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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tribal warfare</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tribal_warfare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tribal warfare subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tribal_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hallstatt_cultures_1200_BC_to_450_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hallstatt_cultures_1200_BC_to_450_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hallstatt cultures 1200 BC to 450 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hallstatt_cultures_1200_BC_to_450_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_Tène_Culture_450_BC_to_50_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_Tène_Culture_450_BC_to_50_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>La Tène Culture 450 BC to 50 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_Tène_Culture_450_BC_to_50_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuation_in_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuation_in_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Continuation in Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuation_in_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallic_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallic_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallic Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallic_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_troop_types_and_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_troop_types_and_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Celtic troop types and organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Celtic_troop_types_and_organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Celtic troop types and organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Celtic_troop_types_and_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infantry_and_cavalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infantry_and_cavalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Infantry and cavalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infantry_and_cavalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mercenaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercenaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mercenaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercenaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fortifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germanic_Cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_Cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Germanic Cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_Cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thracians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thracians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Thracians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thracians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dacians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dacians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Dacians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dacians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illyrians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illyrians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Illyrians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illyrians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greeks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greeks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Greeks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greeks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Romans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celts_depicted_as_barbarians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celts_depicted_as_barbarians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Celts depicted as barbarians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celts_depicted_as_barbarians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_war_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_war_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Celtic war leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_war_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Celtic_conflicts_and_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Celtic_conflicts_and_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>List of Celtic conflicts and battles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_Celtic_conflicts_and_battles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of Celtic conflicts and battles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_Celtic_conflicts_and_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-BCE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BCE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>BCE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BCE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>CE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltische_Kriegf%C3%BChrung" title="Keltische Kriegführung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Keltische Kriegführung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarismo_Celta" title="Militarismo Celta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Militarismo Celta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_chez_les_Celtes" title="Guerre chez les Celtes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre chez les Celtes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarismo_celta" title="Militarismo celta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Militarismo celta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizzazione_militare_dei_Celti" title="Organizzazione militare dei Celti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Organizzazione militare dei Celti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_warfare&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Celtic warfare</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Warfare of the Ancient Celts</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg/250px-Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="510" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg/330px-Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg/500px-Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1187" /></a><figcaption>Replicas of Celtic warrior's garments. In the <a href="/wiki/Keltenmuseum" title="Keltenmuseum">museum Kelten-Keller Rodheim-Bieber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ancient Celtic warfare</b> refers to the historical methods of <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">warfare</a> employed by various <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration period.</a> </p><p>Unlike modern military systems, Celtic groups did not have a standardized <a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">regular military.</a> Instead, their organization varied depending on clan groupings and <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> within each tribe. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ritual_warfare" title="Ritual warfare">Endemic warfare</a> was a common and significant aspect of life in Celtic <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">societies</a>. However, the organizational structures of these tribes differed widely. Some had rigid <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchies</a> with ruling <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchies</a>, while others operated with representational structures resembling <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republics</a>. </p><p>Over time, the expansionist policies of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> led to the incorporation of many continental Celtic peoples into Roman rule, such as southern <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>. Resulting in the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Roman culture</a> by Gallic and Brittonic cultures. This led to the rise of hybrid cultures known as Gallo-Roman and Romano-British during <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a>. As a consequence, Celtic culture became predominantly confined to Insular Celtic people. </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> discoveries offer valuable insights into the material culture of the Celts, determining the precise nature of their ancient combat techniques remains a topic of speculation. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">Military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">Pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">Fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">Aerospace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_battle" title="Close-quarters battle">CQC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">Stay-behind</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">Belligerent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-defence_in_international_law" title="Self-defence in international law">Right of self-defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War and genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_treason" title="War treason">War treason</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_warfare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unrestricted warfare (page does not exist)">Unrestricted warfare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_effectiveness" title="Combat effectiveness">Combat effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity_(military)" title="Center of gravity (military)">Center of gravity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarization" title="Militarization">Militarization</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_follower" title="Camp follower">Camp follower</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Books</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Military_Classics" title="Seven Military Classics">Seven Military Classics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_militari" title="De re militari">De re militari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategemata" title="Strategemata">Strategemata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_are_murderers" title="Soldiers are murderers">Soldiers are murderers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythological">Mythological</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mythological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuchulain_in_Battle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cuchulain_in_Battle.jpg/250px-Cuchulain_in_Battle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cuchulain_in_Battle.jpg/330px-Cuchulain_in_Battle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cuchulain_in_Battle.jpg/500px-Cuchulain_in_Battle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="1553" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BA_Chulainn" title="Cú Chulainn">Cú Chulainn</a> in Battle</i>, illustration by <a href="/wiki/J._C._Leyendecker" title="J. C. Leyendecker">J. C. Leyendecker</a> in T. W. Rolleston's <i>Myths & Legends of the Celtic Race</i>, 1911. An artist's depiction of <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Chariot_tactics" title="Chariot tactics">Chariot warfare</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a>, although archaeological evidence of chariots have not yet been found in Ireland.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a> is fractured as the mythologies of most of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Celts" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Celts">continental Celtic</a> peoples, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a>, did not survive the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> conquests. With only <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">remnants</a> found within <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> sources and archaeology. Most surviving Celtic mythology belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celtic peoples</a> who were able to preserve their myths and traditions with <a href="/wiki/Oral_lore" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral lore">oral lore</a>. These were committed to writing in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian Ireland">medieval period</a> by Christian scribes, some time after the pre-Christian era they are supposed to depict. <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish mythology</a> has the largest written body of myths, followed by <a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh mythology</a>. Other surviving examples being <a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish mythology</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Champion_warfare" title="Champion warfare">Champion warfare</a> was an important common aspect of Celtic mythology, with examples in the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster cycle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Math_fab_Mathonwy_(branch)" title="Math fab Mathonwy (branch)">Fourth Branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Branches_of_the_Mabinogi" title="Four Branches of the Mabinogi">Mabinogi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian cycle</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Tain_Bo_Cuailinge" class="mw-redirect" title="Tain Bo Cuailinge"><i>Táin Bó Cúailnge</i></a>, chiefly the story of <a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulaid</a> hero <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BA_Chulainn" title="Cú Chulainn">Cú Chulainn</a>, he defeats an entire army from <a href="/wiki/Connachta" title="Connachta">Connacht</a> one by one in <a href="/wiki/Single_combat" title="Single combat">single combat</a>. </p><p>This story describes combat centered on the use of the <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spear</a> (<i>gae</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelin</a> (<i>gá-ín</i>) with no mention of helmets or metal armor, which is consistent and in keeping with archaeological evidence. <a href="/wiki/Chariots" class="mw-redirect" title="Chariots">Chariots</a> also played an important role in the warfare and culture of various Celtic groups, with <a href="/wiki/Chariot_burial" title="Chariot burial">chariot burials</a> being an important and unifying aspect of Celtic cultures such as the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brittonic</a> cultures; no remains of these vehicles from the period have yet been discovered in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribal_warfare">Tribal warfare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tribal warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Celtic tribes">List of Celtic tribes</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic warfare</a> appears to have been a regular feature of Celtic societies. While <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">epic literature</a> depicts this as more of a sport focused on raids and hunting rather than an organized territorial conquest, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">historical record</a> is more of different groups using warfare to exert political control and harass rivals, for economic advantage, and in some instances to conquer territory. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89variste-Vital_Luminais_-_Pillards_gaulois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%C3%89variste-Vital_Luminais_-_Pillards_gaulois.jpg/220px-%C3%89variste-Vital_Luminais_-_Pillards_gaulois.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%C3%89variste-Vital_Luminais_-_Pillards_gaulois.jpg/330px-%C3%89variste-Vital_Luminais_-_Pillards_gaulois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%C3%89variste-Vital_Luminais_-_Pillards_gaulois.jpg/440px-%C3%89variste-Vital_Luminais_-_Pillards_gaulois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1528" /></a><figcaption> A <a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">raid</a> between different continental <a href="/wiki/Celtic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic tribes">Celtic tribes</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Celtic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic peoples">Celtic peoples</a> fought amongst each other; sometimes they allied themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> and various other peoples against each other and against other Celtic groups. The organizational structure of Celtic tribes and societies varied greatly with some groups having strict hierarchical structures and a ruling <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>, while others exhibited representational organizational structures typical of a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a>, especially by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Celtic tribes">Historical Celtic groups</a> included the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bituriges_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bituriges (disambiguation)">Bituriges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taurisci" title="Taurisci">Norici</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a>. These groups often produced cultural offshoots through <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">descent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diffusion" title="Cultural diffusion">diffusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a> provides much information regarding the material culture of the Celts, especially that of the <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>. However, the significance of these finds in determining how the ancient Celts actually fought is the subject of much speculation and debate. It was long thought, for instance, that the Celts were <a href="/wiki/Headhunting#Celts" title="Headhunting">headhunters</a>, but recent research from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> has indicated that it may have been the heads of slain <i>allies</i> that were collected to be placed in porticos, while the defeated were dumped in mass graves, their weapons ritually broken.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hallstatt_cultures_1200_BC_to_450_BC">Hallstatt cultures 1200 BC to 450 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hallstatt cultures 1200 BC to 450 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_age_weapons_Romania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bronze_age_weapons_Romania.jpg/220px-Bronze_age_weapons_Romania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Bronze_age_weapons_Romania.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a> era <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> weapons from <a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Romania</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> is the earliest to be identified as associated with Celtic culture, spreading from north of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> west into France, Southern Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. The earlier phases of the Hallstatt era fall into the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_sword" title="Bronze Age sword">Swords</a> seem to have been the primary weapon from this period, perhaps indicating that warfare was a relatively small scale affair, possibly between groups of elite warriors. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lat%C3%A9nium-%C3%A9p%C3%A9es-bronze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lat%C3%A9nium-%C3%A9p%C3%A9es-bronze.jpg/220px-Lat%C3%A9nium-%C3%A9p%C3%A9es-bronze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lat%C3%A9nium-%C3%A9p%C3%A9es-bronze.jpg/330px-Lat%C3%A9nium-%C3%A9p%C3%A9es-bronze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lat%C3%A9nium-%C3%A9p%C3%A9es-bronze.jpg/440px-Lat%C3%A9nium-%C3%A9p%C3%A9es-bronze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>Antenna swords of the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt B</a> period (c. 10th century BC), found near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Lake Neuchâtel">Lake Neuchâtel</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Auvernier" title="Auvernier">Auvernier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cortaillod" title="Cortaillod">Cortaillod</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lat%C3%A9nium" title="Laténium">Laténium</a> inv. nr. AUV-40315 and CORT-216, respectively)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the latter phases of the Hallstatt era, iron began to replace bronze in the manufacture of weapons, and the classic "<a href="/wiki/Celtic_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic sword">Celtic sword</a>" with its leaf-bladed design made its appearance. <a href="/wiki/Chariot_burial" title="Chariot burial">Chariot burials</a> are also characteristic of the period; it is possible that they also served a function in the warfare of this age, but the chariots are four-wheeled vehicles and they do not occur at all in Britain until the <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_period" class="mw-redirect" title="La Tène period">La Tène period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hochdorf_Chieftain%27s_Grave_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hochdorf_Chieftain%27s_Grave_reconstruction.jpg/250px-Hochdorf_Chieftain%27s_Grave_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hochdorf_Chieftain%27s_Grave_reconstruction.jpg/330px-Hochdorf_Chieftain%27s_Grave_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hochdorf_Chieftain%27s_Grave_reconstruction.jpg/500px-Hochdorf_Chieftain%27s_Grave_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4211" data-file-height="3116" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hochdorf_Chieftain%27s_Grave" title="Hochdorf Chieftain's Grave">Celtic Chieftain's Grave</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hochdorf,_Esslingen" title="Hochdorf, Esslingen">Hochdorf</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>At the very end of the Hallstatt era, the longsword seemed to fall out of favor, ousted by shorter, thrusting <a href="/wiki/File:Hochdorf_dagger_with_gold_foil.jpg" title="File:Hochdorf dagger with gold foil.jpg">daggers</a> which are found in greater numbers among grave goods in high status burials.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_Tène_Culture_450_BC_to_50_BC"><span id="La_T.C3.A8ne_Culture_450_BC_to_50_BC"></span>La Tène Culture 450 BC to 50 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: La Tène Culture 450 BC to 50 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_sword_and_scabbard_circa_60_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Celtic_sword_and_scabbard_circa_60_BCE.jpg/250px-Celtic_sword_and_scabbard_circa_60_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="509" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Celtic_sword_and_scabbard_circa_60_BCE.jpg/330px-Celtic_sword_and_scabbard_circa_60_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Celtic_sword_and_scabbard_circa_60_BCE.jpg/500px-Celtic_sword_and_scabbard_circa_60_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_sword" title="Iron Age sword">Celtic sword</a> and scabbard circa 60 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène</a> period saw changing patterns of warfare. At the beginning of the La Tène period warfare was likely conducted on a small scale between elite warriors, perhaps in <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariots</a>, wielding a new type of <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_sword" title="Iron Age sword">Celtic longsword</a>. </p><p>During the succeeding centuries the design of the sword changed, characteristically becoming shorter, single-edged and lacking a thrusting point, designed purely to make a cut (although the Hallstatt era sword had also been primarily a slashing weapon).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and greater regional variation in swords appeared: in <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Ireland</a> even the longer sword designs were shorter and thinner than their Continental counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that in the later La Tène era, an increasing population would have led to larger armies organized in ranks of spearmen, leading to a decline in the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Champion_warfare" title="Champion warfare">champion</a> with his sword and hence a decline in sword functionality. </p><p>The La Tène era also saw the development of armor in the form of <a href="/wiki/Chainmail" class="mw-redirect" title="Chainmail">chainmail</a>, the familiar form in which a garment is constructed of linked metal rings. Finds of mail are rare, suggesting that it was a luxury restricted to high status warriors. Crested helmets of this period occur in greater numbers than of mail, but overall the picture is of Celtic armies being made up largely of lightly armored or unarmored fighters. </p><p>Chariot burials continued well into the La Tène period, suggesting their continued importance in warfare. The La Tène chariot was a light, two-wheeled vehicle, unlike the heavier chariot of earlier times. The arrangement of the chariot poles in a reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Wetwang_Slack" title="Wetwang Slack">Wetwang</a> Chariot suggests they were drawn by small ponies only 11 or 12 <a href="/wiki/Hand_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand (length)">hands</a> high<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus seem unlikely to be used in a frontal charge. Because chariot burials were never practiced in Ireland, the nature or existence of <a href="/wiki/Chariot_tactics" title="Chariot tactics">chariot warfare</a> in that specific country remains unclear. </p><p>In the Later La Tène period, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> expansion into Celtic areas began with the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Cisalpina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Cisalpina">Gallia Cisalpina</a> in 275 BC. The conquest of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Celtica" title="Gallia Celtica">Gallia Celtica</a> followed in 121 BC and was completed with the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> of 58-50 BC. After this period, <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> culture quickly assimilated to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> culture, giving rise to the hybrid <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuation_in_Ireland">Continuation in Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Continuation in Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></div> <p>Roman conquest eventually extinguished the cultural and political independence of all the Celtic peoples starting on the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Gallic_wars" title="Roman–Gallic wars">Italian peninsula</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galatian_War" title="Galatian War">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gaul</a> and finally southern <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Britain</a>. Celtic cultural independence survived only in <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Roman_relations" title="Hiberno-Roman relations">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era" title="Wales in the Roman era">Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Cumbria</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_irish_kerns_Albert_Durer_1521.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Three_irish_kerns_Albert_Durer_1521.png/220px-Three_irish_kerns_Albert_Durer_1521.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Three_irish_kerns_Albert_Durer_1521.png/330px-Three_irish_kerns_Albert_Durer_1521.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Three_irish_kerns_Albert_Durer_1521.png/440px-Three_irish_kerns_Albert_Durer_1521.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Three Gaelic <a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)"><i>Ceithearn</i></a>. Drawing by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, 1521.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Roman era, only in the British Isles, therefore, could there be said to still exist a distinctly <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Celtic culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">peoples</a> and style of warfare. Ireland was the last region to adopt the <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène</a> style of Celtic culture and technology with a smaller and less dense population than that of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">British</a> or <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Continental Celts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Irish</a> sustained an era of small scale elite clan warfare for much longer.<sup id="cite_ref-Cormac_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cormac-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare#Indigenous_Gaelic_Warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Traditional patterns of warfare</a> seem to have continued all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age#Ireland" title="Viking Age">Viking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Normans#Ireland" title="Normans">Norman</a> invasions. For centuries the backbone of any Gaelic Irish army were lightly armed foot soldiers called <i>Ceithearn</i> or <a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Kern</a>. Kern usually fought lacking metal armor including helmets, fighting with <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spears</a> (<i>gae</i>) and a set of <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelins</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dart_(missile)" title="Dart (missile)">darts</a> (<i>gá-ín</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Dirk" title="Dirk">long dagger</a> (<i>scian</i>), occasionally wielding <a href="/wiki/Axe#Axes_as_weapons" title="Axe">axes</a> (<i>tua</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Shortbow" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortbow">bow</a> (<i>bogha</i>), protected by <a href="/wiki/Targe" title="Targe">a round shield</a> (<i>sciath</i>) and in the case of higher status and class warriors, <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">swords</a> (<i>claideamh</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Laing_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laing-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Early_Scandinavian_Dublin#Early_Viking_raids" title="Early Scandinavian Dublin">Viking invasions</a> saw greater adoption of the shortbow and heavier armor in addition, but never in great numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-Laing_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laing-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a> in the 12th century and the ineffectiveness of traditional tactics in resisting it led to the Irish moving towards a more typically medieval style of warfare exemplified by the <i>Gallóglaigh</i> or <a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallowglass</a> heavy infantry soldier. Unlike Kern, Gallowglass usually wore <a href="/wiki/Chainmail" class="mw-redirect" title="Chainmail">chainmail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bascinet" title="Bascinet">iron helmets</a> and wielded heavy weaponry such as the <a href="/wiki/Dane_axe" title="Dane axe">Dane axe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparth_axe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sparth axe">sparth axe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claymore" title="Claymore">claymores</a> and sometimes spears or <a href="/wiki/Lances" class="mw-redirect" title="Lances">lances</a>. They were a kind of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_infantry" title="Heavy infantry">heavy infantry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shock_troops" title="Shock troops">shock troop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodyguard" title="Bodyguard">elite bodyguard</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_nobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic nobility">Gaelic nobility</a>. They were the Celtic response to the heavily favored and armored <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">heavy cavalry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Men-at-arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Men-at-arms">men-at-arms</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">era</a> and were very effective. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallic_Wars">Gallic Wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallic Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege-alesia-vercingetorix-jules-cesar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Siege-alesia-vercingetorix-jules-cesar.jpg/376px-Siege-alesia-vercingetorix-jules-cesar.jpg" decoding="async" width="376" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Siege-alesia-vercingetorix-jules-cesar.jpg/564px-Siege-alesia-vercingetorix-jules-cesar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Siege-alesia-vercingetorix-jules-cesar.jpg/752px-Siege-alesia-vercingetorix-jules-cesar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption><i>Vercingetorix Throws Down His Arms at the Feet of Julius Caesar</i> by <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Royer" title="Lionel Royer">Lionel Noel Royer</a>, 1899. A famous painting depicting surrender of <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> Chieftain <a href="/wiki/Vercingetorix" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a> to <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alesia" title="Battle of Alesia">Siege of Alesia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The best known <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> source for descriptions of Celtic warfare was from <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentaries on the Gallic Wars</a></i> in which he describes the methods of warfare of both the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a>. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></i> were a series of <a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">military campaigns</a> waged by the Roman <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a> against <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic tribes</a>, lasting from 58 BC to 51 BC. The Romans would also raid and invade <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">Britannia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>. The Gallic Wars culminated in the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alesia" title="Battle of Alesia">Battle of Alesia</a> in 52 BC, in which a complete Roman victory resulted in the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> over the whole of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>. These wars paved the way for Caesar to become the sole ruler of the Roman Republic. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaul_warrior_Vacheres_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gaul_warrior_Vacheres_1.jpg/250px-Gaul_warrior_Vacheres_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gaul_warrior_Vacheres_1.jpg/330px-Gaul_warrior_Vacheres_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gaul_warrior_Vacheres_1.jpg/500px-Gaul_warrior_Vacheres_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of a <a href="/wiki/Chainmail" class="mw-redirect" title="Chainmail">chainmail</a>-armoured, <a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">torc</a>-wearing <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gallic</a> warrior wielding a Celtic shield, although depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Greco-Roman style</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Vach%C3%A8res" title="Vachères">Vachères</a>, France, 1st century BC<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Descriptions of battles against various Gallic tribes, heavily contrasts the popular picture of the wild and naked Celtic warrior. Caesar even speaks of the <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a> fighting in close order in an organized fashion, forming a <a href="/wiki/Phalanx_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalanx formation">phalanx</a> as a defense against cavalry and advancing in a close formation.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also speaks of <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">arrows</a> being used against his troops crossing rivers and against the besiegers of <a href="/wiki/Gergovia" title="Gergovia">Gergovia</a>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Arverni" title="Arverni">Arverni</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - one of the few engagements in which <a href="/wiki/Vercingetorix" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a> outmanoeuvred Caesar. He mentions the use of <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelins</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgic</a> tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but despite Roman writers frequently referring to the use of <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">swords</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> in battle, Caesar never mentions Gallic troops fighting en masse with swords. By the mid-1st century BC, Celtic tribes in Gaul may have had a core of properly trained and equipped Gallic leaders, in addition to the tribal levy of lightly armed and armored Gauls. </p><p>It is perhaps the descriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a> which have most influenced the popular image of the wild Celtic <a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">berserker</a>. Caesar purposefully emphasized the "<a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a>" aspect of the Britons for political reasons since his expedition was brief out of necessity, describing how they wore animal skins, had wives in common, did not grow crops and they dyed and tattoo their skin blue: although his description does not mention which plant was used, subsequent commentators have supposed that <a href="/wiki/Woad" class="mw-redirect" title="Woad">woad</a> was the source of this blue dye and though later experimentation suggests that woad is not very well suited as a skin dye nor as tattoo ink,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this image, when conflated with the descriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a>, has nevertheless helped paint the picture of the woad-daubed ancient <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Briton</a> or <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Pict</a> charging into battle naked and blue. </p><p>The other popular image of <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">pre-Roman Britain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scythed_chariot" title="Scythed chariot">scythed chariot</a>, is not mentioned by Caesar either but alluded to by later commentators, such as <a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a>, during and after the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celtic_troop_types_and_organization">Celtic troop types and organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Celtic troop types and organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Celtes.jpg/250px-Celtes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Celtes.jpg/330px-Celtes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Celtes.jpg/500px-Celtes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="2694" /></a><figcaption>Celtic heavy (left) and light (right) infantrymen during <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></figcaption></figure> <p>No Celtic group employed a regular military as we would understand it. Organization was according to <a href="/wiki/Celtic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic tribes">clan grouping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>. A war leader's immediate companions were known in <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> as <i>*ambaxtoi</i> ("those who accompany"), a term which passed into Latin and from which the English <i><a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassador</a></i> ultimately derives. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motte_Les_oies_du_Capitole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Motte_Les_oies_du_Capitole.jpg/250px-Motte_Les_oies_du_Capitole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Motte_Les_oies_du_Capitole.jpg/330px-Motte_Les_oies_du_Capitole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Motte_Les_oies_du_Capitole.jpg/500px-Motte_Les_oies_du_Capitole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1187" data-file-height="1780" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> thwarted by Juno's sacred geese during the scaling of the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia" title="Battle of the Allia">Battle of the Allia</a> in 390 BC. Contemporary color lithograph after a lost painting by <a href="/wiki/Henri-Paul_Motte" title="Henri-Paul Motte">Henri-Paul Motte</a> (1883).</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest Celtic encounter with <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a> in 387 BC, was an outright disaster for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia" title="Battle of the Allia">Battle of the Allia</a> was a defeat and rout for the Romans, after which all of the city of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>, apart from the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a>, fell. A confederacy of <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> tribes led by <a href="/wiki/Brennus_(leader_of_the_Senones)" title="Brennus (leader of the Senones)">Brennus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a> occupied the city for a time before being driven out. Little or no detail is given of the methods of warfare of these Gauls, except that according to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> some were armed with <a href="/wiki/Celtic_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic sword">swords</a> and some were <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">mounted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 280 BC, a great army of <a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a> comprising about 85,000 warriors<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> left <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, split into three divisions, and marched south in a <i>great expedition</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a>. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Cerethrius" title="Cerethrius">Cerethrius</a>, 20,000 men moved against the Thracians and <a href="/wiki/Triballi" title="Triballi">Triballi</a>. Another division, led by another <a href="/wiki/Brennus_(3rd_century_BC)" title="Brennus (3rd century BC)">Brennus</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Acichorius" title="Acichorius">Acichorius</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> moved against the <a href="/wiki/Paionia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paionia">Paionians</a>, while the third division, headed by <a href="/wiki/Bolgios" title="Bolgios">Bolgios</a>, aimed for the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyrians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leonnorius" title="Leonnorius">Leonnorius</a> split off from the group with a sizable force into <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, heading further into <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> where they ravaged the country to the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespont">Hellespont</a>, compelled the city of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> to pay them <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a>, and then moved into central <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, the region that these <a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Celtic peoples</a> eventually settled became known as <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a> after them. The Gallic campaign of Brennus, eventually met the fierce resistance of a combined allied Greek Army at the second <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae_(279_BC)" title="Battle of Thermopylae (279 BC)">Battle of Thermopylae</a>. The Celts were able to defeat the Greeks but at great cost. Despite the hollow Celtic victory at Thermopylae, Brennus pushed onwards to <a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe#Attack_on_Delphi" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">attack Delphi</a>. Most scholars deem this Gallic Greek campaign a disaster for the Celts. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> this force included large numbers of cavalry, organized in a system called <a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a> (from the words *tri- *marko- "three horse") dividing them into teams of three, only two of whom would be mounted at one time. The second Brennus' expedition would have originated in <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>, the same region which would later become famous for producing <a href="/wiki/Noric_steel" title="Noric steel">Noric steel</a>, the highest quality available for <a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">armor and weaponry</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Celts were renowned for their ability to make <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">swords</a> of both <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_sword" title="Bronze Age sword">bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_sword" title="Iron Age sword">iron</a>. Swords were too expensive for many common soldiers, so they fought with a <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javelins" class="mw-redirect" title="Javelins">javelins</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sling_(weapon)" title="Sling (weapon)">slings</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infantry_and_cavalry">Infantry and cavalry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Infantry and cavalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg/250px-Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="426" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg/330px-Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg/500px-Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="2431" /></a><figcaption>The famous Celtic shield found at <a href="/wiki/Battersea_Shield" title="Battersea Shield">Battersea</a> likely used for ceremonial purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> wrote that the strength of the Celts lied in their <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which proved true in many of the early encounters and engagements between the Celts and their Greco-Roman contemporaries. While Celtic Infantry tactics and equipment varied greatly from group to group, they did have some core commonalities. The average Celtic warrior was equipped with <a href="/wiki/Javelins" class="mw-redirect" title="Javelins">javelins</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spear</a> or <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_sword" title="Iron Age sword">sword</a> for the wealthier, and a body <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shield</a>. While it might initially appear from Classical sources such as <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> that the equipment of the Celts as a whole was relatively simple and generally inferior,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the truth is far more complex, as the adoption of Celtic equipment and technology by many of their Classical contemporaries after engagements with the Celts presents a different picture. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L._Hostilius_Saserna,_denarius,_48_BC,_RRC_448-2a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/L._Hostilius_Saserna%2C_denarius%2C_48_BC%2C_RRC_448-2a.jpg/250px-L._Hostilius_Saserna%2C_denarius%2C_48_BC%2C_RRC_448-2a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/L._Hostilius_Saserna%2C_denarius%2C_48_BC%2C_RRC_448-2a.jpg/330px-L._Hostilius_Saserna%2C_denarius%2C_48_BC%2C_RRC_448-2a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/L._Hostilius_Saserna%2C_denarius%2C_48_BC%2C_RRC_448-2a.jpg/500px-L._Hostilius_Saserna%2C_denarius%2C_48_BC%2C_RRC_448-2a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Roman <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">Denarius</a> coin, on the left: Depiction of a <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> captive with a typical Celtic shield behind. On the right: Two warriors on a <a href="/wiki/War_chariot" class="mw-redirect" title="War chariot">war chariot</a>, one driving, holding whip in right hand and reins in left, and the other, facing backwards, holding shield in left hand and brandishing spear in right.</figcaption></figure> <p>Celtic arms and armor were in fact highly advanced, as the Celts were renowned master Iron workers in the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène cultures</a> and in the province of <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>. The Celts were described by classical writers such as <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florus" title="Florus">Florus</a> as fighting as hordes like "wild beasts". <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> contradicts these sources in his descriptions of battles against Gallic tribes in <i><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Commentaries on the Gallic Wars">Commentaries on the Gallic Wars</a>.</i> Caesar speaks of continental Celts fighting in an organized fashion, even forming a <a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a> or <a href="/wiki/Testudo_formation" title="Testudo formation">Testudo</a> like formation as defense against advancing cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This heavily contrasts the enduring image of the unorganized naked Celtic barbarian, as depicted by other Greco-Roman sources. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Celtic invasion of Greece</a> in the 3rd century BC, the proliferation of elements of Celtic styles of weaponry and equipment had spread both far and wide, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Chain_mail" title="Chain mail">chain mail</a></i>-style armor, the <i><a href="/wiki/Montefortino_helmet" title="Montefortino helmet">Montefortino</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Coolus_helmet" title="Coolus helmet">Coolus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_helmet" title="Imperial helmet">Aden</a></i> style helmets, <i><a href="/wiki/Thyreos" title="Thyreos">thyreos</a></i>-style body shields, and <i><a href="/wiki/Gladius" title="Gladius">gladius</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Spatha" title="Spatha">spatha</a></i> style swords. Even though Celtic peoples had access to iron swords and armor, they were only available to a select few within Celtic society. Thus, aside from the King, Chief and wealthy nobility, body armor was rare, with most warriors wearing colorful cloaks or tunics, shirts, and pants, although some may have stripped to the waist or in some instances wore nothing at all into battle. The Celts’ main early advantage was their ability to scare and intimidate foes on the battlefield. Thus, even though most Celtic warriors were unarmored, the Celts themselves fought in the manner of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_infantry" title="Heavy infantry">heavy infantry</a>, using fear and <a href="/wiki/Shock_tactics" title="Shock tactics">shock tactics</a> as a form of <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a> while closing in on enemy formations in dense masses in order to break enemy lines and rout formations. This was an incredibly successful and effective tactic at first, such as at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia" title="Battle of the Allia">Battle of the Allia</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evariste-Vital_Luminais_-_Gaulois_en_vue_de_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Evariste-Vital_Luminais_-_Gaulois_en_vue_de_Rome.jpg/220px-Evariste-Vital_Luminais_-_Gaulois_en_vue_de_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Evariste-Vital_Luminais_-_Gaulois_en_vue_de_Rome.jpg/330px-Evariste-Vital_Luminais_-_Gaulois_en_vue_de_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Evariste-Vital_Luminais_-_Gaulois_en_vue_de_Rome.jpg/440px-Evariste-Vital_Luminais_-_Gaulois_en_vue_de_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption><i>In Sight of Rome</i> with <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> horsemen depicted by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_Vital_Luminais" title="Évariste Vital Luminais">Évariste Vital Luminais</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Celtic peoples were also renowned for their skill as <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrians</a> both on and off the field of battle. Horses played an important role in overall Celtic culture, with ownership being linked with both <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> even wrote that though all <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> were great warriors by nature, they fought better on horseback than on foot, and that the best of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_cavalry" title="Roman cavalry">Roman cavalry</a> was drawn from their number.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auxiliary Gallic horsemen were commonly used by the late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, having most notably fought for <a href="/wiki/Crassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Crassus">Crassus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Battle of Carrhae</a>. These Celtic mercenaries led by <a href="/wiki/Publius_Licinius_Crassus_(son_of_triumvir)" title="Publius Licinius Crassus (son of triumvir)">Publius Licinius Crassus</a> held their own against a <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> force during the key engagement. However, an <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambush</a>, the heavy armor of the <a href="/wiki/Cataphract" title="Cataphract">Cataphracts</a> combined with use of <a href="/wiki/Horse_archers" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse archers">horse archers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_shot" title="Parthian shot">parthian shot</a> all contributed to their defeat. <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> described Celtic <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> tactics while recounting the Celtic invasion of Greece by <a href="/wiki/Brennus_(3rd_century_BC)" title="Brennus (3rd century BC)">Brennus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolgios" title="Bolgios">Bolgios</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Description_of_Greece" title="Description of Greece">Description of Greece</a></i>. He described a tactic called the <a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a> or the <i>"feat of three horsemen"</i> in which each mounted Gallic warrior was accompanied into battle by two attendants who each had a horse of their own. According to Pausanias, when a Gallic horsemen was injured or killed, one attendant mounted the horse in his master's place, ready to continue the fight. When the first rider was only wounded, one attendant brought the wounded warrior back to camp, while the other took his place in the height of the action.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caesar%27s_Gallic_war;_(Allen_and_Greenough%27s_ed.)_(1898)_(14594535580).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Caesar%27s_Gallic_war%3B_%28Allen_and_Greenough%27s_ed.%29_%281898%29_%2814594535580%29.jpg/220px-Caesar%27s_Gallic_war%3B_%28Allen_and_Greenough%27s_ed.%29_%281898%29_%2814594535580%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Caesar%27s_Gallic_war%3B_%28Allen_and_Greenough%27s_ed.%29_%281898%29_%2814594535580%29.jpg/330px-Caesar%27s_Gallic_war%3B_%28Allen_and_Greenough%27s_ed.%29_%281898%29_%2814594535580%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Caesar%27s_Gallic_war%3B_%28Allen_and_Greenough%27s_ed.%29_%281898%29_%2814594535580%29.jpg/440px-Caesar%27s_Gallic_war%3B_%28Allen_and_Greenough%27s_ed.%29_%281898%29_%2814594535580%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1898" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gallic</a> remains from the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars#Beginning_of_the_Wars_–_campaign_against_the_Helvetii" title="Gallic Wars">campaign</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></i>. 1 and 3. Necklaces with amber and coral pendants, 2. <a href="/wiki/Military_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Military standard">Military standard</a>, 4. <a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a>, 5. <a href="/wiki/Shield_boss" title="Shield boss">Iron boss of shield</a>, 6. Iron holder, 7. <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">Sword</a>-hilt and girdle, 8. <a href="/wiki/Montefortino_helmet" title="Montefortino helmet">Iron helmet</a>, 9. Iron belt-chain.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">carnyx</a></i> was a <a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">wind instrument</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> Celts, attested for ca. 300 BC to 200 AD. It is a kind of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpet</a>, held vertically, the mouth styled in the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Boar">boar</a>'s head. It was used in warfare, probably to incite troops to battle and intimidate opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instrument's upright carriage allowed its notes to carry over the heads of the participants in battles and ceremonies. </p><p>In earlier encounters with the Romans, such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sentinum" title="Battle of Sentinum">Battle of Sentinum</a>, some Celts would employ the chariot.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although chariots had fallen out of use in continental Europe from the end of the 3rd century BC, Caesar found that they remained significant in Brittonic warfare. If his descriptions are to be believed, he encountered in Britain an army in transition, possessing cavalry but still with an elite fighting from chariots. He describes how these warriors would throw javelins from their vehicles before abandoning them to fight on foot and returning to them in order to retreat or redeploy.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cavalry proper is described as used for skirmishing. <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> are said to have commented that they themselves had formerly used chariots but had abandoned them by this time. </p> <blockquote><p>Their mode of fighting with their chariots is this: firstly, they drive about in all directions and throw their weapons and generally break the ranks of the enemy with the very dread of their horses and the noise of their wheels; and when they have worked themselves in between the troops of horse, leap from their chariots and engage on foot. The charioteers in the meantime withdraw a little distance from the battle, and so place themselves with the chariots that, if their masters are overpowered by the number of the enemy, they may have a ready retreat to their own troops. Thus they display in battle the speed of horse, [together with] the firmness of infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercenaries">Mercenaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mercenaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries_of_the_ancient_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Mercenaries of the ancient Iberian Peninsula">Mercenaries of the ancient Iberian Peninsula</a></div> <p>Celtic warriors served as <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a> in many of the great armies of the Classical period. Some of the best known<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were those who joined <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> in his invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> and who contributed to his victories in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">Battle of Cannae</a>. Celtic mercenaries notably fought for the Romans against the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Battle of Carrhae</a>. The Roman cavalry, composed primarily of <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> horsemen, fought bravely and held their own against the <a href="/wiki/Cataphracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataphracts">Cataphracts</a> but the inferiority in armor and equipment was evident and contributed to their defeat. Celtic warriors would often fight for various powers as mercenaries throughout <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a>. When a branch of <a href="/wiki/Brennus_(3rd_century_BC)" title="Brennus (3rd century BC)">Brennus</a>' Balkan <a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">expedition</a> turned East and crossed the <a href="/wiki/Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespont">Hellespont</a>, they founded a Celtic-ruled state in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a>. Galatia became well known as a source of mercenaries throughout the Eastern Mediterranean region. Illustrations showing troops armed with long, straight swords and oval shields have generally been taken to depict <a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a>. </p><p>The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> gives an account of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Telamon" title="Battle of Telamon">Battle of Telamon</a> 225 BC in which the Romans defeated an invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insubres" title="Insubres">Insubres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taurisci" title="Taurisci">Taurisci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a>. The Gaesatae were said to be a group of warriors who fought for hire and it is they who are described in the most detail. Whereas the Boii and Insubres wore trousers and cloaks which were thick enough to afford limited protection from the Roman javelins, the Gaesatae removed their clothes to fight naked, standing in front of their allies and seeking to intimidate the Romans with shouting and gesturing. However, this lack of protection caused their defeat since they carried relatively small shields which did not adequately protect them against the missile fire of the Roman skirmishers. Suffering heavy casualties, the Gaesatae either fled the battlefield or desperately charged headlong into the Roman lines where, outmatched for both numbers and equipment, they were defeated. What position the Gaesatae occupied in Celtic society has been much debated. Early writers assumed that they were a tribe, but later authors have inclined to the view that they may have been groups of unattached young warriors who lived by raiding and mercenary activities like the early Roman <i>iuventes</i> or the semi-legendary Irish <i><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">fianna</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are accounts of Celtic soldiers working as mercenaries for many of the great dynasties of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical world</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Attalids" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalids">Attalids</a>. Notable figures such as <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VII">Cleopatra VII</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> were said to have Celtic bodyguards. <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i> mentions <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatian</a> soldiers present at the funeral of the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_Kingdom_of_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Kingdom of Judea">King of Judea</a>, Herod.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navy">Navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Veneti_(Gaul)" title="Veneti (Gaul)">Veneti (Gaul)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veneti_coin_5th_1st_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Veneti_coin_5th_1st_century_BCE.jpg/330px-Veneti_coin_5th_1st_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Veneti_coin_5th_1st_century_BCE.jpg/500px-Veneti_coin_5th_1st_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Veneti_coin_5th_1st_century_BCE.jpg/960px-Veneti_coin_5th_1st_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2270" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption>Veneti coins, 5th-1st century BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kartenn_Galianed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kartenn_Galianed.jpg/330px-Kartenn_Galianed.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kartenn_Galianed.jpg/500px-Kartenn_Galianed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kartenn_Galianed.jpg/600px-Kartenn_Galianed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> people of modern <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#66CC80; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Osismii" title="Osismii">Osismii</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8AF0AB; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Veneti_(Gaul)" title="Veneti (Gaul)">Veneti</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFCC00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Coriosolites" title="Coriosolites">Coriosolites</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF6600; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Redones" title="Redones">Redones</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8080; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Namnetes" title="Namnetes">Namnetes</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A1F8F3; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Non-Gallic</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>While relatively little has been written about Celtic warfare at sea, the Gallic <a href="/wiki/Veneti_(Gaul)" title="Veneti (Gaul)">Veneti</a>, a tribe dwelling on the southern coast of <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>), along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Morbihan" title="Gulf of Morbihan">Gulf of Morbihan</a>, was well known and renowned among the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> as a strong seafaring people. </p><p>The Veneti had trading stations in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> and regularly sailed to the island, and they charged customs and port dues on trade ships as they passed through the region. They constructed ships of oak with tough leather sails, well adapted for traversing and plying the rough <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> sea. The Veneti designed and maneuvered their vessels so skillfully that boarding was near impossible on open water. </p><p>Following the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>, the Veneti fiercely resisted the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Romans</a> both on land and by sea during the period following Caesar's <a href="/wiki/The_Gallic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gallic Wars">conquest of Gaul</a> but before his <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">invasion of Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They targeted the Romans for raiding and maintained positive trade relations with the Britons across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">channel</a>. Given the highly defensible nature of the Veneti sea strongholds, land attacks were frustrated by the incoming tide, and naval forces were left trapped on the rocks vulnerable when the tide ebbed. Their capital, Darioritum, in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a>, was extremely difficult to attack from land. </p><p>At first the <a href="/wiki/Galley#Roman_Imperial_era" title="Galley">Roman galleys</a>, fighting in unfamiliar conditions, were at a great disadvantage and suffered defeats and setbacks. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> gave <a href="/wiki/Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Albinus" title="Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus">Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus</a> command of the Roman fleet and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman navy</a> adopted new tactics in order to quell the activities of the Veneti once and for all. Instead of boarding or capturing ships, the Romans would simply set them on fire. The Roman fleet under Albinus subjected the Veneti to savage reprisals for their earlier defiance. This culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morbihan" title="Battle of Morbihan">Battle of Morbihan</a> when the Romans succeeded in setting aflame and destroying the entire Gallic fleet in <a href="/wiki/Quiberon_Bay" title="Quiberon Bay">Quiberon Bay</a>, with Caesar watching from the shore. Following this defeat, their maritime commerce and trade activities declined under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fortifications">Fortifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fortifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_Oppidum_1st_century_B.C..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Celtic_Oppidum_1st_century_B.C..jpg/250px-Celtic_Oppidum_1st_century_B.C..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Celtic_Oppidum_1st_century_B.C..jpg/330px-Celtic_Oppidum_1st_century_B.C..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Celtic_Oppidum_1st_century_B.C..jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>Modern-day rendering of a Celtic <a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a>, Central Europe 1st century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Large stores of slingstones aerodynamically shaped by adding clay have been found in the Southern British <a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">hillfort</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maiden_Castle,_Dorset" title="Maiden Castle, Dorset">Maiden Castle</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which indicates that <a href="/wiki/Sling_(weapon)" title="Sling (weapon)">slings</a> must also have played a role in the conflicts between Celtic tribes there, probably in sieges. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bibracte,_1st_century_B.C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bibracte%2C_1st_century_B.C.jpg/220px-Bibracte%2C_1st_century_B.C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bibracte%2C_1st_century_B.C.jpg/330px-Bibracte%2C_1st_century_B.C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bibracte%2C_1st_century_B.C.jpg/440px-Bibracte%2C_1st_century_B.C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>Modern-day rendering of the Celtic fortified city of <a href="/wiki/Bibracte" title="Bibracte">Bibracte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> seen from above, 1st century B.C. Before Roman times.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_period" class="mw-redirect" title="La Tène period">La Tène period</a> also saw the development of multivallate fortresses, protected by formidable earthworks as well as the <a href="/wiki/Murus_Gallicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Murus Gallicus">Murus Gallicus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pfostenschlitzmauer" title="Pfostenschlitzmauer">Pfostenschlitzmauer</a> constructions. The larger settlements in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> were described by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppida</a></i> and the term is now used to designate the large pre-Roman towns that existed all across Western and Central Europe, many of which grew from hill forts. There are over 2000 of these forts known in Britain alone.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Celtic_circular_wall_of_Otzenhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic circular wall of Otzenhausen">Celtic circular wall of Otzenhausen</a> is one of the biggest fortifications the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> ever constructed. It was built by Celts of the <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a> tribe, who lived in the region north of the fort. The fort is located on top of the <i>Dollberg</i>, a hill near <a href="/wiki/Nonnweiler" title="Nonnweiler">Otzenhausen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, about 695 m above sea level. The only visible remains are two circular earth ramparts, covered with stones. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2009</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_influence">External influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celts_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png/330px-Celts_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Diachronic distribution of Celtic peoples: <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff43; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> core <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a> territory, by the 6th century BC</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#97ffb6; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> maximal Celtic expansion, by 275 BC</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d2ffd2; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanian</a> area of Iberia where Celtic presence is uncertain</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#27c600; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> the six <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> which retained significant numbers of Celtic speakers into the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early Modern period</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1a8000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> areas where <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> remain widely spoken today</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>Celts were influenced by other peoples but they heavily influenced the warfare of their enemies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_Cultures">Germanic Cultures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Germanic Cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Germanic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic warfare">Germanic warfare</a></div> <p>Celtic influence on <a href="/wiki/Germanic_culture" title="Germanic culture">Germanic culture</a> is a long debated topic; it is generally accepted that <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> had an impact on <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however their impact on <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">myths</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples#Economy_and_material_culture" title="Germanic peoples">material culture</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is more difficult to assess. Celtic and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic warfare">Germanic warfare</a> greatly influenced one another due to proximity, competition for territory and due to <a href="/wiki/Ritual_warfare" title="Ritual warfare">endemic warfare</a> being a key feature of both cultures. <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> writers took notice of this competitive cultural relationship during the mass <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a> around 120–115 BC that set off the <a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a>. Celtic and Germanic interaction, competition and influence on each other and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diffusion" title="Cultural diffusion">cultural diffusion</a> between the two is known to pre-date <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> awareness of either culture. The Germanic languages borrowed much of their vocabulary related to <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">iron smithing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> from the Celtic languages, such as *rik- ‘king’, *isarna ‘iron’, *ambahtaz ‘servant’, *brunjon- ‘mailshirt’, *lekijaz ‘physician’, *gislaz ‘hostage’, *Rinaz ‘Rhine’, and *walhaz ‘foreigner’.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, the Wagons from <a href="/wiki/Dejbjerg_wagon" title="Dejbjerg wagon">Dejbjerg</a> and the bronze kettle of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sophienborg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sophienborg (page does not exist)">Sophienborg</a> Mose show huge similarities with the La Tène artistic culture, notably the bull figures on the kettle<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the figure of a man on a wagon. As for the weaponry, double-edged La Tène swords found at Værebro and Tissø (<a href="/wiki/Zealand" title="Zealand">Zealand</a>, Denmark), Vogn (<a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%B8rring" title="Hjørring">Hjørring</a>, Denmark) and Lindholmgård (<a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a>, Sweden) suggest a likely cultural transfer through local elite.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The famous <a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring Bog</a>, where a boat and multiple weapons have been found, displays Celtic influence, specifically in the <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spearheads</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chainmail" class="mw-redirect" title="Chainmail">chainmails</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the regions associated with Elbe Germanic groups, double-edged La Tène swords similar to those from Denmark have been found at <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fromstedt_burial_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Großromstedt burial site">Großromstedt</a> (Thuringia, Germany).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a correspondence in the weaponry found in graves at <a href="/wiki/Schkopau" title="Schkopau">Schkopau</a> and Großromstedt with the description of the Gallic society by <a href="/wiki/Poseidonios" class="mw-redirect" title="Poseidonios">Poseidonios</a>, where there is a hierarchy for the warrior's companions, from the shield-bearers to the spear-bearers and finally the chief at the top.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of La Tène items in <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> could also be due to a growing influence of <a href="/wiki/Przeworsk_culture" title="Przeworsk culture">Przeworsk culture</a> from the east at the end of the 1st century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Close to the Rhine, in the region of <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, multiple La Tène spearheads have been identified in local context at <a href="/wiki/Borchen" title="Borchen">Borchen</a>-<a href="/wiki/Gellinghausen" title="Gellinghausen">Gellinghausen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olfen-Kökelsum<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnippenburg" class="extiw" title="de:Schnippenburg">Schnippenburg</a>, and two La Tène swords at Wilzenberger.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schnippenburg's site is an interesting case of Middle La Tène influence on several aspect of the local lifestyle (fortification, adornment, weaponry, cult). Quoting Sebastian Möllers: "Until 10 to 15 years ago, there was still the assumption that the La Tène culture was largely confined to the described core space. However, the results of recent research paint a whole new picture. And especially in this context, the findings of the Schnippenburg is a very special place."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Przeworsk_culture" title="Przeworsk culture">Przeworsk culture</a> is a culture beginning at the 2nd century BC; it is characterized by a cultural facies strongly influenced by the La Tène culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to <a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic_peoples" title="Elbe Germanic peoples">Elbe cultural groups</a>, the Przeworsk culture is best documented regarding weaponry prior to the period of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, as cremation graves are frequently accompanied by weapons. It is generally interpreted as warlike society.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the matter, Celtic iron chain belts, iron scabbards, spurs, knives and fibula are found in the graves.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the scabbards found in other Germanic regions, Przeworsk culture seems to have adopted the characteristic suspension of Middle La Tène swords during the first half of the 2nd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although single edged swords commonly related to Germanic cultures are also common in warrior graves. A sword with a bronze pseudo-anthropomorphic hilt elements typical of the Middle La Tène has been discovered in the Vistula River close to the village of <a href="/wiki/Siarzewo" title="Siarzewo">Siarzewo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thracians">Thracians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Thracians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thracian_warfare" title="Thracian warfare">Thracian warfare</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> influenced <a href="/wiki/Thracian_warfare" title="Thracian warfare">Thracian warfare</a> in the adoption of certain long swords by the <a href="/wiki/Triballi" title="Triballi">Triballi</a>, for example, although this was not universal among the <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>. Another weapon, the <a href="/wiki/Sica" title="Sica">sica</a>, was called the <i>Thracian sword</i><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Θρᾳκικὸν ξίφος</span></span>) though it did not originate there, despite its popular usage.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considered Thrace's national weapon, the sword's ultimate origin was the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Thracians may have or adopted or inherited it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dacians">Dacians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dacians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dacian_warfare" title="Dacian warfare">Dacian warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Celts in Transylvania</a></div> <p>Several archaeological discoveries suggest an important influence on the <a href="/wiki/Dacian_warfare" title="Dacian warfare">Dacian warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">culture</a>. Celtic <a href="/wiki/Chariots" class="mw-redirect" title="Chariots">chariots</a> have been found in Geto-Dacian territories at the actual locations of <a href="/wiki/Curtui%C8%99eni" title="Curtuișeni">Curtuiuşeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apahida" title="Apahida">Apahida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A2nt%C3%A2nele,_Bistri%C5%A3a-N%C4%83s%C4%83ud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fântânele, Bistriţa-Năsăud (page does not exist)">Fântânele</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C4%83l%C4%83oaia" title="Gălăoaia">Gălăoaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cristuru_Secuiesc" title="Cristuru Secuiesc">Cristuru Secuiesc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vurp%C4%83r" title="Vurpăr">Vurpăr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toarcla" class="mw-redirect" title="Toarcla">Toarcla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celts introduced their typical horned saddle as it is observed in Dacian necropolis along items belonging to the La Tène culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dacians incorporated Celtic long swords, round shield bosses and helmets in their panoply, a good example is the tumulus N°2 of Cugir necropolis.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iron chain belts and chainmails are also interpreted as the result of Celtic influence.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Celtic-Germanic <a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a> were an important part of the Dacian army when they inflicted a harsh defeat to <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Antonius_Hybrida" title="Gaius Antonius Hybrida">Gaius Antonius Hybrida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Celts played a very active role in <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Scordisci" title="Scordisci">Scordisci</a> were among the tribes allied to the Dacians.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illyrians">Illyrians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Illyrians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_warfare" title="Illyrian warfare">Illyrian warfare</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> affected <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_warfare" title="Illyrian warfare">Illyrian warfare</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a> in cultural and material aspects and some Illyrians were even <a href="/wiki/Celticized" class="mw-redirect" title="Celticized">Celticized</a>, especially the tribes in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Pannonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonians">Pannonians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A type of wooden oblong shield with an <a href="/wiki/Shield_boss" title="Shield boss">iron boss</a> was introduced to Illyria from the Celts. <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> influences abounded as the Illyrians were also its descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greeks">Greeks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Greeks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dying_gaul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dying_gaul.jpg/250px-Dying_gaul.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dying_gaul.jpg/330px-Dying_gaul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dying_gaul.jpg/500px-Dying_gaul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dying_Gaul" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dying Gaul">The Dying Gaul</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a>, Rome, a <a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture" title="Roman sculpture">Roman marble copy</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Greek</a> original from the city of <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (modern Turkey), most likely depicting a <a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatian</a> Celt</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_invasion_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic invasion of Greece">Gallic invasion of Greece</a> there was a proliferation of Celtic mercenaries throughout the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>. Due to this occurrence, elements of the <a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatian</a> style of warfare and equipment were widely adopted by <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> powers. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a> adopted the long oval Celtic body shields they called <i><a href="/wiki/Thureos" class="mw-redirect" title="Thureos">Thureos</a></i>. This ultimately led to the development of two new troop types: the <i><a href="/wiki/Thureophoroi" class="mw-redirect" title="Thureophoroi">Thureophoroi</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Thorakitai" title="Thorakitai">Thorakitai</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romans">Romans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Romans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">Military history of ancient Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Leon_Gerome_-_Mirmillon_-_A_Gallic_Gladiator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Jean_Leon_Gerome_-_Mirmillon_-_A_Gallic_Gladiator.jpg/220px-Jean_Leon_Gerome_-_Mirmillon_-_A_Gallic_Gladiator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Jean_Leon_Gerome_-_Mirmillon_-_A_Gallic_Gladiator.jpg/330px-Jean_Leon_Gerome_-_Mirmillon_-_A_Gallic_Gladiator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Jean_Leon_Gerome_-_Mirmillon_-_A_Gallic_Gladiator.jpg/440px-Jean_Leon_Gerome_-_Mirmillon_-_A_Gallic_Gladiator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic Gladiator</a> as depicted by <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a>. Many Celts who fought against the Romans would end up as <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">Gladiators</a> fighting in the arena for Roman entertainment.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">Romans</a> were heavily influenced and affected by their interactions with the <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celts</a>. Much of the standardized equipment of the military of the later <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> were based upon equipment with Celtic origins. Some major examples being the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_helmet" title="Imperial helmet">Galea helmet</a> based upon earlier <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> helmets, <a href="/wiki/Lorica_Hamata" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorica Hamata">Lorica Hamata</a> armor was based upon <a href="/wiki/Chainmail" class="mw-redirect" title="Chainmail">Chainmail</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noric</a> peoples and both of the primary swords used by the Romans, the <a href="/wiki/Gladius" title="Gladius">Gladius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spatha" title="Spatha">Spatha</a> were based upon earlier swords of <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberian</a> design. The <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_sword" title="Iron Age sword">Celtic swords</a> and scabbards of the <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène B</a> have been found in early <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Notably, the oldest record for the word <i>ROMA</i> comes from a La Tène sword found in <a href="/wiki/San_Vittore_del_Lazio" title="San Vittore del Lazio">San Vittore del Lazio</a> (Frosinone, Latium)<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cC7b13K7z5A"><sup>see also</sup></a>. Another sword of the same type have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Gabii#Temple_of_Juno" title="Gabii">sanctuary of Juno</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gabii" title="Gabii">Gabii</a> with its typical Celtic scabbard.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, comprising modern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, was a place of diverse cultures in classical times with various tribes who cannot always be placed firmly as <a href="/wiki/Celts#Iberia" title="Celts">Celtic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Celts#Distribution#Iberia" title="Celts">Iberian Celts</a> mainly <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantabri" title="Cantabri">Cantabrians</a> fought for <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> as <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries_of_the_ancient_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Mercenaries of the ancient Iberian Peninsula">mercenaries</a> against the Romans in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>. The Iberian Celts' best known weapon was the <i>gladius Hispaniensis</i>, which was eventually adopted by the Romans as their own standardized <a href="/wiki/Gladius" title="Gladius">gladius</a>. The very name, too, may derive from the Celtic root *<i>kledo</i>-, meaning "sword". The Romans described the spear of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> with the word <i>gaesum</i>, a Latinisation of the <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> <i>*gaisos</i>. It is likely that two Latin words for chariot, <i>carrus</i> and <i>covinnus</i>, were adopted from Celtic languages, although the Romans at no point seem to have employed chariots in warfare. The Latin word <i><a href="/wiki/Lancea_(weapon)" title="Lancea (weapon)">lancea</a>,</i> used for the javelins of auxiliary troops, as well as the two words for <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a>, <i>carrus</i> and <i>covinnus</i>, are also supposedly derived from <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> words<i>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celts_depicted_as_barbarians">Celts depicted as barbarians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Celts depicted as barbarians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarians">Barbarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_headhunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic headhunting">Celtic headhunting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KMM_-_Knochenfunde_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/KMM_-_Knochenfunde_2.jpg/220px-KMM_-_Knochenfunde_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/KMM_-_Knochenfunde_2.jpg/330px-KMM_-_Knochenfunde_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/KMM_-_Knochenfunde_2.jpg/440px-KMM_-_Knochenfunde_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of a Celtic <a href="/wiki/Celtic_decapitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic decapitation">skull trophy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From their earliest interactions, the major civilizations of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonian</a> civilizations faced major threats from the Celtic world. Early in the period, the Etruscans had to deal with the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Bituriges_Cubi" title="Bituriges Cubi">Biturges'</a> mass migration crossing the Alps under the lead of <a href="/wiki/Bellovesus" title="Bellovesus">Bellovesus</a> in the 5th century BC. The Romans' first major encounter with the Celts, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia" title="Battle of the Allia">Battle of the Allia</a>, was an outright disaster for the fledgling <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. The inexperienced Roman army was routed; this defeat culminated with the <a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a>, led by their war leader, <a href="/wiki/Brennus_(leader_of_the_Senones)" title="Brennus (leader of the Senones)">Brennus</a>, sacking the city except for the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a>. Even though the Romans were able to save their city and wrest control back, these events left a lasting impression on the Roman people. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Brenn_et_sa_part_de_butin_(Paul_Jamin).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Le_Brenn_et_sa_part_de_butin_%28Paul_Jamin%29.jpg/220px-Le_Brenn_et_sa_part_de_butin_%28Paul_Jamin%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Le_Brenn_et_sa_part_de_butin_%28Paul_Jamin%29.jpg/330px-Le_Brenn_et_sa_part_de_butin_%28Paul_Jamin%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Le_Brenn_et_sa_part_de_butin_%28Paul_Jamin%29.jpg/440px-Le_Brenn_et_sa_part_de_butin_%28Paul_Jamin%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption> <i>Spoils of the Battle</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Brennus_(leader_of_the_Senones)" title="Brennus (leader of the Senones)">Brennus</a> and his share of the spoils.</i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Jamin" title="Paul Jamin">Paul Jamin</a>, 1893. This painting encapsulates the general impression and depiction that <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> writers gave of the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The Greeks and Macedonians had their own issues with the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> tribes. Celts originating from various <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène chiefdoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> began a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">mass migration and settlement</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> from the 4th century BC. These expeditions were led by multiple leaders, including another <a href="/wiki/Brennus_(3rd_century_BC)" title="Brennus (3rd century BC)">Brennus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acichorius" title="Acichorius">Acichorious</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolgios" title="Bolgios">Bolgios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerethrius" title="Cerethrius">Cerethrius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonnorius" title="Leonnorius">Leonnorius</a>. These migrations had a massive impact on the region and culminated with a series of events: the defeat and decapitation of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Macedonian king</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Ceraunus" title="Ptolemy Ceraunus">Ptolemy Ceraunus</a>, the defeat of a Greek Army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae_(279_BC)" title="Battle of Thermopylae (279 BC)">Battle of Thermopylae</a>, the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe#Attack_on_Delphi" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">attack on Delphi</a> and finally <a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe#After_the_Greek_campaigns" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">the foundations of the settlement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> that became home to the <a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a>. This series of events left a lasting impression on the Greeks. </p><p>Later, the military position was reversed as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> expanded its sphere of influence and gradually conquered most of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic people">Celtic peoples</a>. During this period, both Greek and Roman writers and scholars were heavily biased against the Celts and tended to focus much on the savage ferocity of the fearless, naked, headhunting Celtic warrior, creating an image which has persisted ever since. To the Ancient Greeks and Romans the Celtic warrior was the archetypal <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stereotypically presented as massive, powerful, and malicious. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_True_Picture_of_One_Pict.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_True_Picture_of_One_Pict.jpg/220px-The_True_Picture_of_One_Pict.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_True_Picture_of_One_Pict.jpg/330px-The_True_Picture_of_One_Pict.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_True_Picture_of_One_Pict.jpg/440px-The_True_Picture_of_One_Pict.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><i>The Trvve Picture of One Picte</i> Theodor de Bry's 1588 engraving of a <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Pict</a> a member of an ancient <a href="/wiki/Celtic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic people">Celtic people</a> from <a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Scotland</a>. An example of how negative Greco-Roman depictions of the Celts persisted</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the practices of the Celts that the Greco-Roman civilizations found especially barbaric was <a href="/wiki/Celtic_headhunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic headhunting">headhunting</a>. Celts were described by <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> writers as having a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism#Head_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">"cult of the severed head"</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice#Celtic_peoples" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a> as major components of their religious life. Celts followed an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">ancient Celtic religion</a> overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Jacobsthal" title="Paul Jacobsthal">Paul Jacobsthal</a>, "Amongst the Celts the <a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">human head</a> was venerated above all else, since the head was to the Celt the soul, centre of the emotions as well as of life itself, a symbol of divinity and of the powers of the other-world."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient Romans and Greeks recorded the Celts' habits of embalming in <a href="/wiki/Cedar_oil" title="Cedar oil">cedar oil</a> the heads of the most distinguished enemies, allies and relatives; and the mounting of the heads on walls for decoration and in porticos or pillars in their entry for display. The Greco-Roman writers also describe the Celts hanging severed heads from the necks of their horses while riding in order to intimidate onlookers and enemies alike. If <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish mythology</a> is to be believed, headhunting and a <a href="/wiki/Beheading_game" title="Beheading game">beheading game</a> may have been practiced in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> for a great deal longer by the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a>, perhaps all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ireland" title="Christianity in Ireland">introduction of Christianity to Ireland</a> in the 5th century AD. In the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster Cycle</a> of Irish mythology, two of the major heroic figures, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAchulainn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cúchulainn">Cúchulainn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conall_Cernach" title="Conall Cernach">Conall Cernach</a>, are both described as taking part in this practice. With both heroes decapitating their enemies and publicly displaying the heads. </p><p>Both the Greeks and Romans found the Celtic decapitation practices shocking, and the Romans made sure to put an end to them when Celtic regions came under their control. However, Greeks and Romans both employed decapitation and other horrific tortures, highlighting a tendency to view practices as more shocking when carried out by an outside group, even if the practices were essentially similar.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 5th century BC, Greek writer <a href="/wiki/Ephoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephoros">Ephoros</a> described the Celts as "one of the four great barbarian peoples, along with the <a href="/wiki/Persians#History" title="Persians">Persians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libyans</a>". They were called <i>Keltoi</i> or <i>Galatae</i> by the Greeks and <i>Celtae</i> or <i>Galli</i> by the Romans. <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> comments that their courage had an element of passion to it,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like that of all barbarians. <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> writes that they were extremely addicted to wine<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that one could exchange a mere jar of wine for a slave. </p><p>The Celts were described by classical writers such as <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florus" title="Florus">Florus</a> as fighting like "wild beasts", and as hordes. <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius</a> said that their "manner of fighting, being in large measure that of wild beasts and frenzied, was an erratic procedure, quite lacking in <a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">military science</a>. Thus, at one moment they would raise their swords aloft and smite after the manner of <a href="/wiki/Boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Boar">wild boars</a>, throwing the whole weight of their bodies into the blow like hewers of wood or men digging with mattocks, and again they would deliver crosswise blows aimed at no target, as if they intended to cut to pieces the entire bodies of their adversaries, protective armor and all".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such views and descriptions of Celts as presented by Greco-Roman writers are generally viewed with some skepticism by contemporary historians. This is due to the fact that much of the information is presented with an inherent negative bias and doesn't match the archaeological record.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celtic_war_leaders">Celtic war leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Celtic war leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_Sac_de_Rome_de_390_avant_J.C_(illustration_pour_Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_Sac_de_Rome_de_390_avant_J.C_%28illustration_pour_Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot%29.png/220px-Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_Sac_de_Rome_de_390_avant_J.C_%28illustration_pour_Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_Sac_de_Rome_de_390_avant_J.C_%28illustration_pour_Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot%29.png/330px-Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_Sac_de_Rome_de_390_avant_J.C_%28illustration_pour_Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_Sac_de_Rome_de_390_avant_J.C_%28illustration_pour_Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot%29.png/440px-Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_Sac_de_Rome_de_390_avant_J.C_%28illustration_pour_Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot%29.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brennus_(4th_century_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brennus (4th century BC)">Brennus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a> during the sack of Rome in 390 BC which followed the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia" title="Battle of the Allia">Battle of the Allia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_Vercing%C3%A9torix_devant_C%C3%A9sar_(illustration_pour_Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_Vercing%C3%A9torix_devant_C%C3%A9sar_%28illustration_pour_Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot%29.png/250px-Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_Vercing%C3%A9torix_devant_C%C3%A9sar_%28illustration_pour_Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_Vercing%C3%A9torix_devant_C%C3%A9sar_%28illustration_pour_Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot%29.png/330px-Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_Vercing%C3%A9torix_devant_C%C3%A9sar_%28illustration_pour_Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_Vercing%C3%A9torix_devant_C%C3%A9sar_%28illustration_pour_Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot%29.png/500px-Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_Vercing%C3%A9torix_devant_C%C3%A9sar_%28illustration_pour_Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot%29.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="1271" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vercingetorix" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a> surrenders to <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alesia" title="Battle of Alesia">Battle of Alesia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_IV_-_Boadicea_and_Her_Army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_IV_-_Boadicea_and_Her_Army.jpg/220px-Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_IV_-_Boadicea_and_Her_Army.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_IV_-_Boadicea_and_Her_Army.jpg/330px-Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_IV_-_Boadicea_and_Her_Army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_IV_-_Boadicea_and_Her_Army.jpg/440px-Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_IV_-_Boadicea_and_Her_Army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica">Boudica</a> and her allied army of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calgacus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Calgacus.JPG/250px-Calgacus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Calgacus.JPG/330px-Calgacus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Calgacus.JPG/500px-Calgacus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1630" data-file-height="1670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calgacus" title="Calgacus">Calgacus</a> delivering an impassioned speech to the <a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Graupius" title="Battle of Mons Graupius">Battle of Mons Graupius</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Leading_the_Charge_at_Mount_Badon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Arthur_Leading_the_Charge_at_Mount_Badon.png/220px-Arthur_Leading_the_Charge_at_Mount_Badon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Arthur_Leading_the_Charge_at_Mount_Badon.png/330px-Arthur_Leading_the_Charge_at_Mount_Badon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Arthur_Leading_the_Charge_at_Mount_Badon.png/440px-Arthur_Leading_the_Charge_at_Mount_Badon.png 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">Arthur</a> leading cavalry charge at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Mount Badon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nom%C3%A9no%C3%AB_(Tenniel).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nom%C3%A9no%C3%AB_%28Tenniel%29.png/250px-Nom%C3%A9no%C3%AB_%28Tenniel%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nom%C3%A9no%C3%AB_%28Tenniel%29.png/330px-Nom%C3%A9no%C3%AB_%28Tenniel%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nom%C3%A9no%C3%AB_%28Tenniel%29.png/500px-Nom%C3%A9no%C3%AB_%28Tenniel%29.png 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nominoe" title="Nominoe">Nominoe</a> vows that he will not clean blood from his hands until he has driven the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acco_(Senones)" title="Acco (Senones)">Acco</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acichorius" title="Acichorius">Acichorius</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_invasion_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic invasion of the Balkans">Gallic invasion of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiorix" title="Ambiorix">Ambiorix</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgic</a> <a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anero%C3%ABstes" title="Aneroëstes">Aneroëstes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">Arthur</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autaritus" title="Autaritus">Autaritus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mercenary_War" title="Mercenary War">Mercenary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellovesus" title="Bellovesus">Bellovesus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bituriges_Cubi" title="Bituriges Cubi">Bituriges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituitus" title="Bituitus">Bituitus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Averni" class="mw-redirect" title="Averni">Averni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boduognatus" title="Boduognatus">Boduognatus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiorix" title="Boiorix">Boiorix</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolgios" title="Bolgios">Bolgios</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_invasion_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic invasion of the Balkans">Gallic invasion of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica">Boudica</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brittonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Iceni" title="Iceni">Iceni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennus_(4th_century_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brennus (4th century BC)">Brennus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennus_(3rd_century_BC)" title="Brennus (3rd century BC)">Brennus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_invasion_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic invasion of the Balkans">Gallic invasion of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britomaris" title="Britomaris">Britomaris</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarus" title="Caesarus">Caesarus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Iberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camulogene" title="Camulogene">Camulogene</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Aulerci" title="Aulerci">Aulerci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgacus" title="Calgacus">Calgacus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brittonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caratacus" title="Caratacus">Caratacus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brittonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Catuvellauni" title="Catuvellauni">Catuvellauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartimandua" title="Cartimandua">Cartimandua</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brittonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvilius" title="Carvilius">Carvilius</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brittonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cantiaci" title="Cantiaci">Cantiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassivellaunus" title="Cassivellaunus">Cassivellaunus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brittonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Catuvellauni" title="Catuvellauni">Catuvellauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castus_(rebel)" title="Castus (rebel)">Castus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Gladiator War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catigern" title="Catigern">Catigern</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cativolcus" title="Cativolcus">Cativolcus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgic</a> <a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerethrius" title="Cerethrius">Cerethrius</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_invasion_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic invasion of the Balkans">Gallic invasion of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cingetorix_(Briton)" title="Cingetorix (Briton)">Cingetorix</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brittonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cantiaci" title="Cantiaci">Cantiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commius" title="Commius">Commius</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgic</a> <a href="/wiki/Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concolitanus" title="Concolitanus">Concolitanus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corocotta" title="Corocotta">Corocotta</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Iberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cantabri" title="Cantabri">Cantabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crixus" title="Crixus">Crixus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Gladiator War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divico" title="Divico">Divico</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tigurini" title="Tigurini">Tigurini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducarius" title="Ducarius">Ducarius</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Insubres" title="Insubres">Insubres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumnorix" title="Dumnorix">Dumnorix</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Aedui" title="Aedui">Aedui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erispoe" title="Erispoe">Erispoe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brittonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba_(Suessiones)" title="Galba (Suessiones)">Galba</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgic</a> <a href="/wiki/Suessiones" title="Suessiones">Suessiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gannicus" title="Gannicus">Gannicus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Gladiator War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaus%C3%B3n" title="Gausón">Gausón</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Iberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indutiomarus" title="Indutiomarus">Indutiomarus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Classicus" title="Julius Classicus">Julius Classicus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Indus" title="Julius Indus">Julius Indus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larus_(Cantabrian)" title="Larus (Cantabrian)">Larus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Iberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cantabri" title="Cantabri">Cantabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonnorius" title="Leonnorius">Leonnorius</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_invasion_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic invasion of the Balkans">Gallic invasion of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucterius" title="Lucterius">Lucterius</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cadurci" title="Cadurci">Cadurci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominoe" title="Nominoe">Nominoe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brittonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Owain Glyndŵr">Owain Glyndŵr</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Revolt">Welsh Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenomaus_(rebel_slave)" title="Oenomaus (rebel slave)">Oenomaus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Gladiator War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olyndicus" title="Olyndicus">Olyndicus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riothamus" title="Riothamus">Riothamus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brittonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segovax" title="Segovax">Segovax</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brittonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cantiaci" title="Cantiaci">Cantiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segovesus" title="Segovesus">Segovesus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bituriges_Cubi" title="Bituriges Cubi">Bituriges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punicus" title="Punicus">Punicus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Iberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanginus" title="Tanginus">Tanginus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tautalus" title="Tautalus">Tautalus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Iberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taximagulus" title="Taximagulus">Taximagulus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brittonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cantiaci" title="Cantiaci">Cantiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togodumnus" title="Togodumnus">Togodumnus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brittonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Catuvellauni" title="Catuvellauni">Catuvellauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venutius" title="Venutius">Venutius</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brittonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vercingetorix" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Arverni" title="Arverni">Arverni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viriathus" title="Viriathus">Viriathus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Iberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viriathus_(Second_Punic_War)" title="Viriathus (Second Punic War)">Viriathus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Iberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viridomarus" title="Viridomarus">Viridomarus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Insubres" title="Insubres">Insubres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viridovix" title="Viridovix">Viridovix</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Venelli" title="Venelli">Venelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortigern" title="Vortigern">Vortigern</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortimer" title="Vortimer">Vortimer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Celtic_conflicts_and_battles">List of Celtic conflicts and battles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: List of Celtic conflicts and battles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a list of battles or conflicts in which <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> had a leading or crucial role, including as <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BCE">BCE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: BCE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>390: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia" title="Battle of the Allia">Battle of the Allia</a></li> <li>390: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia#Aftermath,_the_sack_of_Rome" title="Battle of the Allia">Sack of Rome</a></li> <li>361: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Anio_River_(361_BC)" title="Battle of the Anio River (361 BC)">Battle of the Anio River</a></li> <li>358: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pedum_(358_BC)" title="Battle of Pedum (358 BC)">Battle of Pedum</a></li> <li>295: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sentinum" title="Battle of Sentinum">Battle of Sentinum</a></li> <li>284: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arretium" title="Battle of Arretium">Battle of Arretium</a></li> <li>283: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Vadimo_(283_BC)" title="Battle of Lake Vadimo (283 BC)">Battle of Lake Vadimo</a></li> <li>279: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Invasion of Greece</a></li> <li>279: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae_(279_BC)" title="Battle of Thermopylae (279 BC)">Battle of Thermopylae</a></li> <li>279: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe#Attack_on_Delphi" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Attack on Delphi</a></li> <li>277: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lysimachia" title="Battle of Lysimachia">Battle of Lysimachia</a></li> <li>241: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caecus_River" title="Battle of the Caecus River">Battle of the Caecus River</a></li> <li>241: <a href="/wiki/Mercenary_War" title="Mercenary War">Mercenary War</a></li> <li>240: <a href="/wiki/Hamilcar%27s_victory_with_Naravas" title="Hamilcar's victory with Naravas">Defection of Naravas</a></li> <li>238: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aphrodisium" title="Battle of Aphrodisium">Battle of Aphrodisium</a></li> <li>225: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Faesulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Faesulae">Battle of Faesulae</a></li> <li>225: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Telamon" title="Battle of Telamon">Battle of Telamon</a></li> <li>222: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clastidium" title="Battle of Clastidium">Battle of Clastidium</a></li> <li>218: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhone_Crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Rhone Crossing">Battle of Rhone Crossing</a></li> <li>218: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trebia" title="Battle of the Trebia">Battle of the Trebia</a></li> <li>217: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Battle of Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li>216: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Silva_Litana" title="Battle of Silva Litana">Battle of Silva Litana</a></li> <li>216: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">Battle of Cannae</a></li> <li>200: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cremona_(200_BC)" title="Battle of Cremona (200 BC)">Battle of Cremona</a></li> <li>194: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Placentia_(194_BC)" title="Battle of Placentia (194 BC)">Battle of Placentia</a></li> <li>193: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutina_(193_BC)" title="Battle of Mutina (193 BC)">Battle of Mutina</a></li> <li>189: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Olympus" title="Battle of Mount Olympus">Battle of Mount Olympus</a></li> <li>189: <a href="/wiki/Galatian_War#Battle_of_Ancyra" title="Galatian War">Battle of Ancyra</a></li> <li>181: <a href="/wiki/First_Celtiberian_War#The_siege_of_Aebura_(Carpetania)_(181_BC)" title="First Celtiberian War">Siege of Aebura (Carpetania)</a></li> <li>181: <a href="/wiki/First_Celtiberian_War" title="First Celtiberian War">First Celtiberian Rebellion</a></li> <li>181: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manlian_Pass" title="Battle of Manlian Pass">Battle of Manlian Pass</a></li> <li>155: <a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusitanian War">Lusitanian War</a></li> <li>154: <a href="/wiki/Second_Celtiberian_War" title="Second Celtiberian War">Second Celtiberian War</a></li> <li>154: <a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a></li> <li>152: <a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War#Second_Lusitanian_Raid_and_the_Treachery_of_Galba_(152_BC_–_150_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusitanian War">Second Lusitanian Raid</a></li> <li>148: <a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War#Third_Lusitanian_Raid_and_the_Feats_of_Viriathus_(148_BC_–_140_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusitanian War">Third Lusitanian Raid</a></li> <li>134: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Numantia" title="Siege of Numantia">Siege of Numantia</a></li> <li>121: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Is%C3%A8re_River" title="Battle of the Isère River">Battle of the Isère River</a></li> <li>121: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vindalium" title="Battle of Vindalium">Battle of Vindalium</a></li> <li>113: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noreia" title="Battle of Noreia">Battle of Noreia</a></li> <li>107: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burdigala" title="Battle of Burdigala">Battle of Burdigala</a></li> <li>105: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arausio" title="Battle of Arausio">Battle of Arausio</a></li> <li>102: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tridentum" title="Battle of Tridentum">Battle of Tridentum</a></li> <li>102: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aquae_Sextiae" title="Battle of Aquae Sextiae">Battle of Aquae Sextiae</a></li> <li>101: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercellae" title="Battle of Vercellae">Battle of Vercellae</a></li> <li>73: <a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Gladiator War</a></li> <li>63: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magetobriga" title="Battle of Magetobriga">Battle of Magetobriga</a></li> <li>58: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Arar" title="Battle of the Arar">Battle of the Arar</a></li> <li>58: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vosges_(58_BC)" title="Battle of Vosges (58 BC)">Battle of Vosges</a></li> <li>58: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bibracte" title="Battle of Bibracte">Battle of Bibracte</a></li> <li>57: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Axona" title="Battle of the Axona">Battle of the Axona</a></li> <li>57: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sabis" title="Battle of the Sabis">Battle of the Sabis</a></li> <li>57: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Atuatuci" title="Siege of the Atuatuci">Siege of the Atuatuci</a></li> <li>57: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Octodurus" title="Battle of Octodurus">Battle of Octodurus</a></li> <li>55: <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's invasions of Britain">Caesar's invasions of Britain</a></li> <li>54: <a href="/wiki/Ambiorix%27s_revolt" title="Ambiorix's revolt">Ambiorix's revolt</a></li> <li>53: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Battle of Carrhae</a></li> <li>52: <a href="/wiki/Avaricum" title="Avaricum">Siege of Avaricum</a></li> <li>52: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gergovia" title="Battle of Gergovia">Battle of Gergovia</a></li> <li>52: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lutetia" title="Battle of Lutetia">Battle of Lutetia</a></li> <li>52: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alesia" title="Battle of Alesia">Battle of Alesia</a></li> <li>51: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Uxellodunum" title="Siege of Uxellodunum">Siege of Uxellodunum</a></li> <li>51: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morbihan" title="Battle of Morbihan">Battle of Morbihan</a></li> <li>29: <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CE">CE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: CE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>43: <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Claudian invasion of Britain</a></li> <li>43: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Medway" title="Battle of the Medway">Battle of the Medway</a></li> <li>43: <a href="/wiki/Camulodunum#Claudian_invasion" title="Camulodunum">Capture of Camulodunum</a></li> <li>50: <a href="/wiki/Caratacus%27_last_battle" title="Caratacus' last battle">Caratacus' last battle</a></li> <li>60: <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Anglesey" title="Roman conquest of Anglesey">Roman conquest of Anglesey</a></li> <li>60: <a href="/wiki/Boudican_revolt" title="Boudican revolt">Boudican revolt</a></li> <li>60: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camulodunum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Camulodunum">Battle of Camulodunum</a></li> <li>61: <a href="/wiki/Defeat_of_Boudica" class="mw-redirect" title="Defeat of Boudica">Defeat of Boudica</a></li> <li>83: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Graupius" title="Battle of Mons Graupius">Battle of Mons Graupius</a></li> <li>140: <a href="/wiki/Burnswark_Hill" title="Burnswark Hill">Siege of Burnswark</a></li> <li>208: <a href="/wiki/Roman_invasion_of_Caledonia_(208%E2%80%93210)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman invasion of Caledonia (208–210)">Roman invasion of Caledonia</a></li> <li>367: <a href="/wiki/Great_Conspiracy" title="Great Conspiracy">The Great Conspiracy</a></li> <li>398: <a href="/wiki/Stilicho%27s_Pictish_War" title="Stilicho's Pictish War">Stilicho's Pictish War</a></li> <li>440: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guoloph" title="Battle of Guoloph">Battle of Guoloph</a></li> <li>446: <a href="/wiki/Groans_of_the_Britons" title="Groans of the Britons">Groans of the Britons</a></li> <li>455: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aylesford" title="Battle of Aylesford">Battle of Aylesford</a></li> <li>457: <a href="/wiki/Crayford#History" title="Crayford">Battle of Crecganford</a></li> <li>460: <a href="/wiki/Treachery_of_the_Long_Knives" class="mw-redirect" title="Treachery of the Long Knives">Treachery of the Long Knives</a></li> <li>466: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wippedesfleot" title="Battle of Wippedesfleot">Battle of Wippedesfleot</a></li> <li>485: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mercredesburne" title="Battle of Mercredesburne">Battle of Mercredesburne</a></li> <li>497: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Battle of Badon</a></li> <li>556: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beran_Byrig" title="Battle of Beran Byrig">Battle of Beran Byrig</a></li> <li>577: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deorham" title="Battle of Deorham">Battle of Deorham</a></li> <li>580: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alclud_Ford" title="Battle of Alclud Ford">Battle of Alclud Ford</a></li> <li>592: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Woden%27s_Burg_(592)" title="Battle of Woden's Burg (592)">Battle of Woden's Burg</a></li> <li>596: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raith" title="Battle of Raith">Battle of Raith</a></li> <li>600: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Catraeth" title="Battle of Catraeth">Battle of Catraeth</a></li> <li>603: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Degsastan" title="Battle of Degsastan">Battle of Degsastan</a></li> <li>611: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chester" title="Battle of Chester">Battle of Chester</a></li> <li>628: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cirencester" title="Battle of Cirencester">Battle of Cirencester</a></li> <li>630: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cefn_Digoll" title="Battle of Cefn Digoll">Battle of Cefn Digoll</a></li> <li>631: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heavenfield" title="Battle of Heavenfield">Battle of Heavenfield</a></li> <li>633: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hatfield_Chase" title="Battle of Hatfield Chase">Battle of Hatfield Chase</a></li> <li>641: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maserfield" title="Battle of Maserfield">Battle of Maserfield</a></li> <li>650: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Exeter_(c._630)" title="Siege of Exeter (c. 630)">Siege of Exeter</a></li> <li>660: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peonnum" title="Battle of Peonnum">Battle of Peonnum</a></li> <li>671: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Two_Rivers" title="Battle of Two Rivers">Battle of Two Rivers</a></li> <li>685: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dun_Nechtain" title="Battle of Dun Nechtain">Battle of Dun Nechtain</a></li> <li>720: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hehil" title="Battle of Hehil">Battle of Hehil</a></li> <li>750: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history#8th_Century" title="Timeline of Scottish history">Battle of Catohic</a></li> <li>760: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hereford" title="Battle of Hereford">Battle of Hereford</a></li> <li>834: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blain" title="Battle of Blain">Battle of Blain</a></li> <li>838: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Battle of Hingston Down</a></li> <li>845: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ballon" title="Battle of Ballon">Battle of Ballon</a></li> <li>851: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jengland" title="Battle of Jengland">Battle of Jengland</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Celts in Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Gallic_wars" title="Roman–Gallic wars">Roman–Gallic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Gallic Invasion of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_War" title="Galatian War">Galatian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_Wars" title="Celtiberian Wars">Celtiberian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_warfare" title="Dacian warfare">Dacian warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic warfare">Germanic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_warfare" title="Illyrian warfare">Illyrian warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_warfare" title="Thracian warfare">Thracian warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_the_ancient_Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare in the ancient Iberian peninsula">Warfare in the ancient Iberian peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Estyn Evans, The Personality of Ireland, Cambridge University Press (1973), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-02014-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-02014-X">0-521-02014-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malleson, G.B. (1889). "Vercingetorix". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 4: 1–40. doi:10.2307/3678158. JSTOR 3678158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/entremont/en/f_archi_san.htm">"Grands Sites Archéologiques"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grands+Sites+Arch%C3%A9ologiques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture.gouv.fr%2Fculture%2Farcnat%2Fentremont%2Fen%2Ff_archi_san.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British Archaeology 76 "Ridding (<i>sic</i>) Into History"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry W. Cunliffe, Iron Age Communities in Britain Ch. 19 <i>Warfare</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34779-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-34779-3">0-415-34779-3</a>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cowen, J. D., The Hallstatt Sword of Bronze: on the Continent and in. Britain, in: Proc. Prehist. Soc. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piggott, S. (1950) 'Swords and scabbards of the British Early Iron Age', Proc. Prehist. Soc. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoades" class="citation web cs1">Loades, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219053116/http://www.mikeloades.co.uk/cms/images/British_Chariot.pdf">"BUILDING AN IRON AGE BRITISH CHARIOT"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.mikeloades.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mikeloades.co.uk/cms/images/British_Chariot.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-12-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mikeloades.co.uk&rft.atitle=BUILDING+AN+IRON+AGE+BRITISH+CHARIOT&rft.aulast=Loades&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mikeloades.co.uk%2Fcms%2Fimages%2FBritish_Chariot.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cormac-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cormac_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Cléirigh, Cormac (1997). Irish frontier warfare: a fifteenth-century case study (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laing-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laing_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laing_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Archaeology of Late Celtic Britain and Ireland c.400-1200AD, Lloyd Laing, 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20181108145500/http://www.unc.edu:80/celtic/catalogue/themselves/celtsthemselves.html">"The Celts Themselves"</a>. <i>www.unc.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/celtic/catalogue/themselves/celtsthemselves.html">the original</a> on 2018-11-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unc.edu&rft.atitle=The+Celts+Themselves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2Fceltic%2Fcatalogue%2Fthemselves%2Fceltsthemselves.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar <i>De Bello Gallica</i>, Book 1, XXIV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar <i>De Bello Gallica</i>, Book 7, XLI</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar <i>De Bello Gallica</i>, Book 5, XLIV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dunsgathan.net/essays/woad.htm">"The Problem of the Woad"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+the+Woad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunsgathan.net%2Fessays%2Fwoad.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Camillus</i> 15-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKruta2012" class="citation book cs1">Kruta, Venceslas (2012-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3917/puf.kruta.2012.01"><i>Les Celtes</i></a>. Que sais-je?. Presses Universitaires de France. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fpuf.kruta.2012.01">10.3917/puf.kruta.2012.01</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-060668-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-060668-0"><bdi>978-2-13-060668-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Celtes&rft.series=Que+sais-je%3F&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=2012-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fpuf.kruta.2012.01&rft.isbn=978-2-13-060668-0&rft.aulast=Kruta&rft.aufirst=Venceslas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3917%2Fpuf.kruta.2012.01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe1997" class="citation book cs1">Cunliffe, Barry W. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36085150"><i>The ancient Celts</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815010-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815010-5"><bdi>0-19-815010-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36085150">36085150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ancient+Celts&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36085150&rft.isbn=0-19-815010-5&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Barry+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F36085150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss1967" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Steven T. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/286174">"The Military Strategy of the Directory: The Campaigns of 1799"</a>. <i>French Historical Studies</i>. <b>5</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">170–</span>187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F286174">10.2307/286174</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-1071">0016-1071</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286174">286174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Military+Strategy+of+the+Directory%3A+The+Campaigns+of+1799&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E170-%3C%2Fspan%3E187&rft.date=1967&rft.issn=0016-1071&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F286174%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F286174&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Steven+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F286174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLundellPitts1995" class="citation journal cs1">Lundell, Richard; Pitts, Vincent J. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2543177">"The Man Who Sacked Rome: Charles de Bourbon, Constable of France (1490–1527)"</a>. <i>Sixteenth Century Journal</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 711. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2543177">10.2307/2543177</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-0160">0361-0160</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2543177">2543177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Man+Who+Sacked+Rome%3A+Charles+de+Bourbon%2C+Constable+of+France+%281490%E2%80%931527%29.&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=711&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0361-0160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2543177%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2543177&rft.aulast=Lundell&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Pitts%2C+Vincent+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F2543177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17658%2Fissn.2058-5462%2Fissue-20%2Fwschupbach%2Ffigure11">10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-20/wschupbach/figure11</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-20/wschupbach/figure11">http://dx.doi.org/10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-20/wschupbach/figure11</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17658%2Fissn.2058-5462%2Fissue-20%2Fwschupbach%2Ffigure11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.17658%2Fissn.2058-5462%2Fissue-20%2Fwschupbach%2Ffigure11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, R. (2008). Warfare in the Ancient World. In Battle (pp. 32-33). DK Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, R. (2008). <i>Warfare in the Ancient World</i>. In Battle (pp. 32–33). DK Publishing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Celtic Warrior, 300 BC–AD 100</i> by Stephen Allen, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1841761435" title="Special:BookSources/1841761435">1841761435</a>, page 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polybius, <i>The Histories</i>, Book 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Geography</i> of Strabo, § 4.4.2. ed. and trans. H. C. Hamilton and W. Falconer. London: George Bell & Sons, 1903.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias (1918). "10.19.10-11". <i>Description of Greece in 4 volumes</i>. W. H. S. Jones, H. A. Ormerod (translators). Cambridge, MA, London: Harvard University Press, William Heinemann Ltd. 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Osprey Publishing. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-1-8460-3206-6. Retrieved 2 November 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levick, Barbara (2009). "The Veneti Revisited: C.E. Stevens and the tradition on Caesar the propagandist". In Welch, Kathryn; Powell, Anton (eds.). Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter: The War Commentaries as Political Instruments. Classical Press of Wales. ISBN 978-1-910589-36-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drinkwater, John F. (2016). "Veneti (1), Gallic tribe". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry W. Cunliffe, Iron Age Communities in Britain, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34779-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-34779-3">0-415-34779-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34779-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34779-2">978-0-415-34779-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207021902/http://www.smr.herefordshire.gov.uk/hist_periods/iron_age.htm">"The Iron Age"</a>. <i>www.smr.herefordshire.gov.uk</i>. 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A Linguistic History of English (2nd ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOSO%2F9780198792581.001.0001">10.1093/OSO/9780198792581.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879258-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879258-1"><bdi>978-0-19-879258-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/972772031">972772031</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL27415350M">27415350M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119269648" class="extiw" title="d:Q119269648">Q119269648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Proto-Indo-European+to+Proto-Germanic&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=A+Linguistic+History+of+English&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F972772031&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOSO%2F9780198792581.001.0001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL27415350M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-19-879258-1&rft.aulast=Ringe&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEgeler,_Matthias.2013" class="citation book cs1">Egeler, Matthias. 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München: Utz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8316-4226-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8316-4226-7"><bdi>978-3-8316-4226-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/840391241">840391241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+influences+in+Germanic+religion%3A+a+survey&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Utz&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F840391241&rft.isbn=978-3-8316-4226-7&rft.au=Egeler%2C+Matthias.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F840391241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/144615408"><i>Keltische Einflüsse im nördlichen Mitteleuropa während der mittleren und jüngeren vorrömischen Eisenzeit : Akten des internationalen Kolloquiums in Osnabrück vom 29. 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The Pre-Roman Iron Age on Zealand and in Scania"</a>. <i>The Iron Age on Zealand. 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Archibald, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815047-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815047-4">0-19-815047-4</a>, 1998, page 203,""</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Complete Encyclopedia Of Arms & Weapons (Hardcover)by Rh Value Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-48776-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-48776-4">0-517-48776-4</a>, 1986</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HaA(1200-1000), HaB(1000-800)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1117739328"><i>Iron age connectivity in the Carpathian basin : proceedings of the International Colloquium from Târgu Mureş, 13-15 October 2017</i></a>. 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Ein Beitrag zu den Bestattungssitten der Balkanhalbinsel und des vorrömischen Dakiens in der Spätlatènezeit"</a>. <i>Praehistorische Zeitschrift</i> (in German). <b>89</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">305–</span>336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpz-2014-0021">10.1515/pz-2014-0021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-0804">1613-0804</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166075687">166075687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Praehistorische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=Die+Scheiterhaufen+aus+Cugir+und+Tarinci.+Ein+Beitrag+zu+den+Bestattungssitten+der+Balkanhalbinsel+und+des+vorr%C3%B6mischen+Dakiens+in+der+Sp%C3%A4tlat%C3%A8nezeit&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E336&rft.date=2014-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166075687%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1613-0804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpz-2014-0021&rft.aulast=Teleaga&rft.aufirst=Emilian&rft.au=B%C4%83l%C4%83%C5%9Fescu%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Soficaru%2C+Andrei&rft.au=Schoch%2C+Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fprhz%2F89%2F2%2Farticle-p305.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dacian_tomb_of_Cugir">"Category:Dacian tomb of Cugir - Wikimedia Commons"</a>. <i>commons.wikimedia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cham. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-63267-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-63267-4"><bdi>978-3-319-63267-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1042957385">1042957385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modelling+Identities%3A+a+Case+Study+from+the+Iron+Age+of+South-East+Europe&rft.place=Cham&rft.date=2018-05-26&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1042957385&rft.isbn=978-3-319-63267-4&rft.au=Popa%2C+C%C4%83t%C4%83lin+Nicolae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1042957385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRustoiu" class="citation journal cs1">Rustoiu, Aurel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1377448">"Aurel Rustoiu, Masters of metals in the Carpathian Basin (workshops, production centres and funerary manifestations in the early and middle La Tene)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Aurel+Rustoiu%2C+Masters+of+metals+in+the+Carpathian+Basin+%28workshops%2C+production+centres+and+funerary+manifestations+in+the+early+and+middle+La+Tene%29&rft.aulast=Rustoiu&rft.aufirst=Aurel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1377448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rome's enemies: Germanics and Dacians by Peter Wilcox, Gerry Embleton,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850454735" title="Special:BookSources/0850454735">0850454735</a>, 1982, page 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/BarbarianBastarnae.htm">"Kingdoms of the Germanic Tribes - Bastarnae / Peucini"</a>. <i>www.historyfiles.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Illyrians, descendants of the hallstatt culture, were divided into tribes, each a self-governing community with ...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTagliamonte2010" class="citation journal cs1">Tagliamonte, Gianluca (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/2644132">"Armamento e guerra nell'Italia medio-adriatica preromana"</a>. <i>Quaderni di Archeologia d'Abruzzo: Notiziario della Soprintendenza per I Beni Archeologici dell'abruzzo: 2, 2010</i> (2): <span class="nowrap">381–</span>392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1400%2F210935">10.1400/210935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaderni+di+Archeologia+d%27Abruzzo%3A+Notiziario+della+Soprintendenza+per+I+Beni+Archeologici+dell%27abruzzo%3A+2%2C+2010&rft.atitle=Armamento+e+guerra+nell%27Italia+medio-adriatica+preromana&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E381-%3C%2Fspan%3E392&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1400%2F210935&rft.aulast=Tagliamonte&rft.aufirst=Gianluca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.torrossa.com%2Fen%2Fresources%2Fan%2F2644132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLejars2008" class="citation cs2">Lejars, Thierry (2008), Verger, Daniele Vitali e Stéphane (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00340166">"Les guerriers et l'armement celto-italique de la nécropole de Monte Bibele"</a>, <i>Tra mondo celtico e mondo italico: la necropoli di Monte Bibele: atti della tavola rotonda</i>, Bologna: Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di archeologia, pp. <span class="nowrap">127–</span>222<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-26</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tra+mondo+celtico+e+mondo+italico%3A+la+necropoli+di+Monte+Bibele%3A+atti+della+tavola+rotonda&rft.atitle=Les+guerriers+et+l%27armement+celto-italique+de+la+n%C3%A9cropole+de+Monte+Bibele&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E222&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lejars&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00340166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/436912717"><i>Ricerche di archeologia medio-adriatica</i></a>. 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Galatina (Lecce): Congedo. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8086-817-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8086-817-0"><bdi>978-88-8086-817-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/436912717">436912717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ricerche+di+archeologia+medio-adriatica.&rft.place=Galatina+%28Lecce%29&rft.pub=Congedo&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F436912717&rft.isbn=978-88-8086-817-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F436912717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTondo2012" class="citation journal cs1">Tondo, Manuela (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2149989">"Nicosia-Tondo-Sacco 2012_Ricerche archeologiche e topografiche nel Comune di San Vittore del Lazio (Frosinone) in Lazio e Sabina 8"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nicosia-Tondo-Sacco+2012_Ricerche+archeologiche+e+topografiche+nel+Comune+di+San+Vittore+del+Lazio+%28Frosinone%29+in+Lazio+e+Sabina+8&rft.date=2012-01&rft.aulast=Tondo&rft.aufirst=Manuela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2149989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/829679857"><i>Waffen für die Götter: Krieger, Trophäen, Heiligtümer</i></a>. Meighörner, Wolfgang. Innsbruck: Tiroler Landesmuseen, Ferdinandeum Volkskunstmuseum. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-900083-40-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-900083-40-3"><bdi>978-3-900083-40-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/829679857">829679857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waffen+f%C3%BCr+die+G%C3%B6tter%3A+Krieger%2C+Troph%C3%A4en%2C+Heiligt%C3%BCmer&rft.place=Innsbruck&rft.pub=Tiroler+Landesmuseen%2C+Ferdinandeum+Volkskunstmuseum&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F829679857&rft.isbn=978-3-900083-40-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F829679857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLejarsBernadet2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lejars, Thierry; Bernadet, Renaud (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26364279">"L'Épée Laténienne du Sanctuaire de Junon À Gabies les Témoignages Archéologiques d'une Présence Celtique dans le Latium"</a>. <i>Archeologia Classica</i>. <b>66</b>: <span class="nowrap">121–</span>188. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0391-8165">0391-8165</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26364279">26364279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archeologia+Classica&rft.atitle=L%27%C3%89p%C3%A9e+Lat%C3%A9nienne+du+Sanctuaire+de+Junon+%C3%80+Gabies+les+T%C3%A9moignages+Arch%C3%A9ologiques+d%27une+Pr%C3%A9sence+Celtique+dans+le+Latium&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26364279%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0391-8165&rft.aulast=Lejars&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft.au=Bernadet%2C+Renaud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26364279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Celtic warrior, 300 BC-AD 100 by Stephen Allen, 2001,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1841761435" title="Special:BookSources/1841761435">1841761435</a>, page 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobsthal2003" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsthal, Paul (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/51779742"><i>Early Celtic art</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-817170-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-817170-6"><bdi>0-19-817170-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51779742">51779742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Celtic+art&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51779742&rft.isbn=0-19-817170-6&rft.aulast=Jacobsthal&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F51779742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe2010" class="citation book cs1">Cunliffe, Barry (2010-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199539406.001.0001"><i>Druids</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780199539406.001.0001">10.1093/actrade/9780199539406.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953940-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953940-6"><bdi>978-0-19-953940-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Druids&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780199539406.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953940-6&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780199539406.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0050:book=3:section=1229b&highlight=barbarians,celts">"Aristotle, Eudemian Ethics, Book 3, section 1229b"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Aristotle%2C+Eudemian+Ethics%2C+Book+3%2C+section+1229b&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0050%3Abook%3D3%3Asection%3D1229b%26highlight%3Dbarbarians%2Ccelts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Celtic warrior, 300 BC-AD 100 by Stephen Allen, 2001,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1841761435" title="Special:BookSources/1841761435">1841761435</a>, page 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius of Halicarnassus, <i>Roman Antiquities</i> p259 Excerpts from Book XIV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Celtic warrior, 300 BC-AD 100 by Stephen Allen, 2001, Osprey Publishing Ltd., Oxford. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1841761435" title="Special:BookSources/1841761435">1841761435</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Celtic_warfare&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227071425/http://www.applewarrior.com/celticwell/ejournal/beltane/warfare.htm">"Ancient Celtic Warfare"</a>. Archived from the original on February 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Celtic+Warfare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.applewarrior.com%2Fcelticwell%2Fejournal%2Fbeltane%2Fwarfare.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Celtic+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientmilitary.com/celtic-warriors.htm">Celtic Warriors</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skyelander.orgfree.com/menu10.html">Ancient Celtic Warriors in History</a></li> <li>Ross Cowan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45149189/Gladius_Gallicus_Celtic_Swords_for_Italic_Warriors_proof_">Gladius Gallicus: Celtic Swords for Italic Warriors</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Ross Cowan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45589938/Etruscan_and_Gallic_Pila">Etruscan and Gallic (Celtic) heavy javelins</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture7" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume" title="Traditional Welsh costume">Traditional Welsh costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_hat" title="Welsh hat">Welsh hat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/32px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> 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