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aria-controls="toc-Rule-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Rule subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Restoration_of_icon_veneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_of_icon_veneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Restoration of icon veneration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_of_icon_veneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_from_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_from_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Fall from power </div> </a> <ul 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References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Theodora (wife of Theophilos)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_(%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3)" title="ثيودورا (زوجة ثيوفيلوس) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثيودورا (زوجة ثيوفيلوس)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodora_II" title="Teodora II – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Teodora II" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_II" title="Теодора II – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Теодора II" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodora_l%27Arm%C3%A8nia" title="Teodora l'Armènia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teodora l'Armènia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_II." title="Theodora II. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Theodora II." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_II." title="Theodora II. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Theodora II." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_(B%C3%BCtsantsi_keisrinna)" title="Theodora (Bütsantsi keisrinna) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Theodora (Bütsantsi keisrinna)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B1_(9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82)" title="Θεοδώρα (9ος αιώνας) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θεοδώρα (9ος αιώνας)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodora_(esposa_de_Te%C3%B3filo)" title="Teodora (esposa de Teófilo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teodora (esposa de Teófilo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodora_la_Armenino" title="Teodora la Armenino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teodora la Armenino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodora_II.a" title="Teodora II.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Teodora II.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="تئودورا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تئودورا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odora_(imp%C3%A9ratrice,_%C3%A9pouse_de_Th%C3%A9ophile)" title="Théodora (impératrice, épouse de Théophile) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Théodora (impératrice, épouse de Théophile)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%8F%84%EB%9D%BC_(9%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0)" title="테오도라 (9세기) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테오도라 (9세기)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1_(%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A8)" title="Թեոդորա (Թեոփիլոսի կինը) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թեոդորա (Թեոփիլոսի կինը)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodora_(9._stolje%C4%87e)" title="Teodora (9. stoljeće) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Teodora (9. stoljeće)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_(istri_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (istri Theophilos) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Theodora (istri Theophilos)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodora_Armena" title="Teodora Armena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Teodora Armena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תאודורה השנייה, קיסרית האימפריה הביזנטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאודורה השנייה, קיסרית האימפריה הביזנטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="დედოფალი თეოდორა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დედოფალი თეოდორა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_(imperatrix_830-855)" title="Theodora (imperatrix 830-855) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Theodora (imperatrix 830-855)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_II" title="Теодора II – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Теодора II" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_(%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B4)" title="ثيودورا (وصى العرش) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثيودورا (وصى العرش)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_II" title="Theodora II – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Theodora II" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_II" title="Theodora II – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Theodora II" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_II_av_Austromarriket" title="Theodora II av Austromarriket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Theodora II av Austromarriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodora_(%C5%BCona_cesarza_Teofila)" title="Teodora (żona cesarza Teofila) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teodora (żona cesarza Teofila)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodora_(esposa_de_Te%C3%B3filo)" title="Teodora (esposa de Teófilo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teodora (esposa de Teófilo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodora_a_II-a" title="Teodora a II-a – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Teodora a II-a" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Феодора (супруга Феофила) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Феодора (супруга Феофила)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_(9._storo%C4%8Die)" title="Theodora (9. storočie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Theodora (9. storočie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodora_II." title="Teodora II. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Teodora II." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_(9._%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA)" title="Теодора (9. век) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Теодора (9. век)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodora_(9._vijek)" title="Teodora (9. vijek) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Teodora (9. vijek)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_(800-luku)" title="Theodora (800-luku) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Theodora (800-luku)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_(800-talet)" title="Theodora (800-talet) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Theodora (800-talet)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_(Theofilos%27un_e%C5%9Fi)" title="Theodora (Theofilos'un eşi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Theodora (Theofilos'un eşi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Блаженна Феодора – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Блаженна Феодора" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_(%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%81_%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3)" title="تھیودورا (زوجہ تھیوفیلوس) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تھیودورا (زوجہ تھیوفیلوس)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_(th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_IX)" title="Theodora (thế kỷ IX) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Theodora (thế kỷ IX)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E6%8B%89_(%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%90%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%AF%E4%B9%8B%E5%A6%BB)" title="狄奥多拉 (狄奥斐卢斯之妻) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="狄奥多拉 (狄奥斐卢斯之妻)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Byzantine empress (c. 815 – c. 867 CE)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the wife of Justinian I, see <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Justinian_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Justinian I)">Theodora (wife of Justinian I)</a>. For other people, see <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Theodora (disambiguation)">Theodora (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Theodora II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augusta</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Empress of the Romans</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2.png/220px-Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2.png/330px-Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="508" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Empress Theodora as depicted in the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine empress regnant</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2037-1">[1]</a> or regent<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rule</th><td class="infobox-data">20 January 842 – 15 March 856</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a> (alone)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-rulers</th><td class="infobox-data">Michael III and <a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_empresses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Byzantine empresses">Byzantine empress consort</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">5 June 830 – 20 January 842</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 June 830</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 815 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebissa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebissa (page does not exist)">Ebissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 867 (aged <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 52)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a> Anna Anastasia Pulcheria Maria <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amorian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorian dynasty">Amorian dynasty</a> (through marriage)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Marinos</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theoktiste" title="Theoktiste">Theoktiste Phlorina</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Theodora<a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Θεοδώρα; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 815 – c. 867), sometimes called Theodora the Armenian<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumstark2011128-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussell1910xiii-9">[8]</a> or Theodora the Blessed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwalt2002344-10">[9]</a> was <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine empress">Byzantine empress</a> as the wife of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> from 830 to 842 and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> for the couple's young son <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a>, after the death of Theophilos, from 842 to 856. She is sometimes counted as an <a href="/wiki/Empress_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress regnant">empress regnant</a>, exercising power in her own right, rather than just a regent.<a href="#cite_note-12">[b]</a> Theodora is most famous for bringing an end to the second <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a> (814–843), an act for which she is recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>. Though her reign saw the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">loss of most of Sicily</a> and failure to retake <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Crete</a>, Theodora's foreign policy was otherwise highly successful; by 856, the Byzantine Empire had gained the upper hand over both the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> tribes in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> had been forced to pay tribute, all without decreasing the imperial gold reserve. Possibly of <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> descent, Theodora was born into a rural family of traders and military officials in <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a>. In 830 she was selected by <a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_(9th_century)" title="Euphrosyne (9th century)">Euphrosyne</a>, step-mother of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a>, as a candidate in a <a href="/wiki/Bride-show" title="Bride-show">bride-show</a> for the young emperor. After being chosen by Theophilos she was crowned empress on 5 June 830. Theophilos was an <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclast</a>, who opposed the veneration of icons; it is unclear how aware he was that Theodora was an <a href="/wiki/Iconophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconophile">iconophile</a>. The couple had seven children and Theodora was a loyal participant in imperial affairs and ceremonies, but she continued to secretly venerate icons throughout her husband's reign. Theophilos died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> on 20 January 842, probably younger than 30. On his deathbed, he named Theodora as regent for their two-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a> and designated a selection of advisors to assist her. The most prominent of these advisors was the <a href="/wiki/Logothete" title="Logothete">logothete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> <a href="/wiki/Theoktistos" title="Theoktistos">Theoktistos</a>, who would become a close confidant of Theodora. Theodora proved to be fully capable of governing the empire. Though only in her late twenties, she led well and inspired loyalty, was surrounded by experienced officials, and had no obvious rivals. The reintroduction of icon veneration was made without much issue, though the <a href="/wiki/Paulician" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulician">Paulician</a> heretics in eastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> were ruthlessly suppressed on Theodora's orders. Without the need of much military action, she managed to safeguard the empire from attacks by the Bulgarian rulers <a href="/wiki/Presian_I_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Presian I of Bulgaria">Presian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boris_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris I of Bulgaria">Boris I</a> through diplomacy. The Byzantine sack of the city of <a href="/wiki/Anazarbus" title="Anazarbus">Anazarbus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> largely ended the Arab threat for the near future. As Michael III grew older, he feared that Theodora meant to follow in the footsteps of Empress <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a> and depose him in order to rule alone. Angered by Theodora's refusal to allow him to choose his own wife, Michael recalled her brother <a href="/wiki/Bardas" title="Bardas">Bardas</a> from exile, and with him assassinated Theoktistos in November 855. Theodora was enraged at Michael and the other conspirators for several months, before Michael, who was unable to placate his mother, deposed her on 15 March 856 and became sole emperor. Theodora continued to live in the imperial palace until 857 or 858, when she was expelled and confined to a <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gastria" title="Gastria">Gastria</a> alongside some of her daughters. She may have been released from the convent around 863 and allowed to take some form of ceremonial role. She died shortly after Michael III was murdered by his friend and co-emperor, <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_early_life">Background and early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and early life">edit</a>]</div> Theodora was born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 815,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997438-13">[11]</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebissa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebissa (page does not exist)">Ebissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2037-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199996-14">[12]</a> She was the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Droungarios" title="Droungarios">droungarios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tourmarches" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourmarches">tourmarches</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2037-1">[1]</a> Marinos, who died at some point before 830,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002186-15">[13]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theoktiste" title="Theoktiste">Theoktiste Phlorina</a>. Theodora had five siblings: brothers <a href="/wiki/Bardas" title="Bardas">Bardas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petronas_(general)" title="Petronas (general)">Petronas</a> and sisters Sophia, Maria and Irene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997438-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2037-1">[1]</a> Irene might later have married the prominent general <a href="/wiki/Theophobos" title="Theophobos">Theophobos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997438-13">[11]</a> Theodora's rural Paphlagonian family<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002185-16">[14]</a> is generally believed to have been of Armenian descent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2037-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199996-14">[12]</a> although no contemporary sources describe her as being Armenian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2019172-17">[15]</a> Though a link between Theodora's family and the Armenian noble clan of the <a href="/wiki/Mamikonian" title="Mamikonian">Mamikonian</a> has been suggested in the past, there are not enough sources to prove such a connection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1279-18">[16]</a> In any event, Theodora's family associated with certain Armenian families in the capital. She was the niece of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_the_Armenian" title="Manuel the Armenian">Manuel the Armenian</a>, a prominent Byzantine general who in 819/820 briefly commanded all five of the empire's Asian provinces. It is possible that the family was involved in trade on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, as they owned ships used for commerce. It is not clear whether Theodora's family, with the exception of Manuel, were well connected or well established prior to her becoming empress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002188-19">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Empress_consort">Empress consort</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Empress consort">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection_and_marriage">Selection and marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selection and marriage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%BD%89_%CE%B1%E1%BD%90%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CF%81_%CF%84%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6_%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%E1%BC%90%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BD_%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD_%E1%BD%A1%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%B6%CF%85%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%E1%BD%89_%CE%B1%E1%BD%90%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CF%81_%CF%84%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6_%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%E1%BC%90%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BD_%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD_%E1%BD%A1%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%B6%CF%85%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg/220px-%E1%BD%89_%CE%B1%E1%BD%90%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CF%81_%CF%84%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6_%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%E1%BC%90%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BD_%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD_%E1%BD%A1%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%B6%CF%85%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%E1%BD%89_%CE%B1%E1%BD%90%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CF%81_%CF%84%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6_%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%E1%BC%90%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BD_%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD_%E1%BD%A1%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%B6%CF%85%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg/330px-%E1%BD%89_%CE%B1%E1%BD%90%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CF%81_%CF%84%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6_%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%E1%BC%90%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BD_%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD_%E1%BD%A1%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%B6%CF%85%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%E1%BD%89_%CE%B1%E1%BD%90%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CF%81_%CF%84%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6_%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%E1%BC%90%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BD_%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD_%E1%BD%A1%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%B6%CF%85%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg/440px-%E1%BD%89_%CE%B1%E1%BD%90%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CF%81_%CF%84%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6_%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%E1%BC%90%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BD_%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD_%E1%BD%A1%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%B6%CF%85%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1922" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Early 20th-century depiction of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> at his step-mother <a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_(9th_century)" title="Euphrosyne (9th century)">Euphrosyne</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bride-show" title="Bride-show">bride-show</a>, choosing Theodora to become his wife</figcaption></figure> In 830, <a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_(9th_century)" title="Euphrosyne (9th century)">Euphrosyne</a>, the step-mother of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a>, held a <a href="/wiki/Bride-show" title="Bride-show">bride-show</a> for the young emperor, handpicking a selection of young women<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997437-20">[18]</a> after having sent out officials to gather the most beautiful and well-born women of the provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199996-14">[12]</a> Theophilos was born in 812/813 and had been crowned co-emperor by his father <a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a> in 821, becoming the senior emperor in 829 after his father's death. He was an <a href="/wiki/Iconoclast" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconoclast">iconoclast</a> (against the veneration of <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>), given that the empire had returned to Iconoclasm under his father's predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199996-14">[12]</a> Theophilos was eager for a bride and made the affair into a spectacle, assembling the women in a newly erected and splendid hall in the imperial palace. In the end, Theophilos chose Theodora, and indicated his choice by giving her a <a href="/wiki/Golden_apple" title="Golden apple">golden apple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997437-20">[18]</a> According to the later chronicler <a href="/wiki/Symeon_Logothete" title="Symeon Logothete">Symeon Logothete</a>, Theophilos had at first been struck by the beauty of another girl, <a href="/wiki/Kassia" title="Kassia">Kassia</a> (later a prominent poet and composer), and cynically said to her that "through a woman, evils came to man" (referring to <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199998-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002190-22">[20]</a> This comment, deemed by <a href="/wiki/Judith_Herrin" title="Judith Herrin">Judith Herrin</a> to have been an "unfortunate way to engage a future wife's affections",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002190-22">[20]</a> prompted Kassia to reply "through a woman, better things began" (referring to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199998-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002190-22">[20]</a> Taken aback by Kassia's bold retort, Theophilos passed her by and gave the apple to Theodora.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199998-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury191282-23">[21]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Warren_Treadgold" title="Warren Treadgold">Warren Treadgold</a>, Theodora was "beautiful,<a href="#cite_note-26">[c]</a> sensible and adaptable, and suited him well; but Theophilus seems to initially not have realized that his bride, like Euphrosyne, was an <a href="/wiki/Iconophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconophile">iconophile</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997437-20">[18]</a> Theodora was crowned empress in the Church of St Stephen in <a href="/wiki/Iasonion" title="Iasonion">Daphne</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199998-21">[19]</a> on 5 June 830<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002171-27">[24]</a> and the couple were then married in the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199998-21">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities_as_empress_consort">Activities as empress consort</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Activities as empress consort">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theophilos,_Theodora_and_daughters.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Theophilos%2C_Theodora_and_daughters.png/220px-Theophilos%2C_Theodora_and_daughters.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Theophilos%2C_Theodora_and_daughters.png/330px-Theophilos%2C_Theodora_and_daughters.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Theophilos%2C_Theodora_and_daughters.png/440px-Theophilos%2C_Theodora_and_daughters.png 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>An unusual coin minted under Theophilos: the emperor is depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverse</a>, flanked by Theodora (right) and their daughter <a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a> (left). The reverse depicts the younger daughters Anna (left) and Anastasia (right).</figcaption></figure> After her coronation, Theodora donated 15 pounds (7 kg) of gold each to the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Constantinople">patriarch of Constantinople</a> and the clergy, and 50 pounds (23 kg) to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Byzantine Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199998-21">[19]</a> Much of Theodora's time as empress consort was spent giving birth to and caring for her children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002191-28">[25]</a> Theophilos and Theodora had seven children: the sons <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a> and Michael (the future emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a>) and the daughters <a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a>, Anna, Anastasia, Pulcheria and Maria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2037-1">[1]</a> Constantine, briefly co-emperor,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199999-29">[26]</a> drowned in a palace <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cistern</a> at the age of two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199996-14">[12]</a> Unlike many emperors, Theophilos took great pride in his daughters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002191-28">[25]</a> Thekla, Anna and Anastasia were the eldest children, and were all proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (honorific)">Augustae</a> in the late 830s and commemorated on a highly unusual issue of coins, depicting Theophilos, Theodora and Thekla on the obverse (forward facing side) and Anna and Anastasia on the reverse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002191-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199999-29">[26]</a> Constantine was the fourth eldest, followed by Pulcheria and Maria. Michael was the couple's youngest child.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002171-27">[24]</a> Throughout Theophilos's reign, Theodora apparently continued to secretly venerate icons despite her husband's disapproval.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2037-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999100-30">[27]</a> It is not clear to which extent she practiced these beliefs, or to what extent Theophilos was aware of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999100-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin201362-31">[28]</a> For the most part it would have been possible for Theodora to keep the icon veneration secret given the privacy of the female quarters of the imperial palace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin201362-31">[28]</a> If he was aware, it is also not clear to what extent the differing religious convictions divided them on a personal level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002192-32">[29]</a> At one point she succeeded in convincing her husband to release the imprisoned iconophile painter <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2037-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Argument_about_icons_(Skylitzis_Chronicle).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Argument_about_icons_%28Skylitzis_Chronicle%29.jpg/220px-Argument_about_icons_%28Skylitzis_Chronicle%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Argument_about_icons_%28Skylitzis_Chronicle%29.jpg/330px-Argument_about_icons_%28Skylitzis_Chronicle%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Argument_about_icons_%28Skylitzis_Chronicle%29.jpg/440px-Argument_about_icons_%28Skylitzis_Chronicle%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Empress Theodora discussing icons with her court.</figcaption></figure> Relations between the emperor and empress were not always good. In 839, Theophilos was discovered to have begun an affair with one of Theodora's attendants, which the empress took badly and made public. Theophilos broke off the affair, apologized to his wife, and as part of his apologies constructed a new palace, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karianos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karianos (page does not exist)">Karianos</a>, for their daughters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199999-29">[26]</a> According to a possibly invented account,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002192-32">[29]</a> the couple also had a falling out after Theophilos spotted a fine merchant ship in the harbor, asked who it belonged to, and was informed that it belonged to his wife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999100–101-33">[30]</a> Deeming merchant activities to be incompatible with imperial life,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002192-32">[29]</a> Theophilos exclaimed "What! Has my wife made me, an emperor, into a merchant?" and immediately had the ship and its cargo burnt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999100–101-33">[30]</a> Theodora's icon veneration sometimes led to conflict with her husband. She often sent their daughters to the monastery where Euphrosyne had retired to after 830. There, unbeknownst to Theophilos, the daughters were taught to venerate icons. Though the older daughters were smart and kept quiet of this, the younger daughter Pulcheria, about two years old, told her father in the middle of 839 of the "beautiful dolls" kept in a box in the monastery and how they would pull them to their faces and kiss them. Furious, Theophilos forbade his daughters from seeing Euphrosyne again and might also have forced Euphrosyne to leave the monastery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199999-29">[26]</a> In any event, Theodora's and Euphrosyne's secret iconophile teachings had already been successful; none of Theophilos's and Theodora's children grew up to become iconoclasts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2013105-34">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MadridSkylitzesDaughtersOfTheodoraFol44v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MadridSkylitzesDaughtersOfTheodoraFol44v.jpg/220px-MadridSkylitzesDaughtersOfTheodoraFol44v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MadridSkylitzesDaughtersOfTheodoraFol44v.jpg/330px-MadridSkylitzesDaughtersOfTheodoraFol44v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MadridSkylitzesDaughtersOfTheodoraFol44v.jpg/440px-MadridSkylitzesDaughtersOfTheodoraFol44v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>Theodora's daughters being instructed in venerating icons by their grandmother <a href="/wiki/Theoktiste" title="Theoktiste">Theoktiste</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[d]</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a></figcaption></figure> Theodora celebrated various public ceremonies together with her husband. Though she had barely witnessed such ceremonies before becoming empress, there is no evidence that she ever erred in her actions, perhaps she was helped by Euphrosyne. Theodora also took part in celebrations of her husband's military achievements, appearing together with Theophilos at triumphs in 831 and 837, and hosting a special reception for the emperor and his generals at <a href="/wiki/Hieria" title="Hieria">Hieria</a> after his first military victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002199-38">[34]</a> After about twelve years on the throne, Theophilos died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> on 20 January 842, probably younger than 30.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997445-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2066-40">[36]</a> On his deathbed, Theophilos had delivered an eloquent speech to his courtiers and officials, imploring them to defend the rights of his wife and their two-year-old son Michael III.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997445-39">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:56-manasses-chronicle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/56-manasses-chronicle.jpg/220px-56-manasses-chronicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/56-manasses-chronicle.jpg/330px-56-manasses-chronicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/56-manasses-chronicle.jpg/440px-56-manasses-chronicle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1747" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption>Theophilos kissing an icon before his impending death. Scene from the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Manasses" title="Constantine Manasses">Manasses Chronicle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rule">Rule</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rule">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzanz-_Michael_III.,_Theodora_und_Thecla_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett,_Berlin_-_5480493.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Byzanz-_Michael_III.%2C_Theodora_und_Thecla_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5480493.jpg/280px-Byzanz-_Michael_III.%2C_Theodora_und_Thecla_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5480493.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Byzanz-_Michael_III.%2C_Theodora_und_Thecla_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5480493.jpg/420px-Byzanz-_Michael_III.%2C_Theodora_und_Thecla_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5480493.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Byzanz-_Michael_III.%2C_Theodora_und_Thecla_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5480493.jpg/560px-Byzanz-_Michael_III.%2C_Theodora_und_Thecla_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5480493.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Coin minted during the first year of Theodora's reign. Theodora is depicted alone on the obverse and her daughter Thekla is depicted more prominently on the reverse than her son <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a>.</figcaption></figure> Just as had happened after the death of emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a> in 780, Theophilos's death in 842 meant that an iconoclast emperor was succeeded by his iconophile wife and their underage son. Unlike Leo IV's wife <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a>, who later ended up deposing her son <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a> and ruling as empress in her own right, Theodora was not as ruthless and did not need to use as drastic methods to retain power. Though she was only in her late twenties, she had several able and loyal advisors and was a capable leader who inspired loyalty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997446-41">[37]</a> Theodora never remarried, which allowed her to maintain her own independence and authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin201330-42">[38]</a> Among Theodora's most prominent advisors and supporters were her brothers Bardas and Petronas, her close relative <a href="/wiki/Sergios_Niketiates" title="Sergios Niketiates">Sergios Niketiates</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Logothete" title="Logothete">logothete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> <a href="/wiki/Theoktistos" title="Theoktistos">Theoktistos</a>. Most of her advisors were, like her, iconophiles,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997446-41">[37]</a> though some (including Theoktistos) had been iconoclasts up until recently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin201376-36">[33]</a> Theoktistos and possibly Bardas had been appointed to assist Theodora by Theophilos shortly before his death. Theophilos also appointed Manuel, Theodora's uncle, to assist her, but he might already have been dead by this point. Theophilos may have been felt it important to appoint such experienced officials to assist Theodora due to the previous reign of Irene. There is no evidence to suggest that he did so because of Theodora's religious convictions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999100-30">[27]</a> Shortly after becoming senior ruler, Theodora was criticized by an <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> holy man by the name of Symeon, to whom she is said to have responded "Since you have reached this conclusion, depart from me. For as I received and learned from my spouse and husband, I will rule with a firm hand. You will see."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin20022-43">[39]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_III_with_Theodora_and_Theoktistos.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Michael_III_with_Theodora_and_Theoktistos.png/220px-Michael_III_with_Theodora_and_Theoktistos.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Michael_III_with_Theodora_and_Theoktistos.png/330px-Michael_III_with_Theodora_and_Theoktistos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Michael_III_with_Theodora_and_Theoktistos.png/440px-Michael_III_with_Theodora_and_Theoktistos.png 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Michael III and Theodora with a selection of courtiers, including <a href="/wiki/Theoktistos" title="Theoktistos">Theoktistos</a> (depicted with a white cap), from the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a></figcaption></figure> The extent of Theodora's power is somewhat debated in modern scholarship. The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a> (1991) recognizes her as <a href="/wiki/Empress_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress regnant">empress regnant</a> 842–856 but also states that Theoktistos held effective power throughout Theodora's reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2037-1">[1]</a> Per <a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">J. B. Bury</a> in A History of the Eastern Roman Empire (1912), Theodora's position was very similar to that of Irene during Constantine VI's regency and the imperial government was exercised jointly by both Theodora and the underage Michael III, with actual imperial authority "devolved upon the mother provisionally".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1912144,_159-44">[40]</a> In 1825, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Abraham_Elton" title="Charles Abraham Elton">Charles Abraham Elton</a> counted Theodora among the monarchs of the Byzantine Empire in his History of the Roman Emperors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1825304-4">[4]</a> Several recent scholars also maintain that Theodora ruled the empire as empress regnant, not merely as regent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERingrose200878-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith2001155-46">[42]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Lynda_Garland" title="Lynda Garland">Lynda Garland</a>, it is difficult to determine whether Theodora or Theoktistos was primarily responsible for running the empire during Michael's minority, but that one or both should be considered "remarkably successful in government". Regardless of whether he was the effective power behind the throne, or simply an advisor, it is clear that Theoktistos, a senior government official with a long and loyal history of service, contributed to and influenced imperial policy during Theodora's reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999103-47">[43]</a> Theodora is recorded as handling the matters of state, appointing ministers and officials and handling diplomacy with foreign powers, sending ambassadors to <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002216-48">[44]</a> Coins issued in the first year of Theodora's reign show, significantly, Theodora (not Michael III) alone on the obverse and omit the other regents. Michael III and Thekla, the eldest daughter, are depicted on the reverse. Theodora is the only one given a title on these coins (she is titled Theodora <a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">despoina</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999102-11">[10]</a> Thus, she is clearly depicted as the senior ruler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002202-49">[45]</a> These coins served to establish Theodora's own authority as ruler, and associate the young heirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin201366-50">[46]</a> The coins also associate her eldest daughter (who is depicted more prominently than Michael) with imperial power,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002202-49">[45]</a> and show that Thekla was made co-empress alongside Michael.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwalt2002343–344-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2013327-52">[48]</a> An imperial seal, also from the early years of her reign, gives not only Michael but also Theodora and Thekla the title "Emperors of the Romans". Later coins tend to depict the image of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a> on one side and Theodora together with Michael on the other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999102-11">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration_of_icon_veneration">Restoration of icon veneration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Restoration of icon veneration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_(843)" title="Council of Constantinople (843)">Council of Constantinople (843)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triumph_orthodoxy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Triumph_orthodoxy.jpg/220px-Triumph_orthodoxy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Triumph_orthodoxy.jpg/330px-Triumph_orthodoxy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Triumph_orthodoxy.jpg/440px-Triumph_orthodoxy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="1886" /></a><figcaption>Late-14th- or early-15th-century icon of the "Triumph of Orthodoxy" under Theodora over <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a>. Theodora and Michael III are depicted in the top-left and Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Methodios_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodios I">Methodios I</a> is depicted in the top-right.</figcaption></figure>As she had considerable support, Theodora restored the veneration of icons in March 843 at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_(843)" title="Council of Constantinople (843)">Council of Constantinople</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2037-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[e]</a> just fourteen months after Theophilos's death,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2013213-54">[49]</a> ending the second <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a> (814–843).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997446-41">[37]</a> In order to counteract opposition and save the legacy of her husband, Theodora claimed that Theophilos had repented of Iconoclasm on his deathbed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997446-41">[37]</a> This story also ensured that Theophilos's iconoclasm would not adversely affect Michael's reign in the future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002204-55">[50]</a> Though religious policy would normally have been decided in conjunction with religious officials, nearly all bishops of the empire had been forced to profess Iconoclasm. As such, Theodora instead assembled a group of officials, courtiers and clerics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997446-41">[37]</a> The most prominent members of the assembly were Theodora herself, Theoktistos, Niketiates and Theodora's two brothers; more akin to a family affair than a large council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999101-56">[51]</a> The group met at Theoktistos's house, where they condemned Iconoclasm through accepting the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a> (which in 787 had decided against Iconoclasm).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997446-41">[37]</a> The iconoclast Patriarch of Constantinople, <a href="/wiki/John_VII_of_Constantinople" title="John VII of Constantinople">John VII</a>, was deposed and replaced with the iconophile <a href="/wiki/Methodios_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodios I">Methodios I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997446-41">[37]</a> The entire process was conducted in relative peace, though John at first refused to leave the patriarch's residence and showed wounds on his stomach that he claimed had been inflicted by imperial guards, though they were more likely self-inflicted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999101-56">[51]</a> John also produced issues while in exile in a monastery by the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a>, ordering a servant there to poke out the eyes of an icon, which prompted Theodora to order him to whipped 200 times (though she had at first wanted to blind him).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999102-11">[10]</a> Soon after becoming patriarch, Methodios had nearly every bishop in the empire deposed due to them having gone against the Second Council of Nicaea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997447-57">[52]</a> On 11 March 843, the restoration of the icons was celebrated in a grand procession in the Hagia Sophia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999102-11">[10]</a> The day of Theodora's assembly and restoration of the icons has been celebrated ever since as the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Orthodoxy" title="Feast of Orthodoxy">Feast of Orthodoxy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997447-57">[52]</a> One symbolic action taken to mark the restoration of the icons was the desecration of the tomb of emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 741–775), a champion of iconoclasm. His remains were removed from his tomb in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a> and burned, with the ashes scattered so that no site would ever be associated with his burial. His tomb in the Church of the Holy Apostles was replaced with the tomb of Empress Irene, with her remains being transferred from her previous resting place on the island of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkada" title="Büyükada">Prinkipos</a>, finally reuniting her remains with those of her husband and placing her alongside the other rulers of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002213-58">[53]</a> It is possible that Theodora admired Irene on account of her being a previous female ruler as well as a previous restorer of the icons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002213-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2013204,_211-59">[54]</a> Irene's grave would in later years often be commemorated as the resting place of an iconophile hero.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2013211-60">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SoldiersGuardIgnatios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SoldiersGuardIgnatios.jpg/220px-SoldiersGuardIgnatios.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SoldiersGuardIgnatios.jpg/330px-SoldiersGuardIgnatios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SoldiersGuardIgnatios.jpg/440px-SoldiersGuardIgnatios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers guarding the tomb of Constantine V.</figcaption></figure> Though ordinary iconoclasm swiftly disappeared, a larger religious threat were the <a href="/wiki/Paulician" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulician">Paulician</a> heretics, concentrated in eastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. The Paulicians were <a href="/wiki/Dualists" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualists">dualists</a> and also iconoclasts (as they rejected the entire material world). Shortly after restoring the icons, Theodora ordered the army to either forcefully convert, or execute, the Paulicians of the empire. Though some converted, thousands were killed and many escaped across the imperial border and were settled by <a href="/wiki/Umar_al-Aqta" title="Umar al-Aqta">Umar al-Aqta</a>, emir of <a href="/wiki/Malatya" title="Malatya">Melitene</a>, in the empty border lands between the Abbasid Caliphate and the empire under his protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997448-61">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persecution_of_Paulicians.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Persecution_of_Paulicians.png/220px-Persecution_of_Paulicians.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Persecution_of_Paulicians.png/330px-Persecution_of_Paulicians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Persecution_of_Paulicians.png/440px-Persecution_of_Paulicians.png 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>The Paulicians are massacred on the orders of Theodora.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ByzantineEmpireMap-cs-842.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ByzantineEmpireMap-cs-842.png/220px-ByzantineEmpireMap-cs-842.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ByzantineEmpireMap-cs-842.png/330px-ByzantineEmpireMap-cs-842.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ByzantineEmpireMap-cs-842.png/440px-ByzantineEmpireMap-cs-842.png 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in 842, at the start of Theodora's reign</figcaption></figure> In order to demonstrate that Orthodoxy, just as well as Iconoclasm, could win victories for the empire, Theodora later in 853 organized an expedition to retake the island of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, lost some decades prior to Arab conquerors. Headed by Niketiates and Theoktistos, the expedition began as a considerable success, with the invasion force successfully landing, besieging the Arab fortresses, and setting up a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Theme of Crete</a>. However, Theoktistos became concerned when he heard rumors that Theodora intended to name a new emperor, possibly her brother Bardas, and abandoned the campaign to return to Constantinople. Though these rumors were false, and Theodora very much intended to hold onto power herself, Theoktistos was unable to return to Crete since news arrived of an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> by Umar al-Aqta of Malatya. Theoktistos was sent at the head of an army to confront him, but the resulting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mauropotamos" title="Battle of Mauropotamos">Battle of Mauropotamos</a> ended in a Byzantine defeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997447-57">[52]</a> In 854,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999104-62">[57]</a> the Arabs on Crete counterattacked and destroyed the Byzantine invasion force and killed Niketiates. The Byzantines had lost at Mauropotamos partly due to desertions to the Arabs, which Theoktistos blamed upon Bardas, and convinced Theodora to expel her brother from the court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997447-57">[52]</a> Perhaps worried that Bardas harbored certain ambitions of his own, Theodora did not put up much resistance to the idea of exiling him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002215-63">[58]</a> Despite his failures, Theoktistos suffered no loss in prestige himself and remained influential at the imperial court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997447-57">[52]</a> There was no major use of the military setbacks as propaganda by iconoclasts, and the veneration of icons endured mostly unchallenged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997448-61">[56]</a> Save for some minor attacks and raids in the east, and larger engagements in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, the empire was mostly safe from further Arab threats throughout Theodora's reign and the empire as a whole enjoyed an extended period of relative peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997448–449-64">[59]</a> In 846, Khan <a href="/wiki/Presian_I_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Presian I of Bulgaria">Presian</a> of Bulgaria raided <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> due to the expiration of a thirty-year treaty with the empire, but he was repulsed and forced to sign a new treaty. Theodora organized an expedition in 848 to attempt to retake Sicily, but it was defeated by the Arab invaders. In the summers of 851 to 854, <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Yahya_al-Armani" title="Ali ibn Yahya al-Armani">Ali ibn Yahya al-Armani</a>, emir of <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>, raided imperial territory,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997448–450-65">[60]</a> perhaps viewing the empire being governed by a young widow and her child as a sign of weakness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002236-66">[61]</a> Though Ali's raids did little damage, Theodora decided to retaliate and sent raiding parties to raid the coastline of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Egypt</a> in 853 and 854.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997448–450-65">[60]</a> In 853, the Byzantine raiders burnt down the Egyptian city of <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999104-62">[57]</a> and in 855, a Byzantine army invaded Ali's emirate and sacked the city of <a href="/wiki/Anazarbus" title="Anazarbus">Anazarbus</a>, taking 20,000 prisoners. On Theoktistos's orders, some of the prisoners who refused to convert to Christianity were executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997448–450-65">[60]</a> According to later chroniclers, these successes, particularly the sack of Anazarbus, impressed even the Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002236-66">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Posli_borisa.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Posli_borisa.jpeg/220px-Posli_borisa.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Posli_borisa.jpeg/330px-Posli_borisa.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Posli_borisa.jpeg/440px-Posli_borisa.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of ambassadors being sent between Theodora and <a href="/wiki/Boris_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris I of Bulgaria">Boris I</a> of <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a></figcaption></figure> Shortly after the sack of Anazarbus, <a href="/wiki/Boris_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris I of Bulgaria">Boris I</a> of Bulgaria began making threats towards the empire as the Bulgarian treaty was once more about to expire, however, he was convinced to renew it without the need for military action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997448–450-65">[60]</a> Later chronicles, probably fancifully, claimed that Theodora had threatened Boris that she would lead the Byzantine army in person against him if he invaded the empire, and that she had stated that Boris achieving victory over a female head of state would hardly be considered a great achievement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002236-66">[61]</a> By the end of Theodora's reign, the empire had gained the upper hand over both Bulgaria and the Abbasid Caliphate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997450-67">[62]</a> At some point the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> tribes that had settled in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> had also successfully been forced to pay tribute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999104-62">[57]</a> Despite continuing a policy of high wages for the soldiers, instituted by Theophilos, Theodora maintained a small surplus in the imperial budget and even modestly increased the imperial gold reserves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999104-62">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997450-67">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_from_power">Fall from power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fall from power">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Michael_III.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Solidus_of_Michael_III.png/220px-Solidus_of_Michael_III.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Solidus_of_Michael_III.png/330px-Solidus_of_Michael_III.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Solidus_of_Michael_III.png/440px-Solidus_of_Michael_III.png 2x" data-file-width="1308" data-file-height="1317" /></a><figcaption>Solidus of Michael III as senior emperor, dating from 856 – 867</figcaption></figure> Michael III turned fifteen in 855, bringing him near the age when he could rule in his own right. According to the tradition of Simeon Logothete, he took <a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Ingerina" title="Eudokia Ingerina">Eudokia Ingerina</a> as a mistress, and later married her to his co-emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997450-67">[62]</a> though this narrative is challenged. Simeon's neutrality is disputed, and other contemporary sources do not speak of this conspiracy, leading several prominent Byzantists, such as <a href="/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky" title="George Ostrogorsky">Ostrogorsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Adontz" title="Nicholas Adontz">Adontz</a> to dismiss this narrative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233-68">[63]</a> Whatever the case, although Theodora's reign had been highly successful, both she and Theoktistos were dissatisfied with Michael III, who neglected matters of state in preference of chariot racing, drinking and spending time with his alleged mistress Eudokia Ingerina. In the hope that marriage could perhaps steer him on the right course, Theodora organized a bride-show for her son. Though Eudokia Ingerina was allowed to be present, Theodora and Theoktistos disqualified her on account of not being a virgin. Michael was then married to <a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Dekapolitissa" title="Eudokia Dekapolitissa">Eudokia Dekapolitissa</a>, against his will.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997450-67">[62]</a> Annoyed by not being able to choose his own wife, Michael resolved to overthrow his mother and the regents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999104-62">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997450-67">[62]</a> Michael was also concerned about unfounded rumors that Theodora planned to remarry, perhaps to Theoktistos,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2037-1">[1]</a> or marry one of Michael's sisters off to some suitable noble. These rumors, started by Bardas, further detailed that Theodora planned to retain power, elevate someone else to the throne and blind and depose Michael, following in Irene's footsteps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002226-69">[64]</a> After years in exile, Bardas was summoned back to the capital by Michael and together they had Theoktistos assassinated in November 855.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999104-62">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997450-67">[62]</a> The conspiracy, which was also supported by Kalomaria (one of Theodora's sisters) and Theophanes (the chief of the wardrobe), may not originally have been intended to kill Theoktistos, and instead just to humiliate him and force him into exile. At a critical moment, however, Michael cried out to his guards to kill Theoktistos. According to the later writings of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Genesius" title="Joseph Genesius">Joseph Genesius</a>, Theodora learned of what was happening and rushed to save Theoktistos, but was scared away by one of the conspirators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999105-70">[65]</a> Distraught at the loss of her friend and confidant, Theodora was enraged at Michael and the other conspirators for several months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997450-67">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999105-70">[65]</a> She is recorded to have berated him for killing the man who had "acted as a second father to him".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002226-69">[64]</a> Unable to placate his mother,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997450-67">[62]</a> Michael proclaimed himself sole emperor on 15 March 856,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2037-1">[1]</a> formally deposing her as empress and stripping her of the rank of Augusta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999105-70">[65]</a> The final catalyst for Theodora's deposition may have been her possibly being a part of a plot to assassinate Bardas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999105-70">[65]</a> It is also possible that some senators wished to restore her to power, but Theodora refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002228-71">[66]</a> Theodora accepted the deposition, refraining from causing any of the damage that would result from a struggle for power, and retired in peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997450-67">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_legacy">Later life and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later life and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div> <div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Theodora, Empress of the Romans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodora_(greek_icon_XIX_c).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Theodora_%28greek_icon_XIX_c%29.jpg/220px-Theodora_%28greek_icon_XIX_c%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Theodora_%28greek_icon_XIX_c%29.jpg/330px-Theodora_%28greek_icon_XIX_c%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Theodora_%28greek_icon_XIX_c%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">19th-century <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> depicting Theodora</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Holy Empress, <a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumph of Orthodoxy">Restorer of Orthodoxy</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Metropolitan Church of the Virgin Mary Spilaiotissa, <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11 February</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Imperial Vestment</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> Theodora continued to live in the imperial palace until 857<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997451-72">[67]</a> or 858,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2037-1">[1]</a> when she and Michael's sisters were expelled and confined to a <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gastria" title="Gastria">Gastria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997451-72">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2038-73">[68]</a> despite Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Ignatios_of_Constantinople" title="Ignatios of Constantinople">Ignatios</a> refusing to tonsure them since they were not becoming nuns willingly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002228-71">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2038-73">[68]</a> Later sources record that while in exile, Theodora took pity on a number of men who came to her for protection for various reasons and helped them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002228-71">[66]</a> It is possible that she was released around 863<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002232-74">[69]</a> and was allowed by Michael to play a ceremonial role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2038-73">[68]</a> Perhaps she was restored as Augusta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin201330-42">[38]</a> Theodora continued to resent Bardas, who reached high offices under Michael. Around 866, she sent him a tunic that was intentionally too short for him and had a golden partridge on it, interpreted by Bardas as a sign of deceit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002229-75">[70]</a> Towards the end of both of their lives, Theodora and Michael reconciled. In the autumn of 867, Theodora invited Michael to a dinner on 25 September and both seemed to be taking measures to ensure that it would be an agreeable occasion. Their dinner never took place since Michael was murdered by his friend and co-emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> after a dinner on the day before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002232–233-76">[71]</a> Theodora had long mistrusted Basil but had been powerless to act against him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2013213-54">[49]</a> She died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 867,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997438-13">[11]</a> at some point after Michael's murder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2038-73">[68]</a> The last time she is attested was at Michael's burial, when she and her daughters are recorded as having been present and weeping over his body. She was buried in the convent in Gastria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999107-77">[72]</a> Theodora was highly regarded by later generations<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199996-14">[12]</a> and she was remembered as a formidable leader, both because of her bringing an end to Iconoclasm and her successful dealings with foreign powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002236-66">[61]</a> Theodora is recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, commemorated on 11 February for her role in the restoration of the icons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin20022-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2038-73">[68]</a> Lynda Garland assessed Theodora as "a woman of character, who was able to exclude her brother from power without difficulty, who was not afraid to speak her mind when necessary, and who was fully capable of governing the empire".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999108-78">[73]</a> In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> officially added Theodora to <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">its liturgical calendar</a> after four years of preliminary trial use.<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> She is sometimes enumerated as Theodora II,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201315,_22-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1825304-4">[4]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Justinian_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Justinian I)">Theodora</a>, the wife (and in certain aspects co-ruler) of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, being considered Theodora I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201322-5">[5]</a> In this arrangement the later empress regnant <a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora Porphyrogenita</a> is considered to be Theodora III.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1825304-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarciniakNilsson2020386-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> An imperial seal from Theodora's reign also demonstrates her status as empress regnant in that it ascribes the (masculine) title "Emperor of the Romans" not only to the young Michael III but also to Theodora and her daughter <a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999102-11">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> A wide array of contemporary sources, both Byzantine and foreign, describe Theodora as exceptionally beautiful. The contemporary poet <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazal" title="Al-Ghazal">Al-Ghazal</a>, sent as an emissary from the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Córdoba">Emirate of Córdoba</a> in 840, wrote that he was unable to take his eyes off of her while she was in the same room, despite Theophilos being astonished at his rudeness, and that "she had captivated him with her black eyes".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury191284-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002200–201-25">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> It is unclear why Theodora's mother Theoktiste, and not Theophilos's step-mother Euphrosyne, who actually instructed the children, is depicted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2002181-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin201376-36">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> The decision to restore the icons is likely to have been Theodora's own idea and it demonstrates her authority as ruler and decision-maker. A figure like Theoktistos, who up until recently had been an iconoclast, is unlikely to have taken the initiative for such an action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin201376-36">[33]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2037-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2037_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2037_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2037_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2037_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2037_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2037_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2037_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2037_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2037_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2037_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2037_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2037_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2037_1-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 2037. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Theodora-Byzantine-regent-9th-century">Theodora</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201315,_22-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201315,_22_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaragianni2013">Karagianni 2013</a>, pp. 15, 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1825304-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1825304_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1825304_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1825304_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFElton1825">Elton 1825</a>, p. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201322-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201322_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaragianni2013">Karagianni 2013</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarciniakNilsson2020386-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarciniakNilsson2020386_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarciniakNilsson2020">Marciniak & Nilsson 2020</a>, p. 386. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumstark2011128-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumstark2011128_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumstark2011">Baumstark 2011</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussell1910xiii-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBussell1910xiii_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBussell1910">Bussell 1910</a>, p. xiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwalt2002344-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwalt2002344_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwalt2002">Greenwalt 2002</a>, p. 344. </li> <li 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999108-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999108_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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Retrieved 21 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vbinder.net&rft.atitle=General+Convention+Virtual+Binder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vbinder.net%2Fresolutions%2F24%3Fhouse%3DHD%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodora+%28wife+of+Theophilos%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumstark2011" class="citation book cs1">Baumstark, Anton (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zpz7U8b8vxMC">On the Historical Development of the Liturgy</a>. 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Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-813-51198-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-813-51198-6"><bdi>978-0-813-51198-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+State&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0-813-51198-6&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbyzanti00ostr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodora+%28wife+of+Theophilos%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingrose2008" class="citation book cs1">Ringrose, Kathryn M. (2008). "Women and Power at the Byzantine Court". In Walthall, Anne (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MM8lDQAAQBAJ">Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520254435" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520254435"><bdi>978-0520254435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+and+Power+at+the+Byzantine+Court&rft.btitle=Servants+of+the+Dynasty%3A+Palace+Women+in+World+History&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0520254435&rft.aulast=Ringrose&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMM8lDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodora+%28wife+of+Theophilos%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Treadgold" title="Warren Treadgold">Treadgold, Warren</a> (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804726306" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804726306"><bdi>978-0804726306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Byzantine+State+and+Society&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0804726306&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodora+%28wife+of+Theophilos%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPBW" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Martindale" title="John Robert Martindale">Martindale, J.R.</a>, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D73/F51.htm">"Theodora 2"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire">Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897747-32-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897747-32-2"><bdi>978-1-897747-32-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theodora+2&rft.btitle=Prosopography+of+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-897747-32-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbe.kcl.ac.uk%2Fdata%2FD73%2FF51.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodora+%28wife+of+Theophilos%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPMBZ" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ralph-Johannes_Lilie" title="Ralph-Johannes Lilie">Lilie, Ralph-Johannes</a>, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ18519/html">"Theodora (#7286/corr.)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prosopographie_der_mittelbyzantinischen_Zeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit">Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit</a> (in German). De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110151794" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110151794"><bdi>978-3110151794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theodora+%28%237286%2Fcorr.%29&rft.btitle=Prosopographie+der+mittelbyzantinischen+Zeit&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3110151794&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdatabase%2FPMBZ%2Fentry%2FPMBZ18519%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodora+%28wife+of+Theophilos%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Theodora (wife of Theophilos) </div><div><a href="/wiki/Amorian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorian dynasty">Amorian dynasty</a></div>Born: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 815 <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 867 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine empress regnant</a> 842–856 with <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF">Royal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_(9th_century)" title="Euphrosyne (9th century)">Euphrosyne</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_empress_consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine empress consort">Byzantine empress consort</a> 830–842 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Dekapolitissa" title="Eudokia Dekapolitissa">Eudokia Dekapolitissa</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> 27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a> 235–285</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a> & <a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a> 284–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> 395–480</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a> 395–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/ Byzantine Empire</a> 610–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a> & <a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_empresses" title="Template:Roman empresses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_empresses" title="Template talk:Roman empresses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_empresses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman empresses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Roman and Byzantine</a> empresses</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> 27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livia_Orestilla" title="Livia Orestilla">Livia Orestilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollia_Paulina" title="Lollia Paulina">Lollia Paulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milonia_Caesonia" title="Milonia Caesonia">Milonia Caesonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messalina" title="Messalina">Messalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Octavia" title="Claudia Octavia">Claudia Octavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppaea_Sabina" title="Poppaea Sabina">Poppaea Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statilia_Messalina" title="Statilia Messalina">Statilia Messalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeria_Fundana" title="Galeria Fundana">Galeria Fundana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitia_Longina" title="Domitia Longina">Domitia Longina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Plotina" title="Pompeia Plotina">Pompeia Plotina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibia_Sabina" title="Vibia Sabina">Vibia Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Elder" title="Faustina the Elder">Faustina the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Younger" title="Faustina the Younger">Faustina the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucilla" title="Lucilla">Lucilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruttia_Crispina" title="Bruttia Crispina">Bruttia Crispina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Titiana" title="Flavia Titiana">Flavia Titiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manlia_Scantilla" title="Manlia Scantilla">Manlia Scantilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Fulvia_Plautilla" title="Fulvia Plautilla">Fulvia Plautilla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Cornelia_Paula" title="Julia Cornelia Paula">Julia Cornelia Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquilia_Severa" title="Aquilia Severa">Aquilia Severa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annia_Faustina" title="Annia Faustina">Annia Faustina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallustia_Orbiana" title="Sallustia Orbiana">Sallustia Orbiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a> 235–285</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caecilia_Paulina" title="Caecilia Paulina">Caecilia Paulina</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillina" title="Tranquillina">Tranquillina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Otacilia_Severa" title="Marcia Otacilia Severa">Marcia Otacilia Severa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herennia_Etruscilla" title="Herennia Etruscilla">Herennia Etruscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Supera" title="Cornelia Supera">Cornelia Supera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Salonina" title="Cornelia Salonina">Cornelia Salonina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Severina" title="Ulpia Severina">Ulpia Severina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnia_Urbica" title="Magnia Urbica">Magnia Urbica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a> 284–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisca_(empress)" title="Prisca (empress)">Prisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropia" title="Eutropia">Eutropia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeria_Valeria" title="Galeria Valeria">Galeria Valeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora" title="Flavia Maximiana Theodora">Flavia Maximiana Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minervina" title="Minervina">Minervina</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausta" title="Fausta">Fausta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_Maximilla" title="Valeria Maximilla">Valeria Maximilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Julia_Constantia" title="Flavia Julia Constantia">Flavia Julia Constantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebia_(empress)" title="Eusebia (empress)">Eusebia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_(wife_of_Constantius_II)" title="Faustina (wife of Constantius II)">Faustina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_(wife_of_Julian)" title="Helena (wife of Julian)">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charito" title="Charito">Charito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Severa" title="Marina Severa">Marina Severa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justina_(empress)" title="Justina (empress)">Justina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnica" title="Domnica">Domnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantia_(wife_of_Gratian)" title="Constantia (wife of Gratian)">Constantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laeta" title="Laeta">Laeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Flaccilla" title="Aelia Flaccilla">Aelia Flaccilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galla_(wife_of_Theodosius_I)" title="Galla (wife of Theodosius I)">Galla</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> 395–480</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_(empress)" title="Maria (empress)">Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermantia" title="Thermantia">Thermantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galla_Placidia" title="Galla Placidia">Galla Placidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinia_Eudoxia" title="Licinia Eudoxia">Licinia Eudoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Euphemia" title="Marcia Euphemia">Marcia Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placidia" title="Placidia">Placidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos%27s_wife" title="Julius Nepos's wife">Julius Nepos's wife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a> 395–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudoxia" title="Aelia Eudoxia">Aelia Eudoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudocia" title="Aelia Eudocia">Aelia Eudocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulcheria" title="Pulcheria">Pulcheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verina" title="Verina">Verina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_(empress)" title="Ariadne (empress)">Ariadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenonis" title="Zenonis">Zenonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia_(empress)" title="Euphemia (empress)">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Justinian_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Justinian I)">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(empress)" title="Sophia (empress)">Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ino_Anastasia" title="Ino Anastasia">Ino Anastasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantina_(empress)" title="Constantina (empress)">Constantina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontia" title="Leontia">Leontia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/ Byzantine Empire</a> 610–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabia_Eudokia" title="Fabia Eudokia">Fabia Eudokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martina_(empress)" title="Martina (empress)">Martina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregoria" title="Gregoria">Gregoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausta_(wife_of_Constans_II)" title="Fausta (wife of Constans II)">Fausta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_(wife_of_Constantine_IV)" title="Anastasia (wife of Constantine IV)">Anastasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_(wife_of_Justinian_II)" title="Eudokia (wife of Justinian II)">Eudokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_of_Khazaria" title="Theodora of Khazaria">Theodora of Khazaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_(wife_of_Leo_III)" title="Maria (wife of Leo III)">Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzak" title="Tzitzak">Tzitzak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_(wife_of_Constantine_V)" title="Maria (wife of Constantine V)">Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_(wife_of_Constantine_V)" title="Eudokia (wife of Constantine V)">Eudokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_(wife_of_Artabasdos)" title="Anna (wife of Artabasdos)">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Amnia" title="Maria of Amnia">Maria of Amnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodote_(empress)" title="Theodote (empress)">Theodote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophano_of_Athens" title="Theophano of Athens">Theophano of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokopia" title="Prokopia">Prokopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosia_(wife_of_Leo_V)" title="Theodosia (wife of Leo V)">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(wife_of_Michael_II)" title="Thekla (wife of Michael II)">Thekla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_(9th_century)" title="Euphrosyne (9th century)">Euphrosyne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Dekapolitissa" title="Eudokia Dekapolitissa">Eudokia Dekapolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Ingerina" title="Eudokia Ingerina">Eudokia Ingerina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophano_Martinakia" title="Theophano Martinakia">Theophano Martinakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Zaoutzaina" title="Zoe Zaoutzaina">Zoe Zaoutzaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Ba%C3%AFana" title="Eudokia Baïana">Eudokia Baïana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Karbonopsina" title="Zoe Karbonopsina">Zoe Karbonopsina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Lekapene" title="Helena Lekapene">Helena Lekapene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Romanos_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Romanos I)">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophano_(born_Anastaso)" title="Theophano (born Anastaso)">Theophano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(daughter_of_Constantine_VII)" title="Theodora (daughter of Constantine VII)">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_(daughter_of_Alypius)" title="Helena (daughter of Alypius)">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bulgaria" title="Catherine of Bulgaria">Catherine of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Alania" title="Maria of Alania">Maria of Alania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Doukaina" title="Irene Doukaina">Irene Doukaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Hungary" title="Irene of Hungary">Irene of Hungary</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Dobrodeia_of_Kiev" title="Dobrodeia of Kiev">Dobrodeia of Kiev</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Sulzbach" title="Bertha of Sulzbach">Bertha of Sulzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Antioch" title="Maria of Antioch">Maria of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_France,_Byzantine_Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes of France, Byzantine Empress">Agnes of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Hungary" title="Margaret of Hungary">Margaret of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_Doukaina_Kamatera" title="Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera">Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Angelina" title="Eudokia Angelina">Eudokia Angelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene_Angelina" title="Anna Komnene Angelina">Anna Komnene Angelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Armenia" title="Philippa of Armenia">Philippa of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Courtenay" title="Maria of Courtenay">Maria of Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Laskarina" title="Irene Laskarina">Irene Laskarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Hohenstaufen" title="Anna of Hohenstaufen">Anna of Hohenstaufen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Asenina_of_Bulgaria" title="Elena Asenina of Bulgaria">Elena Asenina of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Palaiologina_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Theodora Palaiologina (Byzantine empress)">Theodora Palaiologina</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Hungary_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Anna of Hungary (Byzantine empress)">Anna of Hungary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Montferrat" title="Irene of Montferrat">Irene of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_of_Armenia" title="Rita of Armenia">Rita of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Brunswick" title="Irene of Brunswick">Irene of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Savoy" title="Anna of Savoy">Anna of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Kantakouzene" title="Helena Kantakouzene">Helena Kantakouzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Asanina" title="Irene Asanina">Irene Asanina</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Irene_Palaiologina_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Irene Palaiologina (Byzantine empress)">Irene Palaiologina</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratsa_of_Bulgaria" title="Keratsa of Bulgaria">Keratsa of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Gattilusio" title="Irene Gattilusio">Irene Gattilusio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Draga%C5%A1" title="Helena Dragaš">Helena Dragaš</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Moscow" title="Anna of Moscow">Anna of Moscow</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Montferrat" title="Sophia of Montferrat">Sophia of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Komnene_(daughter_of_Alexios_IV)" title="Maria Komnene (daughter of Alexios IV)">Maria of Trebizond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a consort to a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates a consort to an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, and bold incidates an empress regnant.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230001#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230001#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230001#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000402603526">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/298413267">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27993560">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/473212/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjC97PY4wqPBkfpTWvkXcX">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124012701">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2002004103">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0031877&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1608027">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268799405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd124012701.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/124012701">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/060553901">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)&oldid=1254071272">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)&oldid=1254071272</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:815_births" title="Category:815 births">815 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:867_deaths" title="Category:867 deaths">867 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_regents" 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