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">calotype</a> print, <span class="nowrap">203 × 164 mm,</span> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Gallery" title="Scottish National Gallery">Scottish National Gallery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The native Irish harping tradition was an aristocratic art music with its own canon and rules for arrangement and compositional structure, only tangentially associated with the folkloric music of the common people which is the ancestor of present-day Irish traditional music. Some of the late exponents of the harping tradition, such as O'Carolan, were influenced by the Italian Baroque art music of such composers as Vivaldi, which could be heard in the theatres and concert halls of Dublin. The harping tradition did not long outlast the native Gaelic aristocracy which supported it. By the early 19th century, the Irish harp and its music were, for all intents and purposes, dead. Tunes from the harping tradition survived only as unharmonised melodies which had been picked up by the folkloric tradition or were preserved as notated in collections such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bunting" title="Edward Bunting">Edward Bunting</a>'s (he attended the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Harp_Festival" title="Belfast Harp Festival">Belfast Harp Festival</a> in 1792) in which the tunes were most often modified to make them fit for the drawing room pianofortes of the Anglicised middle and upper classes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first generations of 20th century revivalists, mostly playing the gut-strung (frequently replaced with nylon after the Second World War) neo-Celtic harp with the pads of their fingers rather than the old brass-strung harp plucked with long fingernails, tended to take the dance tunes and song airs of Irish traditional music, along with such old harp tunes as they could find, and applied to them techniques derived from the orchestral (pedal) harp and an approach to rhythm, arrangement, and tempo that often had more in common with mainstream classical music than with either the old harping tradition or the living tradition of Irish music. A separate Belfast tradition of harp-accompanied folk-singing was preserved by the McPeake Family. In present day, a revival of the early Irish harp has been growing, with replicas of the medieval instruments being played, using strings of brass, silver, and even gold. This revival grew through the work of a number of musicians including <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Dolmetsch" title="Arnold Dolmetsch">Arnold Dolmetsch</a> in 1930s England, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Stivell" title="Alan Stivell">Alan Stivell</a> in 1960s Brittany, and Ann Heymann in the US from the 1970s to the present.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Notable players of the modern harp include <a href="/wiki/Derek_Bell_(musician)" title="Derek Bell (musician)">Derek Bell</a> (of <a href="/wiki/The_Chieftains" title="The Chieftains">the Chieftains</a>), <a href="/wiki/Laoise_Kelly" title="Laoise Kelly">Laoise Kelly</a> (of the Bumblebees), <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A1inne_Hambly" title="Gráinne Hambly">Gráinne Hambly</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_N%C3%AD_Chathasaigh" title="Máire Ní Chathasaigh">Máire Ní Chathasaigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_O%27Hara" title="Mary O'Hara">Mary O'Hara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoinette_McKenna" title="Antoinette McKenna">Antoinette McKenna</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ine_Minogue" title="Áine Minogue">Áine Minogue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Ball" title="Patrick Ball">Patrick Ball</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, the harp continues to occupy a niche in Irish traditional music, mainly for solo instrumental performance, or as the only accompaniment for an individual singer. Its melodic foreground role and background accompaniment role as a plucked or strummed string instrument has been subsumed by <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irish_bouzouki" title="Irish bouzouki">Irish bouzouki</a>, etc., in ensemble performance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accordion_and_concertina">Accordion and concertina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Accordion and concertina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">Accordion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concertina" title="Concertina">Concertina</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Happy_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_2010,_Dublin,_Ireland,_Accordion_Violin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Happy_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_2010%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland%2C_Accordion_Violin.jpg/220px-Happy_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_2010%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland%2C_Accordion_Violin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Happy_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_2010%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland%2C_Accordion_Violin.jpg/330px-Happy_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_2010%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland%2C_Accordion_Violin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Happy_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_2010%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland%2C_Accordion_Violin.jpg/440px-Happy_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_2010%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland%2C_Accordion_Violin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption>A girl playing an accordion on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a> in Dublin, 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>The accordion plays a major part in modern Irish music. The accordion spread to Ireland late in the 19th century. In its ten-key form (<a href="/wiki/Diatonic_button_accordion" title="Diatonic button accordion">melodeon</a>), it is claimed that it was popular across the island. It was recorded in the US by <a href="/wiki/John_Kimmel_(accordionist)" title="John Kimmel (accordionist)">John Kimmel</a>, The Flanagan Brothers, Eddie Herborn and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Conlon" title="Peter Conlon">Peter Conlon</a>. While uncommon, the melodeon is still played in some parts of Ireland, in particular in <a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a> by <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Connolly" title="Johnny Connolly">Johnny Connolly</a>. </p><p>Modern Irish accordion players generally prefer the 2 row button accordion. Unlike similar accordions used in other European and American music traditions, the rows are tuned a semi-tone apart. This allows the instrument to be played chromatically in melody. Currently accordions tuned to the keys of B/C and C#/D are by far the most popular systems. </p><p>The B/C accordion lends itself to a flowing style; it was popularised by <a href="/wiki/Paddy_O%27Brien_(accordionist)" title="Paddy O'Brien (accordionist)">Paddy O'Brien</a> of <a href="/wiki/County_Tipperary" title="County Tipperary">County Tipperary</a> in the late 1940s and 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Burke_(accordionist)" title="Joe Burke (accordionist)">Joe Burke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Brogan" title="Sonny Brogan">Sonny Brogan</a> in the 1950s and 60s. Dublin native <a href="/wiki/James_Keane_(musician)" title="James Keane (musician)">James Keane</a> brought the instrument to New York where he maintained an influential recording and performing career from the 1970s to the present. Other famous B/C players include <a href="/wiki/Paddy_O%27Brien_(musician_and_author)" title="Paddy O'Brien (musician and author)">Paddy O'Brien</a> of County Offaly, <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Gardiner" title="Bobby Gardiner">Bobby Gardiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finbarr_Dwyer" title="Finbarr Dwyer">Finbarr Dwyer</a>, John Nolan, <a href="/wiki/James_Keane_(musician)" title="James Keane (musician)">James Keane</a>, and Billy McComiskey.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The C#/D accordion lends itself to a punchier style and is particularly popular in the slides and polkas of Kerry Music. Notable players include <a href="/wiki/Tony_MacMahon" title="Tony MacMahon">Tony MacMahon</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn_O%27Connor" title="Máirtín O'Connor">Máirtín O'Connor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Shannon" title="Sharon Shannon">Sharon Shannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Piggott" title="Charlie Piggott">Charlie Piggott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Daly" title="Jackie Daly">Jackie Daly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Cooley" title="Joe Cooley">Joe Cooley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johnny_O%27Leary" title="Johnny O'Leary">Johnny O'Leary</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The piano accordion became highly popular during the 1950s and has flourished to the present day in céilí bands and for old time Irish dance music. Their greater range, ease of changing key, more fluent action, along with their strong musette tuning blended seamlessly with the other instruments and were highly valued during this period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They are a mainstay of the top Irish and Scottish ceilidh bands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Dermot_O%27Brien" title="Dermot O'Brien">Dermot O'Brien</a>, Malachy Doris, Sean Quinn and <a href="/wiki/Mick_Foster" class="mw-redirect" title="Mick Foster">Mick Foster</a> are well known Irish solo masters of this instrument and were well recorded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The latest revival of traditional music from the late 1970s also revived the interest in this versatile instrument.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Like the button key accordion, a new playing style has emerged with a dry tuning, lighter style of playing and a more rhythmically varied bass. Notable players of this modern style include <a href="/wiki/Karen_Tweed" title="Karen Tweed">Karen Tweed</a> (England) and Alan Kelly (Roscommon).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheatstone_English_Concertina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Wheatstone_English_Concertina.jpg/220px-Wheatstone_English_Concertina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Wheatstone_English_Concertina.jpg/330px-Wheatstone_English_Concertina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Wheatstone_English_Concertina.jpg/440px-Wheatstone_English_Concertina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption>English concertina made by Wheatstone around 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>Concertinas are manufactured in several types, the most common in Irish traditional music being the Anglo system with a few musicians now playing the English system. Each differs from the other in construction and playing technique. The most distinctive characteristic of the Anglo system is that each button sounds a different note, depending on whether the bellows are compressed or expanded. Anglo concertinas typically have either two or three rows of buttons that sound notes, plus an "air button" located near the right thumb that allows the player to fill or empty the bellows without sounding a note. </p><p>Two-row Anglo concertinas usually have 20 buttons that sound notes. Each row of 10 buttons comprises notes within a common key. The two primary rows thus contain the notes of two musical keys, such as C and G. Each row is divided in two with five buttons playing lower-pitched notes of the given key on the left-hand end of the instrument and five buttons playing the higher pitched notes on the right-hand end. The row of buttons in the higher key is closer to the wrist of each hand. 20 key concertinas have a limited use for Irish traditional music due to the limited range of accidentals available. </p><p>Three-row concertinas add a third row of accidentals (i.e., sharps and flats not included in the keys represented by the two main rows) and redundant notes (i.e., notes that duplicate those in the main keys but are located in the third, outermost row) that enable the instrument to be played in virtually any key. A series of sequential notes can be played in the home-key rows by depressing a button, compressing the bellows, depressing the same button and extending the bellows, moving to the next button and repeating the process, and so on. A consequence of this arrangement is that the player often encounters occasions requiring a change in bellows direction, which produces a clear separation between the sounds of the two adjacent notes. This tends to give the music a more punctuated, bouncy sound that can be especially well suited to hornpipes or jigs. </p><p>English concertinas, by contrast, sound the same note for any given button, irrespective of the direction of bellows travel. Thus, any note can be played while the bellows is either expanded or compressed. As a consequence, sequential notes can be played without altering the bellows direction. This allows sequences of notes to be played in a smooth, continuous stream without the interruption of changing bellows direction. </p><p>Despite the inherent bounciness of the Anglo and the inherent smoothness of the English concertina systems, skilled players of Irish traditional music can achieve either effect on each type of instrument by adapting the playing style. On the Anglo, for example, the notes on various rows partially overlap and the third row contains additional redundant notes, so that the same note can be sounded with more than one button. Often, whereas one button will sound a given note on bellows compression, an alternative button in a different row will sound the same note on bellows expansion. Thus, by playing across the rows, the player can avoid changes in bellows direction from note to note where the musical objective is a smoother sound. Likewise, the English system accommodates playing styles that counteract its inherent smoothness and continuity between notes. Specifically, when the music calls for it, the player can choose to reverse bellows direction, causing sequential notes to be more distinctly articulated.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popular<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2021)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> concertina players include <a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Amini" title="Mohsen Amini">Mohsen Amini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niall_Vallely" title="Niall Vallely">Niall Vallely</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Hayes" title="Kitty Hayes">Kitty Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gear%C3%B3id_%C3%93_hAllmhur%C3%A1in" title="Gearóid Ó hAllmhuráin">Gearóid Ó hAllmhuráin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noel_Hill_(musician)" title="Noel Hill (musician)">Noel Hill</a> and Padraig Rynne. <a href="/wiki/Liam_Clancy" title="Liam Clancy">Liam Clancy</a> (of the Clancy Brothers and <a href="/wiki/Makem_and_Clancy" title="Makem and Clancy">Makem and Clancy</a>) also played the concertina until his death in 2009.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banjo">Banjo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Banjo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">Banjo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MickMoloney.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MickMoloney.JPG/170px-MickMoloney.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MickMoloney.JPG/255px-MickMoloney.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MickMoloney.JPG/340px-MickMoloney.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="1468" /></a><figcaption>Banjo being played by <a href="/wiki/Mick_Moloney" title="Mick Moloney">Mick Moloney</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The four-string tenor banjo is played as a melody instrument by Irish traditional players, and is commonly tuned GDAE, an octave below the fiddle. It was brought to Ireland by returned emigrants from the United States, where it had been developed by African <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a>. It is seldom strummed in Irish music (although older recordings will sometimes feature the banjo used as a backing instrument), instead being played as a melody instrument using either a <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a> or a "thimble".<sup id="cite_ref-sully_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sully-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Barney_McKenna" title="Barney McKenna">Barney McKenna</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Dubliners" title="The Dubliners">the Dubliners</a> is often credited with paving the way for the banjo's current popularity, and was still actively playing until his death in 2012, aged 72. Notable players include <a href="/wiki/Kieran_Hanrahan" title="Kieran Hanrahan">Kieran Hanrahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Piggott" title="Charlie Piggott">Charlie Piggott</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Carty_(musician)" title="John Carty (musician)">John Carty</a>, Angelina Carberry, <a href="/wiki/Gerry_O%27Connor_(banjo_player)" title="Gerry O'Connor (banjo player)">Gerry O'Connor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enda_Scahill" title="Enda Scahill">Enda Scahill</a>, Kevin Griffin and All Ireland Fleadh champion, Brian Scannell.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With a few exceptions, for example <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanway" title="Tom Hanway">Tom Hanway</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the five-string banjo has had little role in Irish traditional music as a melody instrument. It has been used for accompaniment by the singers <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Barry" title="Margaret Barry">Margaret Barry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pecker_Dunne" title="Pecker Dunne">Pecker Dunne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luke_Kelly" title="Luke Kelly">Luke Kelly</a>, Al O'Donnell, <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Clancy" title="Bobby Clancy">Bobby Clancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Makem" title="Tommy Makem">Tommy Makem</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandolin">Mandolin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mandolin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">Mandolin</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GibsonA4Mandolin1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/GibsonA4Mandolin1921.jpg/130px-GibsonA4Mandolin1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/GibsonA4Mandolin1921.jpg/195px-GibsonA4Mandolin1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/GibsonA4Mandolin1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Example of an A-4-style mandolin (oval hole)</figcaption></figure> <p>The mandolin has become a common instrument amongst Irish traditional musicians. Fiddle tunes are readily accessible to the mandolin player because of the equivalent range of the two instruments and the practically identical (allowing for the lack of frets on the fiddle) left hand fingerings. </p><p>Although almost any variety of acoustic mandolin might be adequate for Irish traditional music, virtually all Irish players prefer flat-backed instruments with oval sound holes to the Italian-style bowl-back mandolins or the carved-top mandolins with f-holes favoured by <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a> mandolinists. The former are often too soft-toned to hold their own in a session (as well as having a tendency to not stay in place on the player's lap), whilst the latter tend to sound harsh and overbearing to the traditional ear. Greatly preferred for formal performance and recording are flat-topped "Irish-style" mandolins (reminiscent of the WWI-era Martin Army-Navy mandolin) and carved (arch) top mandolins with oval soundholes, such as the Gibson A-style of the 1920s. Resonator mandolins such as the RM-1 from National Resophonic are beginning to show up in Irish sessions in the US because they are loud enough to easily be heard.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Noteworthy Irish mandolinists include <a href="/wiki/Andy_Irvine_(musician)" title="Andy Irvine (musician)">Andy Irvine</a> (who, like <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Moynihan" title="Johnny Moynihan">Johnny Moynihan</a>, almost always tunes the E down to D),<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mick_Moloney" title="Mick Moloney">Mick Moloney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kelly_(Irish_musician)" title="Paul Kelly (Irish musician)">Paul Kelly</a>, Declan Corey and Claudine Langille. <a href="/wiki/John_Sheahan" title="John Sheahan">John Sheahan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barney_McKenna" title="Barney McKenna">Barney McKenna</a>, fiddle player and tenor banjo player respectively, with <a href="/wiki/The_Dubliners" title="The Dubliners">the Dubliners</a> are also accomplished mandolin players. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guitar">Guitar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Guitar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_D28_Acoustic_Guitar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Martin_D28_Acoustic_Guitar.jpg/129px-Martin_D28_Acoustic_Guitar.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Martin_D28_Acoustic_Guitar.jpg/194px-Martin_D28_Acoustic_Guitar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Martin_D28_Acoustic_Guitar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Acoustic guitar</figcaption></figure> <p>The guitar is not traditional in Irish music but has become widely accepted in modern <a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">sessions</a>. These are usually strummed with a plectrum (pick) to provide backing for the melody players or, sometimes, a singer. Irish backing tends to use chord voicings up and down the neck, rather than basic first or second position "cowboy chords"; unlike those used in jazz, these chord voicings seldom involve barre fingerings and often employ one or more open strings in combination with strings stopped at the fifth or higher frets. Modal (root and fifth without the third, neither major nor minor) chords are used extensively alongside the usual major and minor chords, as are suspended and sometimes more exotic augmented chords; however, the major and minor seventh chords are less employed than in many other styles of music. </p><p>Ideally, the guitarist follows the leading melody player or singer precisely rather than trying to control the rhythm and tempo. Most guitar parts take inspiration and direction from the melody, rather than driving the melody as in other acoustic genres.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the earliest notable guitarists working in traditional music, such as <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD_Sproule" title="Dáithí Sproule">Dáithí Sproule</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Bothy_Band" title="The Bothy Band">The Bothy Band</a>'s <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADche%C3%A1l_%C3%93_Domhnaill" title="Mícheál Ó Domhnaill">Mícheál Ó Domhnaill</a>, tuned their instruments in "DADGAD" tuning, although many players use the "standard" (EADGBE) and "drop D" (DADGBE) tunings: among others, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Cooney" title="Steve Cooney">Steve Cooney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arty_McGlynn" title="Arty McGlynn">Arty McGlynn</a> and John Doyle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A host of other alternative tunings are also used by some players. The distinctive feature of these tunings is that one or more open strings played along with fingered chord shapings provide a <a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">drone</a> note part of the chord. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Guitarists and bouzouki players may play single note melody instead of harmonizing accompaniment, but in live acoustic sessions with more than two or three players but it is difficult to produce sufficient volume to be heard over drumming and the piercing sound of fiddles and penny whistles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bouzouki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Bouzouki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Irish_Bouzouki.jpg/100px-Irish_Bouzouki.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Irish_Bouzouki.jpg/150px-Irish_Bouzouki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Irish_Bouzouki.jpg/200px-Irish_Bouzouki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>An Irish bouzouki</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Irish_bouzouki" title="Irish bouzouki">Irish bouzouki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a></div> <p>Although not traditional, the Irish bouzouki<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has found a home in the modern Irish traditional music scene. The Greek bouzouki was introduced to Irish traditional music in the late 1960s by <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Moynihan" title="Johnny Moynihan">Johnny Moynihan</a> and then popularised by <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3nal_Lunny" title="Dónal Lunny">Dónal Lunny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Irvine_(musician)" title="Andy Irvine (musician)">Andy Irvine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alec_Finn" title="Alec Finn">Alec Finn</a>. </p><p>Today's Irish bouzouki (usually) has four courses of two strings (usually) tuned G2−D3−A3−D4. The bass courses are most often tuned in unisons, one feature that distinguishes the Irish bouzouki from its Greek antecedent, although octaves in the bass are favoured by some players. Instead of the staved round back of the Greek bouzouki, Irish bouzoukis usually have a flat or lightly arched back. Peter Abnett, the first instrument maker to build an Irish bouzouki (for Dónal Lunny in 1970) makes a three piece staved back. The top is either flat or carved like that of an arch-top <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a>, although some builders carve both the back and the top. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alec_Finn" title="Alec Finn">Alec Finn</a> and Mick Conneely are the only notable players still using a Greek bouzouki, one of the older style <i>trixordo</i> three course (six string) instruments tuned D3−A3−D4.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bodhrán_and_other_percussion"><span id="Bodhr.C3.A1n_and_other_percussion"></span>Bodhrán and other percussion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bodhrán and other percussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bodhr%C3%A1n" title="Bodhrán">Bodhrán</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Bodhran.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Bodhrán with tipper</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Frame_drum" title="Frame drum">frame drum</a>, usually of bent wood and goatskin, the bodhrán is considered a relatively modern addition to traditional dance music. Some musicologists suggest its use was originally confined to the <a href="/wiki/Wrenboys" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrenboys">wrenboys</a> on <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Stephen's Day">St. Stephen's Day</a> and other quasi-ritual processions. It was introduced/popularised in the 1960s by <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Riada" title="Seán Ó Riada">Seán Ó Riada</a> (although there are mentions of "tambourines" without zils being played as early as the mid 19th century), and quickly became popular.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Notable players include <a href="/wiki/Liam_%C3%93_Maonla%C3%AD" title="Liam Ó Maonlaí">Liam Ó Maonlaí</a> (of the Hothouse Flowers), Johnny 'Ringo' McDonagh, Tommy Hayes, Eamon Murray of <a href="/wiki/Beoga" title="Beoga">Beoga</a>, Colm Murphy, John Joe Kelly of <a href="/wiki/Flook_(band)" title="Flook (band)">Flook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Corr" title="Caroline Corr">Caroline Corr</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Corrs" title="The Corrs">the Corrs</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mention should also be made here of the <a href="/wiki/Bones_(instrument)" title="Bones (instrument)">Bones</a> – two slender, curved pieces of bone or wood – and "spoons". Pairs of either are held together in one hand and struck-together rhythmically to make a percussive, clacking sound. </p><p>Occasionally, at pub sessions, there are some non-traditional <a href="/wiki/Hand_drum" title="Hand drum">hand drums</a> used, such as the West African <a href="/wiki/Djembe" title="Djembe">Djembe</a> drum – which can produce a low booming bass note, as well as a high pitched tone – and the Caribbean <a href="/wiki/Bongo_drum" title="Bongo drum">Bongo drum</a>. These drums are used as a variation to, or combined with, the bodhrán during sessions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harmonica">Harmonica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Harmonica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Harmonica" title="Harmonica">Harmonica</a></div> <p>Although not as well-documented within the tradition as other free-reed instruments, the Irish harmonica tradition is represented by <a href="/wiki/Rick_Epping" title="Rick Epping">Rick Epping</a>, Mick Kinsella, Paul Moran, the Murphy family from County Wexford, Eddie Clarke and <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Power" title="Brendan Power">Brendan Power</a> (the latter being of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Clancy" title="Paddy Clancy">Paddy Clancy</a> became the first world-famous Irish folk <a href="/wiki/Harmonicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonicist">harmonicist</a> in the early 1960s as part of the Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revivals_of_traditional_Irish_music">Revivals of traditional Irish music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Revivals of traditional Irish music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_19th_century_revival_and_the_early_20th_century">Late 19th century revival and the early 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Late 19th century revival and the early 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The revival of interest in Irish traditional culture was closely linked to Nationalist calls for independence and was catalysed by the foundation of the Gaelic League in 1893. This sought to encourage the rediscovery and affirmation of Irish traditional arts by focusing upon the Irish language, but also established an annual competition, the Feis Ceoil, in 1903 as a focus for its activities. </p><p>In the US, traditional musicians remained popular in Irish communities in large cities such as <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. <a href="/wiki/Francis_O%27Neill" title="Francis O'Neill">Francis O'Neill</a> (1848–1936) was a collector and promoter of Irish traditional music whose work was a "huge influence on the evolution of Irish traditional dance music in the twentieth century".<sup id="cite_ref-car_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-car-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as publishing large compendiums of tunes, O'Neill is credited with making some of the earliest recordings of Irish Musicians on Edison wax cylinders.<sup id="cite_ref-con_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-con-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s and 1930s the records of emigrant musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Ed_Reavy" title="Ed Reavy">Ed Reavy</a>, Michael Coleman, James Morrison and <a href="/wiki/John_McKenna_(flautist)" title="John McKenna (flautist)">John McKenna</a> breathed new life into music being played back in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religion also played a role in the re-development of Irish culture. The actual achievement of independence from Britain tallied closely with a new Irish establishment desire to separate Irish culture from the European mainstream, but the new Irish government also paid heed to clerical calls to curtail 'jazz dancing' and other suggestions of a dereliction in Irish morality—though it was not until 1935 that the Public Dance Halls Act curtailed the right of anyone to hold their own events; from then on, no public musical or dancing events could be held in a public space without a license and most of those were usually only granted to 'suitable' persons – often the parish priest. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="218" data-mwtitle="Schumann-Heink_-_Danny_Boy_(Londonderry_air)_(1917).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Schumann-Heink_-_Danny_Boy_(Londonderry_air)_(1917).ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Schumann-Heink_-_Danny_Boy_%28Londonderry_air%29_%281917%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Schumann-Heink_-_Danny_Boy_%28Londonderry_air%29_%281917%29.ogg/Schumann-Heink_-_Danny_Boy_%28Londonderry_air%29_%281917%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASchumann-Heink_-_Danny_Boy_%28Londonderry_air%29_%281917%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Danny_Boy" title="Danny Boy">Danny Boy</a> interpreted by <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Schumann-Heink" title="Ernestine Schumann-Heink">Ernestine Schumann-Heink</a> (1861-1936) in 1917.</figcaption></figure> <p>Combined with continued emigration, and the priesthood's inevitable zeal in closing down un-licensed events, the upshot was to drive traditional music and dancing back into the cottage where it remained until returning migrants persuaded pub owners to host sessions in the early 1960s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_revival_in_the_1960s_and_1970s">Second revival in the 1960s and 1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Second revival in the 1960s and 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Riada" title="Seán Ó Riada">Seán Ó Riada</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Chieftains" title="The Chieftains">the Chieftains</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Clancy_Brothers" title="The Clancy Brothers">the Clancy Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Rovers" title="The Irish Rovers">the Irish Rovers</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Dubliners" title="The Dubliners">the Dubliners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweeney%27s_Men" title="Sweeney's Men">Sweeney's Men</a> were in large part responsible for a second wave of revitalisation of Irish folk music in the 1960s, followed by <a href="/wiki/Planxty" title="Planxty">Planxty</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bothy_Band" title="The Bothy Band">the Bothy Band</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clannad" title="Clannad">Clannad</a> in the 70s. This revival was aided in part by a loose movement of musicians founded in 1951 with the aim of preserving traditional music, <a href="/wiki/Comhaltas_Ceolt%C3%B3ir%C3%AD_%C3%89ireann" title="Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann">Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann</a>, which led to the popular Fleadh Cheoil (music festival). </p><p>The 1960s saw a number of innovative performers. <a href="/wiki/Christy_Moore" title="Christy Moore">Christy Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3nal_Lunny" title="Dónal Lunny">Dónal Lunny</a>, for example, first performing as a duo, and later creating two of the best-known bands of the era, Planxty and <a href="/wiki/Moving_Hearts" title="Moving Hearts">Moving Hearts</a> (in the 1980s). The Clancys broke open the field in the US in the early part of the decade, which inspired vocal groups like the Dubliners, while <a href="/wiki/Ceolt%C3%B3ir%C3%AD_Chualann" title="Ceoltóirí Chualann">Ceoltóirí Chualann</a>'s instrumental music spawned perhaps the best-known Irish traditional band, the Chieftains, which formed in 1963. </p><p>By the 1970s, Planxty and Clannad set the stage for a major popular blossoming of Irish music.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formed in 1974, The Bothy Band became the spearcarriers of that movement; their début album, <i>1975</i> (1975), inspired a legion of fans.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New groups that appeared in their wake included Moving Hearts formed by Dónal Lunny and Christy Moore and featuring <a href="/wiki/Davy_Spillane" title="Davy Spillane">Davy Spillane</a> on uilleann pipes – the first time this had effectively happened in a rock setting.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Folk_Music_Society_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Music Society of Ireland">Folk Music Society of Ireland</a> was founded in 1971,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Traditional_Music_Archive" title="Irish Traditional Music Archive">Irish Traditional Music Archive</a> was set up in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Van_Morrison" title="Van Morrison">Van Morrison</a> is also known from the trad-rock scene, and is known for incorporating <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B">R&B</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_rock">Celtic rock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Celtic rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Celtic rock</a></div> <p>Celtic rock is a genre of <a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">folk rock</a> and a form of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_fusion" title="Celtic fusion">Celtic fusion</a> pioneered in Ireland which incorporates <a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Celtic music</a>, instrumentation and themes into a rock music context. It can be seen as a key foundation of the development of highly successful mainstream Celtic bands and popular musical performers, as well as creating important derivatives through further fusions.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the most successful product of this scene was the band <a href="/wiki/Thin_Lizzy" title="Thin Lizzy">Thin Lizzy</a>. Formed in 1969 their first two albums were recognisably influenced by traditional Irish music and their first hit single '<a href="/wiki/Whiskey_in_the_Jar" title="Whiskey in the Jar">Whiskey in the Jar</a>' in 1972, was a rock version of a traditional Irish song.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this point they began to move towards the hard rock that allowed them to gain a series of hit singles and albums, but retained some occasional elements of Celtic rock on later albums such as <i><a href="/wiki/Jailbreak_(album)" title="Jailbreak (album)">Jailbreak</a></i> (1976). Formed in 1970 <a href="/wiki/Horslips" title="Horslips">Horslips</a> were the first Irish group to have the terms 'Celtic rock' applied to them, produced work that included traditional Irish/Celtic music and instrumentation, Celtic themes and imagery, <a href="/wiki/Concept_albums" class="mw-redirect" title="Concept albums">concept albums</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish mythology</a> in a way that entered the territory of progressive rock all powered by a <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> sound.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horslips are considered important in the history of Irish rock as they were the first major band to enjoy success without having to leave their native country and can be seen as providing a template for Celtic rock in Ireland and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_century:_Folk-rock_and_more">Late 20th century: Folk-rock and more</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Late 20th century: Folk-rock and more"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhran_player.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bodhran_player.jpg/220px-Bodhran_player.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bodhran_player.jpg/330px-Bodhran_player.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bodhran_player.jpg/440px-Bodhran_player.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>A modern bodhrán player</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional music, especially sean nós singing, played a major part in Irish popular music later in the century, with <a href="/wiki/Van_Morrison" title="Van Morrison">Van Morrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hothouse_Flowers" title="Hothouse Flowers">Hothouse Flowers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_O%27Connor" title="Sinéad O'Connor">Sinéad O'Connor</a> using traditional elements in popular songs. <a href="/wiki/Enya" title="Enya">Enya</a> achieved enormous international success with <a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New Age</a>/Celtic fusions. <a href="/wiki/The_Pogues" title="The Pogues">the Pogues</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Shane_MacGowan" title="Shane MacGowan">Shane MacGowan</a>, helped fuse Irish folk with <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a>. This resulted in top ten hits in Ireland, the UK and the US. <a href="/wiki/Afro-Celt_Sound_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Celt Sound System">Afro-Celt Sound System</a> combined Celtic instrumentals with West African influences and <a href="/wiki/Drum_n_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum n bass">drum n bass</a> in the 1990s. </p><p>In the 1980s, notable folk bands included <a href="/wiki/De_Dannan" title="De Dannan">De Dannan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altan_(band)" title="Altan (band)">Altan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dervish_(band)" title="Dervish (band)">Dervish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Street" title="Patrick Street">Patrick Street</a>. A growing interest in Irish music at this time helped many artistes gain more recognition abroad, including <a href="/wiki/Mary_Black" title="Mary Black">Mary Black</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Shannon" title="Sharon Shannon">Sharon Shannon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> screened a documentary series about the influence of Irish music called <i>Bringing it all Back Home</i> (a reference to both the <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> album and the way in which Irish traditional music has travelled, especially in the New World following the <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a>, which in turn has come back to influence modern Irish rock music). This series also helped to raise the profile of many artists relatively little known outside Ireland. </p><p>In the 2000s <a href="/wiki/Beoga" title="Beoga">Beoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A1da" title="Gráda">Gráda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan%C3%BA" title="Danú">Danú</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teada" class="mw-redirect" title="Teada">Teada</a> are among the youngest major instrumental bands of a largely traditional bent. </p><p>There are many other Irish bands developing fusions of local and Irish music such as <a href="/wiki/Flook_(band)" title="Flook (band)">Flook</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%ADla" title="Kíla">Kíla</a>, Gráda and The Dave Munnelly Band. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collections">Collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_music_collecting" title="Irish music collecting">Irish music collecting</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:IrishTunes.ogg" title="File:IrishTunes.ogg">Irish harmonica tune</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="112" data-mwtitle="IrishTunes.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/IrishTunes.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/IrishTunes.ogg/IrishTunes.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Recording from the Library of Congress' <i>California Gold: Northern California Folk Music from the Thirties Collection</i>; performed by Aaron Morgan (harmonica) on 17 July 1939 in <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_California" title="Columbia, California">Columbia, California</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Several organisations are involved in collecting and promoting traditional Irish music. These include <a href="/wiki/Comhaltas_Ceolt%C3%B3ir%C3%AD_%C3%89ireann" title="Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann">Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Folk_Music_Society_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Music Society of Ireland">Folk Music Society of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Traditional_Music_Archive" title="Irish Traditional Music Archive">Irish Traditional Music Archive</a>, and Irish World Academy of Music and Dance (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Limerick" title="University of Limerick">University of Limerick</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regionally focused organisations include the Ionad Cultúrtha, a regional cultural centre for the traditional and contemporary arts, in <a href="/wiki/Ballyvourney" title="Ballyvourney">Ballyvourney</a>, County Cork.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also holds music and visual art events.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pub_sessions">Pub sessions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Pub sessions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">Irish traditional music session</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pub_session" title="Pub session">Pub session</a></div> <p>Pub sessions are now the home for much of Irish traditional music, which takes place at informal gatherings in country and urban pubs. The first known of these modern pub sessions took place in 1947 in London's <a href="/wiki/Camden_Town" title="Camden Town">Camden Town</a> at a bar called the <a href="/wiki/Devonshire_Arms" title="Devonshire Arms">Devonshire Arms</a> (although some ethnomusicologists believe that Irish immigrants in the United States may have held sessions before this); the practice was only later introduced to Ireland. By the 1960s pubs like <a href="/wiki/O%27Donoghue%27s_Pub" title="O'Donoghue's Pub">O'Donoghues</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> were holding their own pub sessions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people#Music" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_musicians_from_County_Clare" title="List of traditional musicians from County Clare">List of traditional musicians from County Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_All-Ireland_Champions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of All-Ireland Champions">List of All-Ireland Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Irish_singers" title="List of traditional Irish singers">List of traditional Irish singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Gaelic_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Gaelic music">Traditional Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association" title="Irish Recorded Music Association">Irish Recorded Music Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish topics">Irish topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebel_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish rebel music">Irish rebel music</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Flood3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flood3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flood3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraryireland.com/IrishMusic/III.php"><i>A History of Irish Music: Chapter III: Ancient Irish musical instruments</i></a>, William H. Grattan Flood (1905)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMac_Aoidh2006" class="citation book cs1">Mac Aoidh, Caoimhin (2006). <i>From Mazovia to Meenbanad</i>. Ceo Teo. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780955903106" title="Special:BookSources/9780955903106"><bdi>9780955903106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Mazovia+to+Meenbanad&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Ceo+Teo&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780955903106&rft.aulast=Mac+Aoidh&rft.aufirst=Caoimhin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Irish_Fiddle_Book-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Irish_Fiddle_Book_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Irish_Fiddle_Book_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Irish_Fiddle_Book_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Irish_Fiddle_Book_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Irish_Fiddle_Book_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Irish_Fiddle_Book_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCranitch1996" class="citation book cs1">Cranitch, Matt (June 1996). <i>The Irish Fiddle Book</i>. Music Sales Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0825693845" title="Special:BookSources/0825693845"><bdi>0825693845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Fiddle+Book&rft.pub=Music+Sales+Corporation&rft.date=1996-06&rft.isbn=0825693845&rft.aulast=Cranitch&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Folk_Music_and_Dance_of_Ireland-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Folk_Music_and_Dance_of_Ireland_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folk_Music_and_Dance_of_Ireland_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folk_Music_and_Dance_of_Ireland_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folk_Music_and_Dance_of_Ireland_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreathnach1977" class="citation book cs1">Breathnach, Breandan (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folkmusicdanceso00brea"><i>Folk Music and Dance of Ireland</i></a>. The Mercer Press, Lmtd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853425094" title="Special:BookSources/0853425094"><bdi>0853425094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk+Music+and+Dance+of+Ireland&rft.pub=The+Mercer+Press%2C+Lmtd.&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0853425094&rft.aulast=Breathnach&rft.aufirst=Breandan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffolkmusicdanceso00brea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Chris (1999). <i>Celtic Back-up for all instrumentalists</i>. MelBay. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786688746" title="Special:BookSources/9780786688746"><bdi>9780786688746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Back-up+for+all+instrumentalists&rft.pub=MelBay&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780786688746&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLysaght1997" class="citation journal cs1">Lysaght, Patricia (1997). "Caoineadh os Cionn Coirp: The Lament for the Dead in Ireland". <i>Folklore</i>. <b>108</b> (1–2). UK: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 65–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.1997.9715938">10.1080/0015587X.1997.9715938</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1260709">1260709</a>. <q>Preview</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=Caoineadh+os+Cionn+Coirp%3A+The+Lament+for+the+Dead+in+Ireland&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=65-82&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587X.1997.9715938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1260709%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lysaght&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÉireann" class="citation web cs1">Éireann, Comhaltas Ceoltóirí. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120605123529/http://comhaltas.ie/music/treoir/detail/bodhran_its_origin_meaning_and_history/">"Comhaltas: Bodhrán: its origin, meaning and history"</a>. <i>comhaltas.ie</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comhaltas.ie/music/treoir/detail/bodhran_its_origin_meaning_and_history/">the original</a> on 5 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=comhaltas.ie&rft.atitle=Comhaltas%3A+Bodhr%C3%A1n%3A+its+origin%2C+meaning+and+history&rft.aulast=%C3%89ireann&rft.aufirst=Comhaltas+Ceolt%C3%B3ir%C3%AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomhaltas.ie%2Fmusic%2Ftreoir%2Fdetail%2Fbodhran_its_origin_meaning_and_history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishfiddle.com/article_on_styles3.html">Irish Fiddle</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080523190807/http://www.irishfiddle.com/article_on_styles3.html">Archived</a> 23 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libraryireland.com/IrishMusic/III.php">"Ancient Irish Musical Instruments"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Irish+Musical+Instruments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.libraryireland.com%2FIrishMusic%2FIII.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirleyDinelyPrendergast1856" class="citation journal cs1">Shirley, Evelyn Philip; Dinely, Thomas; Prendergast, John P. (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25502503">"Extracts from the Journal of Thomas Dineley, Esquire, Giving Some Account of His Visit to Ireland in the Reign of Charles II"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Kilkenny and South-East of Ireland Archaeological Society</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 143–188. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25502503">25502503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Kilkenny+and+South-East+of+Ireland+Archaeological+Society&rft.atitle=Extracts+from+the+Journal+of+Thomas+Dineley%2C+Esquire%2C+Giving+Some+Account+of+His+Visit+to+Ireland+in+the+Reign+of+Charles+II&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=143-188&rft.date=1856&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25502503%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shirley&rft.aufirst=Evelyn+Philip&rft.au=Dinely%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Prendergast%2C+John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25502503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallely1999" class="citation book cs1">Vallely, Fintan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontoirish00vall/page/122/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>The companion to Irish traditional music</i></a>. Cork University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85918-148-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85918-148-5"><bdi>978-1-85918-148-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+companion+to+Irish+traditional+music&rft.pub=Cork+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85918-148-5&rft.aulast=Vallely&rft.aufirst=Fintan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompaniontoirish00vall%2Fpage%2F122%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/15773/1/John%20Keneth%20Rice-08.03.2022%2016-12-02.pdf">https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/15773/1/John%20Keneth%20Rice-08.03.2022%2016-12-02.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ouririshheritage.org/content/archive/topics/miscellaneous/irish-musical-instruments-2">"Irish Musical Instruments"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+Musical+Instruments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouririshheritage.org%2Fcontent%2Farchive%2Ftopics%2Fmiscellaneous%2Firish-musical-instruments-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitchner, Earle. "Brian Conway is the Irish Echo's top trad artist for 2008." <i>Irish Echo</i> [New York] 28 Jan 2009, monthly ed. n. pag. Print. Digital edition available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://irishecho.com/?p=62163">http://irishecho.com/?p=62163</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theirishplace.com/traditional-irish-music/irish-instruments/whistle-work-irish-tin-whistle/">"History of The Irish Tin Whistle"</a>. The Irish Place. 8 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+The+Irish+Tin+Whistle&rft.pub=The+Irish+Place&rft.date=2017-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theirishplace.com%2Ftraditional-irish-music%2Firish-instruments%2Fwhistle-work-irish-tin-whistle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-keegan-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-keegan_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan,_Niall2010" class="citation web cs1">Keegan, Niall (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714183141/http://www.irishworldacademy.ie/inbhear/volume-1/n-keegan/v1-i1-n-keegan-menu.html">"The Parameters of Style in Irish Traditional Music"</a>. <i>Traditional styles and flute music</i>. Inbhear - Journal of Irish Music and Dance. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishworldacademy.ie/inbhear/volume-1/n-keegan/v1-i1-n-keegan-menu.html">the original</a> on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Traditional+styles+and+flute+music&rft.atitle=The+Parameters+of+Style+in+Irish+Traditional+Music&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Keegan%2C+Niall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishworldacademy.ie%2Finbhear%2Fvolume-1%2Fn-keegan%2Fv1-i1-n-keegan-menu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/regionals/sligochampion/entertainment/north-connacht-musicians-feature-in-tg4-show-27556494.html">"North Connacht musicians feature in TG4 show"</a>. The Sligo Champion. 31 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Connacht+musicians+feature+in+TG4+show&rft.pub=The+Sligo+Champion&rft.date=2007-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fregionals%2Fsligochampion%2Fentertainment%2Fnorth-connacht-musicians-feature-in-tg4-show-27556494.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/mickmulveymusic/home">"Mick Mulvey"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mick+Mulvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fmickmulveymusic%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-exac-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-exac_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh,_Tom2000" class="citation web cs1">Walsh, Tom (7 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mustrad.org.uk/reviews/rickard.htm">"Pure Piping"</a>. <i>Review of Pure Piping by Leo Rickard (Claddagh CCF33CD)</i>. Musical Traditions Internet Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Pure+Piping+by+Leo+Rickard+%28Claddagh+CCF33CD%29&rft.atitle=Pure+Piping&rft.date=2000-12-07&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mustrad.org.uk%2Freviews%2Frickard.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also James Boswell: <i>Tour of Ireland</i> (1786)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DoranITT-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DoranITT_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuohyÓ_hAodha2008" class="citation book cs1">Tuohy, David; Ó hAodha, Mícheál (2008). <i>Postcolonial Artist: Johnny Doran and Irish Traveller Tradition</i>. UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-441-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-441-2"><bdi>978-1-84718-441-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postcolonial+Artist%3A+Johnny+Doran+and+Irish+Traveller+Tradition&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84718-441-2&rft.aulast=Tuohy&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=%C3%93+hAodha%2C+M%C3%ADche%C3%A1l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Graeme (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41699846">"Irish Button Accordion: From Press and Draw and Back Again"</a>. <i>The World of Music</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 15–36. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41699846">41699846</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+Music&rft.atitle=Irish+Button+Accordion%3A+From+Press+and+Draw+and+Back+Again&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=15-36&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41699846%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41699846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1997" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Graeme (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/852759">"Modern-Style Irish Accordion Playing: History, Biography and Class"</a>. <i>Ethnomusicology</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 433–463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F852759">10.2307/852759</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/852759">852759</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnomusicology&rft.atitle=Modern-Style+Irish+Accordion+Playing%3A+History%2C+Biography+and+Class&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=433-463&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F852759&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F852759%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F852759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sully-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sully_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan 1979, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanway1998" class="citation book cs1">Hanway, Tom (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.melbay.com/Products/95759M/complete-book-of-irish--celtic-5string-banjo.aspx"><i>Complete Book of Irish & Celtic 5-String Banjo</i></a>. Mel Bay Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7866-6582-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7866-6582-3"><bdi>0-7866-6582-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Book+of+Irish+%26+Celtic+5-String+Banjo&rft.pub=Mel+Bay+Publications%2C+Inc&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7866-6582-3&rft.aulast=Hanway&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.melbay.com%2FProducts%2F95759M%2Fcomplete-book-of-irish--celtic-5string-banjo.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walsh-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_CallanainWalsh1989" class="citation book cs1">Ó Callanain, Niall; Walsh, Tommy (1989). <i>The Irish Bouzouki</i>. Ireland: Waltons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7866-1595-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7866-1595-8"><bdi>0-7866-1595-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Bouzouki&rft.place=Ireland&rft.pub=Waltons&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-7866-1595-8&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Callanain&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Tommy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140713090233/http://worldmusic.about.com/od/learningmusic/f/What-Musical-Instruments-Are-Used-In-A-Traditional-Irish-Music-Group.htm">"What Musical Instruments are Used in a Traditional Irish Music Group?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldmusic.about.com/od/learningmusic/f/What-Musical-Instruments-Are-Used-In-A-Traditional-Irish-Music-Group.htm">the original</a> on 13 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Musical+Instruments+are+Used+in+a+Traditional+Irish+Music+Group%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldmusic.about.com%2Fod%2Flearningmusic%2Ff%2FWhat-Musical-Instruments-Are-Used-In-A-Traditional-Irish-Music-Group.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishmusicreview.com">"Irish Music Review"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+Music+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishmusicreview.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-car-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-car_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarolan,_Nicholas1997" class="citation book cs1">Carolan, Nicholas (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harvestsavedfran0000caro"><i>A Harvest Saved: Francis O'Neill and Irish Music in Chicago</i></a></span>. Ossian Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900428-11-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-900428-11-3"><bdi>1-900428-11-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Harvest+Saved%3A+Francis+O%27Neill+and+Irish+Music+in+Chicago&rft.pub=Ossian+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-900428-11-3&rft.au=Carolan%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharvestsavedfran0000caro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-con-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-con_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChief_O'Neill_Blog2017" class="citation web cs1">Chief O'Neill Blog (18 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chiefoneill.com/dunn-family-collection">"Dunn Family Collection of O'Neill Recordings"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dunn+Family+Collection+of+O%27Neill+Recordings&rft.date=2017-06-18&rft.au=Chief+O%27Neill+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchiefoneill.com%2Fdunn-family-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComhaltas_Ceoltóirí_Éireann" class="citation journal cs1">Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann. "John McKenna". <i>Treoir</i>. <b>21</b> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Treoir&rft.atitle=John+McKenna&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.au=Comhaltas+Ceolt%C3%B3ir%C3%AD+%C3%89ireann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Scanlan, <i>Culture and Customs of Ireland</i> (Greenwood, 2006), pp. 169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Brown, <i>Ireland: A Social and Cultural History, 1922–79,</i>(Fontana, 1981), p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Cleary, <i>Outrageous Fortune: Capital and Culture in Modern Ireland</i> (Field Day Publications, 2007), pp. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itma.ie/features/printed-collections/irish-folk-music-society">"Irish Song & Music in 18th-Century Dublin, Bibliography, Discography: Publications of the FMSI, 1984"</a>. <i>itma.ie</i>. Irish Traditional Music Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=itma.ie&rft.atitle=Irish+Song+%26+Music+in+18th-Century+Dublin%2C+Bibliography%2C+Discography%3A+Publications+of+the+FMSI%2C+1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itma.ie%2Ffeatures%2Fprinted-collections%2Firish-folk-music-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itma.ie/about/history">"IMTA - History"</a>. <i>itma.ie</i>. Irish Traditional Music Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=itma.ie&rft.atitle=IMTA+-+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itma.ie%2Fabout%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. S. Sawyers, <i>Celtic Music: A Complete Guide</i> (Da Capo Press, 2001), pp. 1–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Byrne, <i>Thin Lizzy</i> (SAF Publishing Ltd, 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Cleary, <i>Outrageous Fortune: Capital and Culture in Modern Ireland</i>, (Field Day Publications, 2007), pp. 272–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. S. Sawyers, <i>Celtic Music: A Complete Guide</i> (Da Capo Press, 2001), p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.ie/en/music-links.aspx">"Music - Links - Irish Traditional Music"</a>. <i>nli.ie</i>. National Library of Ireland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nli.ie&rft.atitle=Music+-+Links+-+Irish+Traditional+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nli.ie%2Fen%2Fmusic-links.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ionadculturtha.ie">"Ionad Culturtha Arts Centre, Baile Mhuirne, Cork: Music, Classes & Arts Events"</a>. <i>www.ionadculturtha.ie</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ionadculturtha.ie&rft.atitle=Ionad+Culturtha+Arts+Centre%2C+Baile+Mhuirne%2C+Cork%3A+Music%2C+Classes+%26+Arts+Events&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ionadculturtha.ie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoultonSomervell1893" class="citation book cs1">Boulton, Harold; Somervell, Arthur, eds. (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/songsoffournatio00boul"><i>Songs of the Four Nations</i></a>. London: J.B. Cramer & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+of+the+Four+Nations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.B.+Cramer+%26+Co.&rft.date=1893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsongsoffournatio00boul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoydell1985" class="citation book cs1">Boydell, Barra (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicpaintingsin0000boyd"><i>Music and Paintings in the National Gallery of Ireland</i></a></span>. Dublin: National Gallery of Ireland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903162-22-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-903162-22-9"><bdi>0-903162-22-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Paintings+in+the+National+Gallery+of+Ireland&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=National+Gallery+of+Ireland&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-903162-22-9&rft.aulast=Boydell&rft.aufirst=Barra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicpaintingsin0000boyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreathnach1971" class="citation book cs1">Breathnach, Breandán (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folkmusicdanceso00brea"><i>Folk Music and Dances of Ireland</i></a>. Ireland: Mercier Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85342-509-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85342-509-4"><bdi>0-85342-509-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk+Music+and+Dances+of+Ireland&rft.place=Ireland&rft.pub=Mercier+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-85342-509-4&rft.aulast=Breathnach&rft.aufirst=Breand%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffolkmusicdanceso00brea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson1986" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ciaran (1986). <i>Irish Traditional Music</i>. Belfast: Appletree Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86281-168-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86281-168-6"><bdi>0-86281-168-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Traditional+Music&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=Appletree+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-86281-168-6&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ciaran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson1996" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ciaran (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastnightsfunino00cars"><i>Last Night's Fun: A Book About Irish Traditional Music</i></a></span>. London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-04141-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-04141-X"><bdi>0-224-04141-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Night%27s+Fun%3A+A+Book+About+Irish+Traditional+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-224-04141-X&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ciaran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastnightsfunino00cars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2016" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, David (2016) [First published 2009 by Ashgate]. <i>The Musical Traditions of Northern Ireland and its Diaspora</i> (hardcover ed.). Oxon and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6230-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6230-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-6230-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Musical+Traditions+of+Northern+Ireland+and+its+Diaspora&rft.place=Oxon+and+New+York&rft.edition=hardcover&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6230-3&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleischmann1998" class="citation book cs1">Fleischmann, Aloys, ed. (1998). <i>Sources of Irish Traditional Music c.1600–1855: An Annotated Catalogue of Prints and Manuscripts, 1583–1855</i>. New York and London: Garland Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-6948-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-6948-X"><bdi>0-8240-6948-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Irish+Traditional+Music+c.1600%E2%80%931855%3A+An+Annotated+Catalogue+of+Prints+and+Manuscripts%2C+1583%E2%80%931855&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8240-6948-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntingtonHerrmannDr_Moulden2010" class="citation book cs1">Huntington, Gale; Herrmann, Lani; Dr Moulden, John, eds. (2010). <i>Sam Henry's Songs of the People</i>. Athens, GA and London: The University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3625-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3625-1"><bdi>978-0-8203-3625-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sam+Henry%27s+Songs+of+the+People&rft.place=Athens%2C+GA+and+London&rft.pub=The+University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-3625-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvine1988" class="citation book cs1">Irvine, Andy (1988). <i>Aiming for the Heart</i> (1st ed.). Germany: Heupferd Musik Verlag GmbH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-923445-01-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-923445-01-6"><bdi>3-923445-01-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aiming+for+the+Heart&rft.place=Germany&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Heupferd+Musik+Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=3-923445-01-6&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvine2008" class="citation book cs1">Irvine, Andy (2008) [First published 1988]. <i>Aiming for the Heart: Irish Song Affairs</i> (2nd expanded ed.). Germany: Heupferd Musik Verlag GmbH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-923445-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-923445-05-9"><bdi>978-3-923445-05-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aiming+for+the+Heart%3A+Irish+Song+Affairs&rft.place=Germany&rft.edition=2nd+expanded&rft.pub=Heupferd+Musik+Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-923445-05-9&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin2003" class="citation book cs1">Irwin, Colin (2003). <i>In Search of the Craíc</i>. London: André Deutsch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-233-00004-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-233-00004-6"><bdi>0-233-00004-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Cra%C3%ADc&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Andr%C3%A9+Deutsch&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-233-00004-6&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Joyce, Patrick Weston, <i>Old Irish Folk Music and Songs: A Collection of 842 Irish Airs and Songs Hitherto Unpublished</i>, London: Longmans, Green and Dublin: Hodges, Figgis, 1909 (Repr. New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1965).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrassen1976" class="citation book cs1">Krassen, Miles (1976). <i>O'Neill's Music of Ireland</i>. New York: Oak Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8256-0173-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8256-0173-8"><bdi>0-8256-0173-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O%27Neill%27s+Music+of+Ireland&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oak+Publications&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-8256-0173-8&rft.aulast=Krassen&rft.aufirst=Miles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2000" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Christy (2000). <i>One Voice</i>. London: Lir/Hodder and Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-76839-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-76839-8"><bdi>0-340-76839-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Voice&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Lir%2FHodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-340-76839-8&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Christy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_CallanainWalsh1989" class="citation book cs1">Ó Callanain, Niall; Walsh, Tommy (1989). <i>The Irish Bouzouki</i>. Dublin: Waltons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7866-1595-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7866-1595-8"><bdi>0-7866-1595-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Bouzouki&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Waltons&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-7866-1595-8&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Callanain&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Tommy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>O'Connor, Nuala. "Dancing at the Virtual Crossroads". 2000. In: Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (ed.), <i>World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East</i>, pp. 170–188. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0">1-85828-636-0</a></li> <li>O'Neill, Francis, <i>The Dance Music of Ireland: 1001 Gems, compiled and edited by Captain Francis O'Neill, arranged by James O'Neill,</i> Lyon & Healy, Chicago, 1907.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan1952" class="citation book cs1">O'Sullivan, Donal (1952). <i>Irish Folk Music And Song</i>. Dublin: At the Sign of the Three Candles; rev. edition (1961). <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0007JGCJC">B0007JGCJC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Folk+Music+And+Song&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=At+the+Sign+of+the+Three+Candles%3B+rev.+edition+%281961%29&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.co.uk%2Fdp%2FB0007JGCJC%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Donal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Toole2006" class="citation book cs1">O'Toole, Leagues (2006). <i>The Humours of Planxty</i>. Dublin: Hodder Headline. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-83796-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-83796-9"><bdi>0-340-83796-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Humours+of+Planxty&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Hodder+Headline&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-340-83796-9&rft.aulast=O%27Toole&rft.aufirst=Leagues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Petrie, George, <i>Petrie's Complete Irish Music: 1,582 Traditional Melodies, prepared from the original manuscripts by Charles Villiers Stanford,</i> London: Boosey & Co., 1902–5 (reprint: London: Dover Publications, 2003).</li> <li>Petrie, George, <i>The Petrie Collection of Ancient Music of Ireland,</i> edited by David Cooper, Cork: Cork University Press, 2002.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevensonMoorec._1820" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Sir John; Moore, Thomas (c. 1820). <i>Irish Melodies</i>. London: Henry Russell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Melodies&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+Russell&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Sir+John&rft.au=Moore%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1979" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Anthony (1979). <i>Sully's Irish Banjo Book</i>. Manchester: Halshaw Music. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000D3WE8">B0000D3WE8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sully%27s+Irish+Banjo+Book&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Halshaw+Music&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000D3WE8%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuohyÓ_hAodha2008" class="citation book cs1">Tuohy, David; Ó hAodha, Mícheál (2008). <i>Postcolonial Artist: Johnny Doran and Irish Traveller Tradition</i>. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-441-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-441-2"><bdi>978-1-84718-441-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postcolonial+Artist%3A+Johnny+Doran+and+Irish+Traveller+Tradition&rft.place=Newcastle&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84718-441-2&rft.aulast=Tuohy&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=%C3%93+hAodha%2C+M%C3%ADche%C3%A1l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallely1998" class="citation book cs1">Vallely, Fintan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontoirish00vall"><i>The Companion to Irish Traditional Music</i></a>. Cork: Cork University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85918-148-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85918-148-1"><bdi>1-85918-148-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Companion+to+Irish+Traditional+Music&rft.place=Cork&rft.pub=Cork+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85918-148-1&rft.aulast=Vallely&rft.aufirst=Fintan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompaniontoirish00vall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallisWilson2001" class="citation book cs1">Wallis, Geoff; Wilson, Sue (2001). <i>The Rough Guide to Irish Music</i>. London: Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-642-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-642-5"><bdi>1-85828-642-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Irish+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85828-642-5&rft.aulast=Wallis&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1976" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Robin (1976). <i>Fiddle Tunes (English, Welsh, Scottish & Irish)</i>. New York: Oak Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8256-0165-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8256-0165-7"><bdi>0-8256-0165-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fiddle+Tunes+%28English%2C+Welsh%2C+Scottish+%26+Irish%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oak+Publications&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-8256-0165-7&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+traditional+music" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_traditional_music&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theirishplace.com/traditional-irish-music/irish-instruments/">Traditional Irish Music Instruments</a> A directory of traditional Irish music instruments and their history, associated mythology and notable players</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itma.ie/">Irish Traditional Music Archive</a> National public reference archive and resource centre for traditional song, instrumental music and dance of Ireland</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtune.info/">The Irish Traditional Music Tune Index</a> A searchable database of traditional dance tunes which identifies sources for tunes on commercial recordings and in tune books</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmc.ie/">Contemporary Music Centre, Dublin</a> Ireland's national resource and archive centre for contemporary Irish classical music.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraryireland.com/IrishMusic/Contents.php"><i>A History of Irish Music</i></a>, by <a href="/wiki/W._H._Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="W. H. Flood">W. H. Flood</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishharp.org">Historical Harp Society of Ireland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarsach.net">Clarsach.net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.ucd.ie/view/ivrla:31056">Irish Folk Music. Folk songs collected by Tom Munnelly in 1971 and 1972, recordings available online.</a> A <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">UCD</a> Digital Library Collection.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Folk_music" title="Template:Folk music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Folk_music" title="Template talk:Folk music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Folk_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Folk music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Folk_and_indigenous_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Folk and indigenous music</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_music" title="Template:UNESCO Oral and Intangible music">Music on the World Register of Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and <br />subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">By subject or function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_Ballads" title="Child Ballads">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_ballad" title="Murder ballad">Murder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliadka" title="Koliadka">Koliadka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_music" title="Children's music">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">Dance music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_song" title="Love song">Love song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_song" title="Protest song">Protest song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war song">Anti-war song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">Sea shanties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_song" title="Sporting song">Sporting song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_song" title="Work song">Work song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Fusions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_primitive_guitar" title="American primitive guitar">American primitive guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-folk" title="Anti-folk">Anti-folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_folk" class="mw-redirect" title="Country folk">Country folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangdut" title="Dangdut">Dangdut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koplo" title="Koplo">Koplo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_baroque" title="Folk baroque">Folk baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_jazz" title="Folk jazz">Folk jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk-pop" title="Folk-pop">Folk-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">Folk rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_metal" title="Folk metal">Folk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_metal" title="Celtic metal">Celtic metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_metal" title="Medieval metal">Medieval metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_punk" title="Folk punk">Folk punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_punk" title="Celtic punk">Celtic punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Celtic rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_metal" title="Celtic metal">Celtic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_punk" title="Celtic punk">Celtic punk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folktronica" title="Folktronica">Folktronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_folk" title="Indie folk">Indie folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_folk_music" title="Industrial folk music">Industrial folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_folk_rock" title="Medieval folk rock">Medieval folk rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_metal" title="Medieval metal">Medieval metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mui%C3%B1eira" title="Muiñeira">Muiñeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofolk" title="Neofolk">Neofolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerd-folk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerd-folk">Nerd-folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_folk" title="Psychedelic folk">Psychedelic folk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freak_folk" class="mw-redirect" title="Freak folk">Freak folk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Weird_America" title="New Weird America">New Weird America</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_folk" title="Progressive folk">Progressive folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Raï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skiffle" title="Skiffle">Skiffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_Selo" title="Tamang Selo">Tamang Selo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallenato" title="Vallenato">Vallenato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%E1%BA%A9m" title="Xẩm">Xẩm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_music_traditions" title="List of folk music traditions">Regional <br /> traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_folk_music_traditions" title="List of North American folk music traditions">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Central_American_folk_music_traditions" title="List of Central American folk music traditions">Central America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico#Traditional_folk_music" title="Music of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrido" title="Corrido">Corrido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_calentano" title="Son calentano">Son calentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_jarocho" title="Son jarocho">Son jarocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_huasteco" title="Son huasteco">Son huasteco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierra_Caliente_music" title="Tierra Caliente music">Tierra Caliente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_music" title="Yaqui music">Yaqui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama#Folk_music" title="Music of Panama">Panamanian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Indigenous North<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Canada" title="Indigenous music of Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_music" title="Arapaho music">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfeet_music" title="Blackfeet music">Blackfeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dene_music" title="Dene music">Dene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu_music" title="Innu music">Innu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_music" title="Inuit music">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_music" title="Iroquois music">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_music" title="Kiowa music">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%27wakw_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwakwaka'wakw music">Kwakwaka'wakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_fiddle" title="Métis fiddle">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_music" title="Navajo music">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_music" title="Pueblo music">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_music" title="Seminole music">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_music" title="Sioux music">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_music" title="Yaqui music">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman_music" title="Yuman music">Yuman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_music" title="Appalachian music">Appalachian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">Old-time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music_revival" title="American folk music revival">Folk revival</a> (1950s–60s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii#Folk_music" title="Music of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dirt_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Dirt (music)">Red Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dixieland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixieland">Dixieland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_band" title="Jug band">Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">Spirituals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_music" title="Americana music">Americana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roots_rock" title="Roots rock">Roots rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_folk" class="mw-redirect" title="Country folk">Country folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_pop" title="Country pop">Country pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">Country rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honky-tonk" title="Honky-tonk">Honky-tonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_soul" title="Southern soul">Southern soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folk_music" title="Canadian folk music">Canadian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_fiddle" title="Canadian fiddle">Canadian fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Canada" title="Indigenous music of Canada">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dene_music" title="Dene music">Dene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu_music" title="Innu music">Innu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_music" title="Inuit music">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_fiddle" title="Métis fiddle">Métis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canadian_cultures" title="Music of Canadian cultures">by ethnocultural group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music_in_Canada" title="Celtic music in Canada">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-Canadian_music" title="French-Canadian music">French</a></li></ul></li> <li>by region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada%27s_Prairie_Provinces" title="Music of Canada's Prairie Provinces">Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Quebec" title="Music of Quebec">Québécois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_fiddle" title="Quebec fiddle">Quebec fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9o-trad" title="Néo-trad">Néo-trad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Maritimes" title="Music of the Maritimes">Maritime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_fiddling" title="Cape Breton fiddling">Cape Breton fiddling</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_folk_music_traditions" title="List of Caribbean folk music traditions">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_folk_music" title="Cuban folk music">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti#Folk_music" title="Music of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kontradans" title="Kontradans">Kontradans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_folk_music" title="Jamaican folk music">Jamaican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">Mento</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Folk_traditions" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cariso" title="Cariso">Cariso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutney_music" title="Chutney music">Chutney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chutney_parang" title="Chutney parang">Chutney parang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutney_soca" title="Chutney soca">Chutney soca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiso" title="Kaiso">Kaiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parang" title="Parang">Parang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">Soca</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_folk_music_traditions" title="List of South American folk music traditions">South American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil#Indigenous_and_folk_music" title="Music of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile#Chilean_folk_music" title="Music of Chile">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela#Folk" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuelan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaita_zuliana" title="Gaita zuliana">Gaita zuliana</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanic_and_Australian_folk_music_traditions" title="List of Oceanic and Australian folk music traditions">Oceanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia#Folk_music" title="Music of Australia">Australian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_folk_music" title="Australian folk music">White Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian music">Indigenous Australian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Music of the Cook Islands">Cook Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Easter_Island" title="Music of Easter Island">Easter Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maori_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Maori music">Maori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Music of the Marshall Islands">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tahiti" title="Music of Tahiti">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvaluan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_folk_music_traditions" title="List of Asian folk music traditions">Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh#Folk_music" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladeshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhawaiya" title="Bhawaiya">Bhawaiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan#Folk_music" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toi_music" title="Toi music">Central Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_traditional_music" title="Chinese traditional music">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_music_(genre)" title="Guangdong music (genre)">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_hill_song" title="Hakka hill song">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangnan_sizhu" title="Jiangnan sizhu">Jingnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanguan_music" title="Nanguan music">Lâm-kóan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiguan_music" title="Beiguan music">Pak-kóan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_string_music" title="Teochew string music">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongguo_feng_(music)" title="Zhongguo feng (music)">Zhongguo feng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_folk_music" title="Philippine folk music">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodabil" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodabil">Bodabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundiman" title="Kundiman">Kundiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_sound" title="Manila sound">Manila sound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_folk_music" title="Indian folk music">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_Lokgeet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamrupi Lokgeet">Kamrupi Lokgeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasiya" title="Rasiya">Rasiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanedo" title="Sanedo">Sanedo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia#Folk_music" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Japanese_music" title="Traditional Japanese music">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Min%27y%C5%8D" title="Min'yō">Min'yō</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_of_Korea" title="Traditional music of Korea">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trot_(music)" title="Trot (music)">Trot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia#Folk_music" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal#Folk_music" title="Music of Nepal">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_folk_music" title="Pakistani folk music">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam#Folk_music" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%8D" title="Quan họ">Quan họ</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_folk_music_traditions" title="List of European folk music traditions">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_folk_music" title="Alpine folk music">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria#Folk_music" title="Music of Austria">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narodna_muzika" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodna muzika">Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania#Folk_music" title="Music of Albania">Albanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallava" title="Tallava">Tallava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Folk_music" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian and Herzegovinan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sevdalinka" title="Sevdalinka">Sevdalinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starogradska_muzika" title="Starogradska muzika">Starogradska muzika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria#Folk_music" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalga" title="Chalga">Chalga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starogradska_muzika" title="Starogradska muzika">Starogradska muzika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia#Folk_music" title="Music of Croatia">Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starogradska_muzika" title="Starogradska muzika">Starogradska muzika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFko" title="Laïko">Laïko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsifteteli" title="Tsifteteli">Tsifteteli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_music" title="Italian folk music">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo#Folk_music" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallava" title="Tallava">Tallava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Montenegro#Music" title="Culture of Montenegro">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia#Folk_music" title="Music of North Macedonia">Macedonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Calgija" title="Čalgija">Čalgija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starogradska_muzika" title="Starogradska muzika">Starogradska muzika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_music" title="Romani music">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania#Folk_music" title="Music of Romania">Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manele" title="Manele">Manele</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_folk_music" title="Serbian folk music">Serbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_brass" title="Balkan brass">Balkan brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starogradska_muzika" title="Starogradska muzika">Starogradska muzika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo-folk" title="Turbo-folk">Turbo-folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia#Folk_music" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_music" title="Turkish folk music">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_blues" title="Anatolian blues">Anatolian blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Anatolian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Turkish_music)" title="Arabesque (Turkish music)">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantezi" title="Fantezi">Fantezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsifteteli" title="Tsifteteli">Tsifteteli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus#Folk_music" title="Music of Belarus">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_fusion" title="Celtic fusion">Celtic fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_metal" title="Celtic metal">Celtic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_punk" title="Celtic punk">Celtic punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Celtic rock</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech folk music">Czech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian traditional music">Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">Polka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_traditional_music" title="Danish traditional music">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands#Folk_music" title="Music of the Netherlands">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folk_music" title="English folk music">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hornpipe" title="Hornpipe">Hornpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">Morris dance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia#Folk_music" title="Music of Estonia">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland#Folk_music" title="Music of Finland">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_folk_music" title="French folk music">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Folk_music" title="Music of Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_folk_music" title="Hungarian folk music">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_folk_music" title="Icelandic folk music">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornpipe" title="Hornpipe">Hornpipe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia#Folk_music" title="Music of Latvia">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania#Folk_music" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta#Folk_music" title="Music of Malta">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway#Folk_music" title="Music of Norway">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland#Traditional_folk_music" title="Music of Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_music" title="Pontic Greek music">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal#Folk_music" title="Music of Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_folk_music#Authentic_folk_music" title="Russian folk music">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia#Folk_music" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain#Folk_music" title="Music of Spain">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_folk_music" title="Swedish folk music">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland#Folk_music" title="Music of Switzerland">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_folk_music" title="Ukrainian folk music">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_songs" title="Cossack songs">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumka_(musical_genre)" title="Dumka (musical genre)">Dumka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales#Folk_music" title="Music of Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_and_North_African_folk_music_traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Middle Eastern and North African folk music traditions">Middle Eastern and<br />North African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_folk_music" title="Armenian folk music">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk/pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian folk/pop music">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_folk_music" title="Azerbaijani folk music">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt#Folk_and_roots_revival" title="Music of Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantezi" title="Fantezi">Fantezi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel#Land_of_Israel_style" title="Music of Israel">Israeli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">Klezmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_music" title="Mizrahi music">Mizrahi music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_music" title="Pontic Greek music">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_music" title="Turkish folk music">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_blues" title="Anatolian blues">Anatolian blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Anatolian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Turkish_music)" title="Arabesque (Turkish music)">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsifteteli" title="Tsifteteli">Tsifteteli</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br /> articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_folk_music" title="Contemporary folk music">20th-century Western folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_music" title="Acoustic music">Acoustic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Folk_festivals" title="Category:Folk festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_club" title="Folk club">Folk clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Instruments</a></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_song_collections" title="List of folk song collections">Collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_songs_by_Roud_number" title="List of folk songs by Roud number">Roud number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Child_Ballads" title="List of the Child Ballads">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Malcolm_Laws" title="George Malcolm Laws">Laws numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_country" title="Outlaw country">Outlaw country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_session" title="Pub session">Pub session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Folk_record_labels" title="Category:Folk record labels">Record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_revival" title="Roots revival">Roots revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">World music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worldbeat" title="Worldbeat">Worldbeat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celtic_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_music" title="Template:Celtic music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celtic_music" title="Template talk:Celtic music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celtic_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Celtic music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_fusion" title="Celtic fusion">Fusions</a> and subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_chant" title="Celtic chant">Celtic chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_fusion" title="Celtic fusion">Celtic fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_metal" title="Celtic metal">Celtic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_punk" title="Celtic punk">Celtic punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Celtic rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions and nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_of_Galicia,_Cantabria_and_Asturias" title="Traditional music of Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias">Asturian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_of_Galicia,_Cantabria_and_Asturias" title="Traditional music of Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias">Cantabrian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_fiddling" title="Cape Breton fiddling">Cape Breton music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music_in_Canada" title="Celtic music in Canada">Celtic music in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornish music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_of_Galicia,_Cantabria_and_Asturias" title="Traditional music of Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias">Galician music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Irish music</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish traditional music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Manx music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scottish music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music_in_the_United_States" title="Celtic music in the United States">Celtic music in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Welsh music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">Banjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">bagpipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhr%C3%A1n" title="Bodhrán">Bodhrán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombard_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombard (music)">Bombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertina" title="Concertina">Concertina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crwth" title="Crwth">Crwth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bouzouki" title="Irish bouzouki">Irish bouzouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish harp">Irish harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_fiddling" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish fiddling">Fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibgorn_(instrument)" title="Pibgorn (instrument)">Pibgorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_(instrument)" title="Tabor (instrument)">Tabwrdd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_harp" title="Triple harp">Welsh Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uilleann_pipes" title="Uilleann pipes">Uilleann pipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_bagpipes" title="Welsh bagpipes">Welsh bagpipes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barzaz_Breiz" title="Barzaz Breiz">Barzaz Breiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerdd_Dant" title="Cerdd Dant">Cerdd Dant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymanfa_Ganu" title="Cymanfa Ganu">Cymanfa Ganu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynghanedd" title="Cynghanedd">Cynghanedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibroch" title="Pibroch">Piobaireachd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel_(dance)" title="Reel (dance)">Reels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">Sea shanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathspey_(dance)" title="Strathspey (dance)">Strathspey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twmpath" title="Twmpath">Twmpath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irish_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Ireland" title="Template:Music of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Music of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irish_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Irish music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Cèilidh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish traditional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Irish dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Set dance">Set dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk song</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional Irish singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilting" title="Lilting">Lilting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">Accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhr%C3%A1n" title="Bodhrán">Bodhrán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bones_(instrument)" title="Bones (instrument)">Bones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bouzouki" title="Irish bouzouki">Bouzouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertina" title="Concertina">Concertina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">Fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_flute" title="Irish flute">Flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammered_dulcimer" title="Hammered dulcimer">Hammered dulcimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeg_drum" title="Lambeg drum">Lambeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatonic_button_accordion" title="Diatonic button accordion">Melodeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_banjo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenor banjo">Tenor banjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_whistle" title="Tin whistle">Tin whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uilleann_pipes" title="Uilleann pipes">Uilleann pipes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tune types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> dances</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">Polka</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sub></span></span></span></span> and <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> dances</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barn_dance" title="Barn dance">Barn dance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fling_(Irish)" title="Fling (Irish)">Fling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Highland_(Irish)" title="Highland (Irish)">Highland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hornpipe" title="Hornpipe">Hornpipe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reel_(dance)" title="Reel (dance)">Reel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Strathspey_(dance)" title="Strathspey (dance)">Strathspey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Schottische#Ireland" title="Schottische">Schottische</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>3</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> dances</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mazurka#In_Ireland" title="Mazurka">Mazurka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">Waltz</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>6</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> dances</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Single and double jigs</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>9</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> dances</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Slip_jig" title="Slip jig">Hop and slip jigs</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>12</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> dances</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Slide_(tune_type)" title="Slide (tune type)">Slide</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Non-dance tunes</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/March_(music)" title="March (music)">Marches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_(music)" title="Air (music)">airs</a> which exist in various meters.</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_mode" title="Aeolian mode">Aeolian mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_mode" title="Dorian mode">Dorian mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_mode" title="Ionian mode">Ionian mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixolydian_mode" title="Mixolydian mode">Mixolydian mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">Pentatonic scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_fiddling" title="Cape Breton fiddling">Cape Breton fiddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folk_music" title="English folk music">English folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fleadh_Cheoil_na_h%C3%89ireann" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann">Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_na_Gaeilge" title="Oireachtas na Gaeilge">Oireachtas na Gaeilge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gradam_Ceoil_TG4" title="Gradam Ceoil TG4">Gradam Ceoil TG4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Radio_1_Folk_Awards" title="RTÉ Radio 1 Folk Awards">RTÉ Radio 1 Folk Awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scottish_folk_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scottish_folk_music" title="Template:Scottish folk music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scottish_folk_music" title="Template talk:Scottish folk music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scottish_folk_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scottish folk music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scottish_folk_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk song</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bothy_ballad" title="Bothy ballad">Bothy ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornkister" title="Cornkister">Cornkister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_psalm_singing" title="Gaelic psalm singing">Gaelic psalm singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilting" title="Lilting">Lilting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puirt_%C3%A0_beul" title="Puirt à beul">Puirt à beul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waulking_song" title="Waulking song">Waulking song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk dances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Cèilidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_dance" title="Dirk dance">Dirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_highland_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish highland dance">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_country_dance" title="Scottish country dance">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_sword_dances" title="Scottish sword dances">Sword</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_accordion" title="Piano accordion">Accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_guitar" title="Acoustic guitar">Acoustic guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">Bass drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_pipes" title="Border pipes">Border pipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">Cello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Clàrsach (Harp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_fiddling" title="Scottish fiddling">Fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">Flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Highland_bagpipe" title="Great Highland bagpipe">Great Highland bagpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_whistle" title="Low whistle">Low whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatonic_button_accordion" title="Diatonic button accordion">Melodeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_smallpipes" title="Scottish smallpipes">Scottish smallpipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Side drum">Side drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_tenor_drum" title="Scottish tenor drum">Tenor drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_whistle" title="Tin whistle">Tin whistle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Common forms<br /><span class="nobold">(by <a href="/wiki/Metre_(music)" title="Metre (music)">metre</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Duple_and_quadruple_metre" title="Duple and quadruple metre">Duple-time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">Polka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schottische#Scotland" title="Schottische">Highland Schottische</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Duple_and_quadruple_metre" title="Duple and quadruple metre">Duple / Quadruple-time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barn_dance" title="Barn dance">Barn dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Fling" title="Highland Fling">Highland Fling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornpipe#Folk_hornpipes" title="Hornpipe">Hornpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel_(dance)" title="Reel (dance)">Reel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathspey_(dance)" title="Strathspey (dance)">Strathspey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Triple_metre" title="Triple metre">Triple-time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">Waltz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Duple_and_quadruple_metre" title="Duple and quadruple metre">Duple compound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-step_(dance_move)" title="Two-step (dance move)">Two-step</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Triple_metre" title="Triple metre">Triple compound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slip_jig" title="Slip jig">Slip jig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_(music)" title="March (music)">Marches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">Modes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_mode" title="Aeolian mode">Aeolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_mode" title="Dorian mode">Dorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_mode" title="Ionian mode">Ionian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixolydian_mode" title="Mixolydian mode">Mixolydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">Pentatonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characteristics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_rhythm" title="Lombard rhythm">Scotch snap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_folk_music" title="English folk music">English folk music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish traditional music</a> (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Donegal_fiddle_tradition" title="Donegal fiddle tradition">Donegal fiddle tradition</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_fiddling" title="Cape Breton fiddling">Cape Breton fiddling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Welsh_folk_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Welsh_folk_music" title="Template:Welsh folk music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Welsh_folk_music" title="Template talk:Welsh folk music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Welsh_folk_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Welsh folk music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Welsh_folk_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Noson Lawen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twmpath" title="Twmpath">Twmpath</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk song</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cerdd_Dant" title="Cerdd Dant">Cerdd Dant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cymanfa_Ganu" title="Cymanfa Ganu">Cymanfa Ganu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cynghanedd" title="Cynghanedd">Cynghanedd</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_chorus" title="Men's chorus">Men's chorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Crwth" title="Crwth">Crwth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">Fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">Flute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pibgorn_(instrument)" title="Pibgorn (instrument)">Pibgorn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_harp" title="Triple harp">Triple harp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabor_(instrument)" title="Tabor (instrument)">Tabwrdd</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_bagpipes" title="Welsh bagpipes">Welsh bagpipes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dance & Tune Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>General</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clogging#Wales" title="Clogging">Clogging</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>2/4 Dance</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">Polka</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>2/2 and 4/4 Dances</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barn_dance" title="Barn dance">Barn dance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hornpipe" title="Hornpipe">Hornpipe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reel_(dance)" title="Reel (dance)">Reel</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>3/4 Dances</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">Waltz</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>6/8 Dances</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Non-dance Tunes</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/March_(music)" title="March (music)">Marches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_(music)" title="Air (music)">Airs</a> which exist in various meters.</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_mode" title="Aeolian mode">Aeolian mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_mode" title="Dorian mode">Dorian mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_scale#Harmonic_minor_scale" title="Minor scale">Harmonic minor scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_mode" title="Ionian mode">Ionian mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixolydian_mode" title="Mixolydian mode">Mixolydian mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">Pentatonic scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_fiddling" title="Cape Breton fiddling">Cape Breton fiddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folk_music" title="English folk music">Folk music of England</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Folk music of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Folk music of Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cape_Breton_folk_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cape_Breton_folk_music" title="Template:Cape Breton folk music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cape_Breton_folk_music" title="Template talk:Cape Breton folk music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cape_Breton_folk_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cape Breton folk music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cape_Breton_folk_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_fiddling" title="Cape Breton fiddling">Cape Breton folk music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk song</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lilting" title="Lilting">Lilting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puirt_%C3%A0_beul" title="Puirt à beul">Puirt à beul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waulking_song" title="Waulking song">Waulking song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk dances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_highland_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish highland dance">Scottish highland dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_sword_dances" title="Scottish sword dances">Scottish sword dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_square_dance" title="Traditional square dance">Traditional square dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">Accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">Fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Highland_bagpipe" title="Great Highland bagpipe">Great Highland bagpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">Piano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tune types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2/4 dance</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">Polka</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>2/2 and 4/4 dances</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barn_dance" title="Barn dance">Barn dance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Highland_Fling" title="Highland Fling">Highland Fling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hornpipe" title="Hornpipe">Hornpipe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reel_(dance)" title="Reel (dance)">Reel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Strathspey_(dance)" title="Strathspey (dance)">Strathspey</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>3/4 dances</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">Waltz</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>6/8 dances</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Two-step_(dance_move)" title="Two-step (dance move)">Two-step</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>9/8 dances</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Slip_jig" title="Slip jig">Slip jig</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Non-dance tunes</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/March_(music)" title="March (music)">Marches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_(music)" title="Air (music)">airs</a> which exist in various meters.</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_mode" title="Aeolian mode">Aeolian mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_mode" title="Dorian mode">Dorian mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_mode" title="Ionian mode">Ionian mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixolydian_mode" title="Mixolydian mode">Mixolydian mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">Pentatonic scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music of Canada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish traditional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folk_music" title="English folk music">English folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales#Traditional_music" title="Music of Wales">Folk music of Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/32px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ireland_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland_topics" title="Template talk:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ireland_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas"><i>Oireachtas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><i>Dáil Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><i>Seanad Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">Echtrai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">Immrama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firbolg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firbolg">Firbolg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Irish legendary creatures">Legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_people" title="Yola people">Yola</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this 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title="Nigerians in Ireland">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_people_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian people in Ireland">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Ireland" title="Polish minority in Ireland">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Ireland" title="Turks in Ireland">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Naturalisation_and_Immigration_Service" title="Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service">Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_4" title="Stamp 4">Stamp 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Ireland" title="Category:National symbols of Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brighid's Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Cláirseach</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Ireland" title="Armorial of Ireland">County coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wolfhound" title="Irish Wolfhound">Irish Wolfhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">National coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ireland" title="List of castles in Ireland">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of historic houses in the Republic of Ireland">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ireland" title="Homelessness in Ireland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Mass media in the Republic of Ireland">Mass media (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Ireland" title="List of monastic houses in Ireland">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Ireland" title="Place names in Ireland">Place names</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_place_names_in_other_countries" title="List of Irish place names in other countries">outside Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland">Prostitution (Republic)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Prostitution in Northern Ireland">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland">Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom#Dates_in_England,_Northern_Ireland,_and_Wales" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pub" title="Irish pub">Public houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Ireland" title="Squatting in Ireland">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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