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id="toc-Old_Cornish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Cornish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Old Cornish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Cornish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Cornish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Cornish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Middle Cornish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Cornish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Cornish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Cornish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Late Cornish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Cornish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_Cornish_speakers_between_1300_and_1800" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_Cornish_speakers_between_1300_and_1800"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Decline of Cornish speakers between 1300 and 1800 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_Cornish_speakers_between_1300_and_1800-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revived_Cornish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revived_Cornish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Revived Cornish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revived_Cornish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution_and_number_of_speakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution_and_number_of_speakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geographic distribution and number of speakers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution_and_number_of_speakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legal status and recognition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_status_and_recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legal status and recognition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_status_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Within_the_UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_the_UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Within the UK </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_the_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Orthography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Orthography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_Cornish_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Cornish_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Old Cornish orthography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Cornish_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Cornish_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Cornish_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Middle Cornish orthography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Cornish_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Cornish_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Cornish_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Late Cornish orthography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Cornish_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revived_Cornish_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revived_Cornish_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Revived Cornish orthography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revived_Cornish_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Phonology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Vocabulary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Grammar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Grammar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Morphology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mutations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Mutations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.3 Nouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.4 Verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prepositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prepositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.5 Prepositions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prepositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Syntax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Cultural events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Study_and_teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Study_and_teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Study and teaching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Study_and_teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cornish_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cornish_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Cornish studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cornish_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recent_Modern_Cornish_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_Modern_Cornish_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.1 Recent Modern Cornish literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_Modern_Cornish_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Place-names_and_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Place-names_and_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Place-names and surnames </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Place-names_and_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Samples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Dictionaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cornish language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" > 110 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornies" title="Kornies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kornies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornische_Sprache" title="Kornische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kornische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ኮርንኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮርንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الكورنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الكورنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_cornuall%C3%A9s" title="Idioma cornuallés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma cornuallés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Կոռներէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կոռներէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_c%C3%B3rnicu" title="Idioma córnicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma córnicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="কর্নিশ ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কর্নিশ ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall-g%C3%AD" title="Cornwall-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cornwall-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Корнская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Корнская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Корнская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Корнская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Корнуолски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Корнуолски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornisch" title="Kornisch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kornisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerneveureg" title="Kerneveureg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kerneveureg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2rnic" title="Còrnic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Còrnic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Корн чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Корн чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn%C5%A1tina" title="Kornština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kornština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cernyweg" title="Cernyweg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cernyweg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornisk" title="Kornisk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kornisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornagiella" title="Kornagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kornagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornische_Sprache" title="Kornische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kornische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korni%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Kornišćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kornišćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korni_keel" title="Korni keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Korni keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Κορνουαλική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κορνουαλική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_c%C3%B3rnico" title="Idioma córnico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma córnico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornvala_lingvo" title="Kornvala lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kornvala lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_c%C3%B3rnica" title="Luenga córnica – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga córnica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornubiera" title="Kornubiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kornubiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان کورنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان کورنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corniskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Corniskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Corniskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornique" title="Cornique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cornique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornysk" title="Kornysk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kornysk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Choirnis" title="An Choirnis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Choirnis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish" title="Cornish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cornish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2rnais" title="Còrnais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Còrnais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_c%C3%B3rnica" title="Lingua córnica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua córnica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%98%EC%9B%94%EC%96%B4" title="콘월어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘월어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren_Cornish" title="Yaren Cornish – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaren Cornish" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Կոռներեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոռներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कॉर्निश भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कॉर्निश भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korni%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Kornišćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kornišćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornijski_jezik" title="Kornijski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kornijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornwalana_linguo" title="Kornwalana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kornwalana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Korniko" title="Pagsasao a Korniko – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Korniko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Kernowek" title="Bahasa Kernowek – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Kernowek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cornic" title="Lingua cornic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua cornic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Корнаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Корнаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornbreska" title="Kornbreska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kornbreska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cornica" title="Lingua cornica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua cornica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_(%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94)" title="קורנית (שפה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קורנית (שפה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_(amanu)" title="Cornish (amanu) – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Cornish (amanu)" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="კორნული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კორნული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernowek" title="Kernowek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kernowek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikornishi" title="Kikornishi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kikornishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Керновса кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Керновса кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_korn%C3%AE" title="Zimanê kornî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê kornî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Cornubica" title="Lingua Cornubica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Cornubica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Korniešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Korniešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn%C5%B3_kalba" title="Kornų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kornų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornisch" title="Cornisch – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cornisch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cernoica_(lingua)" title="Cernoica (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cernoica (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_curnuvajesa" title="Lengua curnuvajesa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua curnuvajesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korni_nyelv" title="Korni nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Korni nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Корнски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Корнски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="കോർണിഷ് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോർണിഷ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कॉर्निश भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॉर्निश भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الكورنيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكورنيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کورنی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کورنی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Cornish" title="Bahasa Cornish – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Cornish" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornisch" title="Cornisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cornisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornies" title="Kornies – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kornies" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="コーンウォール語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コーンウォール語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornisch" title="Kornisch – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kornisch" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornisk" title="Kornisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kornisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornisk" title="Kornisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kornisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornouaillais" title="Cornouaillais – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Cornouaillais" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornic" title="Cornic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cornic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Керновись кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Керновись кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_c%C3%B2rnica" title="Lenga còrnica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga còrnica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koornsche_Spraak" title="Koornsche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Koornsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_kornijski" title="Język kornijski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język kornijski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_c%C3%B3rnica" title="Língua córnica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua córnica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_cornic%C4%83" title="Limba cornică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba cornică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cornica" title="Lingua cornica – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua cornica" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Корнский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Корнский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_leid" title="Cornish leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cornish leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornisk" title="Kornisk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kornisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cornish language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn%C4%8Dina" title="Kornčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kornčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornij%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Kornijščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kornijščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Корнишки језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Корнишки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornijski_jezik" title="Kornijski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kornijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korni" title="Korni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Korni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korniska" title="Korniska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Korniska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="கோர்னீசு மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோர்னீசு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาคอร์นวอลล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาคอร์นวอลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernevek%C3%A7e" title="Kernevekçe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kernevekçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Корнська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Корнська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B4_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کورنش زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کورنش زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_c%C3%B2rnega" title="Łéngua còrnega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua còrnega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornan_kel%27" title="Kornan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kornan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Cornwall" title="Tiếng Cornwall – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korni_kiil" title="Korni kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Korni kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Cornish dialect and accent of English, see <a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornish dialect</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Cornish</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Kernewek Kernowek</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kəɾˈnuːək]</a> (Kernewek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kəɾˈnɛʊək]</a> (Kernewek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kəɹˈnuːək]</a> (Kernewek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kəɹˈnɛʊək]</a> (Kernewek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kəɾˈnɔʊək]</a> (Kernowek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kəɹˈnɔʊək]</a> (Kernowek)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">End of 18th century<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">Revival</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">20th century (563 <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2 users</a> as of the 2021 Census:<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> 557 in 2011)<a href="#cite_note-ons_gov_uk-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Brittonic_languages" title="Southwestern Brittonic languages">Southwestern Brittonic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Cornish</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form</a> (Official) <a href="/wiki/Kernewek_Kemmyn" title="Kernewek Kemmyn">Kernewek Kemmyn</a> <a href="/wiki/Unified_Cornish" title="Unified Cornish">Unified Cornish</a> <a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Cornish" title="Modern Cornish">Modern Cornish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Language_Partnership" title="Cornish Language Partnership">Cornish Language Partnership</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=kw">kw</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=96">cor</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Variously: <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cor" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cor">cor</a></code> – Modern Cornish <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cnx" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cnx">cnx</a></code> – Middle Cornish <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/oco" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:oco">oco</a></code> – Old Cornish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/cnx">cnx</a></code> Middle Cornish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> </th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/oco">oco</a></code> Old Cornish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/corn1251">corn1251</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4050">Cornish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=50-ABB-a">50-ABB-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_20-CR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/320px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/480px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/640px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Cornish is classified as Critically Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a> (2010)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="228" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>A Cornish speaker</figcaption></figure> Cornish (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form</a>: Kernewek or Kernowek,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kəɾˈnuːək]</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Brittonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Brittonic language">Southwestern Brittonic</a> language of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic language family">Celtic language family</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, Cornish is descended from the <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a> language spoken throughout much of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> before the English language came to dominate. For centuries, until it was pushed westwards by English, it was the main language of <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, maintaining close links with its sister language Breton, with which it was <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a>, perhaps even as long as Cornish continued to be spoken as a vernacular.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Cornish continued to function as a <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">common community language</a> in parts of Cornwall until the mid 18th century, and there is some evidence for traditional speakers of the language persisting into the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> Cornish became <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> as a living community language in Cornwall by the <a href="/wiki/Last_speaker_of_the_Cornish_language" title="Last speaker of the Cornish language">end of the 18th century</a>, although knowledge of Cornish, including speaking ability to a certain extent, persisted within some families and individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Mackinnon-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language_revival" title="Cornish language revival">A revival</a> started in the early 20th century, and in 2010 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> reclassified the language as <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered language">critically endangered</a>, stating that its former classification of the language as extinct was no longer accurate.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-13">[13]</a> The language has a growing number of <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second-language</a> speakers,<a href="#cite_note-Diarmuid_O'Neill_240-14">[14]</a> and a very small number of families now raise children to speak revived Cornish as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Linguistic_minorities_in_countries_belonging_to_the_European_community-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mebyon_Kernow_and_Cornish_Nationalism-16">[16]</a> Cornish is currently recognised under the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and the language is often described as an important part of Cornish identity, culture and heritage.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Since the revival of the language, some Cornish textbooks and <a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">works of literature</a> have been published, and an increasing number of people are studying the language.<a href="#cite_note-Diarmuid_O'Neill_240-14">[14]</a> Recent developments include <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornish music</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">independent films</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and children's books. A small number of people in Cornwall have been brought up to be <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">bilingual</a> native speakers,<a href="#cite_note-magakernow797-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-e18-23">[23]</a> and the language is taught in schools and appears on street nameplates.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The first Cornish-language <a href="/wiki/Day_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Day care">day care</a> opened in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> Cornish is a <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Brittonic_languages" title="Southwestern Brittonic languages">Southwestern Brittonic</a> language,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a> section of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic language family</a>, which is a sub-family of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language family.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Brittonic also includes <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Pictish" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictish">Pictish</a>, the last two of which are <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a> are part of the separate <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a> branch of Insular Celtic. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Loth" title="Joseph Loth">Joseph Loth</a> viewed Cornish and Breton as being two dialects of the same language, claiming that "Middle Cornish is without doubt closer to Breton as a whole than the modern Breton dialect of <a href="/wiki/Quiberon" title="Quiberon">Quiberon</a> [Kiberen] is to that of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pol-de-L%C3%A9on" title="Saint-Pol-de-Léon">Saint-Pol-de-Léon</a> [Kastell-Paol]."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Also, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_H._Jackson" title="Kenneth H. Jackson">Kenneth Jackson</a> argued that it is almost certain that Cornish and Breton would have been mutually intelligible as long as Cornish was a living language, and that Cornish and Breton are especially closely related to each other and less closely related to Welsh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson195312-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornish_language_shift.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cornish_language_shift.svg/250px-Cornish_language_shift.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cornish_language_shift.svg/500px-Cornish_language_shift.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the westward decline of Cornish, 1300–1750</figcaption></figure> Cornish evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a> spoken throughout Britain south of the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> during the <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">British Iron Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman period</a>. As a result of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">westward Anglo-Saxon expansion</a>, the Britons of the southwest were separated from those in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, which Jackson links to the defeat of the Britons at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deorham" title="Battle of Deorham">Battle of Deorham</a> in about 577.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson195318-32">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Western_Brittonic_languages" title="Western Brittonic languages">western dialects</a> eventually evolved into <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">modern Welsh</a> and the now extinct <a href="/wiki/Cumbric_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumbric language">Cumbric</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Brittonic_languages" title="Southwestern Brittonic languages">Southwestern Brittonic</a> developed into Cornish and Breton, the latter as a result of emigration to parts of the continent, known as <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> over the following centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson195319-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Cornish">Old Cornish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Old Cornish">edit</a>]</div> The area controlled by the southwestern Britons was progressively reduced by the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> over the next few centuries. During the Old Cornish (Kernewek Koth)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009343-34">[34]</a> period (800–1200), the Cornish-speaking area was largely coterminous with modern-day <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, after the Saxons had taken over <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> in their south-westward advance, which probably was facilitated by a second migration wave to Brittany that resulted in the partial depopulation of Devon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009410–468-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vocabularium_Cornicum_BL_MS_Cotton_Vespasian_A_xiv_7r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Vocabularium_Cornicum_BL_MS_Cotton_Vespasian_A_xiv_7r.jpg/250px-Vocabularium_Cornicum_BL_MS_Cotton_Vespasian_A_xiv_7r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Vocabularium_Cornicum_BL_MS_Cotton_Vespasian_A_xiv_7r.jpg/330px-Vocabularium_Cornicum_BL_MS_Cotton_Vespasian_A_xiv_7r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Vocabularium_Cornicum_BL_MS_Cotton_Vespasian_A_xiv_7r.jpg/500px-Vocabularium_Cornicum_BL_MS_Cotton_Vespasian_A_xiv_7r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>The first page of Vocabularium Cornicum, a 12th-century Latin-Cornish glossary</figcaption></figure> The earliest written record of the Cornish language comes from this period: a 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">gloss</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> of <a href="/wiki/Consolation_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolation of Philosophy">De Consolatione Philosophiae</a> by <a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a>, which used the words ud rocashaas. The phrase may mean "it [the mind] hated the gloomy places",<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> or alternatively, as <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breeze" title="Andrew Breeze">Andrew Breeze</a> suggests, "she hated the land".<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Other sources from this period include the Saints' List, a list of almost fifty Cornish saints,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Bodmin_manumissions" title="Bodmin manumissions">Bodmin manumissions</a>, which is a list of <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumittors</a> and slaves, the latter with mostly Cornish names,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> and, more substantially, a Latin–Cornish glossary (the <a href="/wiki/Vocabularium_Cornicum" title="Vocabularium Cornicum">Vocabularium Cornicum</a> or Cottonian Vocabulary), a Cornish translation of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Eynsham" title="Ælfric of Eynsham">Ælfric of Eynsham</a>'s Latin–Old English Glossary,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> which is thematically arranged into several groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a>, anatomy, church hierarchy, the family, names for various kinds of artisans and their tools, flora, fauna, and household items.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The manuscript was widely thought to be in <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> until the 18th century when it was identified as Cornish by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lhuyd" title="Edward Lhuyd">Edward Lhuyd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadel2014-44">[44]</a> Some Brittonic glosses in the 9th-century colloquy <a href="/wiki/De_raris_fabulis" title="De raris fabulis">De raris fabulis</a> were once identified as Old Cornish, but they are more likely Old Welsh, possibly influenced by a Cornish scribe.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> No single phonological feature distinguishes Cornish from both Welsh and Breton until the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Assibilation" title="Assibilation">assibilation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dental_stop" title="Dental stop">dental stops</a> in Cornish, which is not found before the second half of the eleventh century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson195321-46">[46]</a> and it is not always possible to distinguish Old Cornish, Old Breton, and Old Welsh orthographically.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Cornish">Middle Cornish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Cornish">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Origo_Mundi_kynsa_gwersow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Origo_Mundi_kynsa_gwersow.jpg/220px-Origo_Mundi_kynsa_gwersow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Origo_Mundi_kynsa_gwersow.jpg/330px-Origo_Mundi_kynsa_gwersow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Origo_Mundi_kynsa_gwersow.jpg/440px-Origo_Mundi_kynsa_gwersow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>The opening verses of Origo Mundi, the first play of the <a href="/wiki/Ordinalia" title="Ordinalia">Ordinalia</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">magnum opus</a> of medieval Cornish literature), written by an unknown monk in the late 14th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beunans_Meriasek_(The_life_of_St_Meriasek)_(f.56v.)_Middle_Cornish_Saint%27s_Play.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Beunans_Meriasek_%28The_life_of_St_Meriasek%29_%28f.56v.%29_Middle_Cornish_Saint%27s_Play.jpg/220px-Beunans_Meriasek_%28The_life_of_St_Meriasek%29_%28f.56v.%29_Middle_Cornish_Saint%27s_Play.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Beunans_Meriasek_%28The_life_of_St_Meriasek%29_%28f.56v.%29_Middle_Cornish_Saint%27s_Play.jpg/330px-Beunans_Meriasek_%28The_life_of_St_Meriasek%29_%28f.56v.%29_Middle_Cornish_Saint%27s_Play.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Beunans_Meriasek_%28The_life_of_St_Meriasek%29_%28f.56v.%29_Middle_Cornish_Saint%27s_Play.jpg/440px-Beunans_Meriasek_%28The_life_of_St_Meriasek%29_%28f.56v.%29_Middle_Cornish_Saint%27s_Play.jpg 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beunans_Meriasek" title="Beunans Meriasek">Beunans Meriasek</a> (The life of St. <a href="/wiki/Meriasek" title="Meriasek">Meriasek</a>) (f.56v.) Middle Cornish Saint's Play</figcaption></figure> The Cornish language continued to flourish well through the Middle Cornish (Kernewek Kres)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009343-34">[34]</a> period (1200–1600), reaching a peak of about 39,000 speakers in the 13th century, after which the number started to decline.<a href="#cite_note-ken-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-stalmaszczyk-49">[49]</a> This period provided the bulk of traditional <a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a>, and was used to reconstruct the language during its revival. Most important is the <a href="/wiki/Ordinalia" title="Ordinalia">Ordinalia</a>, a cycle of three mystery plays, Origo Mundi, Passio Christi and Resurrexio Domini. Together these provide about 8,734 lines of text. The three plays exhibit a mixture of English and Brittonic influences, and, like other Cornish literature, may have been written at <a href="/wiki/Glasney_College" title="Glasney College">Glasney College</a> near <a href="/wiki/Penryn,_Cornwall" title="Penryn, Cornwall">Penryn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> From this period also are the <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographical</a> dramas <a href="/wiki/Beunans_Meriasek" title="Beunans Meriasek">Beunans Meriasek</a> (The Life of <a href="/wiki/Meriasek" title="Meriasek">Meriasek</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bewnans_Ke" title="Bewnans Ke">Bewnans Ke</a> (The Life of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kea" title="Saint Kea">Ke</a>), both of which feature as an antagonist the villainous and tyrannical King <a href="/wiki/Tewdwr_Mawr" title="Tewdwr Mawr">Tewdar</a> (or Teudar), a historical medieval king in Armorica and Cornwall, who, in these plays, has been interpreted as a lampoon of either of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a> kings <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> or <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Others are the Charter Fragment, the earliest known continuous text in the Cornish language, apparently part of a play about a medieval marriage,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pascon_agan_Arluth" title="Pascon agan Arluth">Pascon agan Arluth</a> (The Passion of Our Lord), a poem probably intended for personal worship, were written during this period, probably in the second half of the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Another important text, the Tregear Homilies, was realized to be Cornish in 1949, having previously been incorrectly classified as Welsh. It is the longest text in the traditional Cornish language, consisting of around 30,000 words of continuous prose. This text is a late 16th century translation of twelve of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bonner" title="Edmund Bonner">Bishop Bonner</a>'s thirteen homilies by a certain John Tregear, tentatively identified as a vicar of <a href="/wiki/St_Allen" title="St Allen">St Allen</a> from <a href="/wiki/Crowan" title="Crowan">Crowan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and has an additional catena, Sacrament an Alter, added later by his fellow priest, Thomas Stephyn.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In the reign of Henry VIII, an account was given by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Boorde" title="Andrew Boorde">Andrew Boorde</a> in his 1542 Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge. He states, "In Cornwall is two speches, the one is naughty Englysshe, and the other is Cornysshe speche. And there be many men and women the which cannot speake one worde of Englysshe, but all Cornyshe."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> When Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1549" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Uniformity 1549">Act of Uniformity 1549</a>, which established the 1549 edition of the English Book of Common Prayer as the sole legal form of worship in England, including Cornwall, people in many areas of Cornwall did not speak or understand English. The passing of this Act was one of the causes of the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_Book_Rebellion" title="Prayer Book Rebellion">Prayer Book Rebellion</a> (which may also have been influenced by government repression after the failed <a href="/wiki/Cornish_rebellion_of_1497" title="Cornish rebellion of 1497">Cornish rebellion of 1497</a>), with "the commoners of Devonshyre and Cornwall" producing a manifesto demanding a return to the old religious services and included an article that concluded, "and so we the Cornyshe men (whereof certen of us understande no Englysh) utterly refuse thys newe Englysh."<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In response to their articles, the government spokesman (either <a href="/wiki/Philip_Nichols" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Nichols">Philip Nichols</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Udall" title="Nicholas Udall">Nicholas Udall</a>) wondered why they did not just ask the king for a version of the liturgy in their own language.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a> asked why the Cornishmen should be offended by holding the service in English, when they had before held it in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, which even fewer of them could understand.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fletcher" title="Anthony Fletcher">Anthony Fletcher</a> points out that this rebellion was primarily motivated by religious and economic, rather than linguistic, concerns.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The rebellion prompted a heavy-handed response from the government, and 5,500 people died during the fighting and the rebellion's aftermath. Government officials then directed troops under the command of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kingston" title="Anthony Kingston">Sir Anthony Kingston</a> to carry out pacification operations throughout the West Country. Kingston subsequently ordered the executions of numerous individuals suspected of involvement with the rebellion as part of the post-rebellion reprisals.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The rebellion eventually proved a turning-point for the Cornish language, as the authorities came to associate it with <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a> and "backwardness". This proved to be one of the reasons why the Book of Common Prayer was never translated into Cornish (unlike <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>), as proposals to do so were suppressed in the rebellion's aftermath. The failure to translate the Book of Common Prayer into Cornish led to the language's rapid decline during the 16th and 17th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mills-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Berresford_Ellis" title="Peter Berresford Ellis">Peter Berresford Ellis</a> cites the years 1550–1650 as a century of immense damage for the language, and its decline can be traced to this period. In 1680 <a href="/wiki/William_Scawen" title="William Scawen">William Scawen</a> wrote an essay describing 16 reasons for the decline of Cornish, among them the lack of a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Cornish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish alphabet">Cornish alphabet</a>, the loss of contact between Cornwall and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, the cessation of the miracle plays, loss of records in the Civil War, lack of a <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish Bible">Cornish Bible</a> and immigration to Cornwall.<a href="#cite_note-Berresford-Ellis-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Stoyle" title="Mark Stoyle">Mark Stoyle</a>, however, has argued that the 'glotticide' of the Cornish language was mainly a result of the Cornish gentry adopting English to dissociate themselves from the reputation for disloyalty and rebellion associated with the Cornish language since the 1497 uprising.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Cornish">Late Cornish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late Cornish">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lether_Bodinar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lether_Bodinar.jpg/170px-Lether_Bodinar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lether_Bodinar.jpg/255px-Lether_Bodinar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lether_Bodinar.jpg/340px-Lether_Bodinar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>William Bodinar's letter, dated 3 July 1776</figcaption></figure> By the middle of the 17th century, the language had retreated to <a href="/wiki/Penwith" title="Penwith">Penwith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerrier" title="Kerrier">Kerrier</a>, and transmission of the language to new generations had almost entirely ceased. In his Survey of Cornwall, published in 1602, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Carew_(antiquary)" title="Richard Carew (antiquary)">Richard Carew</a> writes:<blockquote>[M]ost of the inhabitants can speak no word of Cornish, but very few are ignorant of the English; and yet some so affect their own, as to a stranger they will not speak it; for if meeting them by chance, you inquire the way, or any such matter, your answer shall be, "Meea navidna caw zasawzneck," "I [will] speak no Saxonage."<a href="#cite_note-Carew1811-66">[66]</a></blockquote> The Late Cornish (Kernewek Diwedhes)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009343-34">[34]</a> period from 1600 to about 1800 has a less substantial body of literature than the Middle Cornish period, but the sources are more varied in nature, including songs, poems about fishing and curing <a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">pilchards</a>, and various translations of verses from the Bible, the Ten Commandments, the Lord's Prayer and the Creed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaudhri200710–11-67">[67]</a> Edward Lhuyd's <a href="/wiki/Arch%C3%A6ologia_Britannica" title="Archæologia Britannica">Archaeologia Britannica</a>, which was mainly recorded in the field from native speakers in the early 1700s, and his unpublished field notebook are seen as important sources of Cornish vocabulary, some of which are not found in any other source.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaudhri20079-68">[68]</a> Archaeologia Britannica also features a complete version of a traditional folk tale, John of Chyanhor, a short story about a man from <a href="/wiki/St_Levan" title="St Levan">St Levan</a> who goes far to the east seeking work, eventually returning home after three years to find that his wife has borne him a child during his absence.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In 1776, William Bodinar, who describes himself as having learned Cornish from old fishermen when he was a boy, wrote a letter to <a href="/wiki/Daines_Barrington" title="Daines Barrington">Daines Barrington</a> in Cornish, with an English translation, which was probably the last prose written in the traditional language. In his letter, he describes the sociolinguistics of the Cornish language at the time, stating that there are no more than four or five old people in his village who can still speak Cornish, concluding with the remark that Cornish is no longer known by young people.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> However, the last recorded traditional Cornish literature may have been the <a href="/wiki/Cranken_Rhyme" title="Cranken Rhyme">Cranken Rhyme</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> a corrupted version of a verse or song published in the late 19th century by <a href="/wiki/John_Hobson_Matthews" title="John Hobson Matthews">John Hobson Matthews</a>, recorded orally by <a href="/wiki/John_Davey_(Cornish_speaker)" title="John Davey (Cornish speaker)">John Davey</a> (or Davy) of <a href="/wiki/Boswednack" title="Boswednack">Boswednack</a>, of uncertain date but probably originally composed during the last years of the traditional language. Davey had traditional knowledge of at least some Cornish.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> John Kelynack (1796–1885), a fisherman of Newlyn, was sought by <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologists</a> for old Cornish words and technical phrases in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_Cornish_speakers_between_1300_and_1800">Decline of Cornish speakers between 1300 and 1800</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Decline of Cornish speakers between 1300 and 1800">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorothy_Pentreath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white engraving of a woman in 18th century clothing with a bonnet. Fish, a crab, a crustacean and a jug are below" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dorothy_Pentreath.jpg/250px-Dorothy_Pentreath.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="441" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dorothy_Pentreath.jpg/375px-Dorothy_Pentreath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dorothy_Pentreath.jpg/500px-Dorothy_Pentreath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="3292" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dolly_Pentreath" title="Dolly Pentreath">Dolly Pentreath</a> (died 1777), said to be the last fluent speaker of Cornish, in an engraved portrait published in 1781</figcaption></figure> It is difficult to state with certainty when Cornish ceased to be spoken, due to the fact that its last speakers were of relatively low social class and that the definition of what constitutes "a living language" is not clear cut. Peter Pool argues that by 1800 nobody was using Cornish as a daily language and no evidence exists of anyone capable of conversing in the language at that date.<a href="#cite_note-pool-75">[75]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Passive_speaker_(language)" title="Passive speaker (language)">passive speakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semi-speaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-speaker">semi-speakers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rememberer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rememberer">rememberers</a>, who retain some competence in the language despite not being fluent nor using the language in daily life, generally survive even longer. The traditional view that <a href="/wiki/Dolly_Pentreath" title="Dolly Pentreath">Dolly Pentreath</a> (1692–1777) was the <a href="/wiki/Last_speaker_of_the_Cornish_language" title="Last speaker of the Cornish language">last native speaker of Cornish</a> has been challenged,<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> and in the 18th and 19th centuries there was academic interest in the language and in attempting to find the last speaker of Cornish. It has been suggested that, whereas Pentreath was probably the last fluent speaker, the last native speaker may have been <a href="/wiki/John_Davey_(Cornish_speaker)" title="John Davey (Cornish speaker)">John Davey</a> of Zennor, who died in 1891.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> However, although it is clear Davey possessed some traditional knowledge in addition to having read books on Cornish, accounts differ of his competence in the language. Some contemporaries stated he was able to converse on certain topics in Cornish whereas others affirmed they had never heard him claim to be able to do so.<a href="#cite_note-pool-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morton_Nance" title="Robert Morton Nance">Robert Morton Nance</a>, who reworked and translated Davey's Cranken Rhyme, remarked, "There can be no doubt, after the evidence of this rhyme, of what there was to lose by neglecting John Davey."<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The search for the last speaker is hampered by a lack of transcriptions or audio recordings, so that it is impossible to tell from this distance whether the language these people were reported to be speaking was Cornish, or English with a heavy Cornish <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)#Substratum" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substratum</a>, nor what their level of fluency was. Nevertheless, this academic interest, along with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a> in the late 19th century, provided the groundwork for a Cornish language revival movement. Notwithstanding the uncertainty over who was the last speaker of Cornish, researchers have posited the following numbers for the prevalence of the language between 1050 and 1800.<a href="#cite_note-ken-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-stalmaszczyk-49">[49]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Area where Cornish was spoken (in km2) </th> <th>Total population of Cornwall </th> <th>Number of Cornish speakers </th></tr> <tr> <td>1050 </td> <td> </td> <td>16,000 </td> <td>15,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1110 </td> <td> </td> <td>21,000 </td> <td>20,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1150 </td> <td> </td> <td>28,000 </td> <td>26,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1200 </td> <td>3,270 </td> <td>35,000 </td> <td>30,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1250 </td> <td> </td> <td>43,000 </td> <td>34,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1300 </td> <td>2,780 </td> <td>52,000 </td> <td>38,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1350 </td> <td> </td> <td>48,000 </td> <td>32,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1400 </td> <td>2,360 </td> <td>55,000 </td> <td>34,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1450 </td> <td>2,360 </td> <td>62,000 </td> <td>33,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1500 </td> <td>1,890 </td> <td>69,000 </td> <td>33,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1550 </td> <td> </td> <td>76,000 </td> <td>30,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1600 </td> <td>1,400 </td> <td>84,000 </td> <td>22,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1650 </td> <td>910 </td> <td>93,000 </td> <td>14,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1700 </td> <td>530 </td> <td>106,000 </td> <td>5,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1750 </td> <td>160 </td> <td>140,000 </td> <td>"Very few" </td></tr> <tr> <td>1800 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>192,000 </td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revived_Cornish">Revived Cornish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Revived Cornish">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language_revival" title="Cornish language revival">Cornish language revival</a></div> In 1904, the Celtic language scholar and Cornish cultural activist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jenner" title="Henry Jenner">Henry Jenner</a> published A Handbook of the Cornish Language. The publication of this book is often considered to be the point at which the revival movement started. Jenner wrote about the Cornish language in 1905, "one may fairly say that most of what there was of it has been preserved, and that it has been continuously preserved, for there has never been a time when there were not some Cornishmen who knew some Cornish."<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The revival focused on reconstructing and standardising the language, including coining new words for modern concepts, and creating educational material in order to teach Cornish to others. In 1929 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morton_Nance" title="Robert Morton Nance">Robert Morton Nance</a> published his <a href="/wiki/Unified_Cornish" title="Unified Cornish">Unified Cornish</a> (Kernewek Unys)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009343-34">[34]</a> system, based on the Middle Cornish literature while extending the attested vocabulary with neologisms and forms based on Celtic roots also found in Breton and Welsh, publishing a dictionary in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Nance's work became the basis of revived Cornish (Kernewek Dasserghys)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009343-34">[34]</a> for most of the 20th century. During the 1970s, criticism of Nance's system, including the inconsistent orthography and unpredictable correspondence between spelling and pronunciation,<a href="#cite_note-Mackinnon-12">[12]</a> as well as on other grounds such as the archaic basis of Unified and a lack of emphasis on the spoken language,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> resulted in the creation of several rival systems. In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Ken_George" title="Ken George">Ken George</a> published a new system, <a href="/wiki/Kernewek_Kemmyn" title="Kernewek Kemmyn">Kernewek Kemmyn</a> ('Common Cornish'), based on a reconstruction of the phonological system of Middle Cornish, but with an approximately <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">morphophonemic orthography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> It was subsequently adopted by the Cornish Language Board<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009757-82">[82]</a> and was the written form used by a reported 54.5% of all Cornish language users according to a survey in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> but was heavily criticised for a variety of reasons by Jon Mills and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Williams_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Williams (poet)">Nicholas Williams</a>, including making phonological distinctions that they state were not made in the traditional language <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500, failing to make distinctions that they believe were made in the traditional language at this time, and the use of an orthography that deviated too far from the traditional texts and Unified Cornish.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Also during this period, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gendall" title="Richard Gendall">Richard Gendall</a> created his Modern Cornish system (also known as Revived Late Cornish), which used Late Cornish as a basis,<a href="#cite_note-Grenoble2009-86">[86]</a>: 46  and Nicholas Williams published a revised version of Unified;<a href="#cite_note-Grenoble2009-86">[86]</a>: 46  however neither of these systems gained the popularity of Unified or Kemmyn. The revival entered a period of factionalism and public disputes, with each orthography attempting to push the others aside. By the time that Cornish was recognised by the UK government under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 2002, it had become recognised that the existence of multiple orthographies was unsustainable with regards to using the language in education and public life, as none had achieved a wide consensus. A process of unification was set about which resulted in the creation of the public-body <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Language_Partnership" title="Cornish Language Partnership">Cornish Language Partnership</a> in 2005 and agreement on a <a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In 2010 a new milestone was reached when UNESCO altered its classification of Cornish, stating that its previous label of "extinct" was no longer accurate.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution_and_number_of_speakers">Geographic distribution and number of speakers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution and number of speakers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penzance_-_CrossCountry_221130_in_platform_4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Penzance_-_CrossCountry_221130_in_platform_4.JPG/250px-Penzance_-_CrossCountry_221130_in_platform_4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Penzance_-_CrossCountry_221130_in_platform_4.JPG/330px-Penzance_-_CrossCountry_221130_in_platform_4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Penzance_-_CrossCountry_221130_in_platform_4.JPG/500px-Penzance_-_CrossCountry_221130_in_platform_4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>Cornish can be seen in many places in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>; this sign is at Penzance railway station.</figcaption></figure> Speakers of Cornish reside primarily in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, which has a population of 563,600 (2017 estimate). There are also some speakers living outside Cornwall, particularly in the countries of the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a>, as well as in other <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a>. Estimates of the number of Cornish speakers vary according to the definition of a speaker, and is difficult to determine accurately due to the individualised nature of language take-up. Nevertheless, there is recognition that the number of Cornish speakers is growing.<a href="#cite_note-Diarmuid_O'Neill_240-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> From before the 1980s to the end of the 20th century there was a sixfold increase in the number of speakers to around 300.<a href="#cite_note-:ekeltoi1-90">[90]</a> One figure for the number of people who know a few basic words, such as knowing that "Kernow" means "Cornwall", was 300,000; the same survey gave the number of people able to have simple conversations as 3,000.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The Cornish Language Strategy project commissioned research to provide quantitative and qualitative evidence for the number of Cornish speakers: due to the success of the revival project it was estimated that 2,000 people were fluent (surveyed in spring 2008), an increase from the estimated 300 people who spoke Cornish fluently suggested in a study by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacKinnon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth MacKinnon">Kenneth MacKinnon</a> in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_BBC/British_Council-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walesonline_creche-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-94">[94]</a> Jenefer Lowe of the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Language_Partnership" title="Cornish Language Partnership">Cornish Language Partnership</a> said in an interview with the BBC in 2010 that there were around 300 fluent speakers.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bert_Biscoe" title="Bert Biscoe">Bert Biscoe</a>, a councillor and bard, in a statement to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Morning_News" title="Western Morning News">Western Morning News</a> in 2014 said there were "several hundred fluent speakers".<a href="#cite_note-brooks-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Council" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall Council</a> estimated in 2015 that there were 300–400 fluent speakers who used the language regularly, with 5,000 people having a basic conversational ability in the language.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> A report on the 2011 Census published in 2013 by the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> placed the number of speakers at somewhere between 325 and 625.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In 2017 the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">ONS</a> released data based on the 2011 Census that placed the number of speakers at 557 people in England and Wales who declared Cornish to be their main language, 464 of whom lived in Cornwall.<a href="#cite_note-ons_gov_uk-6">[6]</a> The 2021 census listed the number of Cornish speakers at 563.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> A study that appeared in 2018 established the number of people in Cornwall with at least minimal skills in Cornish, such as the use of some words and phrases, to be more than 3,000, including around 500 estimated to be fluent.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The Institute of Cornish Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a> is working with the Cornish Language Partnership to study the Cornish language revival of the 20th century, including the growth in number of speakers.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status_and_recognition">Legal status and recognition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legal status and recognition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_south_from_Carn_Brea_beacon,_West_Penwith_-_geograph.org.uk_-_51844.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/View_south_from_Carn_Brea_beacon%2C_West_Penwith_-_geograph.org.uk_-_51844.jpg/250px-View_south_from_Carn_Brea_beacon%2C_West_Penwith_-_geograph.org.uk_-_51844.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/View_south_from_Carn_Brea_beacon%2C_West_Penwith_-_geograph.org.uk_-_51844.jpg/330px-View_south_from_Carn_Brea_beacon%2C_West_Penwith_-_geograph.org.uk_-_51844.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/View_south_from_Carn_Brea_beacon%2C_West_Penwith_-_geograph.org.uk_-_51844.jpg/500px-View_south_from_Carn_Brea_beacon%2C_West_Penwith_-_geograph.org.uk_-_51844.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>The view from Carn Brea beacon (Karn Bre) in <a href="/wiki/Penwith" title="Penwith">Penwith</a> (Pennwydh), near <a href="/wiki/Crows-an-Wra" title="Crows-an-Wra">Crows-an-Wra</a> (Krows an Wragh), looking towards the village of Treave (Trev) with <a href="/wiki/Porthcurno" title="Porthcurno">Porthcurno</a> (Porthkornow) in the distance.</figcaption></figure> In 2002, Cornish was recognized by the UK government under Part II of the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009769-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s Atlas of World Languages classifies Cornish as "critically endangered". UNESCO has said that a previous classification of 'extinct' "does not reflect the current situation for Cornish" and is "no longer accurate".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Within_the_UK">Within the UK</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Within the UK">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Council" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall Council</a>'s policy is to support the language, in line with the European Charter. A motion was passed in November 2009 in which the council promoted the inclusion of Cornish, as appropriate and where possible, in council publications and on signs.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> This plan has drawn some criticism.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In October 2015, the council announced that staff would be encouraged to use "basic words and phrases" in Cornish when dealing with the public.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In 2021 Cornwall Council prohibited a marriage ceremony from being conducted in Cornish as the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_Act_1949" title="Marriage Act 1949">Marriage Act 1949</a> only allowed for marriage ceremonies in English or Welsh.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In 2014, the Cornish people were recognised by the UK Government as a national minority under the <a href="/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The FCNM provides certain rights and protections to a national minority with regard to their minority language.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In 2016, British government funding for the Cornish language ceased, and responsibility transferred to Cornwall Council.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Orthography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Cornish_orthography">Old Cornish orthography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Old Cornish orthography">edit</a>]</div> Until around the middle of the 11th century, Old Cornish scribes used a traditional spelling system shared with Old Breton and Old Welsh, based on the pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009495-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson195367-111">[111]</a> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Vocabularium_Cornicum" title="Vocabularium Cornicum">Vocabularium Cornicum</a>, usually dated to around 1100, Old English spelling conventions, such as the use of <a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">thorn</a> (Þ, þ) and <a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">eth</a> (Ð, ð) for <a href="/wiki/Dental_fricative" title="Dental fricative">dental fricatives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn">wynn</a> (Ƿ, ƿ) for /w/, had come into use, allowing documents written at this time to be distinguished from Old Welsh, which rarely uses these characters, and Old Breton, which does not use them at all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson195367–68-112">[112]</a> Old Cornish features include using initial ⟨ch⟩, ⟨c⟩, or ⟨k⟩ for /k/, and, in internal and final position, ⟨p⟩, ⟨t⟩, ⟨c⟩, ⟨b⟩, ⟨d⟩, and ⟨g⟩ are generally used for the phonemes /b/, /d/, /ɡ/, /β/, /ð/, and /ɣ/ respectively, meaning that the results of Brittonic <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a> are not usually apparent from the orthography at this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson195368-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009495-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Cornish_orthography">Middle Cornish orthography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Middle Cornish orthography">edit</a>]</div> Middle Cornish orthography has a significant level of variation, and shows influence from Middle English spelling practices.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yogh" title="Yogh">Yogh</a> (Ȝ ȝ) is used in certain Middle Cornish texts, where it is used to represent a variety of sounds, including the dental fricatives /θ/ and /ð/, a usage which is unique to Middle Cornish and is never found in Middle English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009496-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mills_1999-116">[116]</a> Middle Cornish scribes tend to use ⟨c⟩ for /k/ before back vowels, and ⟨k⟩ for /k/ before front vowels, though this is not always true, and this rule is less consistent in certain texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2016-117">[117]</a> Middle Cornish scribes almost universally use ⟨wh⟩ to represent /ʍ/ (or /hw/), as in Middle English. Middle Cornish, especially towards the end of this period, tends to use orthographic ⟨g⟩ and ⟨b⟩ in word-final position in stressed monosyllables, and ⟨k⟩ and ⟨p⟩ in word-final position in unstressed final syllables, to represent the reflexes of late Brittonic /ɡ/ and /b/, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Cornish_orthography">Late Cornish orthography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Late Cornish orthography">edit</a>]</div> Written sources from this period are often spelled following English spelling conventions since many of the writers of the time had not been exposed to Middle Cornish texts or the Cornish orthography within them. Around 1700, Edward Lhuyd visited Cornwall, introducing his own partly phonetic orthography that he used in his Archaeologia Britannica, which was adopted by some local writers, leading to the use of some Lhuydian features such as the use of <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflexes</a> to denote long vowels, ⟨k⟩ before front vowels, word-final ⟨i⟩, and the use of ⟨dh⟩ to represent the voiced dental fricative /ð/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009496–497-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mills_1999-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revived_Cornish_orthography">Revived Cornish orthography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Revived Cornish orthography">edit</a>]</div> After the publication of Jenner's Handbook of the Cornish Language, the earliest revivalists used Jenner's orthography, which was influenced by Lhuyd's system. This system was abandoned following the development by Nance of a "unified spelling", later known as <a href="/wiki/Unified_Cornish" title="Unified Cornish">Unified Cornish</a>, a system based on a standardization of the orthography of the early Middle Cornish texts.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Nance's system was used by almost all Revived Cornish speakers and writers until the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Criticism of Nance's system, particularly the relationship of spelling to sounds and the phonological basis of Unified Cornish, resulted in rival orthographies appearing by the early 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> including Gendal's <a href="/wiki/Modern_Cornish" title="Modern Cornish">Modern Cornish</a>, based on Late Cornish native writers and Lhuyd, and Ken George's <a href="/wiki/Kernewek_Kemmyn" title="Kernewek Kemmyn">Kernewek Kemmyn</a>, a mainly <a href="/wiki/Morphophonology" title="Morphophonology">morphophonemic</a> orthography based on George's reconstruction of Middle Cornish <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500, which features a number of orthographic, and phonological, distinctions not found in Unified Cornish.<a href="#cite_note-J._1986-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mills_1999-116">[116]</a> Kernewek Kemmyn is characterised by the use of universal ⟨k⟩ for /k/ (instead of ⟨c⟩ before back vowels as in Unified); ⟨hw⟩ for /hw/, instead of ⟨wh⟩ as in Unified; and ⟨y⟩, ⟨oe⟩, and ⟨eu⟩ to represent the phonemes /ɪ/, /o/, and /œ/ respectively, which are not found in Unified Cornish. Criticism of all of these systems, especially Kernewek Kemmyn, by Nicolas Williams,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> resulted in the creation of Unified Cornish Revised, a modified version of Nance's orthography, featuring: an additional phoneme not distinguished by Nance, "ö in German schön", represented in the UCR orthography by ⟨ue⟩; replacement of ⟨y⟩ with ⟨e⟩ in many words; internal ⟨h⟩ rather than ⟨gh⟩; and use of final ⟨b⟩, ⟨g⟩, and ⟨dh⟩ in stressed monosyllables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199712–13-125">[125]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form</a>, intended as a compromise orthography for official and educational purposes, was introduced in 2008, although a number of previous orthographic systems remain in use and, in response to the publication of the SWF, another new orthography, <a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a>, was created, mainly by Nicholas Williams and Michael Everson, which is proposed as an amended version of the Standard Written Form.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cornish_phonology" title="Cornish phonology">Cornish phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form</a></div> The phonological system of Old Cornish, inherited from Proto-Southwestern Brittonic and originally differing little from Old Breton and Old Welsh, underwent various changes during its Middle and Late phases, eventually resulting in several characteristics not found in the other Brittonic languages. The first sound change to distinguish Cornish from both Breton and Welsh, the <a href="/wiki/Assibilation" title="Assibilation">assibilation</a> of the dental stops /t/ and /d/ in medial and final position, had begun by the time of the Vocabularium Cornicum, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 or earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1953699-127">[127]</a> This change, and the subsequent, or perhaps dialectical, <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalization</a> (or occasional <a href="/wiki/Rhotacism" title="Rhotacism">rhotacization</a> in a few words) of these sounds, results in orthographic forms such as Middle Cornish tas 'father', Late Cornish tâz (Welsh tad), Middle Cornish cresy 'believe', Late Cornish cregy (Welsh credu), and Middle Cornish gasa 'leave', Late Cornish gara (Welsh gadael).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaudhri2007-128">[128]</a> A further characteristic sound change, <a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">pre-occlusion</a>, occurred during the 16th century, resulting in the nasals /nn/ and /mm/ being realised as [ᵈn] and [ᵇm] respectively in stressed syllables, and giving Late Cornish forms such as pedn 'head' (Welsh pen) and kabm 'crooked' (Welsh cam).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaudhri2007-128">[128]</a> As a <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">revitalised language</a>, the phonology of contemporary spoken Cornish is based on a number of sources,<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> including various <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstructions</a> of the sound system of middle and early modern Cornish based on an analysis of internal evidence such as the orthography and rhyme used in the historical texts,<a href="#cite_note-J._1986-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrijver1995-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">comparison</a> with the other Brittonic languages Breton and Welsh,<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> and the work of the linguist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lhuyd" title="Edward Lhuyd">Edward Lhuyd</a>, who visited Cornwall in 1700 and recorded the language in a partly phonetic orthography.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaudhri200768-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> Cornish is a Celtic language, and the majority of its vocabulary, when usage frequency is taken into account, at every documented stage of its history is inherited direct from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009532-136">[136]</a> either through the ancestral <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> language, or through vocabulary borrowed from unknown substrate language(s) at some point in the development of the Celtic proto-language from PIE.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Examples of the PIE > PCelt. development are various terms related to kinship and people, including mam 'mother', modereb 'aunt, mother's sister', huir 'sister', mab 'son', gur 'man', den 'person, human', and tus 'people', and words for parts of the body, including lof 'hand' and dans 'tooth'.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Inherited adjectives with an Indo-European etymology include newyth 'new', ledan 'broad, wide', rud 'red', hen 'old', iouenc 'young', and byw 'alive, living'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein_et_al.20161252-139">[139]</a> Several Celtic or Brittonic words cannot be reconstructed to Proto-Indo-European, and are suggested to have been borrowed from unknown substrate language(s) at an early stage, such as Proto-Celtic or Proto-Brittonic. Proposed examples in Cornish include coruf 'beer' and broch 'badger'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein_et_al.20161254-140">[140]</a> Other words in Cornish inherited direct from Proto-Celtic include a number of toponyms, for example bre 'hill', din 'fort', and bro 'land',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein_et_al.20161255-141">[141]</a> and a variety of animal names such as logoden 'mouse', mols '<a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">wether</a>', mogh 'pigs', and tarow 'bull'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein_et_al.20161256-142">[142]</a> During the Roman occupation of Britain a large number (around 800) of Latin loan words entered the vocabulary of Common Brittonic, which subsequently developed in a similar way to the inherited lexicon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein_et_al.20161255-141">[141]</a> These include brech 'arm' (from <a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a> bracc(h)ium), ruid 'net' (from retia), and cos 'cheese' (from caseus).<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> A substantial number of loan words from English and to a lesser extent French entered the Cornish language throughout its history. Whereas only 5% of the vocabulary of the Old Cornish Vocabularium Cornicum is thought to be borrowed from English, and only 10% of the lexicon of the early modern Cornish writer William Rowe, around 42% of the vocabulary of the whole Cornish corpus is estimated to be English loan words, without taking frequency into account. (However, when frequency is taken into account, this figure for the entire corpus drops to 8%.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009532-136">[136]</a> The many English loanwords, some of which were sufficiently well assimilated to acquire native Cornish verbal or plural suffixes or be affected by the mutation system, include redya 'to read', onderstondya 'to understand', ford 'way', hos 'boot' and creft 'art'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson201362-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009532-136">[136]</a> Many Cornish words, such as mining and fishing terms, are specific to the culture of Cornwall. Examples include atal 'mine waste' and beetia 'to mend fishing nets'. Foogan and hogan are different types of pastries. Troyl is a 'traditional Cornish dance get-together' and Furry is a specific kind of ceremonial dance that takes place in Cornwall.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Certain Cornish words may have several translation equivalents in English, so for instance lyver may be translated into English as either 'book' or 'volume' and dorn can mean either 'hand' or 'fist'. As in other Celtic languages, Cornish lacks a number of verbs commonly found in other languages, including modals and psych-verbs;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadel2014-44">[44]</a> examples are 'have', 'like', 'hate', 'prefer', 'must/have to' and 'make/compel to'. These functions are instead fulfilled by <a href="/wiki/Periphrasis" title="Periphrasis">periphrastic</a> constructions involving a verb and various prepositional phrases. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cornish_grammar" title="Cornish grammar">Cornish grammar</a></div> The grammar of Cornish shares with other Celtic languages a number of features which, while not unique, are unusual in an Indo-European context. The grammatical features most unfamiliar to English speakers of the language are the initial <a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">consonant mutations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">verb–subject–object</a> word order, <a href="/wiki/Inflected_preposition" title="Inflected preposition">inflected prepositions</a>, fronting of emphasised syntactic elements and the use of two different forms for 'to be'. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Morphology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mutations">Mutations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mutations">edit</a>]</div> Cornish has initial <a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">consonant mutation</a>: The first sound of a Cornish word may change according to grammatical context. As in Breton, there are four types of mutation in Cornish (compared with three in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, two in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a> and one in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>). These changes apply to only certain letters (sounds) in particular grammatical contexts, some of which are given below:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009510–513-146">[146]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">Lenition</a> or "soft" mutation: <ul><li>Feminine singular nouns are lenited after an 'the': <ul><li>kath 'cat' > an gath 'the cat'</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirantization" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirantization">Spirantization</a> or "aspirate" mutation: <ul><li>Nouns are spirantized after ow 'my': <ul><li>tas 'father' > ow thas 'my father'</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provection" title="Provection">Provection</a> or "hard" mutation: <ul><li>Verbs are provected after the verbal particle ow (approximately English "-ing"): <ul><li>gweles 'see' > ow kweles 'seeing'</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Lenition followed by provection (usually), or "mixed" mutation: <ul><li>Type 1 mixed mutation: <ul><li>Occurs after the affirmative particle y: <ul><li>gwelav > y hwelav 'I see'</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Type 2 mixed mutation: <ul><li>Occurs after 2nd person singular infixed pronoun 'th: <ul><li>dorn 'hand' > y'th torn 'in thy hand'</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Articles">Articles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> Cornish has no indefinite <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">article</a>. Porth can either mean 'harbour'<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> or 'a harbour'. In certain contexts, unn can be used, with the meaning 'a certain, a particular', e.g. unn porth 'a certain harbour'. There is, however, a definite article an 'the', which is used for all nouns regardless of their gender or number, e.g. an porth 'the harbour'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199717–18-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nouns">Nouns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nouns">edit</a>]</div> Cornish nouns belong to one of two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical genders</a>, masculine and feminine, but are not inflected for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>. Nouns may be singular or plural. Plurals can be formed in various ways, depending on the noun:<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <ul><li>Vowel change: <ul><li>toll 'hole' > tell 'holes'</li></ul></li> <li>Addition of a specific plural suffix: <ul><li>el 'angel' > eledh 'angels'</li> <li>tas 'father' > tasow 'fathers'</li> <li>gwikor 'peddler' > gwikoryon 'peddlers'</li></ul></li> <li>Suppletion: <ul><li>den 'man' > tus 'men, people'</li></ul></li></ul> Some nouns are collective or mass nouns. Singulatives can be formed from collective nouns by the addition of the suffix ⫽-enn⫽ (SWF -en): <ul><li>gwels 'grass' > gwelsen 'a blade of grass'</li> <li>helyk 'willow-trees' > helygen 'a willow tree'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verbs">Verbs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Verbs">edit</a>]</div> Verbs are <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugated</a> for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">verbal noun</a> gweles 'see' has derived forms such as 1st person singular present indicative gwelav 'I see', 3rd person plural imperfect indicative gwelens 'they saw', and 2nd person singular imperative gwel 'see!'<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Grammatical categories can be indicated either by inflection of the main verb, or by the use of auxiliary verbs such as bos 'be' or gul 'do'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1997166-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prepositions">Prepositions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Prepositions">edit</a>]</div> Cornish uses <a href="/wiki/Inflected_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflected language">inflected</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugated</a>) <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a>: Prepositions are inflected for person and number. For example, gans (with, by) has derived forms such as genev 'with me', ganso 'with him', and genowgh 'with you (plural)'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009516-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</div> Word order in Cornish is somewhat fluid and varies depending on several factors such as the intended element to be emphasised and whether a statement is negative or affirmative. In a study on Cornish word order in the play Bewnans Meriasek (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500), Ken George has argued that the most common word order in main clauses in Middle Cornish was, in affirmative statements, <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">SVO</a>, with the verb in the third person singular:<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">My<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">a<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTCL</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">welsee-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRES</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">an<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">gathcat</div>My a wel an gath1SG PTCL see-PRES.3SG DEF cat'I see the cat.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009529-154">[154]</a><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> When affirmative statements are in the less common VSO order, they usually begin with an adverb or other element, followed by an affirmative particle, with the verb inflected for person and tense: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">Ev<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">a<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTCL</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">grysbelieve-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRES</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">y<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTCL</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">hwelavsee-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRES</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">an<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">gathcat</div>Ev a grys y hwelav an gath3SG.M PTCL believe-PRES.3SG PTCL see-PRES.1SG DEF cat'He believes that I see the cat.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009529-154">[154]</a><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> In negative statements, the order was usually <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">VSO</a>, with an initial negative particle and the verb conjugated for person and tense: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">Ny<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">welavsee-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRES</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">an<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">gathcat</div>Ny welav an gathNEG see-PRES.1SG DEF cat'I do not see the cat.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009529-154">[154]</a><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> A similar structure is used for questions: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">a<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTCL</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">glewsyughhear-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pluperfect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PLUPERF</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">why?<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr></div>a glewsyugh why?PTCL hear-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pluperfect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PLUPERF</abbr>.2PL 2PL'Did you hear?'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacAulay1992348-155">[155]</a><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> Elements can be fronted for emphasis: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">an<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">gathcat</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">my<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">a<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTCL</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">welsee-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRES</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></div>an gath my a welDEF cat 1SG PTCL see-PRES.3SG'I see the cat.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009239-156">[156]</a><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> Sentences can also be constructed periphrastically using auxiliary verbs such as bos 'be, exist': <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">Ymabe-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRES</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="affirmative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AFF</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ow<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTCL</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">kelwelcall-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verbal noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">VN</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">elyEly</div>Yma ow kelwel elybe-PRES-AFF.3SG PTCL call-VN Ely'(He) is calling Ely.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacAulay1992351-157">[157]</a><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> As Cornish lacks verbs such as 'to have', possession can also be indicated in this way: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">'mabe-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRES</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="affirmative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AFF</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">'gen<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ehazhealth</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">nyi<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">dhento+us</div>'ma 'gen ehaz nyi dhenbe-PRES-AFF.3SG 1PL health 1PL to+us'We have our health.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1997147-158">[158]</a><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> Enquiring about possession is similar, using a different interrogative form of bos: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">Hostes,Hostess</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">uesbe-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRES</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="interrogative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INTERR</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indefinite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INDEF</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">bouesfood</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">dewhy?to+you</div>Hostes, ues boues dewhy?Hostess be-PRES-INTERR-INDEF.3SG food to+you'Hostess, have you [any] food?'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1997153-159">[159]</a><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> Nouns usually precede the adjective, unlike in English:<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">Benynwoman</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">vasgood</div>Benyn vaswoman good'[A] good woman.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris185922-161">[161]</a><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> Some adjectives usually precede the noun, however: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">Drogevil</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">denman</div>Drog denevil man'[An] evil man.'<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AnGofPlaqueBlackheath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/AnGofPlaqueBlackheath.jpg/250px-AnGofPlaqueBlackheath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/AnGofPlaqueBlackheath.jpg/330px-AnGofPlaqueBlackheath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/AnGofPlaqueBlackheath.jpg/500px-AnGofPlaqueBlackheath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative plaque in Cornish and English for <a href="/wiki/Michael_An_Gof" title="Michael An Gof">Michael Joseph the Smith</a> (An Gof) mounted on the north side of <a href="/wiki/Blackheath,_London" title="Blackheath, London">Blackheath</a> common, south east London, near the south entrance to Greenwich Park</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_League_(political_organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic League (political organisation)">Celtic League</a> are groups that advocate cooperation amongst the Celtic Nations in order to protect and promote Celtic languages and cultures, thus working in the interests of the Cornish language. There have been films such as <a href="/wiki/Hwerow_Hweg" title="Hwerow Hweg">Hwerow Hweg</a>, some televised, made entirely, or significantly, in Cornish. Some businesses use Cornish names.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Cornish has significantly and durably affected Cornwall's place-names as well as <a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish surnames</a> and knowledge of the language helps the understanding of these ancient meanings. Cornish names are adopted for children, pets, houses and boats.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> There is Cornish literature, including spoken poetry and song, as well as traditional Cornish chants historically performed in marketplaces during religious holidays and public festivals and gatherings. There are periodicals solely in the language, such as the monthly An Gannas, An Gowsva and An Garrick. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cornwall" title="BBC Radio Cornwall">BBC Radio Cornwall</a> has a news broadcast in Cornish and sometimes has other programmes and features for learners and enthusiasts. Local newspapers such as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Morning_News" title="Western Morning News">Western Morning News</a> have articles in Cornish, and newspapers such as The Packet, The West Briton, and The Cornishman have also been known to have Cornish features. There is an online radio and TV service in Cornish called Radyo an Gernewegva, publishing a one-hour podcast each week, based on a magazine format. It includes music in Cornish as well as interviews and features.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The language has financial sponsorship from sources including the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Commission" title="Millennium Commission">Millennium Commission</a>. A number of language organisations exist in Cornwall: <a href="/wiki/Agan_Tavas" title="Agan Tavas">Agan Tavas</a> (Our Language), the Cornish sub-group of the <a href="/wiki/European_Bureau_for_Lesser-Used_Languages" title="European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages">European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorsedh_Kernow" title="Gorsedh Kernow">Gorsedh Kernow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kesva_an_Taves_Kernewek" title="Kesva an Taves Kernewek">Kesva an Taves Kernewek</a> (the Cornish Language Board) and <a href="/wiki/Kowethas_an_Yeth_Kernewek" title="Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek">Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek</a> (the Cornish Language Fellowship).<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> There are ceremonies, some ancient, some modern, that use the language or are entirely in the language. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truro_Cathedral_welcome_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Truro_Cathedral_welcome_cropped.jpg/170px-Truro_Cathedral_welcome_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Truro_Cathedral_welcome_cropped.jpg/255px-Truro_Cathedral_welcome_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Truro_Cathedral_welcome_cropped.jpg/340px-Truro_Cathedral_welcome_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>Welcome sign at <a href="/wiki/Truro_Cathedral" title="Truro Cathedral">Truro Cathedral</a> in several languages, including Cornish</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_events">Cultural events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cultural events">edit</a>]</div> Cornwall has had cultural events associated with the language, including the international <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a>, hosted in <a href="/wiki/St_Ives,_Cornwall" title="St Ives, Cornwall">St Ives</a> in 1997. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Cornwall_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Cornwall Society">Old Cornwall Society</a> has promoted the use of the language at events and meetings. Two examples of ceremonies that are performed in both the English and Cornish languages are <a href="/wiki/Crying_the_Neck" title="Crying the Neck">Crying the Neck</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> and the annual mid-summer bonfires.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Since 1969, there have been three full performances of the <a href="/wiki/Ordinalia" title="Ordinalia">Ordinalia</a>, originally written in the Cornish language, the most recent of which took place at the <a href="/wiki/Plen-an-gwary" title="Plen-an-gwary">plen-an-gwary</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_Just_in_Penwith" title="St Just in Penwith">St Just</a> in September 2021. While significantly adapted from the original, as well as using mostly English-speaking actors, the plays used sizable amounts of Cornish, including a character who spoke only in Cornish and another who spoke both English and Cornish. The event drew thousands over two weeks, also serving as a celebration of <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Celtic culture</a>. The next production, scheduled for 2024, could, in theory, be entirely in Cornish, without English, if assisted by a professional linguist.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Outside of Cornwall, efforts to revive the Cornish language and culture through community events are occurring in Australia. A biennial festival, Kernewek Lowender, takes place in South Australia, where both cultural displays and language lessons are offered.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Study_and_teaching">Study and teaching</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Study and teaching">edit</a>]</div> Cornish is taught in some schools; it was previously taught at degree level at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales" title="University of Wales">University of Wales</a>, though the only existing course in the language at university level is as part of a course in Cornish studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In March 2008 a course in the language was started as part of the Celtic Studies curriculum at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>, Austria. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> offers courses in Cornish through its John Trim Resources Centre, which is part of the university's Language Centre.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Anglo-Saxon,_Norse_and_Celtic,_University_of_Cambridge" title="Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic, University of Cambridge">Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic</a> (which is part of the Faculty of English) also carries out research into the Cornish language.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> In 2015 a university-level course aiming at encouraging and supporting practitioners working with young children to introduce the Cornish language into their settings was launched. The Cornish Language Practice Project (Early Years) is a <a href="/wiki/Qualifications_and_Credit_Framework" title="Qualifications and Credit Framework">level 4</a> course approved by <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth University">Plymouth University</a> and run at <a href="/wiki/Cornwall_College_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornwall College (England)">Cornwall College</a>. The course is not a Cornish-language course but students will be assessed on their ability to use the Cornish language constructively in their work with young children. The course will cover such topics as Understanding Bilingualism, Creating Resources and Integrating Language and Play, but the focus of the language provision will be on Cornish. A non-accredited specialist Cornish-language course has been developed to run alongside the level 4 course for those who prefer tutor support to learn the language or develop their skills for use with young children.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Cornwall's first Cornish-language <a href="/wiki/Day_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Day care">crèche</a>, Skol dy'Sadorn Kernewek, was established in 2010 at Cornwall College, <a href="/wiki/Camborne" title="Camborne">Camborne</a>. The nursery teaches children aged between two and five years alongside their parents to ensure the language is also spoken in the home.<a href="#cite_note-Walesonline_creche-93">[93]</a> A number of dictionaries are available in the various orthographies, including A Learners' Cornish Dictionary in the Standard Written Form by Steve Harris (ed.), An Gerlyver Meur by <a href="/wiki/Ken_George" title="Ken George">Ken George</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009-180">[180]</a> Gerlyver Sawsnek–Kernowek by Nicholas Williams and A Practical Dictionary of Modern Cornish by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gendall" title="Richard Gendall">Richard Gendall</a>. Course books include the three-part Skeul an Yeth series, Clappya Kernowek, Tavas a Ragadazow and Skeul an Tavas, as well as the more recent Bora Brav and Desky Kernowek. Several online dictionaries are now available, including one organised by An Akademi Kernewek in SWF.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Classes and conversation groups for adults are available at several locations in Cornwall as well as in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maga:_class_list_and_map-183">[183]</a> Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic a number of conversation groups entitled Yeth an Werin Warlinen have been held online, advertised through Facebook and other media. A surge in interest, not just from people in Cornwall but from all over the world, has meant that extra classes have been organised.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cornish_studies">Cornish studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cornish studies">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/William_Scawen" title="William Scawen">William Scawen</a> produced a manuscript on the declining Cornish language that continually evolved until he died in 1689, aged 89. He was one of the first to realise the language was dying out and wrote detailed manuscripts which he started working on when he was 78. The only version that was ever published was a short first draft but the final version, which he worked on until his death, is a few hundred pages long.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> At the same time a group of scholars led by <a href="/wiki/John_Keigwin" title="John Keigwin">John Keigwin</a> (nephew of William Scawen) of Mousehole tried to preserve and further the Cornish language and chose to write in Cornish. One of their number, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Boson" title="Nicholas Boson">Nicholas Boson</a>, tells how he had been discouraged from using Cornish to servants by his mother.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> This group left behind a large number of translations of parts of the Bible, proverbs and songs. They were contacted by the Welsh linguist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lhuyd" title="Edward Lhuyd">Edward Lhuyd</a>, who came to Cornwall to study the language.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Early Modern Cornish was the subject of a study published by Lhuyd in 1707,<a href="#cite_note-Lhuyd-190">[190]</a> and differs from the medieval language in having a considerably simpler structure and grammar. Such differences included sound changes and more frequent use of auxiliary verbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWmffre19984-191">[191]</a> The medieval language also possessed two additional tenses for expressing past events and an extended set of possessive suffixes. <a href="/wiki/John_Whitaker_(historian)" title="John Whitaker (historian)">John Whitaker</a>, the Manchester-born rector of <a href="/wiki/Ruan_Lanihorne" title="Ruan Lanihorne">Ruan Lanihorne</a>, studied the decline of the Cornish language. In his 1804 work the Ancient Cathedral of Cornwall he concluded that: "[T]he English Liturgy, was not desired by the Cornish, but forced upon them by the tyranny of England, at a time when the English language was yet unknown in Cornwall. This act of tyranny was at once gross barbarity to the Cornish people, and a death blow to the Cornish language."<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Robert Williams published the first comprehensive Cornish dictionary in 1865, the Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum. As a result of the discovery of additional ancient Cornish manuscripts, 2000 new words were added to the vocabulary by <a href="/wiki/Whitley_Stokes_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitley Stokes (scholar)">Whitley Stokes</a> in A Cornish Glossary. William C. Borlase published Proverbs and Rhymes in Cornish in 1866 while A Glossary of Cornish Names was produced by John Bannister in the same year. <a href="/wiki/Fred_W._P._Jago" title="Fred W. P. Jago">Frederick Jago</a> published his English–Cornish Dictionary in 1882. In 2002, the Cornish language gained new recognition because of the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages. Conversely, along with government provision was the governmental basis of "New Public Management", measuring quantifiable results as means of determining effectiveness. This put enormous pressure on finding a single orthography that could be used in unison. The revival of Cornish required extensive rebuilding. The Cornish orthographies that were reconstructed may be considered versions of Cornish because they are not traditional sociolinguistic variations. In the middle-to-late twentieth century, the debate over Cornish orthographies angered more people because several language groups received public funding. This caused other groups to sense favouritism as playing a role in the debate.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> A governmental policymaking structure called New Public Management (NPM) has helped the Cornish language by managing public life of the Cornish language and people. In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Language_Partnership" title="Cornish Language Partnership">Cornish Language Partnership MAGA</a> represents separate divisions of government and their purpose is to further enhance the Cornish Language Developmental Plan. MAGA established an Ad-Hoc Group, which resulted in three orthographies being presented. The relations for the Ad-Hoc Group were to obtain consensus among the three orthographies and then develop a "single written form". The result was creating a new form of Cornish, which had to be natural for both new learners and skilled speakers.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recent_Modern_Cornish_literature">Recent Modern Cornish literature</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Recent Modern Cornish literature">edit</a>]</div> In 1981, the <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Breton</a> library Preder edited Passyon agan arluth (Passion of our lord), a 15th-century Cornish poem.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> The first complete <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Cornish" title="Bible translations into Cornish">translation of the Bible into Cornish</a>, translated from English, was published in 2011. Another Bible translation project translating from original languages is underway. The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> were made available online on <a href="/wiki/YouVersion" title="YouVersion">YouVersion</a> (Bible.com) and Bibles.org in July 2014 by the Bible Society. A few small publishers produce books in Cornish which are stocked in some local bookshops, as well as in Cornish branches of Waterstones and WH Smith, although publications are becoming increasingly available on the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Printed copies of these may also be found from Amazon. The <a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a> Waterstones hosts the annual Holyer an Gof literary awards, established by <a href="/wiki/Gorsedh_Kernow" title="Gorsedh Kernow">Gorsedh Kernow</a> to recognise publications relating to Cornwall or in the Cornish language.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> In recent years, a number of Cornish translations of literature have been published, including <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a> (2009),<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Around_the_World_in_Eighty_Days" title="Around the World in Eighty Days">Around the World in Eighty Days</a> (2009),<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a> (2010),<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Railway_Children" title="The Railway Children">The Railway Children</a> (2012),<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hound_of_the_Baskervilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hound of the Baskervilles">Hound of the Baskervilles</a> (2012),<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds" title="The War of the Worlds">The War of the Worlds</a> (2012),<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wind_in_the_Willows" title="The Wind in the Willows">The Wind in the Willows</a> (2013),<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Three_Men_in_a_Boat" title="Three Men in a Boat">Three Men in a Boat</a> (2013),<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass</a> (2014),<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> (which won the 2012 Holyer an Gof award for Cornish Language books), as well as original Cornish literature such as Jowal Lethesow<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> (The <a href="/wiki/Lyonesse" title="Lyonesse">Lyonesse</a> Stone) by <a href="/wiki/Craig_Weatherhill" title="Craig Weatherhill">Craig Weatherhill</a>. Literature aimed at children is also available, such as Ple'ma Spot? (Where's <a href="/wiki/Spot_the_Dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Spot the Dog">Spot</a>?), Best Goon Brèn (The Beast of Bodmin Moor), three <a href="/wiki/Topsy_and_Tim" title="Topsy and Tim">Topsy and Tim</a> titles,<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> two <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin" title="The Adventures of Tintin">Tintin</a> titles and Briallen ha'n Alyon (Briallen and the Alien), which won the 2015 Holyer an Gof award for Cornish Language books for children.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> In 2014 An Hobys, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Williams_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Williams (poet)">Nicholas Williams</a>'s translation of <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a>, was published.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Gannas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An Gannas (page does not exist)">An Gannas</a> is a monthly magazine published entirely in the Cornish language. Members contribute articles on various subjects. The magazine is produced by Graham Sandercock who has been its editor since 1976.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> In 1983 <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cornwall" title="BBC Radio Cornwall">BBC Radio Cornwall</a> started broadcasting around two minutes of Cornish every week. In 1987, however, they gave over 15 minutes of airtime on Sunday mornings for a programme called Kroeder Kroghen ('<a href="/wiki/Holdall" title="Holdall">Holdall</a>'), presented by John King, running until the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> It was eventually replaced with a five-minute news bulletin called An Nowodhow ('The News'). The bulletin was presented every Sunday evening for many years by <a href="/wiki/Rod_Lyon" title="Rod Lyon">Rod Lyon</a>, then Elizabeth Stewart, and currently a team presents in rotation.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pirate_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate FM">Pirate FM</a> ran short bulletins on Saturday lunchtimes from 1998 to 1999. In 2006, Matthew Clarke who had presented the Pirate FM bulletin, launched a web-streamed news bulletin called Nowodhow an Seythen ('Weekly News'), which in 2008 was merged into a new weekly magazine podcast <a href="/wiki/Radyo_an_Gernewegva" title="Radyo an Gernewegva">Radyo an Gernewegva</a> (RanG). Cornish television shows have included a 1982 series by <a href="/wiki/Westward_Television" title="Westward Television">Westward Television</a> with each episode containing a three-minute lesson in Cornish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall1993652-216">[216]</a> An Canker-Seth, an eight-episode series produced by <a href="/wiki/Television_South_West" title="Television South West">Television South West</a> and broadcast between June and July 1984, later on <a href="/wiki/S4C" title="S4C">S4C</a> from May to July 1985, and as a schools programme in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Also by Television South West were two bilingual programmes on Cornish Culture called Nosweyth Lowen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall1993652-216">[216]</a> In 2016 Kelly's Ice Cream of <a href="/wiki/Bodmin" title="Bodmin">Bodmin</a> introduced a light hearted television commercial in the Cornish language and this was repeated in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> The first episode from the third season of the US television program <a href="/wiki/Deadwood_(TV_series)" title="Deadwood (TV series)">Deadwood</a> features a conversation between miners, purportedly in the Cornish language, but really in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> One of the miners is then shot by thugs working for businessman <a href="/wiki/George_Hearst" title="George Hearst">George Hearst</a> who justify the murder by saying, "He come at me with his foreign gibberish." A number of Cornish language films have been made, including <a href="/wiki/Hwerow_Hweg" title="Hwerow Hweg">Hwerow Hweg</a>, a 2002 drama film written and directed by Hungarian film-maker Antal Kovacs and <a href="/wiki/Trengellick_Rising" title="Trengellick Rising">Trengellick Rising</a>, a short film written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Potter" title="Guy Potter">Guy Potter</a>. Screen Cornwall works with Cornwall Council to commission a short film in the Cornish language each year, with their FilmK competition. Their website states "FylmK is an annual contemporary Cornish language short film competition, producing an imaginative and engaging film, in any genre, from distinctive and exciting filmmakers".<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> A monthly half-hour online TV show began in 2017 called An Mis (The Month). It contained news items about cultural events and more mainstream news stories all through Cornish. It also ran a cookery segment called "Kegin Esther" ('Esther's Kitchen').<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> English composer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Warlock" title="Peter Warlock">Peter Warlock</a> wrote a Christmas carol in Cornish (setting words by Henry Jenner).<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> The Cornish electronic musician <a href="/wiki/Aphex_Twin" title="Aphex Twin">Aphex Twin</a> has used Cornish names for track titles, most notably on his <a href="/wiki/Drukqs" title="Drukqs">Drukqs</a> album. Several traditional Cornish folk songs have been collected and can be sung to various tunes. These include "<a href="/wiki/An_Awhesyth" title="An Awhesyth">An Awhesyth</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Bro_Goth_agan_Tasow" title="Bro Goth agan Tasow">Bro Goth agan Tasow</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Delkiow_Sivy" title="Delkiow Sivy">Delkiow Sivy</a>". In 2018, the singer <a href="/wiki/Gwenno_Saunders" title="Gwenno Saunders">Gwenno Saunders</a> released an album in Cornish, entitled <a href="/wiki/Le_Kov" title="Le Kov">Le Kov</a>, saying: "I speak Cornish with my son: if you're comfortable expressing yourself in a language, you want to share it."<a href="#cite_note-Gwenno-223">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Place-names_and_surnames">Place-names and surnames</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Place-names and surnames">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish surnames</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CornwallKernowMappa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/CornwallKernowMappa.png/220px-CornwallKernowMappa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/CornwallKernowMappa.png/330px-CornwallKernowMappa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/CornwallKernowMappa.png/440px-CornwallKernowMappa.png 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Place-names translated into <a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">SWF</a></figcaption></figure> The Cornish language features in the <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponymy</a> of Cornwall, with a significant contrast between English place-names prevalent in eastern Cornwall and Cornish place-names to the west of the Camel-Fowey river valleys, where English place-names are much less common.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Hundreds of Cornish family names have an etymology in the Cornish language, the majority of which are derived from Cornish place-names.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Long before the agreement of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form of Cornish</a> in the 21st century, Late Cornish orthography in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a> period usually followed Welsh to English transliteration, phonetically rendering C for K, I for Y, U for W, and Z for S. This meant that place names were adopted into English with spellings such as 'Porthcurno' and 'Penzance'; they are written Porth Kernow and Pen Sans in the Standard Written Form of Cornish, agreed upon in 2008. Likewise words such as Enys ('island') can be found spelled as Ince as at <a href="/wiki/Ince_Castle" title="Ince Castle">Ince Castle</a>. These apparent mistransliterations can, however, reveal an insight into how names and places were actually pronounced, explaining, for example, how anglicised <a href="/wiki/Launceston,_Cornwall" title="Launceston, Cornwall">Launceston</a> is still pronounced [ˈlansǝn] with emphasis on the first element,<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> perhaps from Cornish Lann Stefan, though the Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names considers this unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> The following tables present some examples of Cornish place names and surnames and their anglicised versions: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English (anglicised) place-name</th> <th>Cornish place-name</th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a></td> <td>Truru<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009647-228">[228]</a></td> <td>Three Roads </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall" title="Falmouth, Cornwall">Falmouth</a></td> <td>Aberfal<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge200944-229">[229]</a></td> <td>Mouth [of] Fal </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Newquay,_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Newquay, Cornwall">Newquay</a></td> <td>Tewynn Pleustri<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009624-230">[230]</a></td> <td>Dunes [of] Pleustri </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Penzance" title="Penzance">Penzance</a></td> <td>Pennsans<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009514-231">[231]</a></td> <td>Head Holy i.e. Holy Headland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Redruth" title="Redruth">Redruth</a></td> <td>Rysrudh<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009866-232">[232]</a></td> <td>Ford Red </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Camborne" title="Camborne">Camborne</a></td> <td>Kammbronn<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009717-233">[233]</a></td> <td>Camm (crooked) Hill </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Austell" title="St Austell">St Austell</a></td> <td>Sen Ostell<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009573-234">[234]</a></td> <td>Saint Ostel </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bodmin" title="Bodmin">Bodmin</a></td> <td>Bosvenegh<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009102-235">[235]</a></td> <td>Abode [of] Monks </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liskeard" title="Liskeard">Liskeard</a></td> <td>Lyskerrys<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009432-236">[236]</a></td> <td>Court [of the] Crossroads </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Launceston,_Cornwall" title="Launceston, Cornwall">Launceston</a></td> <td>Lannstefan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009408-237">[237]</a></td> <td>Land [of] <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen" class="mw-redirect" title="St Stephen">St Stephen</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English (anglicised) surname</th> <th>Cornish surname</th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Angwin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angwin (disambiguation)">Angwin</a></td> <td>An Gwynn</td> <td>'The White' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Angove</td> <td>An Gov</td> <td>'The Smith' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ellery_(surname)" title="Ellery (surname)">Ellery</a></td> <td>Elerghi</td> <td>Either a dialectal variant of <a href="/wiki/Hilary_(name)" title="Hilary (name)">Hilary</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> Hilarius),<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> or from the parish of <a href="/wiki/Veryan" title="Veryan">Elerghi</a>, meaning 'swan river'. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chenoweth" title="Chenoweth">Chenoweth</a></td> <td>Chi Nowydh</td> <td>'New house'<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pascoe" title="Pascoe">Pascoe</a></td> <td>Pask</td> <td>'Easter/Passion' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Curnow</td> <td>Kernow</td> <td>'Cornwall' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Teague_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Teague (disambiguation)">Teague</a></td> <td>Teg</td> <td>'Beautiful' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trevithick" title="Trevithick">Trevithick</a></td> <td>Trevuthik</td> <td>Possibly 'Homestead of the doctor'<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goldsworthy_(name)" title="Goldsworthy (name)">Goldsworthy</a></td> <td>Golerewi</td> <td>From gool-erewi, literally meaning 'feast-acre'.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tremaine" title="Tremaine">Tremaine</a></td> <td>Tremayn</td> <td>'Mean/Middle town' </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samples">Samples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Samples">edit</a>]</div> From the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cornish </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style:hidden;"> <td>Genys frank ha par yw oll tus an bys </td> <td>All human beings are born free and </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style:hidden;"> <td>yn aga dynita hag yn aga gwiryow. </td> <td>equal in dignity and rights. They are </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style:hidden;"> <td>Enduys yns gans reson ha kowses </td> <td>endowed with reason and conscience </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style:hidden;"> <td>hag y tal dhedha omdhon an eyl orth </td> <td>and should act towards one another </td></tr> <tr> <td>y gila yn spyrys a vrederedh. </td> <td>in a spirit of brotherhood. </td></tr></tbody></table> From <a href="/wiki/Bro_Goth_agan_Tasow" title="Bro Goth agan Tasow">Bro Goth agan Tasow</a>, the Cornish anthem: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cornish </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style:hidden;"> <td>Bro goth agan tasow, dha fleghes a'th kar, </td> <td>Old land of our fathers, your children love you, </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style:hidden;"> <td>Gwlas ker an howlsedhes, pan vro yw dha bar? </td> <td>Dear country of the west, what land is your equal? </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style:hidden;"> <td>War oll an norvys 'th on ni skollys a-les, </td> <td>Over all the world, we are spread far and wide, </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style:hidden;"> <td>Mes agan kerensa yw dhis. </td> <td>But our love is for you. </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style:hidden;"> <td>Kernow, Kernow y keryn Kernow; </td> <td>Cornwall, Cornwall, we love Cornwall; </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style:hidden;"> <td>An mor hedre vo yn fos dhis a-dro </td> <td>For as long as the sea is a wall around you </td></tr> <tr> <td>'Th on onan hag oll rag Kernow! </td> <td>We are one and all for Cornwall! </td></tr></tbody></table> From the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">wrestler's</a> oath: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cornish </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style:hidden;"> <td>War ow enor ha war enor ow bro, </td> <td>On my honour and the honour of my country, </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style:hidden;"> <td>My a de omdewlel heb traytouri na garowder, </td> <td>I swear to wrestle without treachery or brutality </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style:hidden;"> <td>Hag avel ol ow lelder my a ystyn ow leuv dhe’m kontrari. </td> <td>And in token of my sincerity I offer my hand to my opponent. </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style:hidden;"> <td>Gans geryow ow hendasow: </td> <td>In the words of my forefathers: </td></tr> <tr> <td>“Gwari hweg yw gwari teg”. </td> <td>"Fair play is sweet play". </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/48px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/64px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cornwall" title="Portal:Cornwall">Cornwall portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cornish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Cornish">Anglo-Cornish</a>, the Cornish dialect of the English language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Cornish" title="Bible translations into Cornish">Bible translations into Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic-language_media" title="List of Celtic-language media">List of Celtic-language media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cornish_Language_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cornish Language Council">The Cornish Language Council</a> (Cussel an Tavas Kernuak)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Language revival">Language revival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Irish language revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>, another Celtic language subject to revival efforts</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages in the United Kingdom">Languages in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="List of topics related to Cornwall">List of topics related to Cornwall</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSpriggs2003" 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Institute of Cornish Studies, University of Exeter Press: 228–269. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426211145/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282577683_Where_Cornish_was_spoken_and_When_A_Provisional_Synthesis">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023 – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornish+Studies&rft.atitle=Where+Cornish+was+Spoken+and+When%3A+A+Provisional+Synthesis&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E228-%3C%2Fspan%3E269&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Spriggs&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F282577683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Riagáin2015" class="citation book cs1">Ó Riagáin, Dónall (13 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110408362.77/html">"Cracks in the foundation of a language empire – the resurgence of autochthonous lesser used languages in the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland"</a>. In Stolz, Christel (ed.). Language Empires in Comparative Perspective. Berlin / München / Boston: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. 77–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110408362.77">10.1515/9783110408362.77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110408362" title="Special:BookSources/9783110408362"><bdi>9783110408362</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cracks+in+the+foundation+of+a+language+empire+%E2%80%93+the+resurgence+of+autochthonous+lesser+used+languages+in+the+United+Kingdom+and+Northern+Ireland&rft.btitle=Language+Empires+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.place=Berlin+%2F+M%C3%BCnchen+%2F+Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2015-01-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110408362.77&rft.isbn=9783110408362&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Riag%C3%A1in&rft.aufirst=D%C3%B3nall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110408362.77%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacAulay1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_MacAulay" title="Donald MacAulay">MacAulay, Donald</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24541026">The Celtic languages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521231272" title="Special:BookSources/0521231272"><bdi>0521231272</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24541026">24541026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+languages&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24541026&rft.isbn=0521231272&rft.aulast=MacAulay&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F24541026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBallMüller2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_J._Ball" title="Martin J. 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Jackson">Jackson, Kenneth Hurlstone</a> (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/217631525">Language and History in Early Britain: A Chronological Survey of the Brittonic Languages, 1st to 12th Century a.D.</a> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/085224116X" title="Special:BookSources/085224116X"><bdi>085224116X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/217631525">217631525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+History+in+Early+Britain%3A+A+Chronological+Survey+of+the+Brittonic+Languages%2C+1st+to+12th+Century+a.D.&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F217631525&rft.isbn=085224116X&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Hurlstone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F217631525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPool1975" class="citation book cs1">Pool, P. A. S. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/927038181">William Bodinar's letter, 1776</a>. Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/927038181">927038181</a>. <q>[In 1746] Captain Samuel Barrington, in the course of naval duties, took a sailor from Mount's Bay who spoke Cornish well enough to make himself understood to Bretons</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Bodinar%27s+letter%2C+1776&rft.pub=Journal+of+the+Royal+Institution+of+Cornwall&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F927038181&rft.aulast=Pool&rft.aufirst=P.+A.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F927038181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerresford_Ellis1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Berresford_Ellis" title="Peter Berresford Ellis">Berresford Ellis, Peter</a> (1990). The Story of the Cornish Language. Tor Mark Press. pp. 19–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850253713" title="Special:BookSources/0850253713"><bdi>0850253713</bdi></a>. <q>Of John Davey of Zenmor who died in 1891, it was claimed that he was the last surviving native speaker of the language. His stone memorial reads 'John Davey 1812-1891 of Boswednack in this parish ... who was the last to possess any traditional considerable knowledge of the Cornish Language.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Cornish+Language&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Tor+Mark+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0850253713&rft.aulast=Berresford+Ellis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackinnon-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mackinnon_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackinnon_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMackinnon" class="citation journal cs1">Mackinnon, Ken. "Cornish at Its Millennium: An Independent Study of the Language". Cornish Studies. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornish+Studies&rft.atitle=Cornish+at+Its+Millennium%3A+An+Independent+Study+of+the+Language&rft.volume=10&rft.aulast=Mackinnon&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-11935464">"Cornish language no longer extinct, says UN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>. 7 December 2010. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornwallvsf.org/kowethas-an-yeth-kernewek-wins-heritage-lottery-fund-support/">the original</a> on 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kowethas+an+Yeth+Kernewek+wins+Heritage+Lottery+Fund+support&rft.date=2014-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornwallvsf.org%2Fkowethas-an-yeth-kernewek-wins-heritage-lottery-fund-support%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225143453/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=38589">"Music"</a>. 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Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710079282" title="Special:BookSources/9780710079282"><bdi>9780710079282</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cornish+Language+and+Its+Literature&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1974-01-01&rft.isbn=9780710079282&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Peter+Berresford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL709AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStoyle2002" class="citation book cs1">Stoyle, Mark (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48154341">West Britons: Cornish identities and the early modern British state</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter_Press" title="University of Exeter Press">University of Exeter Press</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0859896870" title="Special:BookSources/0859896870"><bdi>0859896870</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48154341">48154341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Britons%3A+Cornish+identities+and+the+early+modern+British+state&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48154341&rft.isbn=0859896870&rft.aulast=Stoyle&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F48154341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carew1811-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Carew1811_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarew1811" class="citation book cs1">Carew, Richard (1811). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lhTOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA152">Carew's Survey of Cornwall: to which are added, notes illustrative of its history and antiquities</a>. 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Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM / Adam Mickiewicz University. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788323231103" title="Special:BookSources/9788323231103"><bdi>9788323231103</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/986071821">986071821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landmarks+in+British+History+and+Culture%3A+A+Monograph+of+Selected+Issues&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.series=%22Seria+Filologia+Angielska%22+No.+47&rft.pages=54&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Naukowe+UAM+%2F+Adam+Mickiewicz+University&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F986071821&rft.isbn=9788323231103&rft.aulast=Lipo%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F986071821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayton2011" class="citation journal cs1">Payton, Philip (1 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/10.1386/corn.19.1.1_2">"Introduction"</a>. 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Mayo: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson#Publishing_at_Evertype" title="Michael Everson">Evertype</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904808077" title="Special:BookSources/9781904808077"><bdi>9781904808077</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/80332199">80332199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornish+today%3A+an+examination+of+the+revived+language&rft.place=Westport%2C+Co.+Mayo&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Evertype&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F80332199&rft.isbn=9781904808077&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F80332199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199712–13-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams199712–13_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1997">Williams 1997</a>, p. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2012" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Nicholas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/793690262">Desky kernowek: a complete guide to Cornish</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson#Publishing_at_Evertype" title="Michael Everson">Evertype</a>. p. xx-xxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904808992" title="Special:BookSources/9781904808992"><bdi>9781904808992</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/793690262">793690262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desky+kernowek%3A+a+complete+guide+to+Cornish&rft.pages=xx-xxi&rft.pub=Evertype&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F793690262&rft.isbn=9781904808992&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F793690262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1953699-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1953699_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson1953">Jackson 1953</a>, p. 699. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaudhri2007-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaudhri2007_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaudhri2007_128-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChaudhri2007">Chaudhri 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMills1999" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Jon (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1078987283">Reconstructive Phonology and Contrastive Lexicology: Problems with the Gerlyver Kernewek Kemmyn</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter_Press" title="University of Exeter Press">University of Exeter Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1078987283">1078987283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructive+Phonology+and+Contrastive+Lexicology%3A+Problems+with+the+Gerlyver+Kernewek+Kemmyn&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1078987283&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1078987283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrijver1995-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrijver1995_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrijver1995">Schrijver 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWmffre1998" class="citation book cs1">Wmffre, Iwan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/249114049">Late Cornish</a>. 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Co. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027278302" title="Special:BookSources/9789027278302"><bdi>9789027278302</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/759101335">759101335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Linguistics%2F+Ieithyddiaeth+Geltaidd%3A+Readings+in+the+Brythonic+Languages.+Festschrift+for+T.+Arwyn+Watkins.&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F759101335&rft.isbn=9789027278302&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F759101335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllis1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Berresford_Ellis" title="Peter Berresford Ellis">Ellis, Peter Berresford</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1256181">The Cornish language and its literature</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> & Kegan Paul. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0710079281" title="Special:BookSources/0710079281"><bdi>0710079281</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1256181">1256181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cornish+language+and+its+literature&rft.place=London&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1256181&rft.isbn=0710079281&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Peter+Berresford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1256181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLhuydEvansRoberts2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lhuyd" title="Edward Lhuyd">Lhuyd, Edward</a>; Evans, Dewi W.; <a href="/wiki/Brynley_F._Roberts" title="Brynley F. 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Aberystwyth: Celtic Studies Publications – Cymru Cyf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781891271144" title="Special:BookSources/9781891271144"><bdi>9781891271144</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/339162016">339162016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeologia+Britannica%3A+Texts+%26+Translations&rft.place=Aberystwyth&rft.pub=Celtic+Studies+Publications+%E2%80%93+Cymru+Cyf&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F339162016&rft.isbn=9781891271144&rft.aulast=Lhuyd&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Evans%2C+Dewi+W.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Brynley+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F339162016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaudhri200768-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaudhri200768_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChaudhri2007">Chaudhri 2007</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009532-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009532_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009532_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009532_136-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBallMüller2009">Ball & Müller 2009</a>, p. 532. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatasović2009" class="citation book cs1">Matasović, Ranko (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/262430534">Etymological dictionary of proto-Celtic</a>. 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Cornish Language Partnership. pp. 76–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903798560" title="Special:BookSources/9781903798560"><bdi>9781903798560</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/436976273">436976273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Outline+of+the+Standard+Written+Form+of+Cornish&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cornish+Language+Partnership&rft.date=2008-06-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F436976273&rft.isbn=9781903798560&rft.aulast=Bock&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Bruch%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F436976273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1997166-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1997166_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1997">Williams 1997</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009516-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallMüller2009516_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBallMüller2009">Ball & Müller 2009</a>, p. 516. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1991" class="citation book cs1">George, Ken J. 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Preder.net. 22 October 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Preder.net&rft.atitle=Passyon+Agan+Arluth&rft.date=2009-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preder.net%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1245%3APASSYON-AGAN-ARLUTH%26catid%3D34%3Alevriou%26Itemid%3D55%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornish-language.org/Cornish-language-books.html">"Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek Cornish Language Stock List"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kowethas+an+Yeth+Kernewek+Cornish+Language+Stock+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornish-language.org%2FCornish-language-books.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Examples of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Kas-Dial-Cornish-Polin-Prys-ebook/dp/B00WQ3Y0WI">Kas ha Dial</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Winnie-Pou-Cornish-Milne-ebook/dp/B00X69F6BU">Winni-an-Pou</a> ebooks </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holyerangofawards.org.uk/">"Holyer an Gof Awards"</a>. Retrieved 21 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holyer+an+Gof+Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holyerangofawards.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/books/alice-kw.html">"Alys in Pow an Anethow"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson#Publishing_at_Evertype" title="Michael Everson">Evertype</a>. Retrieved 3 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alys+in+Pow+an+Anethow&rft.pub=Evertype&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evertype.com%2Fbooks%2Falice-kw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/books/adro-dhen-bys.html">"Adro dhe'n Bÿs in Peswar Ugans Dëdh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson#Publishing_at_Evertype" title="Michael Everson">Evertype</a>. Retrieved 3 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adro+dhe%27n+B%C3%BFs+in+Peswar+Ugans+D%C3%ABdh&rft.pub=Evertype&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evertype.com%2Fbooks%2Fadro-dhen-bys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/books/treasure-island-kw.html">"Enys Tresour"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson#Publishing_at_Evertype" title="Michael Everson">Evertype</a>. Retrieved 3 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enys+Tresour&rft.pub=Evertype&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evertype.com%2Fbooks%2Ftreasure-island-kw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/books/railway-children-kw.html">"Flehes an Hens Horn"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson#Publishing_at_Evertype" title="Michael Everson">Evertype</a>. Retrieved 3 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flehes+an+Hens+Horn&rft.pub=Evertype&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evertype.com%2Fbooks%2Frailway-children-kw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/books/hound-kw.html">"Ky Teylu Baskerville"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson#Publishing_at_Evertype" title="Michael Everson">Evertype</a>. Retrieved 3 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ky+Teylu+Baskerville&rft.pub=Evertype&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evertype.com%2Fbooks%2Fhound-kw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/books/wotw-kw.html">"Gwerryans an Planettys"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson#Publishing_at_Evertype" title="Michael Everson">Evertype</a>. Retrieved 3 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gwerryans+an+Planettys&rft.pub=Evertype&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evertype.com%2Fbooks%2Fwotw-kw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/books/wind-in-the-willows-kw.html">"An Gwyns i'n Helyk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson#Publishing_at_Evertype" title="Michael Everson">Evertype</a>. Retrieved 3 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Gwyns+i%27n+Helyk&rft.pub=Evertype&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evertype.com%2Fbooks%2Fwind-in-the-willows-kw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/books/three-men-kw.html">"Tredden in Scath (Heb Gwil Mencyon a'n Ky)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson#Publishing_at_Evertype" title="Michael Everson">Evertype</a>. Retrieved 3 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tredden+in+Scath+%28Heb+Gwil+Mencyon+a%27n+Ky%29&rft.pub=Evertype&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evertype.com%2Fbooks%2Fthree-men-kw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kesva.org">"Alys y'n Vro a Varthusyon ha Der an Gweder-Mires"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kesva_an_Taves_Kernewek" title="Kesva an Taves Kernewek">Kesva an Taves Kernewek</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alys+y%27n+Vro+a+Varthusyon+ha+Der+an+Gweder-Mires&rft.pub=Kesva+an+Taves+Kernewek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kesva.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cornish-language.org/Cornish-language-books.html">"Karol Nadelik"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kowethas_an_Yeth_Kernewek" title="Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek">Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karol+Nadelik&rft.pub=Kowethas+an+Yeth+Kernewek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcornish-language.org%2FCornish-language-books.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/books/jowal.html">"Jowal Lethesow"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson#Publishing_at_Evertype" title="Michael Everson">Evertype</a>. Retrieved 3 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jowal+Lethesow&rft.pub=Evertype&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evertype.com%2Fbooks%2Fjowal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cornish-language.org/Cornish-language-books.html">"Topsy and Tim"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kowethas_an_Yeth_Kernewek" title="Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek">Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Topsy+and+Tim&rft.pub=Kowethas+an+Yeth+Kernewek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcornish-language.org%2FCornish-language-books.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/orssempel/publications/briallen-ha-n-alyon">"Briallen ha'n Alyon"</a>. Ors Sempel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Briallen+ha%27n+Alyon&rft.pub=Ors+Sempel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Forssempel%2Fpublications%2Fbriallen-ha-n-alyon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/books/hobys.html">"An Hobys, pò An Fordh Dy ha Tre Arta"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson#Publishing_at_Evertype" title="Michael Everson">Evertype</a>. Retrieved 3 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Hobys%2C+p%C3%B2+An+Fordh+Dy+ha+Tre+Arta&rft.pub=Evertype&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evertype.com%2Fbooks%2Fhobys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722104746/http://www.cornish-language.org/An-Gannas-Cornish-language-magazine.html">"An Gannas – Cornish language magazine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornish-language.org/An-Gannas-Cornish-language-magazine.html">the original</a> on 22 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Gannas+%E2%80%93+Cornish+language+magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornish-language.org%2FAn-Gannas-Cornish-language-magazine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBall1993" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Martin (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25205141">The Celtic languages</a>. 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Retrieved 21 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Screen+Cornwall&rft.atitle=FylmK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.screencornwall.com%2Ffylmk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anradyo.com/">"FylmK"</a>. Radyo an Gernewegva. Retrieved 4 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radyo+an+Gernewegva&rft.atitle=FylmK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanradyo.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181202104554/http://www.peterwarlock.org/PWWORKS.HTM#songs">"Peter Warlock: Works"</a>. The Peter Warlock Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peterwarlock.org/PWWORKS.HTM#songs">the original</a> on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peter+Warlock%3A+Works&rft.pub=The+Peter+Warlock+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peterwarlock.org%2FPWWORKS.HTM%23songs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gwenno-223"><a href="#cite_ref-Gwenno_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2018" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Holly (12 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20180412-the-rebirth-of-britains-lost-languages">"The rebirth of Britain's 'lost' languages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Retrieved 13 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+rebirth+of+Britain%27s+%27lost%27+languages&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Fstory%2F20180412-the-rebirth-of-britains-lost-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPye2019" class="citation book cs1">Pye (2019). Cornish Place-names in the Landscape. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a>. p. 393.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornish+Place-names+in+the+Landscape&rft.pages=393&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Pye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHanksCoatesMcClure2016" class="citation book cs1">Hanks, Patrick; Coates, Richard A.; McClure, Peter (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/964412220">The Oxford dictionary of family names in Britain and Ireland</a> (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. xxxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192527479" title="Special:BookSources/9780192527479"><bdi>9780192527479</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/964412220">964412220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+family+names+in+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pages=xxxi&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F964412220&rft.isbn=9780192527479&rft.aulast=Hanks&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Coates%2C+Richard+A.&rft.au=McClure%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F964412220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPointon1990" class="citation book cs1">Pointon, G. E. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20669792">BBC pronouncing dictionary of British names</a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192827456" title="Special:BookSources/0192827456"><bdi>0192827456</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20669792">20669792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BBC+pronouncing+dictionary+of+British+names&rft.pages=140&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20669792&rft.isbn=0192827456&rft.aulast=Pointon&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F20669792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEkwall1960" class="citation book cs1">Ekwall, Eilert (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/400936">The concise Oxford dictionary of English place-names</a> (4th ed.). Oxford: Claredon Press. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198691033" title="Special:BookSources/0198691033"><bdi>0198691033</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/400936">400936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+concise+Oxford+dictionary+of+English+place-names&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=289&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Claredon+Press&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F400936&rft.isbn=0198691033&rft.aulast=Ekwall&rft.aufirst=Eilert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F400936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009647-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009647_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge2009">George 2009</a>, p. 647. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge200944-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge200944_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge2009">George 2009</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009624-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009624_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge2009">George 2009</a>, p. 624. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009514-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009514_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge2009">George 2009</a>, p. 514. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009866-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009866_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge2009">George 2009</a>, p. 866. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009717-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009717_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge2009">George 2009</a>, p. 717. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009573-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009573_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge2009">George 2009</a>, p. 573. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009102-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009102_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge2009">George 2009</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009432-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009432_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge2009">George 2009</a>, p. 432. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009408-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009408_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge2009">George 2009</a>, p. 408. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancestry.co.uk/name-origin?surname=ellery">"Ellery Family History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ancestry.com" title="Ancestry.com">Ancestry.com</a>. Retrieved 28 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancestry.com&rft.atitle=Ellery+Family+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.co.uk%2Fname-origin%3Fsurname%3Dellery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Ellery">"Last Name: Ellery"</a>. SurnameDB. Retrieved 28 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SurnameDB&rft.atitle=Last+Name%3A+Ellery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surnamedb.com%2FSurname%2FEllery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHanksHodges2002" class="citation book cs1">Hanks, Patrick; Hodges, Flavia (2002). The Oxford Names Companion. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198605617" title="Special:BookSources/0198605617"><bdi>0198605617</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Names+Companion&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0198605617&rft.aulast=Hanks&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Hodges%2C+Flavia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancestry.co.uk/name-origin?surname=trevithick">"Trevithick Family History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ancestry.com" title="Ancestry.com">Ancestry.com</a>. Retrieved 28 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancestry.com&rft.atitle=Trevithick+Family+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.co.uk%2Fname-origin%3Fsurname%3Dtrevithick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBockBruchKennedyProhaska2010" class="citation web cs1">Bock, Albert; Bruch, Benjamin; Kennedy, Neil; Prohaska, Daniel; Rule, Laurence (14 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kernewegva.com/PDFs/glossary_140810.pdf">"An English - Cornish Glossary in the Standard Written Form"</a> (PDF). Kernewegva.com. Retrieved 19 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernewegva.com&rft.atitle=An+English+-+Cornish+Glossary+in+the+Standard+Written+Form&rft.date=2010-08-14&rft.aulast=Bock&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Bruch%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Neil&rft.au=Prohaska%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Rule%2C+Laurence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernewegva.com%2FPDFs%2Fglossary_140810.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bruch, Benjamin; Bock, Albert (2008) An Outline of the Standard Written Form of Cornish. Cornish Language Partnership</li> <li>Hodge, Pol (2001) Cornish Names. Truro: Dyllansow Fentenwynn <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1902917235" title="Special:BookSources/1902917235">1902917235</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_W._P._Jago" title="Fred W. P. Jago">Jago, F. W. P.</a>, A Cornish Dictionary (1887) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EnglishCornishDictionary">English Cornish dictionary</a></li> <li>Jenner, Henry, <a href="//archive.org/details/handbookofcornis00jennuoft" class="extiw" title="iarchive:handbookofcornis00jennuoft">A Handbook of the Cornish language: Chiefly in its latest stages with some account of its history and literature (1904)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/26192/26192-h/26192-h.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/26192">[2]</a></li> <li>Ellis, Peter B. (1971) The Story of the Cornish Language. 32 p. Truro: Tor Mark Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Berresford_Ellis" title="Peter Berresford Ellis">Ellis, Peter B.</a> (1974) The Cornish Language and its Literature. ix, 230 p. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge & Kegan Paul</a></li> <li>Everson, Michael (2007) A Proposed Standard Written Form of Cornish. Cornish Language Partnership Process</li> <li>Ferdinand, Siarl (2013). Brief History of the Cornish language, its Revival and its Current Situation. E-Keltoi, Vol. 2, 2 Dec pp. 199–227 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/5323710/A_Brief_History_of_the_Cornish_Language_its_Revival_and_its_Current_Status">[3]</a></li> <li>Jackson, Kenneth (1953) Language and History in Early Britain: A chronological survey of the Brittonic languages, first to twelfth century a.D. Edinburgh Uuniverty Ppress; 2nd ed. Dublin: Four Courts Press (1994) has a new introduction by William Gillies</li> <li>Norris, Edwin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sketchofcornishg00norr">Sketch of Cornish grammar (1859)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/sketchofcornishg00norruoft">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/sketchcornishgr00norrgoog">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/sketchofcornishg00norriala">[6]</a></li> <li>Sandercock, Graham (1996) A Very Brief History of the Cornish Language. Hayle: Kesva an Tavas Kernewek <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0907064612" title="Special:BookSources/0907064612">0907064612</a></li> <li>Stokes, Whitley, <a href="//archive.org/details/cu31924026878334" class="extiw" title="iarchive:cu31924026878334">Gwreans an bys = The Creation of the World: A Cornish Mystery (1863)</a></li> <li>Weatherhill, Craig (1995) Cornish Place Names & Language. Wilmslow: Sigma Press (reissued in 1998, 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850584621" title="Special:BookSources/1850584621">1850584621</a>; second revised edition 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85058-837-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85058-837-5">978-1-85058-837-5</a>)</li> <li>Weatherhill, Craig (2009) Concise Dictionary of Cornish Place-names; edited by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Michael Everson</a>. Westport, Co. Mayo: Evertype <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904808220" title="Special:BookSources/9781904808220">9781904808220</a></li> <li>Williams, G. P, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preverbalparticl00willrich">The preverbal particle Re in Cornish (1908)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="kw:"> Cornish edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Cornish, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Cornish_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Cornish language">Cornish language category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cornish_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cornish language">Cornish language</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/26192/26192-h/26192-h.htm">A Handbook of the Cornish Language, by Henry Jenner</a> A <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> eBook</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170112235606/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/">Cornish Language Partnership website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4050">Endangered Languages Project: Cornish</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radyo.kernewegva.com/">A Cornish Internet radio station in nascent state featuring weekly podcasts in Cornish</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kernowek.net/mailman/listinfo/spellyans_kernowek.net">Spellyans – Standard Written Form Cornish discussion list</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kernowek.net/">UdnFormScrefys' site for the proposed compromise orthography, Kernowek Standard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kernewegva.com/medhelweyth.html">List of localised software in Cornish</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/connected/stories/new_cornwall_language.shtml">Blas Kernewek – A Taste of Cornish</a> – basic Cornish lessons hosted by BBC Cornwall</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cornish-language.org/">Cornish Language Fellowship</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Cornish/index.htm">Lyver Pysadow Kemyn (1980)</a> Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in Cornish</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/cornish.shtml">Cornish today</a> by Kenneth MacKinnon – from the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bibelkernewek.com/">Bibel Kernewek</a> Cornish Bible Translation Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cornish-place-names.wikidot.com/">An Index to the Historical Place Names of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/969597/hebrew-was-the-only-language-ever-to-be-revived-from-extinction-there-may-soon-be-another/">A review of the Cornish revival</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cornwalldirect.co.uk/cornish-language-sayings-and-phrases/">Cornish language Sayings and Phrases</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Dictionaries">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cornishdictionary.org.uk/">Gerlyver kernewek (Cornish dictionary)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105003722/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=205a3451-0e49-4216-a825-d4a4ceba9ba2&version=-1">An English-Cornish Glossary in the Standard Written Form</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Language_Partnership" title="Cornish Language Partnership">Cornish Language Partnership</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft">Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum: a Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall</a> by Robert Williams, Llandovery, 1865.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cornish_language194" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible show navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cornish_language" title="Template:Cornish language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cornish_language" title="Template talk:Cornish language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cornish_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cornish language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cornish_language194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cornish language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language_revival" title="Cornish language revival">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_speaker_of_the_Cornish_language" title="Last speaker of the Cornish language">Last speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_grammar" title="Cornish grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_phonology" title="Cornish phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_numerals" title="Cornish numerals">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasney_College" title="Glasney College">Glasney College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plen-an-gwary" title="Plen-an-gwary">Plen-an-gwary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodmin_manumissions" title="Bodmin manumissions">Bodmin manumissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascon_agan_Arluth" title="Pascon agan Arluth">Pascon agan Arluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinalia" title="Ordinalia">Ordinalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beunans_Meriasek" title="Beunans Meriasek">Beunans Meriasek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bewnans_Ke" title="Bewnans Ke">Bewnans Ke</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cranken_Rhyme" title="Cranken Rhyme">Cranken Rhyme</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Cornish" title="Bible translations into Cornish">Bible translations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernewek_Kemmyn" title="Kernewek Kemmyn">Kernewek Kemmyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cornish" title="Modern Cornish">Modern Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Cornish" title="Unified Cornish">Unified Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language_revival#Organisations" title="Cornish language revival">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akademi_Kernewek" title="Akademi Kernewek">Akademi Kernewek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agan_Tavas" title="Agan Tavas">Agan Tavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Language_Partnership" title="Cornish Language Partnership">Cornish Language Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cussel_an_Tavas_Kernuak" title="Cussel an Tavas Kernuak">Cussel an Tavas Kernuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorsedh_Kernow" title="Gorsedh Kernow">Gorsedh Kernow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesva_an_Taves_Kernewek" title="Kesva an Taves Kernewek">Kesva an Taves Kernewek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowethas_an_Yeth_Kernewek" title="Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek">Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movyans_Skolyow_Meythrin" title="Movyans Skolyow Meythrin">Movyans Skolyow Meythrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skol_Veythrin_Karenza" title="Skol Veythrin Karenza">Skol Veythrin Karenza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Davey_(Cornish_speaker)" title="John Davey (Cornish speaker)">John Davey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gendall" title="Richard Gendall">Richard Gendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_George" title="Ken George">Ken George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jenner" title="Henry Jenner">Henry Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitty_Lee_Jenner" title="Kitty Lee Jenner">Kitty Lee Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lhuyd" title="Edward Lhuyd">Edward Lhuyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morton_Nance" title="Robert Morton Nance">Robert Morton Nance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_Pentreath" title="Dolly Pentreath">Dolly Pentreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._S._D._Smith" title="A. S. D. Smith">A. S. D. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Williams_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Williams (poet)">Nicholas Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cornwall" title="Portal:Cornwall">Cornwall Portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Cornwall&#124;link=Cornwall_Ceremonial_county_of_Cornwall417" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cornwall" title="Template:Cornwall"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cornwall" title="Template talk:Cornwall"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cornwall" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cornwall"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Cornwall&#124;link=Cornwall_Ceremonial_county_of_Cornwall417" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall"><img alt="Cornwall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cornwall" title="Portal:Cornwall">Cornwall Portal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unitary authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Council" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Isles_of_Scilly" title="Council of the Isles of Scilly">Council of the Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements (cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodmin" title="Bodmin">Bodmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bude" title="Bude">Bude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callington" title="Callington">Callington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camborne" title="Camborne">Camborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camelford" title="Camelford">Camelford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall" title="Falmouth, Cornwall">Falmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowey" title="Fowey">Fowey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayle" title="Hayle">Hayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helston" title="Helston">Helston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Town" title="Hugh Town">Hugh Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launceston,_Cornwall" title="Launceston, Cornwall">Launceston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liskeard" title="Liskeard">Liskeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looe" title="Looe">Looe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lostwithiel" title="Lostwithiel">Lostwithiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marazion" title="Marazion">Marazion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlyn" title="Newlyn">Newlyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newquay" title="Newquay">Newquay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padstow" title="Padstow">Padstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penryn,_Cornwall" title="Penryn, Cornwall">Penryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penzance" title="Penzance">Penzance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porthleven" title="Porthleven">Porthleven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redruth" title="Redruth">Redruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Austell" title="St Austell">St Austell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Blazey" title="St Blazey">St Blazey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Columb_Major" title="St Columb Major">St Columb Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Ives,_Cornwall" title="St Ives, Cornwall">St Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Just_in_Penwith" title="St Just in Penwith">St Just in Penwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltash" title="Saltash">Saltash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratton,_Cornwall" title="Stratton, Cornwall">Stratton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpoint" title="Torpoint">Torpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadebridge" title="Wadebridge">Wadebridge</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil parishes in Cornwall">List of civil parishes in Cornwall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Allen,_Cornwall" title="River Allen, Cornwall">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Camel" title="River Camel">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnon_River" title="Carnon River">Carnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Cober" title="River Cober">Cober</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Lank_River" title="De Lank River">De Lank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Fal" title="River Fal">Fal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Fowey" title="River Fowey">Fowey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Gannel" title="River Gannel">Gannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Hayle" title="River Hayle">Hayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helford_River" title="Helford River">Helford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Inny,_Cornwall" title="River Inny, Cornwall">Inny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Kensey" title="River Kensey">Kensey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lerryn" title="River Lerryn">Lerryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Looe" title="River Looe">Looe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lynher" title="River Lynher">Lynher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Menalhyl" title="River Menalhyl">Menalhyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ottery" title="River Ottery">Ottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Par_River,_Cornwall" title="Par River, Cornwall">Par</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Pill" title="Pont Pill">Pont Pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Navas_Creek" title="Port Navas Creek">Port Navas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Koner)" title="Red River (Koner)">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Austell_River" title="St Austell River">St Austell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Seaton" title="River Seaton">Seaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tamar" title="River Tamar">Tamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tiddy" title="River Tiddy">Tiddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro_River" title="Truro River">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Valency" title="River Valency">Valency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_in_Cornwall" title="List of rivers in Cornwall">full list...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cornwall" title="History of Cornwall">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cornwall_in_the_English_Civil_War" title="Cornwall in the English Civil War">Civil War</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">Status debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Piran%27s_Flag" title="Saint Piran's Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cornwall" title="Economy of Cornwall">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Cornwall" title="Fishing in Cornwall">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Cornwall" title="Flora and fauna of Cornwall">Flora and fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Cornwall" title="List of places in Cornwall">Places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_farms_in_Cornwall" title="List of farms in Cornwall">List of farms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Cornwall_by_population" title="List of settlements in Cornwall by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cornwall" title="Demographics of Cornwall">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Cornwall" title="List of people from Cornwall">Notable people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall" title="Duchy of Cornwall">The Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Truro" title="Diocese of Truro">Diocese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cornwall" title="Politics of Cornwall">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Cornwall" title="List of schools in Cornwall">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundreds_of_Cornwall" title="Hundreds of Cornwall">Hundreds/shires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Places_of_interest_in_Cornwall" title="Places of interest in Cornwall">Places of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Coast_Path" title="South West Coast Path">South West Coast Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Cornwall" title="Outline of Cornwall">Outline of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cornwall-related_articles" title="Index of Cornwall-related articles">Index of Cornwall-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celtic_languages263" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_languages" title="Template:Celtic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celtic_languages" title="Template talk:Celtic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celtic_languages263" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Celtic_languages" title="Nuclear Celtic languages">Nuclear Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Insular_Celtic43" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> (Brythonic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Brittonic_languages" title="Southwestern Brittonic languages">Southwestern Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Brittonic_languages" title="Western Brittonic languages">Western Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pictish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian</a>? (possibly hypothetical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a>? (possibly related to <a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a> or pre-Indo-European)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a>? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian</a>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hispanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hispanic languages">Paleo-Hispanic</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic-speaking areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Brittany" title="Lower Brittany">Lower Brittany</a> (Brittany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a> (Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> (Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a> (Wales)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersive education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(school)" title="Diwan (school)">Diwan</a> (Breton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skol_Veythrin_Karenza" title="Skol Veythrin Karenza">Skol Veythrin Karenza</a> (Cornish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelscoil" title="Gaelscoil">Gaelscoil</a> (Irish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunscoill_Ghaelgagh" title="Bunscoill Ghaelgagh">Bunscoill Ghaelgagh</a> (Manx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic-medium_education" title="Scottish Gaelic-medium education">Scottish Gaelic-medium education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-medium_education" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh-medium education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct or ancestor languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> · <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> · <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (Breizh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (Kernow)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (Éire)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (Mannin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (Alba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (Cymru)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture7" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume" title="Traditional Welsh costume">Traditional Welsh costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_hat" title="Welsh hat">Welsh hat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Languages of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Languages of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (de facto official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernésiais language">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jèrriais language">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Cant" title="Scottish Cant">Scottish Cant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelta language">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kentish_Sign_Language" title="Old Kentish Sign Language">Old Kentish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Languages of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1301" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25289#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4258760-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85032849">United States</a></li><li><a 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src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&oldid=1282360657">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornish_language&oldid=1282360657</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cornish_language" title="Category:Cornish language">Cornish language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Critically_endangered_languages" title="Category:Critically endangered languages">Critically endangered languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_attested_from_the_9th_century" title="Category:Languages attested from the 9th century">Languages attested from the 9th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_extinct_in_the_18th_century" title="Category:Languages extinct in the 18th century">Languages extinct in the 18th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Southwestern_Brittonic_languages" title="Category:Southwestern Brittonic languages">Southwestern Brittonic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cornish_language_revival" title="Category:Cornish language revival">Cornish language revival</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_England" title="Category:Languages of England">Languages of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cornish_nationalism" title="Category:Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Endangered_Celtic_languages" title="Category:Endangered Celtic languages">Endangered Celtic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object_languages" title="Category:Verb–subject–object languages">Verb–subject–object languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_revival" title="Category:Language revival">Language revival</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Cornish-language_sources_(kw)" title="Category:CS1 Cornish-language sources (kw)">CS1 Cornish-language sources (kw)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_citing_Ethnologue_18" title="Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 18">Language articles citing Ethnologue 18</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2021">Use dmy dates from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Cornish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Cornish-language text">Articles containing Cornish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Cornish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Cornish IPA">Pages with Cornish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_Linglist_code" title="Category:Language articles with Linglist code">Language articles with Linglist code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_Linguasphere_code" title="Category:Language articles with Linguasphere code">Language articles with Linguasphere code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_with_ISO_639-2_code" title="Category:Languages with ISO 639-2 code">Languages with ISO 639-2 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_with_ISO_639-1_code" title="Category:Languages with ISO 639-1 code">Languages with ISO 639-1 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_unreferenced_extinction_date" title="Category:Language articles with unreferenced extinction date">Language articles with unreferenced extinction date</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Breton-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Breton-language text">Articles containing Breton-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Medieval_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Medieval Latin-language text">Articles containing Medieval Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Cornish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Cornish-language text">Articles containing Old Cornish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a 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</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-d6f4c4464-nvxfs","wgBackendResponseTime":367,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.732","walltime":"3.035","ppvisitednodes":{"value":23326,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":777433,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":99536,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":752645,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2554.631 1 -total"," 38.43% 981.810 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.38% 418.326 273 Template:Lang"," 11.99% 306.312 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 11.72% 299.439 68 Template:Cite_book"," 11.12% 284.177 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.42% 266.175 66 Template:Sfn"," 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[\"CITEREFElgot2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis1974\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFFalileyev2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerdinand2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerdinand2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFletcherMacCulloch2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFrost2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGendall1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge1986\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrenoble2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrenobleWhaley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanksCoatesMcClure2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanksHodges2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJago1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJefferson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenner1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenner1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKentEversonWilliams2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein_et_al.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLhuyd1707\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLhuydEvansRoberts2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipoński2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowender2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowenna2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacAulay1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKinnon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackinnon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatasović2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMills1999\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMills2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMills2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMills2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMills2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMills2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilmo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorris1859\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Neill2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOlson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPointon1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPool1975\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFPye2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowse1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayers2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchrijver1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSims-Williams2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpriggs2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpriggs2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStalmaszczyk1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoyle1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoyle2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToorians1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToorians2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhetter1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWmffre1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolcock2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZafar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÓ_Riagáin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÓ_hAnnracháinArmstrong2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Celtic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Celts\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite UNESCO Atlas\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 67,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 66,\n [\"Col-2\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Cornish language\"] = 1,\n [\"Cornwall\"] = 1,\n [\"E18\"] = 1,\n [\"Endplainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Gcl\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 13,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"InterWiki\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlinear\"] = 10,\n [\"Lang\"] = 267,\n [\"Languages of the United Kingdom\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 66,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 7,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary category\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","280","15.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","12.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","8.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","6.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","6.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","3.3"],["gsub","40","2.2"],["[others]","560","30.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-67ddd9b55-jk8qd","timestamp":"20250325230623","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cornish language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornish_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q25289","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q25289","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-24T09:07:31Z","dateModified":"2025-03-25T23:06:13Z","headline":"Brythonic Celtic language indigenous to Cornwall"}</script> </body> </html>