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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Postumus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Postumus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>After Postumus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Postumus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Gallic_Emperors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Gallic_Emperors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of Gallic Emperors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Gallic_Emperors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consuls_of_the_Gallic_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consuls_of_the_Gallic_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Consuls of the Gallic Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consuls_of_the_Gallic_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gallic Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="إمبراطورية الغال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبراطورية الغال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalliya_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Qalliya imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qalliya imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Гальская імперыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гальская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Галска империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Галска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_c%27halian" title="Impalaeriezh c'halian – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh c'halian" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_de_les_G%C3%A0l%C2%B7lies" title="Imperi de les Gàl·lies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi de les Gàl·lies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galsk%C3%A9_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Galské císařství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Galské císařství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Alaidd" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Alaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Ymerodraeth Alaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallisches_Sonderreich" title="Gallisches Sonderreich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gallisches Sonderreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γαλατική Αυτοκρατορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαλατική Αυτοκρατορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_galo" title="Imperio galo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio galo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galietako_Inperioa" title="Galietako Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Galietako Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="امپراتوری گال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری گال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_des_Gaules" title="Empire des Gaules – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire des Gaules" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Romeinske_Ryk" title="Gallo-Romeinske Ryk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gallo-Romeinske Ryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Galo" title="Imperio Galo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Galo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="갈리아 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갈리아 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գալական կայսրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գալական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galsko_Carstvo" title="Galsko Carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Galsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Galia" title="Kekaisaran Galia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Galia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_delle_Gallie" title="Impero delle Gallie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero delle Gallie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה הגאלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה הגאלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გალების იმპერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გალების იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Galliarum" title="Imperium Galliarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Galliarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Galian" title="Impero Galian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Galian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_di_Gali" title="Imperi di Gali – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Imperi di Gali" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall_Birodalom" title="Gall Birodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gall Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="गालिक साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गालिक साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallische_Keizerrijk" title="Gallische Keizerrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gallische Keizerrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="ガリア帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガリア帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_galliske_riket" title="Det galliske riket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det galliske riket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Gall%C3%A9s" title="Empèri Gallés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Gallés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarstwo_galijskie" title="Cesarstwo galijskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cesarstwo galijskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_das_G%C3%A1lias" title="Império das Gálias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império das Gálias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Galic" title="Imperiul Galic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Galic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Галльская империя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Галльская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galski_imperij" title="Galski imperij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Galski imperij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Галоримско царство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Галоримско царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galsko_Carstvo" title="Galsko Carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Galsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallian_keisarikunta" title="Gallian keisarikunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gallian keisarikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Breakaway state of the Roman Empire (260–274)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Gallic Empire</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">260–274</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GallicEmpire262.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Gallic Empire under Postumus by 262 (in blue), with the Roman Empire."><img alt="The Gallic Empire under Postumus by 262 (in blue), with the Roman Empire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/GallicEmpire262.png/250px-GallicEmpire262.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/GallicEmpire262.png/375px-GallicEmpire262.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/GallicEmpire262.png/500px-GallicEmpire262.png 2x" data-file-width="3582" data-file-height="3766" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Gallic Empire under <a href="/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus">Postumus</a> by 262 (in blue), with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Agrippina" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonia Agrippina">Colonia Agrippina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>) (260–271)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Treverorum" title="Augusta Treverorum">Augusta Treverorum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>) (271–274)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> (official)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Languages of the Roman Empire">Regional/local languages</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Emperor</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 260–269 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus">Postumus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 269 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Marius" title="Marcus Aurelius Marius">Marius</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 269–270 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victorinus" title="Victorinus">Victorinus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 270–274 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tetricus_I" title="Tetricus I">Tetricus I</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">260</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2lons_(274)" title="Battle of Châlons (274)">Battle of Châlons</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">274</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Gallic Empire</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <b>Gallic Roman Empire</b> are names used in modern historiography for a <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">breakaway</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> that functioned <i>de facto</i> as a separate state from 260 to 274.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It originated during the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>, when a series of Roman military leaders and aristocrats <a href="/wiki/Roman_usurpers" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman usurpers">declared themselves emperors</a> and took control of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gaul</a> and adjacent provinces without attempting to conquer <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a> or otherwise seize the central Roman administrative apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldsworthy_2009_116–7_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsworthy_2009_116–7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gallic Empire was established by <a href="/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus">Postumus</a> in 260 in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a> invasions and instability in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, and at its height included the territories of <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, Gaul, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>, and (for a time) <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>. After Postumus' assassination in 269 it lost much of its territory, but continued under a number of emperors and usurpers. It was retaken by <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2lons_(274)" title="Battle of Châlons (274)">Battle of Châlons</a> in 274. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallic_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallic_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Roman <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a> continued as the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a> was defeated and captured by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edessa" title="Battle of Edessa">Battle of Edessa</a>, together with a large part of the Roman field army in the east. This left his son <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> in very shaky control. Shortly thereafter, the <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyrene</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Odaenathus" title="Odaenathus">Odaenathus</a> gained control of a wide swath of the east, including <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iudaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea Province">Judea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a>; while he was nominally loyal to the Roman government, his domain was <i>de facto</i> independent and has come to be referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a>. </p><p>The governors in <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> staged unsuccessful local revolts. The Emperor left for the Danube to attend to their disruption. This left <a href="/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus">Postumus</a>, who was governor of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Inferior</a>, in charge at the Rhine border. An exceptional administrator, Postumus had also ably protected Germania Inferior against an invasion led by the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> in the summer of 260. In fact, Postumus defeated the Frankish forces at Empel so decisively that there would be no further Germanic raids for ten years. This all combined to make Postumus one of the most powerful men in the western reaches of the Roman Empire. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Gallic_Empire,_260_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Map_of_the_Gallic_Empire%2C_260_AD.jpg/342px-Map_of_the_Gallic_Empire%2C_260_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="342" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Map_of_the_Gallic_Empire%2C_260_AD.jpg/513px-Map_of_the_Gallic_Empire%2C_260_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Map_of_the_Gallic_Empire%2C_260_AD.jpg/684px-Map_of_the_Gallic_Empire%2C_260_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>The Gallic Empire at its greatest territorial extent, after its creation by <a href="/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus">Postumus</a> in 260.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gallienus's son <a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a> and the praetorian prefect Silvanus remained at <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Agrippina" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonia Agrippina">Colonia Agrippina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>), to keep the young heir out of danger and perhaps also as a check on Postumus' ambitions. Before long, however, Postumus besieged Colonia Agrippina and put the young heir and his guardian to death, making his revolt official. Postumus is thought to have established his capital there or at <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Treverorum" title="Augusta Treverorum">Augusta Treverorum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198724–27_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198724–27-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>) was one of the most important cities in the area under his control. </p><p>Postumus did not make any effort to extend his control into Italy or to depose Gallienus. Instead, he established parallel institutions modelled on the Roman Empire's central government: his regime had its own praetorian guard, two annually elected <a href="/wiki/Consul_(Gallic_Empire)" title="Consul (Gallic Empire)">consuls</a> (not all of the names have survived), and probably its own senate. According to the numismatic evidence, Postumus held the office of consul five times. </p><p>Postumus successfully fended off a military incursion by Gallienus in 263, and was never challenged by him again. However, in early 269 he was challenged by <a href="/wiki/Laelianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Laelianus">Laelianus</a>, who was probably one of his own commanders. Laelianus was declared emperor at Mogontiacum (<a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>) by his <a href="/wiki/Legio_XXII_Primigenia" title="Legio XXII Primigenia">Legio XXII Primigenia</a>. In response, Postumus quickly retook Mogontiacum and Laelianus was killed. In the aftermath of the battle, however, Postumus was overthrown and killed by his own troops, reportedly because he did not allow them to sack the city.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Postumus">After Postumus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallic_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After Postumus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Tetricus_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coin_of_Tetricus_I.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Tetricus_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coin_of_Tetricus_I.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Tetricus_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Coin_of_Tetricus_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Tetricus_I" title="Tetricus I">Tetricus</a>, last emperor (271–274) of the Gallic Empire</figcaption></figure> <p>An officer in Postumus' army, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Marius" title="Marcus Aurelius Marius">Marcus Aurelius Marius</a>, was installed as Emperor upon Postumus's death, but died very shortly after; ancient sources writing much later state that he reigned only two days, though it is more likely, based on the numismatic record, that he reigned for a few months.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the tribune of the praetorians, <a href="/wiki/Victorinus" title="Victorinus">Marcus Piavonius Victorinus</a> came to power, being recognized as Emperor in northern Gaul and Britannia, but not in Hispania.<sup id="cite_ref-Victorinus_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victorinus-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Roman Emperor Gallienus had been killed in a coup in 268, and his successor in the central Roman provinces, <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a>, re-established Roman authority in <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a>; there is some evidence that the provinces of Hispania, which did not recognize Postumus's successors in Gaul, may have realigned with Rome then.<sup id="cite_ref-Victorinus_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victorinus-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Claudius_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claudius-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Victorinus spent most of his reign dealing with insurgencies and attempting to recover the Gaulish territories taken by Claudius Gothicus. He was assassinated in 271, but his mother <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Roman_usurper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Roman usurper)">Victoria</a> took control of his troops and used her power to influence the selection of his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-Victorinus_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victorinus-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Victoria's support, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetricus_I" title="Tetricus I">Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus</a> was made Emperor, and was recognized in Britannia and the parts of Gaul that had recognized Victorinus.<sup id="cite_ref-TetricusI_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TetricusI-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tetricus fought off Germanic barbarians who had begun ravaging Gaul after the death of Victorinus, and was able to re-take Gallia Aquitania and western Gallia Narbonensis while Claudius Gothicus's successor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> was in the east fighting the <a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a>, now in open revolt against Roman authority under Queen <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a>. Tetricus established the imperial court at <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, and in 273 he elevated his son, <a href="/wiki/Tetricus_II" title="Tetricus II">also named Tetricus</a>, to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>. </p><p>The following year the younger Tetricus was made co-consul with his father, but the area under their control grew weak from internal strife, including a mutiny led by the usurper <a href="/wiki/Faustinus" title="Faustinus">Faustinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TetricusI_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TetricusI-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that time Aurelian had defeated the Palmyrene Empire and had made plans to reconquer the west. He moved into Gaul and defeated Tetricus at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2lons_(274)" title="Battle of Châlons (274)">Battle of Châlons</a> in 274. According to some sources, Tetricus offered to surrender in exchange for clemency for him and his son before the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-TetricusI_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TetricusI-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This detail may be later propaganda, but either way, Aurelian was victorious, and the Gallic Empire was effectively ended.<sup id="cite_ref-TetricusI_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TetricusI-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast with his propaganda after the recent defeat of Zenobia, Aurelian did not present his recapture of Gaul as a victory over a foreign enemy, and indeed many officials who had served in the army and administration of the Gallic Empire continued their careers, including Tetricus, who was appointed to an administrative post in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldsworthy_2009_116–7_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsworthy_2009_116–7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallic_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gallic Empire was symptomatic of the fragmentation of power during the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">third-century crisis</a>. It has also been taken to represent autonomous trends in the western provinces, including proto-<a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalistic</a> tendencies among the Gaulish land-owning class whose support has sometimes been thought to have underpinned the strength of the Gallic Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1987239_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1987239-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an interplay between the strength of Roman institutions and the growing importance of provincial concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1987247–8_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1987247–8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Postumus' primary objectives as emperor was evidently the defense of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_frontier" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic frontier">Germanic frontier</a>. In 261, he repelled mixed groups of <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a> to hold the Rhine <i><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a></i> secure (though lands beyond the upper Rhine and Danube had to be abandoned to the barbarians within a couple of years).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1987226–7_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1987226–7-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In so doing, Postumus positioned himself avowedly as not only the defender and restorer of Gaul, but also as the upholder of the Roman name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198724–27_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198724–27-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly with the withdrawal of legions after 408, many Britons desired a localized Roman authority rather than nationalist revolt. The desire for Roman order and institutions was entirely compatible with a degree of national or regional separatism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Gallic_Emperors">List of Gallic Emperors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallic_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List of Gallic Emperors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gallic Emperors are known primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a> they minted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198716_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198716-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political and military history of the Gallic Empire can be sketched through the careers of these emperors. Their names are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1987102_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1987102-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus">Postumus</a> 260–269 <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Laelian" title="Laelian">Laelian</a> 269, usurper)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Marius" title="Marcus Aurelius Marius">Marius</a> 269</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus" title="Victorinus">Victorinus</a> 268/69–271 <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Domitian_II" title="Domitian II">Domitian II</a> 271?, usurper)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetricus_I" title="Tetricus I">Tetricus I</a> 271–274</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetricus_II" title="Tetricus II">Tetricus II</a> 273–274 (son of Tetricus I; <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>) <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Faustinus" title="Faustinus">Faustinus</a> 273/74, usurper)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Postumus_the_Younger" title="Postumus the Younger">Postumus the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Gallic_Empire)" title="Victoria (Gallic Empire)">Empress Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Junior" title="Victorinus Junior">Victorinus Junior</a> are included as leaders in the list of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants_(Roman)" title="Thirty Tyrants (Roman)">Thirty Tyrants</a>, but there are no coins or inscriptions about them. Victorinus Junior and Postumus the Younger are both now generally considered to be fictional<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Victoria’s existence was proven by the discovery of her <a href="/wiki/Funerary_stele" class="mw-redirect" title="Funerary stele">funerary stele</a> in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Pressibus_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pressibus-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consuls_of_the_Gallic_Empire">Consuls of the Gallic Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallic_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consuls of the Gallic Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Consul_(Gallic_Empire)" title="Consul (Gallic Empire)">Consul (Gallic Empire)</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Consul</th> <th>Consul </th></tr> <tr> <td>260</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus">Postumus</a> (second time)<sup id="cite_ref-consuls2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Honoratianus<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>261</td> <td>Postumus (third time)<sup id="cite_ref-consuls2_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="7">unknown<sup id="cite_ref-consuls1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>262 </td> <td rowspan="3">unknown<sup id="cite_ref-consuls1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>263 </td></tr> <tr> <td>264 </td></tr> <tr> <td>265 </td> <td rowspan="2">Postumus (fourth time)<sup id="cite_ref-consuls2_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>266 </td></tr> <tr> <td>267</td> <td>unknown<sup id="cite_ref-consuls1_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>269</td> <td>Postumus (fifth time)<sup id="cite_ref-consuls1_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Victorinus" title="Victorinus">Victorinus</a> (first time)<sup id="cite_ref-consuls1_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>269</td> <td>unknown<sup id="cite_ref-consuls1_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>unknown<sup id="cite_ref-consuls1_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>270</td> <td>Victorinus (second time)<sup id="cite_ref-consuls2_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Sanctus<sup id="cite_ref-consuls1_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>271</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetricus_I" title="Tetricus I">Tetricus</a> (first time)<sup id="cite_ref-consuls2_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="3">unknown<sup id="cite_ref-consuls1_29-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>272</td> <td>Tetricus (second time)<sup id="cite_ref-consuls2_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>273</td> <td>Tetricus (third time)<sup id="cite_ref-consuls2_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="center"><i>Year and sequence unknown:</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>?</td> <td>Censor (twice)<sup id="cite_ref-consuls1_29-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Lepidus (twice)<sup id="cite_ref-consuls1_29-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>?</td> <td>Dialis<sup id="cite_ref-consuls1_29-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Bassus<sup id="cite_ref-consuls1_29-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>?</td> <td>"Apr."<sup id="cite_ref-consuls1_29-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>"Ruf."<sup id="cite_ref-consuls1_29-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consuls1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallic_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Laelianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Laelianus">Laelianus</a><br />269</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus">Postumus</a><br />260–269</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Marius" title="Marcus Aurelius Marius">Marcus Aurelius Marius</a><br />269</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Gallic_Empire)" title="Victoria (Gallic Empire)">Victoria</a><br />271</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Tetricus_I" title="Tetricus I">Tetricus I</a><br />271–274</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Postumus_the_Younger" title="Postumus the Younger">Postumus Junior (Fictional)</a><br />260–269</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Victorinus" title="Victorinus">Victorinus</a><br />268–271</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Tetricus_II" title="Tetricus II">Tetricus II</a><br />271–274</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Junior" title="Victorinus Junior">Victorinus Junior (Fictional)</a><br />271</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallic_Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governors_of_Germania_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman governors of Germania Inferior">Roman governors of Germania Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jublains_archeological_site" title="Jublains archeological site">Jublains archeological site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consul_(Gallic_Empire)" title="Consul (Gallic Empire)">Consul (Gallic Empire)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallic_Empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The regime had no distinct name or style that has survived on official monuments, inscriptions or coins; its titles and administrative structures followed the models of the central Roman government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1987126–127_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1987126–127-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally modern historians use the Latin phrase <i>Imperium Galliarum</i> to refer to the state, derived from a passage in <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a>: <i>Victorinus postea Galliarum accepit imperium</i>, "Victorinus took command of the Gallic provinces".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198715_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198715-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The year of Postumus' accession was either 259 or 260. The year 259 was once favoured; however, most modern scholars consider that the summer or fall of 260 is more likely when Postumus was hailed emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198797_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198797-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact dating depends on several factors, including when the emperor <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(Roman_emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valerian (Roman emperor)">Valerian</a> was captured and disgraced. Other dates cited here must be pushed back by one year if 259 is accepted as the year of Postumus' accession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198795–106_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198795–106-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallic emperors are called <i>adsertores Romani nominis</i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Augustan_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustan History">Historia Augusta</a></i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallic_Empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bourne, R. J. (2001). <i>Aspects of the relationship between the Central and Gallic Empires in the mid to late third century AD with special reference to coinage studies.</i> Archaeopress. p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1987126–127-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1987126–127_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater 1987</a>, pp. 126–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198715-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198715_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater 1987</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polfer (<i>Postumus</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198797-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198797_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater 1987</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198795–106-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198795–106_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater 1987</a>, pp. 95–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldsworthy_2009_116–7-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldsworthy_2009_116–7_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldsworthy_2009_116–7_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). <i>The Fall of the West</i>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 116–117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+West&rft.pages=116-117&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallic+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198724–27-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198724–27_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198724–27_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater 1987</a>, pp. 24–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a> 33.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a> 9.9.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolfer1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Polfer, Michael (June 24, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/marius.htm">"Marius (A.D. 269)"</a>. <i>De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marius+%28A.D.+269%29&rft.btitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis%3A+An+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Roman+Rulers+and+Their+Families&rft.date=1999-06-24&rft.aulast=Polfer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Fmarius.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallic+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Victorinus-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Victorinus_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Victorinus_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Victorinus_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolfer2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Polfer, Michel (June 3, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/victorin.htm">"Victorinus (A.D. 269–271)"</a>. <i>De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Victorinus+%28A.D.+269%E2%80%93271%29&rft.btitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis%3A+An+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Roman+Rulers+and+Their+Families&rft.date=2000-06-03&rft.aulast=Polfer&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Fvictorin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallic+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Claudius-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Claudius_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigel2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Weigel, Richard D. (June 19, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/claudgot.htm">"Claudius II Gothicus (268–270)"</a>. <i>De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Claudius+II+Gothicus+%28268%E2%80%93270%29&rft.btitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis%3A+An+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Roman+Rulers+and+Their+Families&rft.date=2001-06-19&rft.aulast=Weigel&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Fclaudgot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallic+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TetricusI-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TetricusI_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TetricusI_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TetricusI_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TetricusI_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolfer2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Polfer, Michel (January 28, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/tetrici.htm">"Tetricus I (AD 271–273)"</a>. <i>De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tetricus+I+%28AD+271%E2%80%93273%29&rft.btitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis%3A+An+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Roman+Rulers+and+Their+Families&rft.date=2000-01-28&rft.aulast=Polfer&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Ftetrici.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallic+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1987239-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1987239_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater 1987</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1987247–8-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1987247–8_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater 1987</a>, pp. 247–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1987226–7-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1987226–7_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater 1987</a>, pp. 226–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198716-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater198716_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater 1987</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1987102-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1987102_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater 1987</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Abdy" class="citation web cs1">Richard Abdy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/083/ant0830751.htm">"The Domitian II coin from Chalgrove: a Gallic emperor returns to history"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Domitian+II+coin+from+Chalgrove%3A+a+Gallic+emperor+returns+to+history&rft.au=Richard+Abdy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantiquity.ac.uk%2Fant%2F083%2Fant0830751.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallic+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cancik, H.; Schneider, H.; Salazar, C., <i>Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity</i>, Volume 14 (2009), p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. F. Drinkwater (1987). <i>The Gallic Empire: Separatism and continuity in the north-western provinces of the Roman Empire, A.D. 260–274</i>, Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GMBH, Stuttgart, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-04806-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-04806-5">3-515-04806-5</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pressibus-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pressibus_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlain_Beyrand" class="citation web cs1">Alain Beyrand (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressibus.org/gen/victorina/indexgb.html">"Victorina, ruler of the Gauls"</a>. <i>Pressibus</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pressibus&rft.atitle=Victorina%2C+ruler+of+the+Gauls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressibus.org%2Fgen%2Fvictorina%2Findexgb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallic+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-consuls2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-consuls2_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consuls2_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consuls2_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consuls2_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consuls2_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consuls2_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consuls2_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Drinkwater (1987), p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter (2004), p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-consuls1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-consuls1_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consuls1_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consuls1_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consuls1_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consuls1_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consuls1_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consuls1_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consuls1_29-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consuls1_29-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consuls1_29-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consuls1_29-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consuls1_29-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consuls1_29-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consuls1_29-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consuls1_29-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Polfer, Michel (2000), "Postumus (A.D. 260-269)", De Imperatoribus Romanis</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallic_Empire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrinkwater1987" class="citation book cs1">Drinkwater, J. F. (1987). <i>The Gallic Empire: Separatism and Continuity in the north-western provinces of the Roman Empire, A.D. 260-274</i>. Stuttgart: Steiner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3515048064" title="Special:BookSources/978-3515048064"><bdi>978-3515048064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gallic+Empire%3A+Separatism+and+Continuity+in+the+north-western+provinces+of+the+Roman+Empire%2C+A.D.+260-274&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-3515048064&rft.aulast=Drinkwater&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallic+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallic_Empire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184213/http://members.lycos.co.uk/nomisma/consul/consul.html">Gallic Consuls</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-empire.net/decline/gallic.html">Gallic Empire</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ga-gh/gallic_empire/gallic_empire.html">Jona Lendering, "Gallic Empire"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030210544/https://www.livius.org/ga-gh/gallic_empire/gallic_empire.html">Archived</a> 2013-10-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kenelks.co.uk/coins/gallic/gallic.htm">Gallic Empire coinage</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallic_Empire&oldid=1243383880">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallic_Empire&oldid=1243383880</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gallic_Empire" title="Category:Gallic Empire">Gallic Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:260_establishments" title="Category:260 establishments">260 establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:274_disestablishments" title="Category:274 disestablishments">274 disestablishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:3rd_century_in_Roman_Gaul" title="Category:3rd century in Roman Gaul">3rd century in Roman Gaul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_the_260s" title="Category:States and territories established in the 260s">States and territories established in the 260s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_the_3rd_century" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century">States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_monarchies_of_Europe" title="Category:Former monarchies of Europe">Former monarchies of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Category:Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_empires" title="Category:Former empires">Former empires</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 September 2024, at 04:21<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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