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href="#Massacres_of_September_1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Massacres of September 1941</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacres_of_September_1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_massacres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_massacres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Further massacres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_massacres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further massacres subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_massacres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_of_people_who_were_murdered" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_people_who_were_murdered"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Number of people who were murdered</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_people_who_were_murdered-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survivors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survivors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Survivors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survivors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concealment_of_the_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concealment_of_the_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Concealment of the crimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concealment_of_the_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Trials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remembrance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remembrance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Remembrance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remembrance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mudslide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mudslide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Mudslide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mudslide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_Russian_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_Russian_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>2022 Russian bombing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_Russian_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Babi Yar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babin_Jar" title="Babin Jar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Babin Jar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بابي يار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بابي يار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Babi Yar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%AF%D1%80" title="Бабін Яр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бабін Яр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%AF%D1%80" title="Бабін Яр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бабін Яр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%AF%D1%80" title="Бабин Яр – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бабин Яр" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babin_Jar" title="Babin Jar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Babin Jar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Babi Yar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_Iar" title="Babi Iar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Babi Iar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AF%D1%80" title="Бабий Яр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бабий Яр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab%C3%AD_Jar" title="Babí Jar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Babí Jar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babij_Jar" title="Babij Jar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Babij Jar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyn_Jar" title="Babyn Jar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Babyn Jar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab%C3%B5n_Jar" title="Babõn Jar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Babõn Jar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9_%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%81" title="Μπάμπι Γιαρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπάμπι Γιαρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Babi Yar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babin_Jar" title="Babin Jar – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Babin Jar" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بابی یار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بابی یار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Babi Yar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%B9%84_%EC%95%BC%EB%A5%B4" title="바비 야르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바비 야르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyn_Jar" title="Babyn Jar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Babyn Jar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Babi Yar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babij_Jar" title="Babij Jar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Babij Jar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A8" title="באבי יאר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="באבי יאר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბაბი-იარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაბი-იარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Бабий яр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бабий яр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babij_Jar" title="Babij Jar – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Babij Jar" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinjara" title="Babinjara – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Babinjara" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babin_Jaras" title="Babin Jaras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Babin Jaras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%88%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бабин Јар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бабин Јар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بابی یار قتل عام – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بابی یار قتل عام" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Babi Yar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_Jar" title="Babi Jar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Babi Jar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बाबि यार – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बाबि यार" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%93%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="バビ・ヤール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バビ・ヤール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babij_Jar" title="Babij Jar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Babij Jar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babiy_Yar" title="Babiy Yar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Babiy Yar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بابی یار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بابی یار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_Jar" title="Babi Jar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Babi Jar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Babi Yar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babiy_Yar" title="Babiy Yar – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Babiy Yar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_Iar" title="Babi Iar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Babi Iar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AF%D1%80" title="Бабий Яр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бабий Яр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Babi Yar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyn_Jar" title="Babyn Jar – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Babyn Jar" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%88%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бабин Јар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бабин Јар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babin_Jar" title="Babin Jar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Babin Jar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyn_Jar" title="Babyn Jar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Babyn Jar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babij_Jar" title="Babij Jar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Babij Jar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babiy_Yar" title="Babiy Yar – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Babiy Yar" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="บาบึนยาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บาบึนยาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Babi Yar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%AF%D1%80" title="Бабин Яр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бабин Яр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بابی یار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بابی یار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%98%E5%AD%90%E8%B0%B7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" title="娘子谷大屠杀 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="娘子谷大屠杀" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A8" title="באבי יאר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באבי יאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%98%E5%AD%90%E8%B0%B7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%AE%BA" title="娘子谷大屠殺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="娘子谷大屠殺" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Babi_Yar&params=50_28_17_N_30_26_56_E_type:event_region:UA-30"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°28′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">30°26′56″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.47139°N 30.44889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.47139; 30.44889</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-confirmed-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Babi Yar (disambiguation)">Babi Yar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:24em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #f4e9c5;">Babi Yar</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Babi_Yar-06-194.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Babi_Yar-06-194.jpg/220px-Babi_Yar-06-194.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Babi_Yar-06-194.jpg/330px-Babi_Yar-06-194.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Babi_Yar-06-194.jpg/440px-Babi_Yar-06-194.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="1721" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Soviet <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a> being used by Germany to cover the mass grave after the massacre, 1 October 1941</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Also known as</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Babyn Yar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Kyiv, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>, Soviet Union<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Babi_Yar&params=50_28_17_N_30_26_56_E_type:event_region:UA-30"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°28′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">30°26′56″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.47139°N 30.44889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.47139; 30.44889</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">29–30 September 1941</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incident type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a>, mass murder</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Jeckeln" title="Friedrich Jeckeln">Friedrich Jeckeln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Rasch" title="Otto Rasch">Otto Rasch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Blobel" title="Paul Blobel">Paul Blobel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eberhard" title="Kurt Eberhard">Kurt Eberhard</a> and others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organizations</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonderkommandos_of_Einsatzgruppen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonderkommandos of Einsatzgruppen"><i>Sonderkommando</i></a> 4a, <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Camp</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syrets_concentration_camp" title="Syrets concentration camp">Syrets concentration camp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Victims</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>33,771 Jews in initial two-day massacre (29 survived)</li> <li>100,000–150,000 Jews, Soviet prisoners of war and Romani on later dates</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Memorials</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar_memorials" title="Babi Yar memorials">On site and elsewhere</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notes</th><td class="infobox-data">Possibly the largest two-day massacre during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. <a href="/wiki/Syrets_concentration_camp" title="Syrets concentration camp">Syrets concentration camp</a> was also located in the area. Massacres occurred at Babi Yar from 29 September 1941 to 6 November 1943, when Soviet forces liberated Kyiv. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #F0DC45; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/State_Register_of_Immovable_Monuments_of_Ukraine" title="State Register of Immovable Monuments of Ukraine">Immovable Monument of National Significance of Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">Комплекс пам'яток на місці масового знищення мирного населення та військовополонених в урочищі Бабин Яр під час гітлерівської окупації</span></span> (<i>Complex of monuments on the site of mass extermination of civilians and prisoners of war in the Babyn Yar tract during the Nazi occupation</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">History</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">260033-Н</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Babi Yar</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Бабий Яр</span>) or <b>Babyn Yar</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Бабин Яр</span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Ravine" title="Ravine">ravine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> capital <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> and a site of massacres carried out by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s forces during <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">its campaign</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The first and best documented of the massacres took place on 29–30 September 1941, in which some 33,771 <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> were murdered. Other victims of massacres at the site included Soviet <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>, communists and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BYUnk2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BYUnk2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BYUnk1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BYUnk1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that a total of between 100,000 and 150,000 people were murdered at Babi Yar during the German occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-rpmag1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpmag1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decision to murder all the Jews in Kyiv was made by the military governor <i><a href="/wiki/Generalmajor" title="Generalmajor">Generalmajor</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eberhard" title="Kurt Eberhard">Kurt Eberhard</a>, the Police Commander for Army Group South, SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">Obergruppenführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Jeckeln" title="Friedrich Jeckeln">Friedrich Jeckeln</a>, and the <i>Einsatzgruppe</i> C Commander <a href="/wiki/Otto_Rasch" title="Otto Rasch">Otto Rasch</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sonderkommandos_of_Einsatzgruppen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonderkommandos of Einsatzgruppen">Sonderkommando</a> 4a as the sub-unit of <i>Einsatzgruppe</i> C, along with the aid of the <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst"><i>SD</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a> backed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i>, carried out the orders.<sup id="cite_ref-Berkhoff-2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkhoff-2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sonderkommando 4a and the 45th Battalion of the German Order Police conducted the shootings. Servicemen of the 303rd Battalion of the German Order Police at this time guarded the outer perimeter of the execution site.<sup id="cite_ref-MtVol4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MtVol4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kruglov_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kruglov-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Evstafieva_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evstafieva-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ProcISC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProcISC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The massacre was the largest mass-murder by the Nazi regime during the campaign against the Soviet Union,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it has been called "the largest single massacre in the history of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>" to that particular date.<sup id="cite_ref-Lower_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lower-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is only surpassed overall by the later <a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">October 1941 Odessa massacre</a> of more than 50,000 Jews (committed by German and <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II#Romania_and_the_Holocaust" title="Romania in World War II">Romanian troops</a>), and by <i><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Erntefest" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktion Erntefest">Aktion Erntefest</a></i> of November 1943 in <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a> with 42,000–43,000 victims.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (September 2017)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>(Translation/spelling note: The <a href="/wiki/English-language" class="mw-redirect" title="English-language">English-language</a> spelling of key locations in this article has been in flux in recent years; this article uses the traditional English spelling of the specific site [<i>Babi Yar</i> versus the local <i>Babyn Yar</i>], but now favors the local <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv"><i>Kyiv</i> for the spelling of the nearby major city</a> [versus the previously-English-favored <i>Kiev</i>].) </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2></div> <p>The <i>Babi Yar</i> (<i>Babyn Yar</i>) ravine was first mentioned in historical accounts in 1401, in connection to the sale of it by <i>baba</i> (an old woman) who was also the <i><a href="/wiki/Vivandi%C3%A8re" title="Vivandière">cantiniere</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> Monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-VK_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VK-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>yar</i> is <a href="/wiki/Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic language">Turkic</a> in origin and means "gully" or "ravine". Over several centuries, the site was used for various purposes, including military camps and at least two cemeteries, including an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christian</a> cemetery and a Jewish cemetery. The latter was officially closed in 1937.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Massacres_of_September_1941">Massacres of September 1941</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev (1941)</a></div> <p>Axis forces, mainly German, occupied Kyiv on 19 September 1941. Between 20 and 28 September, explosives planted by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">Soviet secret police</a> (the NKVD) caused extensive damage in the city, and on 24 September an explosion rocked Rear Headquarters Army Group South.<sup id="cite_ref-kyivpost_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kyivpost-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, on 26 September, Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eberhard" title="Kurt Eberhard">Kurt Eberhard</a>, the military governor, and SS-<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">Obergruppenführer</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Jeckeln" title="Friedrich Jeckeln">Friedrich Jeckeln</a>, the <a href="/wiki/SS_and_Police_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="SS and Police Leader">SS and Police Leader</a>, met at Rear Headquarters Army Group South. There, they decided to exterminate the Jews of Kyiv, claiming that it was retaliation for the explosions.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also present were SS-<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Standartenf%C3%BChrer" title="Standartenführer">Standartenführer</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Blobel" title="Paul Blobel">Paul Blobel</a>, commander of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sonderkommando</i></span> 4a of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Einsatzgruppe</i></span> C, and his superior, SS-<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Brigadef%C3%BChrer" title="Brigadeführer">Brigadeführer</a></i></span> Dr. <a href="/wiki/Otto_Rasch" title="Otto Rasch">Otto Rasch</a>, commander of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppe</a></i></span> C. The mass murder was to be carried out by units under the command of Rasch and Blobel, who were ultimately responsible for many atrocities in Soviet Ukraine during the summer and autumn of 1941. </p><p>The implementation of the order was entrusted to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sonderkommando</i></span> 4a of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Einsatzgruppe</i></span> C commanded by Blobel, under the general command of Friedrich Jeckeln.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This unit consisted of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i></span> (SD) and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a></i></span> (SiPo), the third company of the Special Duties <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Waffen</i></span>-SS</a> battalion, and a platoon of the 9th Police Battalion. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sonderkommando</i></span> 4a of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Einsatzgruppe</i></span> C and Police Battalion 45, commanded by Major Besser, conducted the massacre, supported by members of a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Waffen</i></span>-SS battalion. Contrary to the "<a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">myth of the clean <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wehrmacht</i></span></a>", the <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">Sixth Army</a> under the command of Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Walter_von_Reichenau" title="Walter von Reichenau">Walter von Reichenau</a> worked together with the SS and SD to plan and execute the mass-murder of the Jews of Kyiv.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 September 1941, the following order was posted: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>All Yids<sup id="cite_ref-yids_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yids-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the city of Kiev and its vicinity must appear on Monday, 29 September, by 8 o'clock in the morning at the corner of Mel'nikova and Dokterivskaya streets (near the Viis'kove cemetery). Bring documents, money and valuables, and also warm clothing, linen, etc. </p><p> Any Yids who do not follow this order and are found elsewhere will be shot. Any civilians who enter the dwellings left by Yids and appropriate the things in them will be shot.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Order posted in Kyiv in Russian, Ukrainian, and German on or around 26 September 1941<sup id="cite_ref-Berenbaum97_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berenbaum97-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big-babijar14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Big-babijar14.jpg/220px-Big-babijar14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Big-babijar14.jpg/330px-Big-babijar14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Big-babijar14.jpg/440px-Big-babijar14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Notice dated 28 September 1941 in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> with <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> translation ordering all Kyivan Jews to assemble for supposed resettlement</figcaption></figure> <p>On 29 and 30 September 1941, the Nazis and their collaborators murdered approximately 33,771 <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> civilians at Babi Yar.<sup id="cite_ref-USHMM_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHMM-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HC-270_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC-270-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order to murder the Jews of Kyiv was given to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sonderkommando</i></span> 4a of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Einsatzgruppe</i></span> C, consisting of SD and SiPo men, the third company of the Special Duties <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Waffen</i></span>-SS battalion, and a platoon of the No. 9 police battalion. These units were reinforced by police battalions Nos. 45 and 303, by units of the Ukrainian auxiliary police, and supported by local collaborators.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sonderkommando</i></span> 4a and the 45th Battalion of the German Order Police conducted the shootings. Servicemen of the 303rd Battalion of the German Order Police at this time guarded the outer perimeter of the execution site.<sup id="cite_ref-MtVol4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MtVol4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kruglov_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kruglov-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Evstafieva_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evstafieva-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ProcISC_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProcISC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commander of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Einsatzkommando" title="Einsatzkommando">Einsatzkommando</a></i></span> reported two days later:<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The difficulties resulting from such a large scale action—in particular concerning the seizure—were overcome in Kiev by requesting the Jewish population through wall posters to move. Although only a participation of approximately 5,000 to 6,000 Jews had been expected at first, more than 30,000 Jews arrived who, until the very moment of their execution, still believed in their resettlement, thanks to an extremely clever organization.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to the testimony of a truck driver named Hofer, victims were ordered to undress and were beaten if they resisted: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I watched what happened when the Jews—men, women and children—arrived. The Ukrainians<sup id="cite_ref-Ukrainians_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ukrainians-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led them past a number of different places where one after the other they had to give up their luggage, then their coats, shoes and over-garments and also underwear. They also had to leave their valuables in a designated place. There was a special pile for each article of clothing. It all happened very quickly and anyone who hesitated was kicked or pushed by the Ukrainians<sup id="cite_ref-Ukrainians_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ukrainians-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to keep them moving.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Michael Berenbaum: "Statement of Truck-Driver Hofer describing the murder of Jews at Babi Yar"<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The crowd was large enough that most of the victims could not have known what was happening until it was too late; by the time they heard the <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine gun</a> fire, there was no chance to escape. All were driven down a corridor of soldiers, in groups of ten, and then shot. A truck driver described the scene. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Once undressed, they were led into the ravine which was about 150 metres long and 30 metres wide and a good 15 metres deep ... When they reached the bottom of the ravine they were seized by members of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schutzpolizei</i></span> and made to lie down on top of Jews who had already been shot ... The corpses were literally in layers. A police marksman came along and shot each Jew in the neck with a <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine gun</a> ... I saw these marksmen stand on layers of corpses and shoot one after the other ... The marksman would walk across the bodies of the executed Jews to the next Jew, who had meanwhile lain down, and shoot him.<sup id="cite_ref-Berenbaum97_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berenbaum97-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the evening, the Germans undermined the wall of the ravine and buried the people under the thick layers of earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Einsatzgruppe</i></span>'s Operational Situation Report, 33,771 Jews from Kyiv and its suburbs were systematically shot dead by machine-gun fire at Babi Yar on 29 and 30 September 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The money, valuables, underwear, and clothing of the murdered were turned over to the local <a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">ethnic Germans</a> and to the Nazi administration of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wounded victims were buried alive in the ravine along with the rest of the bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haaretz06_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz06-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_massacres">Further massacres</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luftwaffe_aerial_photograph_of_Babi_Yar,_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Luftwaffe_aerial_photograph_of_Babi_Yar%2C_1943.jpg/220px-Luftwaffe_aerial_photograph_of_Babi_Yar%2C_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Luftwaffe_aerial_photograph_of_Babi_Yar%2C_1943.jpg/330px-Luftwaffe_aerial_photograph_of_Babi_Yar%2C_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Luftwaffe_aerial_photograph_of_Babi_Yar%2C_1943.jpg/440px-Luftwaffe_aerial_photograph_of_Babi_Yar%2C_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>Luftwaffe aerial photograph of Babi Yar, 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>In the months that followed, thousands more were seized and taken to Babi Yar where they were shot. It is estimated that more than 100,000 residents of Kyiv of all ethnic groups,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly civilians, were murdered by the Nazis there during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USHMM_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHMM-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spector_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spector-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Syrets_concentration_camp" title="Syrets concentration camp">Syrets concentration camp</a> was also built in the area, which was notorious for its cruelty<sup id="cite_ref-:02_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and execution of three <a href="/wiki/Dynamo_Kyiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamo Kyiv">Dynamo Kyiv</a> football players who played in the <a href="/wiki/The_Death_Match" title="The Death Match">Match of Death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-deathcamps.org_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deathcamps.org-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mass executions at Babi Yar continued until the Nazis evacuated the city of Kyiv. On 10 January 1942 about 100 captured Soviet sailors were executed there after being forced to disinter and cremate the bodies of previous victims. In addition, Babi Yar became a place of execution of residents of five Gypsy camps. Patients of the Ivan Pavlov <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric Hospital">Psychiatric Hospital</a> were gassed and then dumped into the ravine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thousands of other Ukrainians were murdered at Babi Yar.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukrainian poet and activist <a href="/wiki/Olena_Teliha" title="Olena Teliha">Olena Teliha</a> and her husband, and renowned <a href="/wiki/Bandurist" title="Bandurist">bandurist</a> <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Teliha" title="Mykhailo Teliha">Mykhailo Teliha</a>, were murdered there on 21 February 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-BYUnk1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BYUnk1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also murdered in 1941 were Ukrainian activist writer <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Rohach" title="Ivan Rohach">Ivan Rohach</a>, his sister, and his staff. </p><p>Upon the Soviet liberation of Kyiv in 1943, Soviet officials led Western journalists to the site of the massacres and allowed them to interview survivors. Among the journalists were <a href="/wiki/Bill_Lawrence_(news_personality)" title="Bill Lawrence (news personality)">Bill Lawrence</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Downs" title="Bill Downs">Bill Downs</a> of <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS</a>. Downs described in a report to <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> what he had been told by one of the survivors, Efim Vilkis: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrets_(Syretskij_concentration_camp)_Kiev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Syrets_%28Syretskij_concentration_camp%29_Kiev.jpg/220px-Syrets_%28Syretskij_concentration_camp%29_Kiev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Syrets_%28Syretskij_concentration_camp%29_Kiev.jpg/330px-Syrets_%28Syretskij_concentration_camp%29_Kiev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Syrets_%28Syretskij_concentration_camp%29_Kiev.jpg/440px-Syrets_%28Syretskij_concentration_camp%29_Kiev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>A barbed wire fence of the <a href="/wiki/Syrets_concentration_camp" title="Syrets concentration camp">Syrets concentration camp</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>However, even more incredible was the action taken by the Nazis between August 19 and September 28 last. Vilkis said that in the middle of August the SS mobilized a party of 100 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_(Nazi_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet prisoners of war (Nazi Germany)">Russian war prisoners</a>, who were taken to the ravines. On August 19 these men were ordered to disinter all the bodies in the ravine. The Germans meanwhile took a party to a nearby Jewish cemetery whence marble headstones were brought to Babii Yar  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] to form the foundation of a huge <a href="/wiki/Funeral_pyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral pyre">funeral pyre</a>. Atop the stones were piled a layer of wood and then a layer of bodies, and so on until the pyre was as high as a two-story house. Vilkis said that approximately 1,500 bodies were burned in each operation of the furnace and each funeral pyre took two nights and one day to burn completely. The cremation went on for 40 days, and then the prisoners, who by this time included 341 men, were ordered to build another furnace. Since this was the last furnace and there were no more bodies, the prisoners [realized] it was for them. They made a break but only a dozen out of more than 200 survived the bullets of the Nazi machine guns.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_people_who_were_murdered">Number of people who were murdered</h3></div> <p>Estimates of the total number of people who were murdered at Babi Yar during the Nazi occupation vary. At the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a> in 1946, Soviet prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Lev_Smirnov" title="Lev Smirnov">Lev Smirnov</a> claimed that approximately 100,000 corpses were lying in Babi Yar; he made this estimate using documents which were published by the <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_State_Commission" title="Extraordinary State Commission">Extraordinary State Commission</a> which the Soviets set up in order to investigate Nazi crimes after the liberation of Kyiv in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-Spector_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spector-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a recently published letter to the Israeli journalist, writer, and translator Shlomo Even-Shoshan which was dated 17 May 1965, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Kuznetsov" title="Anatoly Kuznetsov">Anatoly Kuznetsov</a> commented on the Babi Yar <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atrocity" class="extiw" title="wikt:atrocity">atrocity</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the two years that followed, Ukrainians, Russians, Gypsies and people of all nationalities were murdered in Babi Yar. The belief that Babi Yar is an exclusively Jewish grave is wrong... It is an international grave. Nobody will ever determine how many and what nationalities are buried there, because 90% of the corpses were burned, their ashes were scattered in ravines and fields.<sup id="cite_ref-shapoval_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shapoval-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Survivors">Survivors</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dina_pronicheva_trial_big.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Dina_pronicheva_trial_big.jpg/220px-Dina_pronicheva_trial_big.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Dina_pronicheva_trial_big.jpg/330px-Dina_pronicheva_trial_big.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Dina_pronicheva_trial_big.jpg/440px-Dina_pronicheva_trial_big.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dina_Pronicheva" title="Dina Pronicheva">Dina Pronicheva</a> on the witness stand, 24 January 1946, at a Kyiv war-crimes trial of fifteen members of the German police responsible for the occupied Kyiv region</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most often-cited parts of <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Kuznetsov" title="Anatoly Kuznetsov">Anatoly Kuznetsov</a>'s documentary novel <a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar:_A_Document_in_the_Form_of_a_Novel" title="Babi Yar: A Document in the Form of a Novel"><i>Babi Yar</i></a> is the testimony of <a href="/wiki/Dina_Pronicheva" title="Dina Pronicheva">Dina Pronicheva</a>, an actress of the <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Academic_Puppet_Theatre" title="Kyiv Academic Puppet Theatre">Kyiv Puppet Theatre</a>, and a survivor.<sup id="cite_ref-Brandon_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandon-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was one of those ordered to march to the ravine, to be forced to undress and then be shot. Jumping before being shot and falling on other bodies, she played dead in a pile of corpses. She held perfectly still while the Nazis continued to shoot the wounded or gasping victims. Although the SS had covered the mass grave with earth, she eventually climbed through the soil and escaped. Since it was dark, she had to avoid the torches of the Nazis finishing off the remaining victims still alive, wounded, and gasping in the grave. She was one of the very few survivors of the massacre and later related her story to Kuznetsov.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 29 survivors are known.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> and other Jewish organisations started a project to identify and name the Babi Yar victims. However, so far, only 10% have been identified. Yad Vashem has recorded the names of around 3,000 Jews murdered at Babi Yar, as well as those of some 7,000 Jews from <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> who were murdered during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concealment_of_the_crimes">Concealment of the crimes</h2></div> <p>Before the Nazis retreated from Kyiv ahead of the Soviet offensive of 1944, they were ordered by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Koppe" title="Wilhelm Koppe">Wilhelm Koppe</a> to conceal their atrocities in the East. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Blobel" title="Paul Blobel">Paul Blobel</a>, who had been in control of the mass murders in Babi Yar two years earlier, supervised the "special action" <i><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005">Sonderaktion 1005</a></i> to eliminate its traces. The <i>Aktion</i> was carried out earlier in all <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a>. The bodies were exhumed, burned and the ashes were scattered over farmland in the vicinity.<sup id="cite_ref-YV_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several hundred prisoners of war from the <a href="/wiki/Syrets_concentration_camp" title="Syrets concentration camp">Syrets concentration camp</a> were forced to exhume the bodies for cremation in funeral pyres built atop layers of stolen Jewish gravestones.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trials">Trials</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Blobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Paul_Blobel.jpg/170px-Paul_Blobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Paul_Blobel.jpg/255px-Paul_Blobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Paul_Blobel.jpg/340px-Paul_Blobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blobel" title="Paul Blobel">Paul Blobel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials" title="Subsequent Nuremberg trials">subsequent Nuremberg trials</a>, March 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>In the aftermath of the war, several SS commanders who had planned and supervised the massacre were arrested and put on trial. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Blobel" title="Paul Blobel">Paul Blobel</a>, the overall commander of the SS unit responsible for the massacre, was sentenced to death by the <a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsequent Nuremberg Trials">Subsequent Nuremberg Trials</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen_Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsatzgruppen Trial">Einsatzgruppen Trial</a>. He was hanged on 7 June 1951 at <a href="/wiki/Landsberg_Prison" title="Landsberg Prison">Landsberg Prison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Rasch" title="Otto Rasch">Otto Rasch</a> was also indicted in the Einsatzgruppen Trial but his case was discontinued for health reasons, and he died in prison in 1948. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Jeckeln" title="Friedrich Jeckeln">Friedrich Jeckeln</a> was convicted of war crimes by a Soviet military tribunal in the <a href="/wiki/Riga_Trial" title="Riga Trial">Riga Trial</a>, sentenced to death, and hanged on 3 February 1946. <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eberhard" title="Kurt Eberhard">Kurt Eberhard</a> was arrested by US authorities but committed suicide while in custody in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1946, 15 former members of the German police (including <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Scheer_(General)" class="extiw" title="de:Paul Scheer (General)">Paul Scheer</a>) were tried in Kyiv over their roles in the massacre and other atrocities. Twelve of them were sentenced to death (Fritz Beckenhof, Karl Burckhardt, Georg Heinisch, Wilhelm Hellerforth, Hans Isenmann, Emil Jogschat, Emil Knoll, Willi Meier, Paul von Scheer, Eckart Hans von Tschammer und Osten, Georg Truckenbrod, and Oskar Walliser). The other three received prison sentences. Those condemned to death were publicly hanged in the town square of Kyiv on 29 January 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Koch" title="Erich Koch">Erich Koch</a>, who had been <i><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissar" title="Reichskommissar">Reichskommissar</a></i> of Ukraine at the time, was tried and sentenced to death by a Polish court for his atrocities in occupied Poland. However, he was never tried for his crimes in occupied Ukraine. His death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, and he died in prison in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-USHMM_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHMM-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two additional perpetrators were given prison sentences at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USHMM_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHMM-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, 11 men were charged for participating in the massacre in a German court in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>. After a 14 month trial, seven were convicted and sentenced to prison terms ranging between four and fifteen years.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, three more former German police officials were put on trial in <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of the perpetrators were never tried for their roles in the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remembrance">Remembrance</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar_memorials" title="Babi Yar memorials">Babi Yar memorials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar_Holocaust_Memorial_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center">Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:70_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%AF%D1%80%D1%83.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/70_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%AF%D1%80%D1%83.jpg/170px-70_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%AF%D1%80%D1%83.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/70_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%AF%D1%80%D1%83.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>Ukrainian postage stamp, released on the 70th anniversary of the massacre in Babi Yar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babi_Jar_ravijn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Babi_Jar_ravijn.jpg/220px-Babi_Jar_ravijn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Babi_Jar_ravijn.jpg/330px-Babi_Jar_ravijn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Babi_Jar_ravijn.jpg/440px-Babi_Jar_ravijn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>The ravine in 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, specifically Jewish and Roma commemoration efforts encountered difficulty because of the Soviet Union's emphasis on secular remembrances honoring all nationalities of the Soviet Union, so memorials (including at Babi Yar) would generally refer to "peaceful victims of fascism." Memorials were not explicitly forbidden, but successive Soviet leaders preferred instead to emphasise the wide-ranging origins of those murdered at the site. This meant that both Jewish and Roma peoples were not specifically memorialised at the Babi Yar site until the Soviet Union collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Yevtushenko" title="Yevgeny Yevtushenko">Yevgeny Yevtushenko</a>'s 1961 poem on Babi Yar begins "Над Бабьим Яром памятников нет/Nad Babim Yarom pamyatnikov nyet" ("Over Babi Yar there are no monuments"); it is also the first line of <a href="/wiki/Shostakovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Shostakovich">Shostakovich</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._13_(Shostakovich)" title="Symphony No. 13 (Shostakovich)">Symphony No. 13</a>. </p><p>After the collapse of the Soviet Union, several memorials were erected on the site and elsewhere. The events also formed a part of literature. Babi Yar is located in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> at the juncture of today's <a href="/wiki/Kurenivka" title="Kurenivka">Kurenivka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lukianivka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukianivka">Lukianivka</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syrets (page does not exist)">Syrets</a> <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Kyiv" title="Subdivisions of Kyiv">districts</a>, between Kyrylivska, Melnykov, and Olena Teliha streets and <a href="/wiki/St._Cyril%27s_Monastery_(Kyiv)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Cyril's Monastery (Kyiv)">St. Cyril's Monastery</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko" title="Viktor Yushchenko">Viktor Yushchenko</a> of Ukraine hosted a major commemoration of the 65th anniversary in 2006, attended by Presidents <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Katsav" title="Moshe Katsav">Moshe Katsav</a> of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filip_Vujanovi%C4%87" title="Filip Vujanović">Filip Vujanović</a> of <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Mesi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Mesić">Stjepan Mesić</a> of <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi" title="Chief Rabbi">Chief Rabbi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Meir_Lau" title="Yisrael Meir Lau">Yisrael Meir Lau</a>. Rabbi Lau pointed out that if the world had reacted to the massacre of Babi Yar, perhaps the Holocaust might never have happened. Implying that this impunity emboldened Hitler, Lau speculated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Maybe, say, this Babi Yar was also a test for Hitler. If on 29 September and 30 September 1941 Babi Yar may happen and the world did not react seriously, dramatically, abnormally, maybe this was a good test for him. So a few weeks later in January 1942, near Berlin in Wannsee, a convention can be held with a decision, a final solution to the Jewish problem ... Maybe if the very action had been a serious one, a dramatic one, in September 1941 here in Ukraine, the <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a> would have come to a different end, maybe.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2006, a message was also delivered on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>, Secretary-General of the United Nations,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by his representative, <a href="/wiki/Resident_Coordinator" title="Resident Coordinator">Resident Coordinator</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Martin_O%27Donnell" title="Francis Martin O'Donnell">Francis Martin O'Donnell</a>, who added a Hebrew prayer O'seh Shalom,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the Mourners' <a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mudslide">Mudslide</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kurenivka_mudslide" title="Kurenivka mudslide">Kurenivka mudslide</a></div> <p>In the spring of 1961, Babi Yar was the site of a massive <a href="/wiki/Mudslide" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudslide">mudslide</a>. An earthen dam in the ravine was used to hold <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loam</a> pulp which had been pumped from the local <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a> factories without sufficient drainage over the course of ten years. The dam collapsed after it was hit by a heavy rainstorm, resulting in a mudslide that swept away the low-lying <a href="/wiki/Kurenivka" title="Kurenivka">Kurenivka</a> neighborhood and several other areas. The death toll was estimated to be between 1,500 and 2,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2022_Russian_bombing">2022 Russian bombing</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cultural_heritage_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian cultural heritage during the 2022 Russian invasion">Ukrainian cultural heritage during the 2022 Russian invasion</a></div> <p>On 1 March 2022, during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> the site was struck by Russian forces while they were trying to destroy the nearby <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_TV_Tower" title="Kyiv TV Tower">Kyiv TV Tower</a>. The attack resulted in the death of at least five people.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_2022_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian_2022-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wertheimer_2022_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wertheimer_2022-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Antisemitism in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar_in_poetry" title="Babi Yar in poetry">Babi Yar in poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar_Holocaust_Memorial_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center">Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequences_of_Nazism" title="Consequences of Nazism">Consequences of Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history#Nazi_Germany_and_occupied_Europe" title="Genocides in history">Genocides in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">History of the Jews in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">The Holocaust in Ukraine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kindly_Ones_(Littell_novel)" title="The Kindly Ones (Littell novel)">The Kindly Ones</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Ukraine" title="List of massacres in Ukraine">List of massacres in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_graves_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass graves in the Soviet Union">Mass graves in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_Soviet_POWs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs">Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a></li> <li>Symphony No. 1 <a href="/wiki/In_Memoriam_to_the_Martyrs_of_Babi_Yar" title="In Memoriam to the Martyrs of Babi Yar">In Memoriam to the Martyrs of Babi Yar</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Klebanov" title="Dmitri Klebanov">Dmitri Klebanov</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._13_(Shostakovich)" title="Symphony No. 13 (Shostakovich)">Symphony No. 13</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>, which includes a setting of <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Yevtushenko" title="Yevgeny Yevtushenko">Yevgeny Yevtushenko</a>'s poem <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babi_Yar_(Yevtushenko_poem)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babi Yar (Yevtushenko poem) (page does not exist)">Babi Yar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AF%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Бабий Яр (поэма)">ru</a>]</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_collaborationism_with_the_Axis_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers">Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cultural_heritage_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian cultural heritage during the 2022 Russian invasion">Ukrainian cultural heritage during the 2022 Russian invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Death_(Bydgoszcz)" title="Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)">Valley of Death</a> (landform and Nazi massacre site in Poland]]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-yids-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yids_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The order was posted in German, Ukrainian, and in the largest letters, Russian. In only the Russian version is the defamatory word "zhid" (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">жид</span></span>) used for Jews. The respectful Russian word is "yevrey" (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">еврей</span></span>). The word "zhyd" (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">жид</span></span>) in Ukrainian was at the time not defamatory at all, as noted by <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> in his memoirs: "I remember that once we invited Ukrainians, Jews and Poles ... to a meeting at the Lvov [Lviv] opera house. It struck me as very strange to hear the Jewish speakers at the meeting refer to themselves as 'yids.' 'We yids hereby declare ourselves in favour of such-and-such.' Out in the lobby after the meeting I stopped some of these men and demanded, 'How dare you use the word "yid?" Don't you know it's a very offensive term, an insult to the Jewish nation?' 'Here in the Western Ukraine it's just the opposite,' they explained. 'We call ourselves yids' ... Apparently what they said was true. If you go back to Ukrainian literature ... you'll see that 'yid' isn't used derisively or insultingly."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ukrainians-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ukrainians_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ukrainians_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">While the witness referred to <span class="nowrap">"[t]he</span> Ukrainians" there has only been one documented Ukrainian speaker at Babi Yar, and that was Second Lieutenant Joseph Muller, an ethnic German from <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(eastern_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (eastern Europe)">Galicia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it is more accurate to describe these people as "Ukrainian speakers". A German policeman who guarded Babi Yar testified in 1965 that "the Jews were guarded by Wehrmacht units and by a Hamburg Police Battalion, which, as far as I can remember, carried the number 303."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2011" class="citation news cs1">Hoffman, Avi (23 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130626000548/http://www.jpost.com/Jerusalem-Report/Jewish-World/A-Museum-for-Babi-Yar">"A Museum for Babi Yar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Jerusalem-Report/Jewish-World/A-Museum-for-Babi-Yar">the original</a> on 26 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=A+Museum+for+Babi+Yar&rft.date=2011-10-23&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FJerusalem-Report%2FJewish-World%2FA-Museum-for-Babi-Yar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BYUnk2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BYUnk2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141227012518/http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Babi_Yar.htm">"Zionism and Israel – Encyclopedic Dictionary: Babi Yar"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Babi_Yar.htm">the original</a> on 27 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zionism+and+Israel+%E2%80%93+Encyclopedic+Dictionary%3A+Babi+Yar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zionism-israel.com%2Fdic%2FBabi_Yar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BYUnk1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BYUnk1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BYUnk1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludmyla Yurchenko, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cym.org/archives/olena_teliha.asp">Life is not to be sold for a few pieces of silver: The life of Olena Teliha</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814045451/http://www.cym.org/archives/olena_teliha.asp">Archived</a> 2007-08-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Ukrainian Youth Association.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rpmag1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rpmag1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1996" class="citation book cs1">Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t124cP06gg0C&q=A+History+of+Ukraine"><i>A History of Ukraine</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 633. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7820-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7820-9"><bdi>978-0-8020-7820-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine&rft.pages=633&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-7820-9&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt124cP06gg0C%26q%3DA%2BHistory%2Bof%2BUkraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berkhoff-2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berkhoff-2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarel_C._Berkhoff2008" class="citation book cs1">Karel C. Berkhoff (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hyYGOyX1IQUC&q=%22Ukrainian+sources+also+name+paramilitary+and+auxiliary+police+formations%22&pg=PA303"><i>Babi Yar Massacre</i></a>. The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization. Indiana University Press. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253001597" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253001597"><bdi>978-0253001597</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babi+Yar+Massacre&rft.series=The+Shoah+in+Ukraine%3A+History%2C+Testimony%2C+Memorialization&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0253001597&rft.au=Karel+C.+Berkhoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhyYGOyX1IQUC%26q%3D%2522Ukrainian%2Bsources%2Balso%2Bname%2Bparamilitary%2Band%2Bauxiliary%2Bpolice%2Bformations%2522%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190804201343/https://www.yadvashem.org/education/educational-materials/learning-environment/babi-yar/historical-background3.html">"Holocaust in Kiev and the Tragedy of Babi Yar | www.yadvashem.org"</a>. <i>historical-background3.html</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/education/educational-materials/learning-environment/babi-yar/historical-background3.html">the original</a> on 4 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historical-background3.html&rft.atitle=Holocaust+in+Kiev+and+the+Tragedy+of+Babi+Yar+%7C+www.yadvashem.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Feducation%2Feducational-materials%2Flearning-environment%2Fbabi-yar%2Fhistorical-background3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWette2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Wette" title="Wolfram Wette">Wette, Wolfram</a> (2005). <i>Die Wehrmacht: Feindbilder, Vernichtungskrieg, Legenden</i> (in German) (revised ed.). Frankfurt am Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">115–</span>128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3596156459" title="Special:BookSources/3596156459"><bdi>3596156459</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Wehrmacht%3A+Feindbilder%2C+Vernichtungskrieg%2C+Legenden&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3596156459&rft.aulast=Wette&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MtVol4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MtVol4_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MtVol4_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_war-criminals_Vol-IV.pdf">"Military Tribunal Volume IV "The Einsatzgruppen Case"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Military+Tribunal+Volume+IV+%22The+Einsatzgruppen+Case%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Ffrd%2FMilitary_Law%2Fpdf%2FNT_war-criminals_Vol-IV.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kruglov-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kruglov_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruglov_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruglov2011" class="citation book cs1">Kruglov, Aleksandr Iosifovič (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tkuma.dp.ua/images/public_dounload/2011_kruglov_babiy_yar.pdf"><i><span></span></i>Круглов А.<i> Трагедия Бабьего Яра в немецких документах. Днепропетровск: Центр «Ткума»; ЧП «Лира ЛТД», 2011. – 140 с.</i></a> [<i><span></span></i>Kruglov A.<i> The tragedy of Babi Yar in German documents. – Dnepropetrovsk: Center "Tkuma"; PE "Lira LTD", 2011. 140 p.</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ткума. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-383-346-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-383-346-0"><bdi>978-966-383-346-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%90.+%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85.+%D0%94%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%3A+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%C2%AB%D0%A2%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%C2%BB%3B+%D0%A7%D0%9F+%C2%AB%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%9B%D0%A2%D0%94%C2%BB%2C+2011.+%E2%80%93+140+%D1%81.&rft.pub=%D0%A2%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-966-383-346-0&rft.aulast=Kruglov&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+Iosifovi%C4%8D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftkuma.dp.ua%2Fimages%2Fpublic_dounload%2F2011_kruglov_babiy_yar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evstafieva-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evstafieva_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evstafieva_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/121969/14-Yevstaf%27yeva.pdf">"Трагедія Бабиного Яру крізь призму архівних документів Служби безпеки України / Т.О. Євстаф'єва // Архіви України. 2011. № 5. С. 137–158. Бібліогр.: 76 назв. укр"</a> [The tragedy of Babyn Yar through the prism of archival documents of the Security Service of Ukraine / Т.О. Evstafieva // Archives of Ukraine. 2011. № 5. 137–158. Bibliography: 76 titles. ukr.] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%AF%D1%80%D1%83+%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+%2F+%D0%A2.%D0%9E.+%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%27%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%B0+%2F%2F+%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8.+2011.+%E2%84%96+5.+%D0%A1.+137%E2%80%93158.+%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80.%3A+76+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2.+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.nbuv.gov.ua%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F121969%2F14-Yevstaf%2527yeva.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProcISC-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ProcISC_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ProcISC_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/978-966-2214-15-4/978-966-2214-15-4.pdf">"Бабин Яр: масове убивство і пам′ять про нього. Матеріали міжнародної наукової конференції 24–25 жовтня 2011 р., м. Київ / В. Нахманович, А. Подольський, М. Тяглий. Український центр вивчення історії Голокосту; Громадський комітет для вшанування пам'яті жертв Бабиного Яру. – К., 2012. – 256 с."</a> [Babyn Yar: mass murder and memory. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference October 24–25, 2011, Kyiv / V. Nakhmanovych, A. Podolsky, M. Tyagly. Ukrainian Center for Holocaust History Studies; Public Committee to Commemorate the Victims of Babyn Yar. K., 2012. 256 p.] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%AF%D1%80%3A+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D1%96+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%E2%80%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97+24%E2%80%9325+%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8F+2011+%D1%80.%2C+%D0%BC.+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2+%2F+%D0%92.+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%2C+%D0%90.+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+%D0%9C.+%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9.+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%3B+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%96+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%AF%D1%80%D1%83.+%E2%80%93+%D0%9A.%2C+2012.+%E2%80%93+256+%D1%81.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.org.ua%2FLiberUA%2F978-966-2214-15-4%2F978-966-2214-15-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram_Wette2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Wette" title="Wolfram Wette">Wolfram Wette</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wehrmachthistory00wett_0"><i>The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wehrmachthistory00wett_0/page/112">112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674022133" title="Special:BookSources/9780674022133"><bdi>9780674022133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wehrmacht%3A+History%2C+Myth%2C+Reality&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780674022133&rft.au=Wolfram+Wette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwehrmachthistory00wett_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lower-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lower_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLower2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Lower" title="Wendy Lower">Lower, Wendy</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305074504/http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/pdf/2007-18.pdf">"From Berlin to Babi Yar. The Nazi War Against the Jews, 1941–1944"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Religion & Society</i>. <b>9</b>. The Kripke Center, <a href="/wiki/Towson_University" title="Towson University">Towson University</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10504%2F64569">10504/64569</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1522-5658">1522-5658</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/pdf/2007-18.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+%26+Society&rft.atitle=From+Berlin+to+Babi+Yar.+The+Nazi+War+Against+the+Jews%2C+1941%E2%80%931944&rft.volume=9&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10504%2F64569&rft.issn=1522-5658&rft.aulast=Lower&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoses.creighton.edu%2FJRS%2Fpdf%2F2007-18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browning-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Browning_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1992–1998" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Browning, Christopher R.</a> (1992–1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hampshirehigh.com/exchange2012/docs/BROWNING-Ordinary%20Men.%20Reserve%20Police%20Battalion%20101%20and%20the%20Final%20Solution%20in%20Poland%20(1992).pdf">"Arrival in Poland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF file, direct download 7.91 MB complete)</span>. <i>Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland</i>. Penguin Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">135–</span>142. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019043400/http://hampshirehigh.com/exchange2012/docs/BROWNING-Ordinary%20Men.%20Reserve%20Police%20Battalion%20101%20and%20the%20Final%20Solution%20in%20Poland%20(1992).pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ordinary+Men%3A+Reserve+Police+Battalion+101+and+the+Final+Solution+in+Poland&rft.atitle=Arrival+in+Poland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.date=1992%2F1998&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhampshirehigh.com%2Fexchange2012%2Fdocs%2FBROWNING-Ordinary%2520Men.%2520Reserve%2520Police%2520Battalion%2520101%2520and%2520the%2520Final%2520Solution%2520in%2520Poland%2520%281992%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VK-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VK_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anatoliy Kudrytsky, editor-in-chief, <i>"Vulytsi Kyeva" (The Streets of Kyiv)</i>, Ukrainska Entsyklopediya, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-88500-070-0" title="Special:BookSources/5-88500-070-0">5-88500-070-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kyivpost-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kyivpost_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Remembering the Kyiv Inferno, 1941". <i>Kyiv Post</i>. 25 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=Remembering+the+Kyiv+Inferno%2C+1941&rft.date=2016-09-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegargee2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_P._Megargee" title="Geoffrey P. Megargee">Megargee, Geoffrey P.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSpUZ6t6BPwC&q=Kurt+Eberhard+kiev&pg=PA95"><i>War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4481-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4481-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-4481-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+of+Annihilation%3A+Combat+and+Genocide+on+the+Eastern+Front&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4481-9&rft.aulast=Megargee&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQSpUZ6t6BPwC%26q%3DKurt%2BEberhard%2Bkiev%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayMillett2001" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tdYkMPfUSUAC&q=eberhard&pg=PA141"><i>A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00680-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00680-1"><bdi>0-674-00680-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+War+to+Be+Won%3A+Fighting+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-674-00680-1&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Williamson&rft.au=Millett%2C+Allan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtdYkMPfUSUAC%26q%3Deberhard%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193800/http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/staticpages/270.html">"1941: Mass Murder"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/staticpages/270.html">the original</a> on 29 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1941%3A+Mass+Murder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustchronicle.org%2Fstaticpages%2F270.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span> The Holocaust Chronicle. p. 270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhrushchev1971" class="citation book cs1">Khrushchev, Nikita (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/khrushchevrememb00khru"><i>Khrushchev Remembers</i></a></span>. New York: Bantam Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/khrushchevrememb00khru/page/145">145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khrushchev+Remembers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Khrushchev&rft.aufirst=Nikita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkhrushchevrememb00khru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berenbaum97-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berenbaum97_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berenbaum97_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>. <i>The World Must Know</i>, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, this edition 2006, pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USHMM-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070103133722/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005421">"Kiev and Babi Yar"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005421">the original</a> on 3 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kiev+and+Babi+Yar&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Farticle.php%3Flang%3Den%26ModuleId%3D10005421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrusin2007" class="citation journal cs1">Prusin, Alexander V. (Spring 2007). "A Community of Violence: The SiPo/SD and Its Role in the Nazi Terror System in Generalbezirk Kiew". <i>Holocaust and Genocide Studies</i>. <b>21</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcm001">10.1093/hgs/dcm001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-7937">1476-7937</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146390847">146390847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Community+of+Violence%3A+The+SiPo%2FSD+and+Its+Role+in+the+Nazi+Terror+System+in+Generalbezirk+Kiew&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146390847%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1476-7937&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcm001&rft.aulast=Prusin&rft.aufirst=Alexander+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HC-270-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HC-270_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193800/http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/staticpages/270.html">"The Holocaust Chronicle: Massacre at Babi Yar"</a>. <i>The Holocaust Chronicle</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/staticpages/270.html">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(web site)</span> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holocaust+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+Holocaust+Chronicle%3A+Massacre+at+Babi+Yar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustchronicle.org%2Fstaticpages%2F270.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhiterer2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Khiterer" title="Victoria Khiterer">Khiterer, Victoria</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brandeis.edu/gsa/gradjournal/2004/khiterer2004.pdf">"Babi Yar: The tragedy of Kiev's Jews"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Brandeis Graduate Journal</i>. <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128164646/http://www.brandeis.edu/gsa/gradjournal/2004/khiterer2004.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brandeis+Graduate+Journal&rft.atitle=Babi+Yar%3A+The+tragedy+of+Kiev%27s+Jews&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Khiterer&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandeis.edu%2Fgsa%2Fgradjournal%2F2004%2Fkhiterer2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutman1990" class="citation book cs1">Gutman, Israel (1990). <i>Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</i>. Vol. 1. Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">133–</span>136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Gutman&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocausthistory00gilb/page/202"><i>The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War</i></a>. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocausthistory00gilb/page/202">202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-062416-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-062416-9"><bdi>0-03-062416-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+A+History+of+the+Jews+of+Europe+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-03-062416-9&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholocausthistory00gilb%2Fpage%2F202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nuremberg Military Tribunal, <i>Einsatzgruppen trial</i>, Judgment, at page 426, quoting exhibit NO-3157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/the-dark-secrets-of-babi-yar-1583.html">"The dark secrets of Babi Yar"</a>. <i>Kyiv Post</i>. 2 October 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218141949/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/the-dark-secrets-of-babi-yar-1583.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=The+dark+secrets+of+Babi+Yar&rft.date=1998-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fcontent%2Fukraine%2Fthe-dark-secrets-of-babi-yar-1583.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Longerich" title="Peter Longerich">Longerich, Peter</a>, ed. (1989). <i>Die Ermordung der europäischen Juden: Eine umfassende Dokumentation der Holocaust 1941–1945</i> (in German). Munich and Zurich: Piper. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783492110600" title="Special:BookSources/9783492110600"><bdi>9783492110600</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1198514341">1198514341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Ermordung+der+europ%C3%A4ischen+Juden%3A+Eine+umfassende+Dokumentation+der+Holocaust+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Munich+and+Zurich&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Piper&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1198514341&rft.isbn=9783492110600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070606213149/http://www.einsatzgruppenarchives.com/hofer.html">"Statement of Truck-Driver Hofer describing the murder of Jews at Babi Yar"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.einsatzgruppenarchives.com/hofer.html">the original</a> on 6 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+Truck-Driver+Hofer+describing+the+murder+of+Jews+at+Babi+Yar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsatzgruppenarchives.com%2Fhofer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span> Cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerenbaum1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a> (1997). <i>Witness to the Holocaust</i>. New York: HarperCollins. pp. <span class="nowrap">138–</span>139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witness+to+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Berenbaum&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.einsatzgruppenarchives.com/osr101.html">Operational Situation Report No. 101</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061207163856/http://www.einsatzgruppenarchives.com/osr101.html">Archived</a> 7 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (einsatzgruppenarchives.com)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nuremberg Military Tribunal, <i>Einsatzgruppen trial</i>, Judgment, at p. 430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1972" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Bill (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixpresidentstoo00lawr"><i>Six Presidents, Too Many Wars</i></a></span>. New York: Saturday Review Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixpresidentstoo00lawr/page/93">93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780841501430" title="Special:BookSources/9780841501430"><bdi>9780841501430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Presidents%2C+Too+Many+Wars&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Saturday+Review+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780841501430&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsixpresidentstoo00lawr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haaretz06-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-haaretz06_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkat2006" class="citation news cs1">Barkat, Amiram; et al. (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/yad-vashem-tries-to-name-babi-yar-victims-but-only-10-identified-1.198036">"Yad Vashem tries to name Babi Yar victims, but only 10% identified"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523040842/http://www.haaretz.com/news/yad-vashem-tries-to-name-babi-yar-victims-but-only-10-identified-1.198036">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Yad+Vashem+tries+to+name+Babi+Yar+victims%2C+but+only+10%25+identified&rft.date=2006-09&rft.aulast=Barkat&rft.aufirst=Amiram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fyad-vashem-tries-to-name-babi-yar-victims-but-only-10-identified-1.198036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/panorama-dnya/babin-yar-dva-dni-dva-roki-dvadcyate-stolittya">"Бабин Яр: два дні – два роки – двадцяте століття /ДЕНЬ/"</a>. day.kyiv.ua. 28 November 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050405015440/http://www.day.kiev.ua/124453/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%AF%D1%80%3A+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96+%E2%80%93+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8+%E2%80%93+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F+%2F%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%AC%2F&rft.pub=day.kyiv.ua&rft.date=2007-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fday.kyiv.ua%2Fuk%2Farticle%2Fpanorama-dnya%2Fbabin-yar-dva-dni-dva-roki-dvadcyate-stolittya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Юрій Шаповал (27 February 2009), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100112222214/http://litakcent.com/2009/02/27/babyn-jar-dolja-tekstu-ta-avtora.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Бабин Яр': доля тексту та автора"</a>. Archived from the original on 12 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%AF%D1%80%27%3A+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flitakcent.com%2F2009%2F02%2F27%2Fbabyn-jar-dolja-tekstu-ta-avtora.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100112222214/http://litakcent.com/2009/02/27/babyn-jar-dolja-tekstu-ta-avtora.html">"«Бабин Яр»: доля тексту та автора"</a>. Archived from the original on 12 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%AB%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%AF%D1%80%C2%BB%3A+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flitakcent.com%2F2009%2F02%2F27%2Fbabyn-jar-dolja-tekstu-ta-avtora.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span> Літакцент, 2007-2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yury Shapoval, "The Defection of Anatoly Kuznetsov", День, 18 January 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1000years.uazone.net/babyn_jar.htm">"Бабин яр – Бабий яр – Babij jar – Babyn jar"</a>. 1000years.uazone.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308235419/http://1000years.uazone.net/babyn_jar.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D1%8F%D1%80+%E2%80%93+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D1%80+%E2%80%93+Babij+jar+%E2%80%93+Babyn+jar&rft.pub=1000years.uazone.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F1000years.uazone.net%2Fbabyn_jar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005421">"Kiev and Babi Yar"</a>. Ushmm.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119051904/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005421">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kiev+and+Babi+Yar&rft.pub=Ushmm.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spector-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spector_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spector_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shmuel Spector, "Babi Yar," <i>Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</i>, Israel Gutman, editor in chief, <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>, Sifriat Hapoalim, New York: Macmillan, 1990. 4 volumes. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-896090-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-896090-4">0-02-896090-4</a>. An excerpt of the article is available at Ada Holtzman, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zchor.org/BABIYAR.HTM">Babi Yar: Killing Ravine of Kiev Jewry – WWII</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121230194729/http://www.zchor.org/BABIYAR.HTM">Archived</a> 2012-12-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>We Remember! Shalom!</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristov2015" class="citation journal cs1">Aristov, Stanislav (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcv047">"Next to Babi Yar: The Syrets Concentration Camp and the Evolution of Nazi Terror in Kiev"</a>. <i>Holocaust and Genocide Studies</i>. <b>29</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">431–</span>459. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcv047">10.1093/hgs/dcv047</a> – via Oxford Academic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=Next+to+Babi+Yar%3A+The+Syrets+Concentration+Camp+and+the+Evolution+of+Nazi+Terror+in+Kiev&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E431-%3C%2Fspan%3E459&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcv047&rft.aulast=Aristov&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcv047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deathcamps.org-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deathcamps.org_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFARC2006" class="citation web cs1">ARC (9 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/syrets.html">"The KZ in Syrets"</a>. <i>Occupation of the East</i>. Deathcamps.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029234230/http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/syrets.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Occupation+of+the+East&rft.atitle=The+KZ+in+Syrets&rft.date=2006-07-09&rft.au=ARC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deathcamps.org%2Foccupation%2Fsyrets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history1900s.about.com/od/holocaust/a/babiyar_2.htm">Babi Yar (Page 2)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611172138/http://history1900s.about.com/od/holocaust/a/babiyar_2.htm">Archived</a> 11 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Jennifer Rosenberg (about.com)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowns1943" class="citation journal cs1">Downs, Bill (6 December 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_newsweek-us_1943-12-06_22_23/page/22/mode/1up">"Blood at Babii Yar – Kiev's Atrocity Story"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>: 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Blood+at+Babii+Yar+%E2%80%93+Kiev%27s+Atrocity+Story&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1943-12-06&rft.aulast=Downs&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_newsweek-us_1943-12-06_22_23%2Fpage%2F22%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Materials of the Nuremberg Trial in Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Нюрнбергский процесс, т. III. M., 1958. с. 220–221.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKremenetsky" class="citation web cs1">Kremenetsky, Iosif. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083508/http://shoa.com.ua/php/content/view/84/9/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Babi Yar – September 1941"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shoa.com.ua/php/content/view/84/9/">the original</a> on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Babi+Yar+%E2%80%93+September+1941%22&rft.aulast=Kremenetsky&rft.aufirst=Iosif&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshoa.com.ua%2Fphp%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F84%2F9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083508/http://shoa.com.ua/php/content/view/84/9/">"Шоа. Информационно-аналитический портал - Бабий Яр - сентябрь 1941"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shoa.com.ua/php/content/view/84/9/">the original</a> on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B0.+%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+-+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%AF%D1%80+-+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C+1941&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshoa.com.ua%2Fphp%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F84%2F9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071206193239/http://nurnbergprozes.narod.ru/011/6.htm">"Из Сообщения Чрезвычайной Государственной Комиссии о Разрушениях и зверствах, Совершенных Немецко – Фашистскими Захватчиками в Городе Киеве"</a> [From the Communication of the Extraordinary State Commission on the Destruction and Atrocities Committed by the German-Fascist Invaders in the City of Kyiv]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nurnbergprozes.narod.ru/011/6.htm">the original</a> on 6 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%B7+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BE+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%2C+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE+%E2%80%93+%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnurnbergprozes.narod.ru%2F011%2F6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span> Нюрнбергский Процесс. Документ СССР-9. <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shapoval-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shapoval_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yury Shapoval, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/defection-anatoly-kuznetsov">"The Defection of Anatoly Kuznetsov"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113132258/http://www.day.kiev.ua/130699/">Archived</a> January 13, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">День</span></span></i>, 18 January 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brandon-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brandon_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay_BrandonWendy_Lower2008" class="citation book cs1">Ray Brandon; <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Lower" title="Wendy Lower">Wendy Lower</a> (2008). <i>The Shoah in Ukraine: history, testimony, memorialisation</i>. Indiana University Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35084-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35084-8"><bdi>978-0-253-35084-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shoah+in+Ukraine%3A+history%2C+testimony%2C+memorialisation&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35084-8&rft.au=Ray+Brandon&rft.au=Wendy+Lower&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/heritage/episode8/documents/documents_13.html">A Survivor of the Babi Yar Massacre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080314025912/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/heritage/episode8/documents/documents_13.html">Archived</a> 2008-03-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," <i>Heritage: Civilization and the Jews</i> (<a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>). Gilbert (1985): 204–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСоколовская_(Sokolovskaya)" class="citation web cs1">Соколовская (Sokolovskaya), Янина (Yanina). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.izvestia.ru/hystory/article3096753/">"Рувим Штейн, чудом спасшийся с места казни: "Наверное, я настоящий умер там, в Бабьем Яре" Янина Соколовская (Киев)"</a> [Reuben Stein, who miraculously escaped from the place of execution: "Probably, I really died there, in Babi Yar"]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080217041238/http://www.izvestia.ru/hystory/article3096753/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%2C+%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8F+%D1%81+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%3A+%22%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5%2C+%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%2C+%D0%B2+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%B5%22+%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%28%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%29&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%28Sokolovskaya%29&rft.aufirst=%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%28Yanina%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.izvestia.ru%2Fhystory%2Farticle3096753%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YV-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YV_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205721.pdf">Aktion 1005.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151108194719/http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205721.pdf">Archived</a> 8 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Yad Vashem. Shoa Resource Centre. Retrieved 25 April 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1972" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Bill (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixpresidentstoo00lawr"><i>Six Presidents, Too Many Wars</i></a></span>. New York: Saturday Review Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixpresidentstoo00lawr/page/94">94</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780841501430" title="Special:BookSources/9780841501430"><bdi>9780841501430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Presidents%2C+Too+Many+Wars&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Saturday+Review+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780841501430&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsixpresidentstoo00lawr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarl2009" class="citation book cs1">Earl, Hilary Camille (2009). <i>The Nuremberg SS-Einsatzgruppen Trial, 1945–1958: Atrocity, Law, and History</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 293.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nuremberg+SS-Einsatzgruppen+Trial%2C+1945%E2%80%931958%3A+Atrocity%2C+Law%2C+and+History&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Earl&rft.aufirst=Hilary+Camille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt0mEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Kurt+Eberhard%22+suicide&pg=PT365"><i>Myths and Legends of the Eastern Front: Reassessing the Great Patriotic War</i></a>. Pen and Sword. 19 January 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526742278" title="Special:BookSources/9781526742278"><bdi>9781526742278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Legends+of+the+Eastern+Front%3A+Reassessing+the+Great+Patriotic+War&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2020-01-19&rft.isbn=9781526742278&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMt0mEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Kurt%2BEberhard%2522%2Bsuicide%26pg%3DPT365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar._Context" title="Babi Yar. Context">Babi Yar. Context</a></i> 2021, director <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Loznitsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Loznitsa">Sergey Loznitsa</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9850492/"><i>Babi Yar</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109264697#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/archive/7-ex-nazis-including-babi-yar-murderers-sentenced-to-prison-for-1941-killings">"7 Ex-nazis, Including Babi Yar Murderers, Sentenced to Prison for 1941 Killings"</a>. <i>www.jta.org</i>. 3 December 1968<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jta.org&rft.atitle=7+Ex-nazis%2C+Including+Babi+Yar+Murderers%2C+Sentenced+to+Prison+for+1941+Killings&rft.date=1968-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2Farchive%2F7-ex-nazis-including-babi-yar-murderers-sentenced-to-prison-for-1941-killings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/archive/three-ex-nazis-charged-with-organizing-massacre-of-jews-at-babi-yar-go-on-trial">"Three Ex-nazis, Charged with Organizing Massacre of Jews at Babi Yar, Go on Trial"</a>. <i>www.jta.org</i>. 7 May 1971<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jta.org&rft.atitle=Three+Ex-nazis%2C+Charged+with+Organizing+Massacre+of+Jews+at+Babi+Yar%2C+Go+on+Trial&rft.date=1971-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2Farchive%2Fthree-ex-nazis-charged-with-organizing-massacre-of-jews-at-babi-yar-go-on-trial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/80-years-after-babi-yar-lawyer-seeks-trial-for-last-living-alleged-perpetrator/">"80 years after Babi Yar, lawyer seeks trial for last living alleged perpetrator"</a>. <i>www.timesofisrael.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=80+years+after+Babi+Yar%2C+lawyer+seeks+trial+for+last+living+alleged+perpetrator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2F80-years-after-babi-yar-lawyer-seeks-trial-for-last-living-alleged-perpetrator%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotljarchuk2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kotljarchuk, Andrej (30 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/DF98FCF821384B0FDCE6A437D70F2ACA/S0090599221000040a.pdf/div-class-title-babi-yar-and-the-nazi-genocide-of-roma-memory-narratives-and-memory-practices-in-ukraine-div.pdf">"Babi Yar and the Nazi Genocide of Roma: Memory Narratives and Memory Practices in Ukraine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nationalities Papers</i>. <b>50</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">452–</span>453. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fnps.2021.4">10.1017/nps.2021.4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=Babi+Yar+and+the+Nazi+Genocide+of+Roma%3A+Memory+Narratives+and+Memory+Practices+in+Ukraine&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E452-%3C%2Fspan%3E453&rft.date=2022-04-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fnps.2021.4&rft.aulast=Kotljarchuk&rft.aufirst=Andrej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2FDF98FCF821384B0FDCE6A437D70F2ACA%2FS0090599221000040a.pdf%2Fdiv-class-title-babi-yar-and-the-nazi-genocide-of-roma-memory-narratives-and-memory-practices-in-ukraine-div.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620221724/http://www.worldholocaustforum.org/eng/past_events/2/speech/meir_lau.php">"Rabbi Lau's Statement at the International Forum 'Let My People Live!', Kyiv, September 27, 2006; World Holocaust Forum"</a>. Worldholocaustforum.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldholocaustforum.org/eng/past_events/2/speech/meir_lau.php">the original</a> on 20 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rabbi+Lau%27s+Statement+at+the+International+Forum+%27Let+My+People+Live%21%27%2C+Kyiv%2C+September+27%2C+2006%3B+World+Holocaust+Forum&rft.pub=Worldholocaustforum.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldholocaustforum.org%2Feng%2Fpast_events%2F2%2Fspeech%2Fmeir_lau.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311042451/http://www.worldholocaustforum.org/eng/past_events/2/letters/2274/">"Message of Kofi Annan, UN Secretary General, delivered by Francis O'Donnell, UN Resident Coordinator in Ukraine"</a>. Worldholocaustforum.org. 27 September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldholocaustforum.org/eng/past_events/2/letters/2274/">the original</a> on 11 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=What+Happened+at+Babi+Yar%2C+the+Ukrainian+Holocaust+Site+Reportedly+Struck+by+a+Russian+Missile%3F&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft.aulast=Veidlinger&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fbabi-yar-ukraine-massacre-holocaust-180979687%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wertheimer_2022-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wertheimer_2022_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertheimer2022" class="citation news cs1">Wertheimer, Tiffany (3 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60588885">"Babyn Yar: Anger as Kyiv's Holocaust memorial is damaged"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Babyn+Yar%3A+Anger+as+Kyiv%27s+Holocaust+memorial+is+damaged&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft.aulast=Wertheimer&rft.aufirst=Tiffany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-60588885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabi+Yar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h2></div> <ul><li>A. Anatoli (<a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Kuznetsov" title="Anatoly Kuznetsov">Anatoly Kuznetsov</a>), trans. David Floyd (1970), <i><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar:_A_Document_in_the_Form_of_a_Novel" title="Babi Yar: A Document in the Form of a Novel">Babi Yar: A Document in the Form of a Novel</a></i>, Jonathan Cape Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-45135-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-45135-9">0-671-45135-9</a></li> <li>"Babi Yar in the mirror of science, or the map of Bermuda Triangle", an article in <i><a href="/wiki/Dzerkalo_Tyzhnia" title="Dzerkalo Tyzhnia">Dzerkalo Tyzhnia</a></i> (<i>The Mirror Weekly</i>), July 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/babin_yar_u_dzerkali_nauki,_abo_mapa_bermudskogo_trikutnika.html">available online</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Soviet_Union_during_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of the Soviet Union during World War II">Bibliography of the Soviet Union during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ukrainian_history#Holocaust" title="Bibliography of Ukrainian history">Bibliography of Ukrainian history § Holocaust</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Babi_Yar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112124143/http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/04/ussr.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki">The Invasion of the Soviet Union and the Beginnings of Mass Murder</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916093716/http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/barbarossa/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki">Marking 70 Years to Operation Barbarossa</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history1900s.about.com/library/holocaust/aa080799.htm">Babi Yar: Mass Murder</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060721222347/http://history1900s.about.com/library/holocaust/aa080799.htm">Archived</a> 21 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) (history1900s.about.com)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/einsatz/babiyar.html">In-depth study on Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-b-yar.htm">The Massacre at Babi Yar Near Kyiv</a> (historyplace.com)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zchor.org/BABIYAR.HTM">Babi Yar: Killing Ravine of Kyiv Jewry – WWII</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121230194729/http://www.zchor.org/BABIYAR.HTM">Archived</a> 30 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) (zchor.org)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berdichev.org/babi_yar.htm">Babi Yar</a> (berdichev.org)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223355/http://shoa.com.ua/php/content/view/106/9/">"History. Geography. Memory"</a> by Tatyana Yevstafyeva <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span>, 15 August 2002 (a reprint from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Observer" title="The Jewish Observer">The Jewish Observer</a></i>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_monuments_of_cultural_heritage_in_Kyiv169" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_landmarks_of_cultural_heritage_in_Kyiv" title="Template:National landmarks of cultural heritage in Kyiv"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_landmarks_of_cultural_heritage_in_Kyiv" title="Template talk:National landmarks of cultural heritage in Kyiv"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_landmarks_of_cultural_heritage_in_Kyiv" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National landmarks of cultural heritage in Kyiv"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_monuments_of_cultural_heritage_in_Kyiv169" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_monuments_of_cultural_heritage_in_Kyiv" title="List of national monuments of cultural heritage in Kyiv">National monuments of cultural heritage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov_Museum" title="Mikhail Bulgakov Museum">Mikhail Bulgakov House of Residence</a></li> <li>Darnytsia concentration camp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikove_Cemetery" title="Baikove Cemetery">Baikove Cemetery</a></li> <li>Manor House Complex <ul><li>Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology</li></ul></li> <li>Kyiv Theological Seminary</li> <li>Konstantin Ushinsky Grave</li> <li>Taras Shevchenko House of Residence <ul><li>Vyshhorod Street</li></ul></li> <li>Presidium Building <ul><li>National Academy of Sciences</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher%27s_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Teacher's House">Building of Pedagogic Museum</a></li> <li>Building Complex <ul><li>Taras Shevchenko National University</li></ul></li> <li>Nikolai Vatutin Grave</li> <li>Lukianivske Cemetery</li> <li>Monitor Zhelezniakov</li> <li>Vincent Chvojka House of Residence</li> <li>Grave of Cossack Officers Iskra and Kochubei</li> <li>Building Complex <ul><li>Kyiv-Mohyla Academy</li></ul></li> <li>Manor House of the Murashko Family of Artists</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Magdeburg_Rights_(Kyiv)" title="Monument to Magdeburg Rights (Kyiv)">Column of the Magdeburg Rights</a></li> <li>Mykhailo Hrushevsky House of Residence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askoldova_Mohyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Askoldova Mohyla">Askoldova Mohyla</a></li> <li>Building Complex <ul><li>Kyiv Polytechnic Institute</li></ul></li> <li>Building Complex <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dovzhenko_Film_Studios" title="Dovzhenko Film Studios">Oleksandr Dovzhenko National Film Studios</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mykola Lysenko House of Residence</li> <li>Lesya Ukrainka House of Residence</li> <li>Memorial Complex <ul><li>Park "Vichnoyi Slavy"</li></ul></li> <li>Memorial of Militsiya Men</li> <li>Building of the First Private Museum <ul><li>Bohdan and Varvara Khanenkos</li></ul></li> <li>Kyiv Museum of Russian Arts Building</li> <li>Taras Shevchenko House of Residence <ul><li>Shevchenko Lane</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bykivnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bykivnia">Bykivnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgogne_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgogne Theatre">Bourgogne Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vydubychi" title="Vydubychi">Vydubychi</a></li> <li>City of Volodymyr</li> <li>Foundation and Wall Remnants</li> <li>Church Foundation of Fedoriv Monastery</li> <li>St.George Church Foundations</li> <li>Palace Foundation <ul><li>Irene Street</li></ul></li> <li>St.Irina Church Foundations</li> <li>Kytayiv Settlement</li> <li>City of Yaroslav</li> <li>Zvirynets Caves</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lach_Gates" title="Lach Gates">Lach Gates</a> Foundations</li> <li>Old Ruthenian Settlement <ul><li>Nyvky</li></ul></li> <li>Church Foundations</li> <li>Berestove</li> <li>City of Izyaslav Svyatopolk</li> <li>Kyrylivska Archaeological Site</li> <li>Theotokos Church Foundations <ul><li>Klov Monastery</li></ul></li> <li>Settlement at Shchekavytsia</li> <li>Foundations of Stone Church <ul><li>Yurkiv Street</li></ul></li> <li>Fine court of Prince Vsevolod</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klov" title="Klov">Klov</a></li> <li>Yurkovytsia Settlement and Burial</li> <li>Uhorske</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monumental art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vladimir_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vladimir Monument">Prince Volodymyr Monument</a></li> <li>Monument to Mykhailo Hrushevsky</li> <li>Monument to Taras Shevchenko</li> <li>Monument to the Crew of Tarashchanets Armour Train</li> <li>Monument to Lesya Ukrainka</li> <li>Monument to Alexander Pushkin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky_Monument,_Kyiv" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky Monument, Kyiv">Bohdan Khmelnytsky Monument</a></li> <li>Monument to Mykola Shchors</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban planning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andriivskyi_Descent" title="Andriivskyi Descent">Andriivskyi Descent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zamkova_Hora_(Kyiv)" title="Zamkova Hora (Kyiv)">Zamkova Hora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Fortress" title="Kyiv Fortress">Kyiv Fortress</a> <ul><li>Hospital Fortifications</li> <li>Citadel with Bastions</li> <li>Lysohirskyi Fort</li> <li>Zvirynets Fortifications</li> <li>Vasylkiv Fortifications</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Cathedral_of_St._Alexander,_Kyiv" title="Co-Cathedral of St. Alexander, Kyiv">Cathedral of St. Alexander</a></li> <li>Residential House <ul><li>Sahaidachny Street</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Historic_Reserves_in_Kyiv75" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Sanctuaries_of_Kyiv" title="Template:National Sanctuaries of Kyiv"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Sanctuaries_of_Kyiv" title="Template talk:National Sanctuaries of Kyiv"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Sanctuaries_of_Kyiv" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Sanctuaries of Kyiv"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Historic_Reserves_in_Kyiv75" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_reserves_in_Ukraine" title="List of historic reserves in Ukraine">National Historic Reserves in Kyiv</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Kyiv" title="Ancient Kyiv">Ancient Kyiv</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bykivnia_graves" title="Bykivnia graves">Bykivnia Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Pechersk_Lavra" title="Kyiv Pechersk Lavra">Kyiv Pechersk Lavra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lukianivka_Cemetery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lukianivka Cemetery (page does not exist)">Lukianivka Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_%22Sophia_of_Kyiv%22" title="National Reserve "Sophia of Kyiv"">Sophia of Kyiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine758" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Ukraine" title="Template:Holocaust Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Ukraine" title="Template talk:Holocaust Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine758" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">The Holocaust in Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Main article</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Related articles by country</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blobel" title="Paul Blobel">Paul Blobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Braune" title="Werner Braune">Werner Braune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eberhard" title="Kurt Eberhard">Kurt Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Fegelein" title="Hermann Fegelein">Hermann Fegelein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Fendler" title="Lothar Fendler">Lothar Fendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Herrmann_(SS_commander)" title="Günther Herrmann (SS commander)">Günther Herrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Jeckeln" title="Friedrich Jeckeln">Friedrich Jeckeln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Katzmann" title="Fritz Katzmann">Fritz Katzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Koch" title="Erich Koch">Erich Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Landau" title="Felix Landau">Felix Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Adolf_Nosske" title="Gustav Adolf Nosske">Gustav Adolf Nosske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Obstfelder" title="Hans von Obstfelder">Hans von Obstfelder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ohlendorf" title="Otto Ohlendorf">Otto Ohlendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Adolf_Pr%C3%BCtzmann" title="Hans-Adolf Prützmann">Hans-Adolf Prützmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Radomski" title="Paul Radomski">Paul Otto Radomski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rasch" title="Otto Rasch">Otto Rasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_von_Reichenau" title="Walter von Reichenau">Walter von Reichenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Schimana" title="Walter Schimana">Walter Schimana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Eberhard_Sch%C3%B6ngarth" title="Karl Eberhard Schöngarth">Karl Eberhard Schöngarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Schubert_(SS_officer)" title="Heinz Schubert (SS officer)">Heinz Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schulz" title="Erwin Schulz">Erwin Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Seetzen" title="Heinrich Seetzen">Heinrich Seetzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Graf_von_Sponeck" title="Hans Graf von Sponeck">Hans Graf von Sponeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_W%C3%A4chter" title="Otto Wächter">Otto Wächter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Wisliceny" title="Dieter Wisliceny">Dieter Wisliceny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Demjanjuk" title="John Demjanjuk">John Demjanjuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Feodor Fedorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoliy_Kabayda" title="Anatoliy Kabayda">Anatoliy Kabayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Katriuk" title="Vladimir Katriuk">Vladimir Katriuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Meleshko" title="Vasyl Meleshko">Vasyl Meleshko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hryhoriy_Vasiura" title="Hryhoriy Vasiura">Hryhoriy Vasiura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Voinovsky" title="Petro Voinovsky">Petro Voinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Zakhvalynsky" title="Petro Zakhvalynsky">Petro Zakhvalynsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Markus" title="Tatiana Markus">Tatiana Markus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rescuers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ukrainian_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="List of Ukrainian Righteous Among the Nations">Ukrainian Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Glagolev" title="Aleksei Glagolev">Aleksei Glagolev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Friedrich_Graebe" title="Hermann Friedrich Graebe">Hermann Friedrich Graebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omelyan_Kovch" title="Omelyan Kovch">Omelyan Kovch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klymentiy_Sheptytsky" title="Klymentiy Sheptytsky">Klymentiy Sheptytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurii_Sokolov" title="Yurii Sokolov">Yurii Sokolov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Perpetrators12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachtigall_Battalion" title="Nachtigall Battalion">Nachtigall Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_South" title="Police Regiment South">Police Regiment South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a> (UPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian People's Militia">Ukrainian People's Militia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemivsk_massacre" title="Artemivsk massacre">Artemivsk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Babi Yar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar_memorials" title="Babi Yar memorials">memorials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bila_Tserkva_massacre" title="Bila Tserkva massacre">Bila Tserkva massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drobytsky_Yar" title="Drobytsky Yar">Drobytsky Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durchgangsstrasse_IV" title="Durchgangsstrasse IV"><i>Durchgangsstrasse</i> IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv pogroms">Lviv pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odessa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pripyat_Marshes_massacres" title="Pripyat Marshes massacres">Pripyat Marshes massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarny_massacre" title="Sarny massacre">Sarny massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogdanovka_concentration_camp" title="Bogdanovka concentration camp">Bogdanovka concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drohobycz_Ghetto" title="Drohobycz Ghetto">Drohobycz Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizocz_Ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizocz Ghetto">Mizocz Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrets_concentration_camp" title="Syrets concentration camp">Syrets concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapniarka_concentration_camp" title="Vapniarka concentration camp">Vapniarka concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechora_concentration_camp" title="Pechora concentration camp">Pechora concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janowska_concentration_camp" title="Janowska concentration camp">Janowska concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest%27s_Grotto" title="Priest's Grotto">Priest's Grotto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evidence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Friedrich_Graebe" title="Hermann Friedrich Graebe">Graebe affidavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanhorod_Einsatzgruppen_photograph" title="Ivanhorod Einsatzgruppen photograph">Ivanhorod Einsatzgruppen photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzmann_Report" title="Katzmann Report">Katzmann Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005">Sonderaktion 1005</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Jew_in_Vinnitsa" title="The Last Jew in Vinnitsa">The Last Jew in Vinnitsa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Volksliste" title="Deutsche Volksliste">Deutsche Volksliste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen_trial" title="Einsatzgruppen trial">Einsatzgruppen trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Trial" title="Kharkov Trial">Kharkov Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_State_Commission" title="Extraordinary State Commission">Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books & films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Luboml:_My_Heart_Remembers" title="Luboml: My Heart Remembers">Luboml: My Heart Remembers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Place_on_Earth" title="No Place on Earth">No Place on Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/She_Paid_the_Ultimate_Price" title="She Paid the Ultimate Price">She Paid the Ultimate Price</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lemberg_Mosaic" title="The Lemberg Mosaic">The Lemberg Mosaic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Hotel" title="The White Hotel">The White Hotel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Word_of_the_Righteous" title="Word of the Righteous">Word of the Righteous</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carpathian_Ruthenia" title="History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia">History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate" title="Transnistria Governorate">Transnistria Governorate</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" title="Template:Massacres or pogroms against Jews"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" title="Template talk:Massacres or pogroms against Jews"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massacres or pogroms against Jews"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">Massacres</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> against <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st – 13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1–999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_riots_(38_CE)" title="Alexandrian riots (38 CE)">Alexandrian pogrom</a> (38)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_riot_(66)" title="Alexandria riot (66)">2nd Alexandrian pogrom</a> (66)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jewish_revolts14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish revolts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">The Great Revolt</a> (66–73)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt#Aftermath" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> (132–136)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus</a> (351–352)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius#Massacre_of_the_Jews" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Jewish revolt against Heraclius</a> (614–617)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a> (628 CE)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1000–1299</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sacks_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(1009%E2%80%931013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacks of Córdoba (1009–1013)">Córdoba massacre</a> (1013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1033_Fez_massacre" title="1033 Fez massacre">Fez massacre</a> (1033)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1066_Granada_massacre" title="1066 Granada massacre">Granada massacre</a> (1066)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Worms_massacre_(1096)" title="Worms massacre (1096)">Worms</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Speyer#Massacres_of_1096" title="History of the Jews in Speyer">Speyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades" title="History of the Jews and the Crusades">Mainz </a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism#Twelfth_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Ham massacre</a> (1143)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England_(1066%E2%80%931290)#Massacres_at_London_and_York_(1189–1190)" title="History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)">Massacres at London and York</a> (1189–1190)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rintfleisch_massacres" title="Rintfleisch massacres">Rintfleisch massacres</a> (1298)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th – 19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1300–1599</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1320)" title="Shepherds' Crusade (1320)">Shepherds' Crusade</a> (1320)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navarre_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navarre pogrom (page does not exist)">Navarre pogrom</a> (1328)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armleder_persecutions" title="Armleder persecutions">Armleder persecutions</a> (1336–1339)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death_(1348–1350)60" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Persecution of Jews during the Black Death</a> (1348–1350)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_massacre_(1349)" title="Erfurt massacre (1349)">Erfurt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Basel_Massacre" title="Basel Massacre">Basel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Speyer#Pogroms_and_expulsions_beginning_1195" title="History of the Jews in Speyer">Speyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_massacre" title="Strasbourg massacre">Strasbourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zurich_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurich Massacre">Zurich</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain#1300–1391" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Toledo massacre</a> (1355)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brussels_massacre" title="Brussels massacre">Brussels massacre</a> (1370)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_1391" title="Massacre of 1391">1391 pogroms</a> (1391)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaffhausen Massacre">Schaffhausen Massacre</a> (1401)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1465_Moroccan_revolution" title="1465 Moroccan revolution">Moroccan revolution</a> (1465)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1473_C%C3%B3rdoba_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1473 Córdoba pogrom (page does not exist)">Córdoba pogrom</a> (1473)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Modica#History" title="Modica">Massacre of the Assumption</a> (1474)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> (1478)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Arles#Fourteenth_and_fifteenth_centuries" title="History of the Jews in Arles">Arles pogrom</a> (1484)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_massacre" title="Lisbon massacre">Lisbon massacre</a> (1506)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1517_Hebron_attacks" title="1517 Hebron attacks">Hebron pogrom</a> (1517)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1517_Safed_attacks" title="1517 Safed attacks">Safed pogrom</a> (1517)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a> (1536)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1600–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Chmielnicki massacres</a> (1648–1657)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1660_destruction_of_Safed" title="1660 destruction of Safed">Safed massacre</a> (1660)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mawza_Exile" title="Mawza Exile">Mawza Exile</a> (1679)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meknes_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meknes pogrom (page does not exist)">Meknes pogrom</a> (1728)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Uman" title="Massacre of Uman">Massacre of Uman</a> (1768)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9touan_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tétouan pogrom (page does not exist)">Tétouan pogrom</a> (1790)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algiers massacre (page does not exist)">Algiers massacre</a> (1805)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hep-Hep_riots" title="Hep-Hep riots">Hep-Hep riots</a> (1819)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1821_pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">First Odessa pogrom</a> (1821)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1828_Baghdad_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1828 Baghdad massacre (page does not exist)">Baghdad massacre</a> (1828)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1834_looting_of_Safed" title="1834 looting of Safed">Tzfat pogrom</a> (1834)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hebron" title="Battle of Hebron">Hebron pogrom</a> (1834)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_attack_on_Safed" title="1838 Druze attack on Safed">Safed massacre</a> (1838)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allahdad" title="Allahdad">Allahdad</a> (1839)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Damascus_affair" title="Damascus affair">Damascus affair</a> (1840)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1859_pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">Second Odessa pogrom</a> (1859)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9touan_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tétouan massacre (page does not exist)">Tétouan massacre</a> (1860)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1871_pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">Third Odessa pogrom</a> (1871)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Russian_Empire_(1881–1884)62" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (1881–1884)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogrom_(1881)" title="Kiev pogrom (1881)">Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_pogrom_(1881)" title="Warsaw pogrom (1881)">Warsaw</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1881–1906_period" title="Odessa pogroms">Fourth Odessa pogrom</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1891_Corfu_riots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1891 Corfu riots (page does not exist)">Corfu pogrom</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1898_Algerian_riots" title="1898 Algerian riots">1898 Algerian riots</a> (1898)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1900–1937</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_pogrom_(1902)" title="Częstochowa pogrom (1902)">Częstochowa pogrom</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom" title="Kishinev pogrom">First Kishinev pogrom</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zabolotiv#History" title="Zabolotiv">Zablotov pogrom</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogrom_(1905)" title="Kiev pogrom (1905)">Kiev pogrom</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1905_Pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">Fifth Odessa pogrom</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Kishinev_pogrom" title="Second Kishinev pogrom">Second Kishinev pogrom</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_pogrom" title="Białystok pogrom">Białystok pogrom</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siedlce_pogrom" title="Siedlce pogrom">Siedlce pogrom</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_blood_libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiraz blood libel">Shiraz pogrom</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1912_Fez_riots" title="1912 Fez riots">The Tritl</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1914)" title="Lwów pogrom (1914)">Lwów pogrom</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Skvyra#History" title="Skvyra">Skver pogrom</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1917_Jaffa_deportation" title="1917 Jaffa deportation">Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom_(1918)" title="Kielce pogrom (1918)">Kielce pogrom</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1918)" title="Lwów pogrom (1918)">Lwów pogrom</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920)">Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">1920 Nebi Musa riots</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Russian_Civil_War_(1918–1920)68" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms of the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1918–1920)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lida#Jewish_Community" title="Lida">Lida</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radomyshl#History" title="Radomyshl">Radomyshl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justingrad" title="Justingrad">Justingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Skvyra#History" title="Skvyra">Skver</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zviahel#History" title="Zviahel">Zviahel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pinsk_massacre" title="Pinsk massacre">Pinsk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fastov_massacre" title="Fastov massacre">Fastov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Proskurov_pogrom" title="Proskurov pogrom">Proskurov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogroms_(1919)" title="Kiev pogroms (1919)">Kiev</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zawiercie#History" title="Zawiercie">Zavirtcha pogrom</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927_Oradea_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1927 Oradea pogrom (page does not exist)">Oradea pogrom</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927-es_nagyv%C3%A1radi_pogrom" class="extiw" title="hu:1927-es nagyváradi pogrom">hu</a>]</span> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">Safed massacre</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">Hebron massacre</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Campbell_pogrom" title="Campbell pogrom">Campbell pogrom</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1934_Constantine_riots" title="1934 Constantine riots">Constantine riots</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1934_Thrace_pogroms" title="1934 Thrace pogroms">Thrace pogroms</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots_(April_1936)" title="Jaffa riots (April 1936)">The Bloody Day in Jaffa</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Przytyk_pogrom" title="Przytyk pogrom">Przytyk pogrom</a> (1936) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brest pogrom (page does not exist)">Brest pogrom</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom_von_Brest_(1937)" class="extiw" title="de:Pogrom von Brest (1937)">de</a>; <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaj%C5%9Bcia_anty%C5%BCydowskie_w_Brze%C5%9Bciu_nad_Bugiem" class="extiw" title="pl:Zajścia antyżydowskie w Brześciu nad Bugiem">pl</a>]</span> (1937)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">1938–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="19384" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1938</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1938_Tiberias_massacre" title="1938 Tiberias massacre">Tiberias massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1939</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_massacre" title="Częstochowa massacre">Częstochowa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Krasnosielc#History" title="Krasnosielc">Krasnosielc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin#World_War_II" title="Będzin">Będzin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wyszk%C3%B3w,_Wyszk%C3%B3w_County#History" title="Wyszków, Wyszków County">Wyszków</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%BAmice_Wielkie" title="Koźmice Wielkie">Koźmice Wielkie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_Dyn%C3%B3w" title="Massacre in Dynów">Dynów</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Mazowiecka_massacre" title="Ostrów Mazowiecka massacre">Ostrów Mazowiecka</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi pogrom</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1941</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom#The_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerp pogrom">Antwerp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1941_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Gab%C3%A8s" title="1941 anti-Jewish riots in Gabès">Gabès</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas (June)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dobromyl#History" title="Dobromyl">Dobromil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Szczuczyn_pogrom" title="Szczuczyn pogrom">Szczuczyn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1941_Bia%C5%82ystok_massacres" title="1941 Białystok massacres">Białystok</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W%C4%85sosz_pogrom" title="Wąsosz pogrom">Wąsosz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mass_murders_in_Tykocin" title="Mass murders in Tykocin">Tykocin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Babi Yar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odessa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ven%C4%8Dion%C4%97liai_massacre" title="Švenčionėliai massacre">Švenčionėliai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_massacre_of_October_29,_1941" title="Kaunas massacre of October 29, 1941">Kaunas (October)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1941–1945)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1942</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde_Action" title="Dünamünde Action">Dünamünde Action</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzyatlava_massacre" title="Dzyatlava massacre">Dzyatlava</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luzhki,_Sharkawshchyna_District#History" title="Luzhki, Sharkawshchyna District">Łużki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivyanyets#World_War_II" title="Ivyanyets">Iwieniec</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Markava,_Maladzyechna_District#History" title="Markava, Maladzyechna District">Marków</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haradzyeya#History" title="Haradzyeya">Horodziej</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mereczowszczyzna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mereczowszczyzna">Mereczowszczyzna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sarny_massacre" title="Sarny massacre">Sarny</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1943</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kielce_cemetery_massacre" title="Kielce cemetery massacre">Kielce cemetery massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Operation Harvest Festival</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ardeatine_massacre" title="Ardeatine massacre">Ardeatine massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludu%C8%99_massacre" title="Luduș massacre">Luduș massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%C4%83rma%C8%99u_massacre" title="Sărmașu massacre">Sărmașu massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kremni%C4%8Dka_and_Nemeck%C3%A1_massacres" title="Kremnička and Nemecká massacres">Kremnička and Nemecká massacres</a> (1944–1945)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stary_Jaromierz" title="Stary Jaromierz">Stary Jaromierz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le%C5%9Bno,_Chojnice_County" title="Leśno, Chojnice County">Leśno</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deutsch_Sch%C3%BCtzen_massacre" title="Deutsch Schützen massacre">Deutsch Schützen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_pogrom" title="Kraków pogrom">Kraków</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Topo%C4%BE%C4%8Dany_pogrom" title="Topoľčany pogrom">Topoľčan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1945_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Egypt" title="1945 anti-Jewish riots in Egypt">Cairo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1945_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" title="1945 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1946–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="19464" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1946</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kunmadaras_pogrom" title="Kunmadaras pogrom">Kunmadaras</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miskolc_pogrom" title="Miskolc pogrom">Miskolc</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1947</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fajja_bus_attacks" title="Fajja bus attacks">Fajja bus attacks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Oil_Refinery_massacre" title="Haifa Oil Refinery massacre">Haifa Oil Refinery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aden" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aden">Aden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">Aleppo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Manama" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Manama">Manama</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1948</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">Tripoli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Anti-Jewish_riots_in_Oujda_and_Jerada" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Anti-Jewish riots in Oujda and Jerada">Djerada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombings">Ben Yehuda Street bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Cairo_bombings" title="1948 Cairo bombings">Cairo bombings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Etzion_massacre" title="Kfar Etzion massacre">Kfar Etzion massacre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1949_Menarsha_synagogue_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="1949 Menarsha synagogue attack">Menarsha synagogue attack</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s–1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ale_Akrabim_massacre" title="Ma'ale Akrabim massacre">Scorpion Pass massacre</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shafrir_synagogue_shooting_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafrir synagogue shooting attack">Shafrir synagogue shooting</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1967_Tripoli_pogrom" title="1967 Tripoli pogrom">Tripoli pogrom</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis#Emigration_of_Polish_citizens_of_Jewish_origin" title="1968 Polish political crisis">Purge of Polish Jews</a> (1968)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Avivim_school_bus_bombing" title="Avivim school bus bombing">Avivim school bus bombing</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lod_Airport_massacre" title="Lod Airport massacre">Lod Airport massacre</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot_massacre" title="Ma'alot massacre">Ma'alot massacre</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona_massacre" title="Kiryat Shmona massacre">Kiryat Shmona massacre</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings#1975" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombings">Ben Yehuda Street bombing</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Road_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Road massacre">Coastal Road massacre</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1979_Nahariya_attack" title="1979 Nahariya attack">Nahariya massacre</a> (1979)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Paris_synagogue_bombing" title="1980 Paris synagogue bombing">Paris synagogue bombing</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Antwerp_attack" title="1980 Antwerp attack">Antwerp summer camp attack</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Antwerp_synagogue_bombing" title="1981 Antwerp synagogue bombing">Antwerp bombing</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Vienna_synagogue_attack" title="1981 Vienna synagogue attack">Vienna synagogue attack</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chez_Jo_Goldenberg_restaurant_attack" title="Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack">Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ras_Burqa_massacre" title="Ras Burqa massacre">Ras Burqa massacre</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neve_Shalom_Synagogue_massacre" title="Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre">Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1989_Purim_stabbing_attack" title="1989 Purim stabbing attack">Purim stabbing</a> (1989)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Cairo_bus_attack" title="1990 Cairo bus attack">Cairo bus attack</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot" title="Crown Heights riot">Crown Heights riot</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/AMIA_bombing" title="AMIA bombing">AMIA bombing</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dizengoff_Street_bus_bombing" title="Dizengoff Street bus bombing">Dizengoff Street bus bombing</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beit_Lid_suicide_bombing" title="Beit Lid suicide bombing">Beit Lid massacre</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dizengoff_Center_suicide_bombing" title="Dizengoff Center suicide bombing">Purim massacre</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Peace_massacre" title="Island of Peace massacre">Island of Peace massacre</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1997_Mahane_Yehuda_Market_bombings" title="1997 Mahane Yehuda Market bombings">Mahane Yehuda Market bombings</a> (1997)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2000–2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="20014" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium_discotheque_massacre" title="Dolphinarium discotheque massacre">Dolphinarium discotheque massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sbarro_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing">Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghriba_synagogue_bombing" title="Ghriba synagogue bombing">Ghriba synagogue bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Hadera_attack" title="2002 Hadera attack">Hadera attack</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Beit_Yisrael_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre">Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Passover_massacre" title="Passover massacre">Passover massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matza_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Matza restaurant suicide bombing">Matza restaurant suicide bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_bombing" title="Hebrew University bombing">Hebrew University bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Rishon_LeZion_bombing" title="2002 Rishon LeZion bombing">Rishon LeZion bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matzuva_attack" title="Matzuva attack">Matzuva attack</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Hebron_ambush" title="2002 Hebron ambush">Hebron ambush</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Istanbul_bombings" title="2003 Istanbul bombings">Istanbul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Central_bus_station_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre">Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Davidka_Square_bus_bombing" title="Davidka Square bus bombing">Davidka Square bus bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Hillel_bombing" title="Café Hillel bombing">Café Hillel bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maxim_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Maxim restaurant suicide bombing">Maxim restaurant suicide bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_HaNavi_bus_bombing" title="Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing">Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haifa_bus_37_suicide_bombing" title="Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing">Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2004–200911" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004–2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beersheba_bus_bombings" title="Beersheba bus bombings">Beersheba bus bombings</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Ashdod_Port_bombings" title="2004 Ashdod Port bombings">Ashdod Port bombings</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2nd_Rosh_Ha%27ir_restaurant_bombing" title="2nd Rosh Ha'ir restaurant bombing">Tel Aviv shawarma bombing</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Jerusalem_yeshiva_attack" title="2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack">Jerusalem yeshiva attack</a> (2008)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2010–2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Itamar_attack" title="2011 Itamar attack">Itamar attack</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Burgas_bus_bombing" title="2012 Burgas bus bombing">Burgas bus bombing</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_and_Montauban_shootings" title="Toulouse and Montauban shootings">Toulouse and Montauban shootings</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Jerusalem_synagogue_attack" title="2014 Jerusalem synagogue attack">Jerusalem synagogue massacre</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Overland_Park_Jewish_Community_Center_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting">Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Belgium_shooting" title="Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting">Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/January_2015_%C3%8Ele-de-France_attacks" title="January 2015 Île-de-France attacks">January 2015 Île-de-France attacks</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hypercacher_kosher_supermarket_siege" title="Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege">Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_2016_Tel_Aviv_shooting" title="June 2016 Tel Aviv shooting">Tel Aviv shooting</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Halamish_stabbing_attack" title="2017 Halamish stabbing attack">Halamish stabbing</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poway_synagogue_shooting" title="Poway synagogue shooting">Poway synagogue shooting</a> (2019) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Jersey_City_shooting" title="2019 Jersey City shooting">Jersey City shooting</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Monsey_Hanukkah_stabbing" title="Monsey Hanukkah stabbing">Monsey Hanukkah stabbing</a> (2019)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2020–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis#Arab_communities_in_Israel" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">Israel riots</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Beersheba_attack" title="2022 Beersheba attack">Beersheba attack</a> (2022)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel40" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Be%27eri_massacre" title="Be'eri massacre">Be'eri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ein_HaShlosha_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ein HaShlosha massacre">Ein HaShlosha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Holit_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Holit massacre">Holit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Aza_massacre" title="Kfar Aza massacre">Kfar Aza</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kissufim_massacre" title="Kissufim massacre">Kissufim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nahal_Oz_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahal Oz massacre">Nahal Oz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Netiv_HaAsara_massacre" title="Netiv HaAsara massacre">Netiv HaAsara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nir_Oz_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nir Oz massacre">Nir Oz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nirim_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirim massacre">Nirim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Re%27im_music_festival_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Re'im music festival massacre">Re'im</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yakhini_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakhini massacre">Yakhini</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_antisemitic_riots_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="2023 antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus">Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus</a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_Dagestan_attacks" title="2024 Dagestan attacks">Dagestan attacks</a> (2024)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/November_2024_Amsterdam_riots" title="November 2024 Amsterdam riots">Amsterdam riots</a> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Einsatzgruppen_and_Einsatzkommandos76" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d7d7d7;;background:#c3c3c3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Einsatzgruppen" title="Template:Einsatzgruppen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Einsatzgruppen" title="Template talk:Einsatzgruppen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Einsatzgruppen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Einsatzgruppen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Einsatzgruppen_and_Einsatzkommandos76" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzkommando" title="Einsatzkommando">Einsatzkommandos</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Director</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commanders of <br /><i>Einsatzgruppen</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humbert_Achamer-Pifrader" title="Humbert Achamer-Pifrader">Humbert Achamer-Pifrader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Bierkamp" title="Walther Bierkamp">Walther Bierkamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_B%C3%B6hme_(SS_officer)" title="Horst Böhme (SS officer)">Horst Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ehrlinger" title="Erich Ehrlinger">Erich Ehrlinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Fuchs" title="Wilhelm Fuchs">Wilhelm Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Jost" title="Heinz Jost">Heinz Jost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%BCller" title="Bruno Müller">Bruno Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Naumann" title="Erich Naumann">Erich Naumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Nebe" title="Arthur Nebe">Arthur Nebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ohlendorf" title="Otto Ohlendorf">Otto Ohlendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Panzinger" title="Friedrich Panzinger">Friedrich Panzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rasch" title="Otto Rasch">Otto Rasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Seetzen" title="Heinrich Seetzen">Heinrich Seetzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Walter_Stahlecker" title="Franz Walter Stahlecker">Franz Walter Stahlecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Streckenbach" title="Bruno Streckenbach">Bruno Streckenbach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commanders of<br /><i>Einsatzkommandos</i>,<br /><i>Sonderkommandos</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_dem_Bach-Zelewski" title="Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski">Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Bast" title="Gerhard Bast">Gerhard Bast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Batz" title="Rudolf Batz">Rudolf Batz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Biberstein" title="Ernst Biberstein">Ernst Biberstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Birkner" title="Wolfgang Birkner">Wolfgang Birkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Bischoff" title="Helmut Bischoff">Helmut Bischoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blobel" title="Paul Blobel">Paul Blobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Blume_(SS_officer)" title="Walter Blume (SS officer)">Walter Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Wilhelm_Bock" title="Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock">Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Bradfisch" title="Otto Bradfisch">Otto Bradfisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Braune" title="Werner Braune">Werner Braune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Brunner_(SS_general)" title="Karl Brunner (SS general)">Karl Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Buchardt" title="Friedrich Buchardt">Friedrich Buchardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Damzog" title="Ernst Damzog">Ernst Damzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Flesch" title="Gerhard Flesch">Gerhard Flesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hahn" title="Ludwig Hahn">Ludwig Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Isselhorst" title="Erich Isselhorst">Erich Isselhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_J%C3%A4ger" title="Karl Jäger">Karl Jäger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Jeckeln" title="Friedrich Jeckeln">Friedrich Jeckeln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Klingelh%C3%B6fer" title="Waldemar Klingelhöfer">Waldemar Klingelhöfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%BCgler" title="Wolfgang Kügler">Wolfgang Kügler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kutschmann" title="Walter Kutschmann">Walter Kutschmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Lange" title="Rudolf Lange">Rudolf Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albert_Meisinger" title="Josef Albert Meisinger">Josef Meisinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Adolf_Nosske" title="Gustav Adolf Nosske">Gustav Adolf Nosske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Adolf_Pr%C3%BCtzmann" title="Hans-Adolf Prützmann">Hans-Adolf Prützmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rauff" title="Walter Rauff">Walter Rauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sandberger" title="Martin Sandberger">Martin Sandberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Emanuel Schäfer">Emanuel Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schaper" title="Hermann Schaper">Hermann Schaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Eberhard_Sch%C3%B6ngarth" title="Karl Eberhard Schöngarth">Karl Eberhard Schöngarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schulz" title="Erwin Schulz">Erwin Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Six" title="Franz Six">Franz Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Steimle" title="Eugen Steimle">Eugen Steimle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Strauch" title="Eduard Strauch">Eduard Strauch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Weiss_(Nazi_official)" title="Martin Weiss (Nazi official)">Martin Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udo_von_Woyrsch" title="Udo von Woyrsch">Udo von Woyrsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Becker" title="August Becker">August Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Fendler" title="Lothar Fendler">Lothar Fendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Hamann" title="Joachim Hamann">Joachim Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Haussmann" title="Emil Haussmann">Emil Haussmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Landau" title="Felix Landau">Felix Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Schubert_(SS_officer)" title="Heinz Schubert (SS officer)">Heinz Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Widmann" title="Albert Widmann">Albert Widmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Collaborators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktors_Ar%C4%81js" title="Viktors Arājs">Viktors Arājs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herberts_Cukurs" title="Herberts Cukurs">Herberts Cukurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antanas_Impulevi%C4%8Dius" title="Antanas Impulevičius">Antanas Impulevičius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konr%C4%81ds_Kal%C4%93js" title="Konrāds Kalējs">Konrāds Kalējs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algirdas_Klimaitis" title="Algirdas Klimaitis">Algirdas Klimaitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> (SS)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reichssicherheitshauptamt</a></i> (RSHA)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a></i> (SiPo)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i> (SD)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a></i> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_SS_Cavalry_Division_Florian_Geyer" title="8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer">8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutscher_Selbstschutz" title="Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz">Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonderdienst" title="Sonderdienst">Sonderdienst</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Non-German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Belarusian Auxiliary Police">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Estonian Auxiliary Police">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Auxiliary_Police_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs <i>Kommando</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann"><i>Rollkommando</i> Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_TDA_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian TDA Battalions">TDA</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Crimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81achwa_Ghetto" title="Łachwa Ghetto">Łachwa Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slutsk_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Slutsk affair">Slutsk Affair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalevi-Liiva" title="Kalevi-Liiva">Kalevi-Liiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_Riga_synagogues" title="Burning of the Riga synagogues">Burning of the Riga synagogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde_Action" title="Dünamünde Action">Dünamünde Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelgava_massacres" title="Jelgava massacres">Jelgava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daugavpils_Ghetto" title="Daugavpils Ghetto">Pogulianski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja_massacres" title="Liepāja massacres">Liepāja (Šķēde)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas June 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_massacre_of_October_29,_1941" title="Kaunas massacre of October 29, 1941">Kaunas 29 October 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort_massacres_of_November_1941" title="Ninth Fort massacres of November 1941">Ninth Fort November 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tannenberg" title="Operation Tannenberg">Operation Tannenberg</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Intelligenzaktion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_AB-Aktion_in_Poland" title="German AB-Aktion in Poland"><i>AB-Aktion</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gully_of_Petrushino" title="Gully of Petrushino">Gully of Petrushino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zmievskaya_Balka" title="Zmievskaya Balka">Zmievskaya Balka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kremni%C4%8Dka_and_Nemeck%C3%A1_massacres" title="Kremnička and Nemecká massacres">Kremnička and Nemecká</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drobytsky_Yar" title="Drobytsky Yar">Drobytsky Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drohobycz_Ghetto" title="Drohobycz Ghetto">Drohobycz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv pogroms">Lviv pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizocz_Ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizocz Ghetto">Mizocz Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Records</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Einsatzgruppen" title="List of Einsatzgruppen">List of Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_(list)" title="The Black Book (list)">The Black Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissar_Order" title="Commissar Order">Commissar Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen_trial" title="Einsatzgruppen trial">Einsatzgruppen trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_Report" title="Jäger Report">Jäger Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korherr_Report" title="Korherr Report">Korherr Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Prosecution_Book-Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Prosecution Book-Poland">Special Prosecution Book-Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen_reports" title="Einsatzgruppen reports">Einsatzgruppen reports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48766#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1281" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48766#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1281" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48766#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3317162062757051650004">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4168445626455941418">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4274934-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2021032621">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13173562v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13173562v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000349744&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987012884772105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/273202618">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=38561">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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