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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_and_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins and history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Divergence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oral_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Oral traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الجاليكية-البرتغالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الجاليكية-البرتغالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaicoportugu%C3%A9s" title="Galaicoportugués – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Galaicoportugués" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaicoportugu%C3%A9s" title="Galaicoportugués – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Galaicoportugués" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaicoportugu%C3%A8s" title="Galaicoportuguès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Galaicoportuguès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galizianu-Portughese" title="Galizianu-Portughese – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Galizianu-Portughese" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicisch-portugiesische_Sprache" title="Galicisch-portugiesische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Galicisch-portugiesische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_galaicoportugu%C3%A9s" title="Idioma galaicoportugués – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma galaicoportugués" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galegportugala_lingvo" title="Galegportugala lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Galegportugala lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaikoportuges" title="Galaikoportuges – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Galaikoportuges" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زبان گالیسی-پرتغالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان گالیسی-پرتغالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gala%C3%AFco-portugais" title="Galaïco-portugais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Galaïco-portugais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galego-portugu%C3%A9s" title="Galego-portugués – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Galego-portugués" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%AC%EA%B0%88%EC%96%B4" title="갈리시아포르투갈어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갈리시아포르투갈어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galisia-Portugis" title="Galisia-Portugis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Galisia-Portugis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulwimi_Galician-Portuguese" title="Ulwimi Galician-Portuguese – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ulwimi Galician-Portuguese" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_galiziano-portoghese" title="Lingua galiziano-portoghese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua galiziano-portoghese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicisch-Portugees" title="Galicisch-Portugees – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Galicisch-Portugees" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="ガリシア・ポルトガル語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガリシア・ポルトガル語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galisisk-portugisisk" title="Galisisk-portugisisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Galisisk-portugisisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A8goportugu%C3%A9s" title="Galègoportugués – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Galègoportugués" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galego-portugu%C3%AAs" title="Galego-português – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Galego-português" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Галисийско-португальский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Галисийско-португальский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Galician–Portuguese" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Галісійсько-португальська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Галісійсько-португальська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="گالیشیائی-پرتگالی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گالیشیائی-پرتگالی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Galicia-B%E1%BB%93_%C4%90%C3%A0o_Nha" title="Tiếng Galicia-Bồ Đào Nha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Galicia-Bồ Đào Nha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E-%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="加利西亞-葡萄牙語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加利西亞-葡萄牙語" 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style="display:none">Medieval West Iberian Romance language</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Galician–Portuguese</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Galaic–Portuguese, Old Galician–Portuguese, Old Galician, Old Portuguese, Medieval Galician, Medieval Portuguese</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">romanço, romançe, rimanço</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Northwestern <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Attested 870 A.D.; by 1400 had split into <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-linglist_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linglist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Gallo-Iberian<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-Romance_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibero-Romance languages">Ibero-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Galician–Portuguese</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/079">079</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_galaicoportugu%C3%A9s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Idioma_galaicoportugu%C3%A9s.png/320px-Idioma_galaicoportugu%C3%A9s.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Idioma_galaicoportugu%C3%A9s.png/480px-Idioma_galaicoportugu%C3%A9s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Idioma_galaicoportugu%C3%A9s.png/640px-Idioma_galaicoportugu%C3%A9s.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="502" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Spoken area of Galician–Portuguese in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a> around the 10th century, before the separation of the Galician and Portuguese languages.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Galician–Portuguese</b> (<a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>: <i lang="gl">galego–portugués</i> or <span title="Galician-language text"><i lang="gl">galaico–portugués</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">galego–português</i> or <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">galaico–português</i></span>), also known as <b>Galaic–Portuguese</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Old Galician–Portuguese</b>, <b>Old Galician</b> or <b>Old Portuguese</b>, <b>Medieval Galician</b> or <b>Medieval Portuguese</b> when referring to the history of each modern language, was a <a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian Romance language</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, in the northwest area of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. Alternatively, it can be considered a historical period of the <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese languages</a>. </p><p>Galician–Portuguese was first spoken in the area bounded in the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and by the <a href="/wiki/Douro_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Douro River">Douro River</a> in the south, comprising Galicia and northern Portugal, but it was later extended south of the Douro by the <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is the common ancestor of modern <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a> varieties, all of which maintain a very high level of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The term "Galician–Portuguese" also designates the subdivision of the modern West Iberian group of Romance languages. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_history">Origins and history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">History of Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language#History" title="Galician language">Galician language § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Will_of_Afonso_II_of_Portugal" title="Will of Afonso II of Portugal">Will of Afonso II of Portugal</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/350px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" decoding="async" width="350" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/525px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/700px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the historical retreat and expansion of Galician (Galician–Portuguese) within the context of its linguistic neighbours between the year 1000 and 2000.</figcaption></figure> <p>Galician–Portuguese developed in the region of the former Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> (common Latin) that had been introduced by Roman soldiers, colonists and magistrates during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Although the process may have been slower than in other regions, the centuries of contact with Vulgar Latin, after a period of bilingualism, completely extinguished the native languages, leading to the evolution of a new variety of Latin with a few Gallaecian features.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian</a> influences were absorbed into the local Vulgar Latin dialect, which can be detected in some Galician–Portuguese words as well as in placenames of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic language">Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberian</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the more cultivated variety of Latin spoken by the Hispano-Roman elites in Roman <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> had a peculiar regional accent, referred to as <i>Hispano ore</i> and <i>agrestius pronuntians</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more cultivated variety of Latin coexisted with the popular variety. It is assumed that the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian languages">Pre-Roman languages</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">native people</a>, each used in a different region of Roman Hispania, contributed to the development of several different dialects of Vulgar Latin and that these diverged increasingly over time, eventually evolving into the early Romance languages of Iberia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An early form of Galician–Portuguese was already spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a> and by the year 800 Galician–Portuguese had already become the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> of northwestern Iberia.<sup id="cite_ref-lus_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known <a href="/wiki/Phonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic">phonetic</a> changes in Vulgar Latin, which began the evolution to Galician–Portuguese, took place during the rule of the Germanic groups, the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> (411–585) and <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> (585–711).<sup id="cite_ref-lus_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And the Galician–Portuguese "inflected infinitive" (or "personal infinitive")<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal vowels">nasal vowels</a> may have evolved under the influence of local Celtic languages<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as in <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>). The nasal vowels would thus be a phonologic characteristic of the Vulgar Latin spoken in Roman <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, but they are not attested in writing until after the 6th and 7th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest known document to contain Galician–Portuguese words found in northern Portugal is called the <i>Doação à Igreja de Sozello</i> and dated to 870 but otherwise composed in <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a>/<a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another document, from 882, also containing some Galician–Portuguese words is the <i>Carta de dotação e fundação da Igreja de S. Miguel de Lardosa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, many Latin documents written in Portuguese territory contain Romance forms.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Notícia de fiadores</i>, written in 1175, is thought by some to be the oldest known document written in Galician–Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-old_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-old-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Pacto dos irmãos Pais</i>, discovered in 1999 (and possibly dating from before 1173), has been said to be even older, but despite the enthusiasm of some scholars, it has been shown that the documents are not really written in Galician–Portuguese but are in fact a mixture of Late Latin and Galician–Portuguese phonology, morphology and syntax.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Noticia_de_Torto" title="Noticia de Torto">Noticia de Torto</a></i>, of uncertain date (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1214?</span>), and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testament_of_Afonso_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Testament of Afonso II (page does not exist)">Testament of Afonso II</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamento_de_Afonso_II" class="extiw" title="pt:Testamento de Afonso II">pt</a>]</span></i> (27 June 1214) are most certainly Galician–Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-old_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-old-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest poetic texts (but not the manuscripts in which they are found) date from c. 1195 to c. 1225. Thus, by the end of the 12th century and the beginning of the 13th there are documents in prose and verse written in the local Romance vernacular. </p><p>In Galicia the oldest document showing traces of the underlying Romance language is a royal charter by king <a href="/wiki/Silo_of_Asturias" title="Silo of Asturias">Silo of Asturias</a>, dated to 775: it uses substrate words as <i>arrogio</i> and <i>lagena</i>, now <i>arroio</i> 'stream' and <i>laxe</i> 'stone', and presents also the elision of unstressed vowels and the lenition of plosive consonants;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> actually, many Galician Latin charters written during the Middle Ages show interferences of the local Galician–Portuguese contemporary language.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for the oldest document written in Galician–Portuguese in Galicia, it is probably a document from the monastery of Melón dated to 1231,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since the <i>Charter of the Boo Burgo of Castro Caldelas</i>, dated to 1228, is probably a slightly later translation of a Latin original. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese_lyric" title="Galician-Portuguese lyric">Galician-Portuguese lyric</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martim_Codax_Cantigas_de_Amigo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Martim_Codax_Cantigas_de_Amigo.jpg/220px-Martim_Codax_Cantigas_de_Amigo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Martim_Codax_Cantigas_de_Amigo.jpg/330px-Martim_Codax_Cantigas_de_Amigo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Martim_Codax_Cantigas_de_Amigo.jpg/440px-Martim_Codax_Cantigas_de_Amigo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1559" data-file-height="1130" /></a><figcaption>Pergaminho Vindel, containing works by Martin Codax</figcaption></figure> <p>Galician–Portuguese had a special cultural role in the literature of the Christian kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdoms of Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Leon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a>, part of the medieval NW <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>) comparable to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catalan-language_poets" title="List of Catalan-language poets">Catalan language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdoms of Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>, NE medieval Iberian Peninsula), or that of <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> in France and Italy during the same historical period. The main extant sources of Galician–Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poetry</a> are these: </p> <ul><li>The four extant manuscripts of the <i><a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria" title="Cantigas de Santa Maria">Cantigas de Santa Maria</a></i> (written under the patronage of, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_the_Wise" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso X the Wise">Alfonso X the Wise</a>, king of Castile, Leon and Galicia from 1252–1284)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cancioneiro_da_Ajuda" title="Cancioneiro da Ajuda">Cancioneiro da Ajuda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cancioneiro_da_Vaticana" title="Cancioneiro da Vaticana">Cancioneiro da Vaticana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cancioneiro_Colocci-Brancuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancioneiro Colocci-Brancuti">Cancioneiro Colocci-Brancuti</a></i>, also known as <i>Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>)</li> <li>Cancioneiro dun Grande de Espanha</li> <li>Pergaminho Vindel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergaminho_Sharrer" title="Pergaminho Sharrer">Pergaminho Sharrer</a></li> <li>Os 5 lais de Bretanha</li> <li>Tenzón entre Afonso Sánchez e Vasco Martíns de Resende</li></ul> <p>The language was used for literary purposes from the final years of the 12th century to roughly the middle of the 14th century in what are now Spain and Portugal and was, almost without exception, the only language used for the composition of lyric poetry. Over 160 poets are recorded, among them <a href="/wiki/Bernal_de_Bonaval" title="Bernal de Bonaval">Bernal de Bonaval</a>, Pero da Ponte, Johan Garcia de Guilhade, Johan Airas de Santiago, and Pedr' Amigo de Sevilha. The main <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> poetic genres were the <a href="/wiki/Cantiga_de_amor" title="Cantiga de amor"><i>cantigas d'amor</i></a> (male-voiced love lyric), the <i><a href="/wiki/Cantiga_de_amigo" title="Cantiga de amigo">cantigas d'amigo</a></i> (female-voiced love lyric) and the <a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_esc%C3%A1rnio_e_maldizer" title="Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer"><i>cantigas d'escarnho e de mal dizer</i></a> (including a variety of genres from personal invective to social satire, poetic parody and literary debate).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All told, nearly 1,700 poems survive in these three genres, and there is a corpus of over 400 <i>cantigas de Santa Maria</i> (narrative poems about miracles and hymns in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Holy Virgin</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castilian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a> composed his <i>cantigas de Santa Maria</i> and his <i>cantigas de escárnio e maldizer</i> in Galician–Portuguese, even though he used <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Castilian</a> for prose. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dinis_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinis of Portugal">King Dinis of Portugal</a>, who also contributed (with 137 extant texts, more than any other author) to the secular poetic genres, made the language <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official</a> in Portugal in 1290. Until then, Latin had been the official (written) language for royal documents; the spoken language did not have a name and was simply known as <span title="Romance languages collective text"><i lang="roa-039">lingua vulgar</i></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> until it was named "Portuguese" in King Dinis' reign. "Galician–Portuguese" and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-PT">português arcaico</i></span> ("Old Portuguese") are modern terms for the common ancestor of modern Portuguese and modern Galician. Compared to the differences in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> dialects, the alleged differences between 13th-century Portuguese and Galician are trivial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divergence">Divergence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Divergence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Special:EditPage/Galician–Portuguese">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala language</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">Galician–Portuguese</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Galician Romance</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">Northwestern <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>Gallo-Iberian<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Iberian Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Galician–Portuguese</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li>Galician–Portuguese </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gali1263">gali1263</a></code></samp>  <span class="nowrap">(Galician Romance)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As a result of political division, Galician–Portuguese lost its unity when the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia#Separation_of_the_County_of_Portugal_.281128.29" title="Kingdom of Galicia">separated</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Leon">Kingdom of Leon</a> to establish the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> and Portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths. </p><p>As Portugal's territory was extended southward during the Reconquista, the increasingly-distinctive Portuguese language was adopted by the people in those regions, supplanting the earlier <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and other Romance/Latin languages that were spoken in these conquered areas during the Moorish era. Meanwhile, Galician was influenced by the neighbouring Leonese language, especially during the time of kingdoms of Leon and Leon-Castile, and in the 19th and 20th centuries, it has been influenced by Castilian. Two cities at the time of separation, <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, were within the County of Portugal and have remained within Portugal. Further north, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Lugo" title="Lugo">Lugo</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a> and the great medieval centre of <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a> remained within Galicia. </p><p>Galician was the main written language in Galicia until the 16th century, but later it was displaced by <a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian Spanish</a>, which was the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a>. Galician slowly became mainly an oral language, preserved by the majority rural or "uneducated" population living in the villages and towns, and Castilian was taught as the "correct" language to the bilingual educated elite in the cities. During most of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, its written use was largely reduced to popular literature and theatre and private letters. From the 18th century onward grew the interest for the language by the studies of illustrious writers such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Sarmiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Sarmiento">Martin Sarmiento</a>, who studied the evolution of Galician from Latin and prepared the foundations for the first dictionary of Galician, José Cornide, and father Sobreira. In the 19th century a true literature in Galician emerged during the <a href="/wiki/Rexurdimento" title="Rexurdimento">Rexurdimento</a>, followed by the appearance of journals and, in the 20th century, scientific publications. Because until comparatively recently, most Galicians lived in many small towns and villages in a relatively remote and mountainous land, the language changed very slowly and was only very slightly influenced from outside the region. That situation made Galician remain the vernacular of Galicia until the late 19th and early 20th centuries and its most spoken language till the early 21st century. The <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy_of_Galicia_of_1936" title="Statute of Autonomy of Galicia of 1936">draft of the 1936 Galician Statute of Autonomy</a> considered an official status for (Modern) Galician in the region but it never came into force, as Galicia fell to Rebel control upon the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. </p><p>The linguistic classification of Galician and Portuguese is still discussed today. There are those among Galician independence groups who demand their reunification as well as Portuguese and Galician <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologists</a> who argue that both are <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> of a common <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> rather than two separate ones. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala language</a>, spoken in a small region of the Spanish autonomous community of <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a>, underwent a similar development to Galician. </p><p>Today Galician is the regional language of Galicia (sharing co-officiality with Spanish), and it is spoken by the majority of its population, but with a large decline of use and efficient knowledge among the younger generations, and the phonetics and lexicon of many occasional users is heavily influenced by Spanish. Portuguese continues to grow and, today, is the sixth most spoken language in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of Galician–Portuguese </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiodental">Labio</a>-<br /><a href="/wiki/Labiodental" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiodental">dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar">Post</a>-<br /><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar">alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span><sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_apico-alveolar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless apico-alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_apico-alveolar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced apico-alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricates</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate#Dentalized_laminal_alveolar" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate#Dentalized_laminal_alveolar" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><sup>1</sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/β/</span> eventually shifted to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span> in central and southern Portugal and merged with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> in northern Portugal and Galicia.</dd> <dd><sup>2</sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span> probably occurred in <a href="/wiki/Complementary_distribution" title="Complementary distribution">complementary distribution</a>, just like in several <a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">Catalan dialects</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (October 2023)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd> <dd><sup>3</sup> The written tilde (<i>ã</i> <i>ẽ</i> <i>ĩ</i> <i>õ</i> <i>ũ</i> <i>ỹ</i> in the medieval sources) can be analyzed as a nasal consonant phoneme (usually <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>, sometimes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span> depending on position) following the marked vowel, with any nasalization of the vowel being a phonetic secondary effect.<sup id="cite_ref-jmms_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmms-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> were <a href="/wiki/Apico-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Apico-alveolar">apico-alveolar</a>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dz/</span> were <a href="/wiki/Lamino-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamino-alveolar">lamino-alveolar</a>. Later, all the affricate sibilants became fricatives, with the apico-alveolar and lamino-alveolar sibilants remaining distinct for a time but eventually merging in most dialects. See <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">History of Portuguese</a> for more information. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Oral vowel phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Nasal vowel allophones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As far as it is known, Galician–Portuguese (from 11th to 16th centuries) had a 7-oral-vowel system <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a,<span class="wrap"> </span>e,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ,<span class="wrap"> </span>i,<span class="wrap"> </span>o,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span> (like in most of Romance languages), reduced to 5 vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ã,<span class="wrap"> </span>ẽ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ĩ,<span class="wrap"> </span>õ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ũ]</span> when nasalized in contact with syllable-final nasal consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n,<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲ/</span>. The vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e<span class="wrap"> </span>–<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ,<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>–<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ/</span> were raised to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e,<span class="wrap"> </span>o/</span> in unstressed syllables, even in final syllables (like in modern Spanish); e.g. <i>vento</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈvẽnto]</span>, <i>quente</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkẽnte]</span>. </p><p>However, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a<span class="wrap"> </span>–<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐ/</span> distribution is still dubious and under discussion; some either stating that these two vowels were allophones and in complementary distribution (like in Spanish and Modern Galician, only treated as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>): <i>Alamanha</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[alaˈmaɲa]</span>, <i>mannãa</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[maˈɲãŋa]</span>; or stating they were not allophones and under distribution like in European Portuguese nowadays, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Alemanha</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐlɨˈmɐɲɐ]</span>, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">manhã</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɐˈɲɐ̃]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese_lyric" title="Galician-Portuguese lyric">Galician-Portuguese lyric</a></div> <p>Here is a sample of Galician-Portuguese lyric: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="roa-039" class="poem"> <p>Proençaes soen mui ben trobar<br /> e dizen eles que é con amor,<br /> mays os que troban no tempo da frol<br /> e non-en outro, sei eu ben que non<br /> an tan gran coita no seu coraçon<br /> qual m' eu por mha senhor vejo levar </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>Provençal [poets] tend to compose very well<br /> and they say it is out of love,<br /> but those who compose when flowers bloom<br /> and at no other time, I know well that they don't<br /> have in their hearts so great a yearning<br /> as I must carry for my Lady in mine. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="/wiki/King_Dinis_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King Dinis of Portugal">King Dinis of Portugal</a> (1271–1325) </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oral_traditions">Oral traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Oral traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been a sharing of folklore in the Galician–Portuguese region going back to prehistoric times. As the Galician–Portuguese language spread south with the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, supplanting Mozarabic, this ancient sharing of folklore intensified. In 2005, the governments of Portugal and Spain jointly proposed that Galician–Portuguese oral traditions be made part of the <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>. The work of documenting and transmitting that common culture involves several universities and other organizations. </p><p>Galician–Portuguese folklore is rich in oral traditions. These include the <i>cantigas ao desafio</i> or <i>regueifas</i>, duels of improvised songs, many legends, stories, poems, romances, folk songs, sayings and riddles, and ways of speech that still retain a lexical, phonetic, morphological and syntactic similarity. </p><p>Also part of the common heritage of oral traditions are the markets and festivals of patron saints and processions, religious celebrations such as the <i>magosto,</i> <i>entroido</i> or <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">Corpus Christi</a>, with ancient dances and tradition – like the one where <a href="/wiki/Coco_(folklore)" title="Coco (folklore)">Coca</a> the <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a> fights with <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>; and also traditional clothing and adornments, crafts and skills, work-tools, carved vegetable lanterns, superstitions, traditional knowledge about plants and animals. All these are part of a common heritage considered in danger of extinction as the traditional way of living is replaced by modern life, and the jargon of fisherman, the names of tools in traditional crafts, and the oral traditions which form part of celebrations are slowly forgotten. </p><p>A Galician–Portuguese "baixo-limiao" lect is spoken in several villages. In Galicia, it is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Entrimo" title="Entrimo">Entrimo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lobios" title="Lobios">Lobios</a> and in northern Portugal in <a href="/wiki/Terras_de_Bouro" title="Terras de Bouro">Terras de Bouro</a> (lands of the <a href="/wiki/Buri_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buri (Germanic tribe)">Buri</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Castro_Laboreiro" title="Castro Laboreiro">Castro Laboreiro</a> including the mountain town (county seat) of Soajo and surrounding villages.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>About the Galician–Portuguese languages</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantiga_de_amigo" title="Cantiga de amigo">Cantiga de amigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician-Asturian" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Asturian">Galician-Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">History of Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reintegrationism" title="Reintegrationism">Reintegrationism</a></li></ul> <p><b>About Galician–Portuguese culture</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">Culture of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_mythology" title="Lusitanian mythology">Lusitanian mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician culture">Galician culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-linglist-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-linglist_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/">Galician–Portuguese</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/MultiTree" class="mw-redirect" title="MultiTree">MultiTree</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/The_Linguist_List" class="mw-redirect" title="The Linguist List">the Linguist List</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSiguán1990" class="citation book cs1">Siguán, Miguel (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.py/books/edition/Linguistic_Minorities_in_the_European_Ec/yolAAQAAIAAJ"><i>Linguistic Minorities in the European Economic Community: Spain, Portugal, Greece : Summary of the Report</i></a>. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-826-0368-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-826-0368-0"><bdi>978-92-826-0368-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Minorities+in+the+European+Economic+Community%3A+Spain%2C+Portugal%2C+Greece+%3A+Summary+of+the+Report&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Office+for+Official+Publications+of+the+European+Communities&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-92-826-0368-0&rft.aulast=Sigu%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.py%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FLinguistic_Minorities_in_the_European_Ec%2FyolAAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinksRuiz2005" class="citation book cs1">Winks, Robin W.; Ruiz, Teofilo F. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.py/books/edition/Medieval_Europe_and_the_World/s5ztAAAAMAAJ"><i>Medieval Europe and the World: From Late Antiquity to Modernity, 400-1500</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515694-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515694-2"><bdi>978-0-19-515694-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Europe+and+the+World%3A+From+Late+Antiquity+to+Modernity%2C+400-1500&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515694-2&rft.aulast=Winks&rft.aufirst=Robin+W.&rft.au=Ruiz%2C+Teofilo+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.py%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FMedieval_Europe_and_the_World%2Fs5ztAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaia1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maia, Clarinda de Azevedo (1997). <i>História do galego-português: estado linguístico da Galiza e do noroeste de Portugal desde o século XIII ao século XVI (com referência à situação do galego moderno)</i> [<i>History of Galician-Portuguese: linguistic state of Galicia and Northwest Portugal from the 13th to the 16th centuries: (with reference to the situation of modern Galician)</i>] (in Portuguese) (Reimpressã da edição do INIC (1986) ed.). Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. pp. <span class="nowrap">883–</span>891. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789723107463" title="Special:BookSources/9789723107463"><bdi>9789723107463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+do+galego-portugu%C3%AAs%3A+estado+lingu%C3%ADstico+da+Galiza+e+do+noroeste+de+Portugal+desde+o+s%C3%A9culo+XIII+ao+s%C3%A9culo+XVI+%28com+refer%C3%AAncia+%C3%A0+situa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+do+galego+moderno%29&rft.place=Lisboa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E883-%3C%2Fspan%3E891&rft.edition=Reimpress%C3%A3+da+edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o+do+INIC+%281986%29&rft.pub=Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Calouste+Gulbenkian&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9789723107463&rft.aulast=Maia&rft.aufirst=Clarinda+de+Azevedo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuján_Martínez2006" class="citation journal cs1">Luján Martínez, Eugenio R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/16">"The language(s) of the Callaeci"</a>. <i>E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies</i>. <b>6</b>: <span class="nowrap">715–</span>748. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-4889">1540-4889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-Keltoi%3A+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+Celtic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+language%28s%29+of+the+Callaeci&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E715-%3C%2Fspan%3E748&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1540-4889&rft.aulast=Luj%C3%A1n+Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Eugenio+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdc.uwm.edu%2Fekeltoi%2Fvol6%2Fiss1%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiel1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Piel, Joseph-Maria (1989). "Origens e estruturação histórica do léxico português" [Origins and historical structure of the Portuguese lexicon]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227235128/https://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/biblioteca/origens_lex_port.pdf"><i>Estudos de Linguística Histórica Galego-Portuguesa</i></a> [<i>Studies in Galician-Portuguese Historical Linguistics</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Lisboa: IN-CM. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/biblioteca/origens_lex_port.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origens+e+estrutura%C3%A7%C3%A3o+hist%C3%B3rica+do+l%C3%A9xico+portugu%C3%AAs&rft.btitle=Estudos+de+Lingu%C3%ADstica+Hist%C3%B3rica+Galego-Portuguesa&rft.place=Lisboa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=IN-CM&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Piel&rft.aufirst=Joseph-Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.instituto-camoes.pt%2Fcvc%2Fhlp%2Fbiblioteca%2Forigens_lex_port.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as <i>Bolso</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csarmento.uminho.pt/docs/ndat/rg/RGVE1999_015.pdf">A Toponímia Céltica e os vestígios de cultura material da Proto-História de Portugal. Freire, José. Revista de Guimarães, Volume Especial, I, Guimarães, 1999, pp. 265–275</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206114400/http://www.csarmento.uminho.pt/docs/ndat/rg/RGVE1999_015.pdf">Archived</a> 6 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (PDF) . Retrieved on 14 November 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabeza_Quiles2014" class="citation book cs1">Cabeza Quiles, Fernando (2014). <i>A toponimia celta de Galicia</i>. Noia: Toxosoutos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-942224-4-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-942224-4-3"><bdi>978-84-942224-4-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+toponimia+celta+de+Galicia&rft.place=Noia&rft.pub=Toxosoutos&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-84-942224-4-3&rft.aulast=Cabeza+Quiles&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2003" class="citation book cs1">Adams, J. N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/17714/sample/9780521817714ws.pdf"><i>Bilingualism and the Latin language</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81771-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81771-4"><bdi>0-521-81771-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bilingualism+and+the+Latin+language&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-81771-4&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=J.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.cambridge.org%2F97805218%2F17714%2Fsample%2F9780521817714ws.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lus-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lus_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lus_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/brevesum/porque.html#Origens">"As origens do romance galego-português"</a> [The origins of the Galician-Portuguese romance language]. <i>História da Língua Portuguesa em linha</i> (in Portuguese). Instituto Camões.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+da+L%C3%ADngua+Portuguesa+em+linha&rft.atitle=As+origens+do+romance+galego-portugu%C3%AAs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcvc.instituto-camoes.pt%2Fhlp%2Fbrevesum%2Fporque.html%23Origens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlineiBenozzo2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alinei, Mario; Benozzo, Francesco (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.continuitas.org/texts/alinei_benozzo_alguns-aspectos.pdf"><i>Alguns aspectos da Teoria da Continuidade Paleolítica aplicada à região galega</i></a> [<i>Some aspects of the Paleolithic Continuity Theory applied to the Galician region</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-989-618-200-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-989-618-200-7"><bdi>978-989-618-200-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alguns+aspectos+da+Teoria+da+Continuidade+Paleol%C3%ADtica+aplicada+%C3%A0+regi%C3%A3o+galega&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-989-618-200-7&rft.aulast=Alinei&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.au=Benozzo%2C+Francesco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.continuitas.org%2Ftexts%2Falinei_benozzo_alguns-aspectos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041334/http://ling.cornell.edu/people/Weiss/CGL_34_Language_Contact_5.pdf">"Comparative Grammar of Latin 34: Language Contact"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ling.cornell.edu/people/Weiss/CGL_34_Language_Contact_5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparative+Grammar+of+Latin+34%3A+Language+Contact&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fling.cornell.edu%2Fpeople%2FWeiss%2FCGL_34_Language_Contact_5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva" class="citation web cs1">Silva, Luís Fraga da. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125215509/http://www.arkeotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm">"Ethnologic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (circa 200 B.C.)"</a>. <i>Arkeotavira.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkeotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm">the original</a> on 25 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arkeotavira.com&rft.atitle=Ethnologic+Map+of+Pre-Roman+Iberia+%28circa+200+B.C.%29&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Lu%C3%ADs+Fraga+da&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkeotavira.com%2FMapas%2FIberia%2FPopuli.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070922075547/http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/gramhist/fonetica.html">"Fonética histórica"</a> [Historical phonetics]. <i>História da Língua Portuguesa em linha</i> (in Portuguese). Instituto Camões. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/gramhist/fonetica.html">the original</a> on 22 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+da+L%C3%ADngua+Portuguesa+em+linha&rft.atitle=Fon%C3%A9tica+hist%C3%B3rica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.instituto-camoes.pt%2Fcvc%2Fhlp%2Fgramhist%2Ffonetica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novomilenio.inf.br/idioma/200009a.htm">"[The oldest document containing traces of Galician-Portuguese, a.D. 870]"</a>. <i>Novomilenio.inf.br</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Novomilenio.inf.br&rft.atitle=%5BThe+oldest+document+containing+traces+of+Galician-Portuguese%2C+a.D.+870%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novomilenio.inf.br%2Fidioma%2F200009a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206023428/http://www.fcsh.unl.pt/philologia/CARTA882_EN.html">"Charter of the Foundation of the Church of S. Miguel de Lardosa, a.D. 882"</a>. <i>Fcsh.unl.pt</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fcsh.unl.pt/philologia/CARTA882_EN.html">the original</a> on 6 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fcsh.unl.pt&rft.atitle=Charter+of+the+Foundation+of+the+Church+of+S.+Miguel+de+Lardosa%2C+a.D.+882&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcsh.unl.pt%2Fphilologia%2FCARTA882_EN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacks1941" class="citation book cs1">Sacks, Norman P. (1941). <i>The Latinity of Dated Documents in the Portuguese Territory</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latinity+of+Dated+Documents+in+the+Portuguese+Territory&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=Norman+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-old-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-old_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-old_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061217013602/http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/tempolingua/07.html">"Os mais antigos textos escritos em português"</a> [the oldest texts written in Portuguese] (in Portuguese). Instituto Camões. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/tempolingua/07.html">the original</a> on 17 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Os+mais+antigos+textos+escritos+em+portugu%C3%AAs&rft.pub=Instituto+Cam%C3%B5es&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.instituto-camoes.pt%2Fcvc%2Ftempolingua%2F07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivo Castro, <i>Introdução à História do Português. Geografia da Língua. Português Antigo</i>. [Lisbon: Colibri, 2004], pp. 121–125, and by A. Emiliano, cited by Castro</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía_Leal2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">García Leal, Alfonso (2007). <i>El diploma del Rey Silo</i> [<i>King Silo's diploma</i>] (in Spanish). A coruña: Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-95892-36-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-95892-36-2"><bdi>978-84-95892-36-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+diploma+del+Rey+Silo&rft.place=A+coru%C3%B1a&rft.pub=Fundaci%C3%B3n+Pedro+Barri%C3%A9+de+la+Maza&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-84-95892-36-2&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa+Leal&rft.aufirst=Alfonso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeiga_Arias1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Veiga Arias, Amable (1983). <i>Algunas calas en los orígenes del gallego</i> [<i>Some coves in the origins of Galician</i>] (in Spanish). Vigo: Galaxia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7154-423-7" title="Special:BookSources/84-7154-423-7"><bdi>84-7154-423-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algunas+calas+en+los+or%C3%ADgenes+del+gallego&rft.place=Vigo&rft.pub=Galaxia&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=84-7154-423-7&rft.aulast=Veiga+Arias&rft.aufirst=Amable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouto_Cabo2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Souto Cabo, José Antonio (2008). <i>Documentos galego-portugueses dos séculos XII e XIII</i> [<i>Galician-Portuguese documents from the 12th and 13th centuries</i>] (in Portuguese). A Coruña: Universidade da Coruña. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9749-314-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9749-314-7"><bdi>978-84-9749-314-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documentos+galego-portugueses+dos+s%C3%A9culos+XII+e+XIII&rft.place=A+Coru%C3%B1a&rft.pub=Universidade+da+Coru%C3%B1a&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-84-9749-314-7&rft.aulast=Souto+Cabo&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many of these texts correspond to the Greek <i>psogoi</i> mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> [<i>Poetics</i> 1448b27] and exemplified in the verses of iambographers such as <a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jmms-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jmms_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontero_Santalha2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Montero Santalha, José Martinho (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ruc.udc.es/dspace/handle/2183/2595">"Existe rima de vogal aberta com vogal fechada na poesia trovadoresca galego-portuguesa?"</a> [Is there an open vowel rhyme with a closed vowel in Galician-Portuguese troubadour poetry?]. <i>Revista Galega de Filoloxía</i> (in Portuguese). <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">107–</span>143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17979%2Frgf.2002.3.0.5367">10.17979/rgf.2002.3.0.5367</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1576-2661">1576-2661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Galega+de+Filolox%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=Existe+rima+de+vogal+aberta+com+vogal+fechada+na+poesia+trovadoresca+galego-portuguesa%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17979%2Frgf.2002.3.0.5367&rft.issn=1576-2661&rft.aulast=Montero+Santalha&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Martinho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruc.udc.es%2Fdspace%2Fhandle%2F2183%2F2595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/as-diferencas-na-pronuncia-medieval-em-relacao-ao-portugues-moderno/22844">"As diferenças na pronúncia medieval em relação ao português moderno"</a> [Differences in medieval pronunciation in relation to modern Portuguese]. <i>Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa</i> (in Portuguese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ciberd%C3%BAvidas+da+L%C3%ADngua+Portuguesa&rft.atitle=As+diferen%C3%A7as+na+pron%C3%BAncia+medieval+em+rela%C3%A7%C3%A3o+ao+portugu%C3%AAs+moderno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt%2Fconsultorio%2Fperguntas%2Fas-diferencas-na-pronuncia-medieval-em-relacao-ao-portugues-moderno%2F22844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibeira" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ribeira, José Manuel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agal-gz.org/pdf/falabaixalimia.pdf"><i>A Fala Galego-Portuguesa da Baixa Limia e Castro Laboreiro: Integrado no Projecto para a declaraçom de Património da Humanidade da Cultura Imaterial Galego-Portuguesa</i></a> [<i>The Galician-Portuguese Speech of Baixa Limia and Castro Laboreiro: Integrated into the Project for the declaration of Human Heritage of Galician-Portuguese Intangible Culture</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fala+Galego-Portuguesa+da+Baixa+Limia+e+Castro+Laboreiro%3A+Integrado+no+Projecto+para+a+declara%C3%A7om+de+Patrim%C3%B3nio+da+Humanidade+da+Cultura+Imaterial+Galego-Portuguesa&rft.aulast=Ribeira&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agal-gz.org%2Fpdf%2Ffalabaixalimia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalician%E2%80%93Portuguese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manuscripts containing Galician–Portuguese ('secular') lyric (cited from Cohen 2003 [see below under <i>critical editions</i>]): </p> <ul><li>A = "Cancioneiro da Ajuda", Palácio Real da Ajuda (Lisbon).</li> <li>B = Biblioteca Nacional (Lisbon), cod. 10991.</li> <li>Ba = Bancroft Library (University of California, Berkeley) 2 MS DP3 F3 (MS UCB 143)</li> <li>N = Morgan Library & Museum (New York), MS 979 (= PV).</li> <li>S = Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Lisbon), Capa do Cart. Not. de Lisboa, N.º 7-A, Caixa 1, Maço 1, Livro 3.</li> <li>V = Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, cod. lat. 4803.</li> <li>Va = Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, cod. lat. 7182, ff. 276rº – 278rº</li></ul> <p>Manuscripts containing the <i>Cantigas de Santa Maria</i>: </p> <ul><li>E = Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo (El Escorial), MS B. I. 2.</li> <li>F = Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale (Florence), Banco Rari 20.</li> <li>T = Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo (El Escorial), MS T. I. 1.</li> <li>To = Biblioteca Nacional (Madrid), cod. 10.069 ("El Toledano")</li></ul> <p>Critical editions of individual genres of Galician–Portuguese poetry (note that the <i>cantigas d'amor</i> are split between Michaëlis 1904 and Nunes 1932): </p> <ul><li>Cohen, Rip. (2003). <i>500 Cantigas d' Amigo</i>: Edição Crítica / Critical Edition (Porto: Campo das Letras).</li> <li>Lapa, Manuel Rodrigues (1970). <i>Cantigas d'escarnho e de mal dizer dos cancioneiros medievais galego-portugueses</i>. Edição crítica pelo prof. –. 2nd ed. Vigo: Editorial Galaxia [1st. ed. Coimbra, Editorial Galaxia, 1965] with "Vocabulário").</li> <li>Mettmann, Walter. (1959–1972). <i>Afonso X, o Sabio. Cantigas de Santa Maria</i>. 4 vols ["Glossário", in vol. 4]. Coimbra: Por ordem da Universidade (republished in 2 vols. ["Glossário" in vol. 2] Vigo: Edicións Xerais de Galicia, 1981; 2nd ed.: <i>Alfonso X, el Sabio, Cantigas de Santa Maria</i>, Edición, introducción y notas de –. 3 vols. Madrid: Clásicos Castália, 1986–1989).</li> <li>Michaëlis de Vasconcellos, Carolina. (1904). <i>Cancioneiro da Ajuda</i>. Edição critica e commentada por –. 2 vols. Halle a.S., Max Niemeyer (republished Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional – Casa de Moeda, 1990).</li> <li>Nunes, José Joaquim. (1932). <i>Cantigas d'amor dos trovadores galego-portugueses</i>. Edição crítica acompanhada de introdução, comentário, variantes, e glossário por –. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade (Biblioteca de escritores portugueses) (republished by Lisboa: Centro do Livro Brasileiro, 1972).</li></ul> <p>On the biography and chronology of the poets and the courts they frequented, the relation of these matters to the internal structure of the manuscript tradition, and myriad relevant questions in the field, please see: </p> <ul><li>Oliveira, António Resende de (1987). "A cultura trovadoresca no ocidente peninsular: trovadores e jograis galegos", <i>Biblos</i> LXIII: 1–22.</li> <li> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (1988). "Do Cancioneiro da Ajuda ao Livro das Cantigas do Conde D. Pedro. Análise do acrescento à secção das cantigas de amigo de O", <i>Revista de História das Ideias</i> 10: 691–751.</li> <li> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (1989). "A Galiza e a cultura trovadoresca peninsular", <i>Revista de História das Ideias</i> 11: 7–36.</li> <li> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (1993). "A caminho de Galiza. Sobre as primeiras composições em galego-português", in <i>O Cantar dos Trobadores</i>. Santiago de Compostela: Xunta de Galicia, pp. 249–260 (republished in Oliveira 2001b: 65–78).</li> <li> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (1994). <i>Depois do Espectáculo Trovadoresco. a estrutura dos cancioneiros peninsulares e as recolhas dos séculos XIII e XIV</i>. Lisboa: Edições Colibri (Colecção: Autores Portugueses).</li> <li> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (1995). <i>Trobadores e Xograres. Contexto histórico</i>. (tr. Valentín Arias) Vigo: Edicións Xerais de Galicia (Universitaria / Historia crítica da literatura medieval).</li> <li> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (1997a). "Arqueologia do mecenato trovadoresco em Portugal", in <i>Actas do 2º Congresso Histórico de Guimarães</i>, 319–327 (republished in Oliveira 2001b: 51–62).</li> <li> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (1997b). "História de uma despossessão. A nobreza e os primeiros textos em galego-português", in <i>Revista de História das Ideias</i> 19: 105–136.</li> <li> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (1998a). "Le surgissement de la culture troubadouresque dans l'occident de la Péninsule Ibérique (I). Compositeurs et cours", in (Anton Touber, ed.) <i>Le Rayonnement des Troubadours</i>, Amsterdam, pp. 85–95 (Internationale Forschungen zur allgemeinen und vergleichenden Literaturwissenschaft) (Port. version in Oliveira 2001b: 141–170).</li> <li> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (1998b). "Galicia trobadoresca", in <i>Anuario de Estudios Literarios Galegos</i> 1998: 207–229 (Port. Version in Oliveira 2001b: 97–110).</li> <li> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (2001a). <i>Aventures i Desventures del Joglar Gallegoportouguès</i> (tr. Jordi Cerdà). Barcelona: Columna (La Flor Inversa, 6).</li> <li> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (2001b). <i>O Trovador galego-português e o seu mundo</i>. Lisboa: Notícias Editorial (Colecção Poliedro da História).</li></ul> <p>For Galician–Portuguese prose, the reader might begin with: </p> <ul><li>Cintra, Luís F. Lindley. (1951–1990). <i>Crónica Geral de Espanha de 1344</i>. Edição crítica do texto português pelo –. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional-Casa de Moeda (vol. I 1951 [1952; reprint 1983]; vol II 1954 [republished 1984]; vol. III 1961 [republished 1984], vol. IV 1990) (Academia Portuguesa da História. Fontes Narrativas da História Portuguesa).</li> <li>Lorenzo, Ramón. (1977). <i>La traduccion gallego de la Cronica General y de la Cronica de Castilla</i>. Edición crítica anotada, con introduccion, índice onomástico e glosario. 2 vols. Orense: Instituto de Estudios Orensanos 'Padre Feijoo'.</li></ul> <p>There is no up-to-date historical grammar of medieval Galician–Portuguese. But see: </p> <ul><li>Huber, Joseph. (1933). <i>Altportugiesisches Elementarbuch</i>. Heidelberg: Carl Winter (Sammlung romanischer Elementar- und Händbucher, I, 8) (Port tr. [by Maria Manuela Gouveia Delille] <i>Gramática do Português Antigo</i>. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1986).</li></ul> <p>A recent work centered on Galician containing information on medieval Galician–Portuguese is: </p> <ul><li>Ferreiro, Manuel. (2001). <i>Gramática Histórica Galega</i>, 2 vols. [2nd ed.], Santiago de Compostela: Laiovento.</li> <li>An old reference work centered on Portuguese is:</li> <li>Williams, Edwin B. (1962). <i>From Latin to Portuguese</i>. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press (1st ed. Philadelphia, 1938). (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001056787">1938 ed. on HathiTrust</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001054215">1962 ed. on HathiTrust</a>)</li></ul> <p>Latin Lexica: </p> <ul><li><i>Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus</i>. Lexique Latin Médiévale-Francais/Anglais. A Medieval Latin-French/English Dictionary. composuit J. F. Niermeyer, perficiendum curavit C. van de Kieft. Abbreviationes et index fontium composuit C. van de Kieft, adiuvante G. S. M. M. Lake-Schoonebeek. Leiden – New York – Köln: E. J. Brill 1993 (1st ed. 1976).</li> <li><i>Oxford Latin Dictionary</i>. ed. P. G. W. Glare. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1983.</li></ul> <p>Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin: </p> <ul><li>Weiss, Michael. (2009). <i>Outline of the Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin</i>. Ann Arbor, MI: Beechstave Press.</li></ul> <p>On the early documents cited from the late 12th century, please see Ivo Castro, <i>Introdução à História do Português. Geografia da Língua. Português Antigo</i>. (Lisbon: Colibri, 2004), pp. 121–125 (with references). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/lusitana/Cronologia/seculo11/Doc1008/doc_1008.html">Latin – Portuguese document, a.D. 1008</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pontenasondas.org/">Ponte nas ondas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522093159/http://www.csarmento.uminho.pt/ndat_432.asp">Pergaminhos: colecção da Casa de Sarmento</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opatrimonio.org/">Galician-Portuguese Intangible Heritage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opatrimonio.org/pt/videos.asp">Galician-Portuguese Intangible Heritage -Videos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112020245/http://www.opatrimonio.org/pt/videos.asp">Archived</a> 12 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_languages" title="Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages" title="Template talk:Romance languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romance_languages_(classification)516" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-<br />Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Neapolitan–Calabrese</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialect" title="Emilian dialect">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Mantuan" title="Judeo-Mantuan">Judeo-Mantuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrarese_dialect" title="Ferrarese dialect">Ferrarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_dialect" title="Old Lombard dialect">Old Lombard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legnanese_dialect" title="Legnanese dialect">Legnanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl38" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues<br />d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-<br />Romance</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West<br />Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarrese" title="Old Navarrese">Old Navarrese</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Riojan" title="Old Riojan">Old Riojan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language_of_Aas" title="Whistled language of Aas">Aas whistled</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuatschin_dialect_(Romansh)" title="Tuatschin dialect (Romansh)">Tuatschin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutsilvan_dialects_(Romansh)" title="Sutsilvan dialects (Romansh)">Sutsilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a></i> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Proto-Eastern Romanc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> 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