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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Hardware" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Hardware" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Hardware" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Hardware" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware_motak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware_motak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Hardware motak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hardware_motak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Hardware motak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hardware_motak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Periferikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periferikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Periferikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periferikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sarrerako_periferikoak_(S)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarrerako_periferikoak_(S)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Sarrerako periferikoak (S)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarrerako_periferikoak_(S)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irteerako_periferikoak_(I)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irteerako_periferikoak_(I)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Irteerako periferikoak (I)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irteerako_periferikoak_(I)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periferiko_mistoak_(S/I)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periferiko_mistoak_(S/I)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Periferiko mistoak (S/I)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periferiko_mistoak_(S/I)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prozesamenduko_Unitate_Zentrala_(PUZ,_CPU_ingelesez)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prozesamenduko_Unitate_Zentrala_(PUZ,_CPU_ingelesez)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Prozesamenduko Unitate Zentrala (PUZ, CPU ingelesez)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prozesamenduko_Unitate_Zentrala_(PUZ,_CPU_ingelesez)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RAM_memoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RAM_memoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>RAM memoria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RAM_memoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-RAM_memoria_motak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RAM_memoria_motak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>RAM memoria motak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RAM_memoria_motak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RAM_memoria_enkapsulatzeko_modu_batzuk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RAM_memoria_enkapsulatzeko_modu_batzuk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>RAM memoria enkapsulatzeko modu batzuk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RAM_memoria_enkapsulatzeko_modu_batzuk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RAM_memoriaren_zenbait_erabilera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RAM_memoriaren_zenbait_erabilera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>RAM memoriaren zenbait erabilera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RAM_memoriaren_zenbait_erabilera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware_Grafikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware_Grafikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Hardware Grafikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware_Grafikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konputagailuen_Hardwarean_egindako_teknologiak_eta_berrikuntzak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konputagailuen_Hardwarean_egindako_teknologiak_eta_berrikuntzak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Konputagailuen Hardwarean egindako teknologiak eta berrikuntzak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konputagailuen_Hardwarean_egindako_teknologiak_eta_berrikuntzak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hardware</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 109 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekenaarhardeware" title="Rekenaarhardeware – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rekenaarhardeware" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hardware" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarabidau_fisico" title="Tarabidau fisico – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tarabidau fisico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8" title="عتاد حاسوب – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عتاد حاسوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0" title="কম্পিউটাৰ হাৰ্ডৱেৰ – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কম্পিউটাৰ হাৰ্ডৱেৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soporte_f%C3%ADsicu" title="Soporte físicu – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Soporte físicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparat_t%C9%99chizat%C4%B1" title="Aparat təchizatı – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aparat təchizatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="بیلگی‌سایار دونانیمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیلگی‌سایار دونانیمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Апаратнае забеспячэнне – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Апаратнае забеспячэнне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Компютърен хардуер – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Компютърен хардуер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="কম্পিউটার হার্ডওয়্যার – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কম্পিউটার হার্ডওয়্যার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periant" title="Periant – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Periant" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardver" title="Hardver – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hardver" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquinari" title="Maquinari – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maquinari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1" title="ڕەقامێر – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەقامێر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hardware" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2mp%C3%B9trow%C3%B4_hard-w%C3%B4ra" title="Kòmpùtrowô hard-wôra – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kòmpùtrowô hard-wôra" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledwedd" title="Caledwedd – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Caledwedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hardware" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hardware" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Υλικό υπολογιστών – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υλικό υπολογιστών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Computer hardware" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparataro" title="Aparataro – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aparataro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hardware" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riistvara" title="Riistvara – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riistvara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="سخت‌افزار رایانه – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سخت‌افزار رایانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tietokonelaitteisto" title="Tietokonelaitteisto – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tietokonelaitteisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3lb%C3%BAna%C3%B0ur" title="Tólbúnaður – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tólbúnaður" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9riel_informatique" title="Matériel informatique – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Matériel informatique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hardware" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crua-earra%C3%AD_r%C3%ADomhaire" title="Crua-earraí ríomhaire – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Crua-earraí ríomhaire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathar-cruaidh" title="Bathar-cruaidh – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bathar-cruaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hardware" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0" title="કમ્પ્યુટર હાર્ડવેર – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કમ્પ્યુટર હાર્ડવેર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%94" title="חומרה – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="हार्डवेयर – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हार्डवेयर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunalna_sklopovska_podr%C5%A1ka" title="Računalna sklopovska podrška – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Računalna sklopovska podrška" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwara" title="Hardwara – goi-sorabiera" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hardwara" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="goi-sorabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardver" title="Hardver – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hardver" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2" title="Սարքախումբ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սարքախումբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinario" title="Machinario – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Machinario" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_keras" title="Perangkat keras – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perangkat keras" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwaike_k%E1%BB%8Dmputa" title="Ngwaike kọmputa – igboera" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ngwaike kọmputa" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igboera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hardware" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard-varo" title="Hard-varo – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hard-varo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9lb%C3%BAna%C3%B0ur" title="Vélbúnaður – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vélbúnaður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hardware" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2" title="ハードウェア – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハードウェア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piranti_kasar" title="Piranti kasar – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Piranti kasar" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Компьютерлік жабдықтама – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Компьютерлік жабдықтама" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%ED%95%98%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4" title="컴퓨터 하드웨어 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="컴퓨터 하드웨어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C5%9Fkalav" title="Hişkalav – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hişkalav" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparatus_computatralis" title="Apparatus computatralis – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Apparatus computatralis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hardware" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware – liguriera" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Hardware" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabend%C3%A9_ma_es%C3%A1lela" title="Mabendé ma esálela – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mabendé ma esálela" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A7" title="ຮາດແວ – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຮາດແວ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technin%C4%97_%C4%AFranga" title="Techninė įranga – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Techninė įranga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datora_aparat%C5%ABra" title="Datora aparatūra – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Datora aparatūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hardware" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Аппарат вораҥдыш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Аппарат вораҥдыш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Машинска опрема – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Машинска опрема" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="കമ്പ്യൂട്ടർ ഹാർഡ്‌വെയർ – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കമ്പ്യൂട്ടർ ഹാർഡ്‌വെയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B6" title="Компьютерын техник хангамж – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Компьютерын техник хангамж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkakasan_komputer" title="Perkakasan komputer – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perkakasan komputer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Hardware" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%9F%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="ကွန်ပျူတာ ဟတ်ဒ်ဝဲလ် – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွန်ပျူတာ ဟတ်ဒ်ဝဲလ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hardware" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="कम्प्युटर हार्डवेयर – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कम्प्युटर हार्डवेयर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="हार्डवेयर – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हार्डवेयर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hardware" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskinvare" title="Maskinvare – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maskinvare" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskinvare" title="Maskinvare – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maskinvare" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabajjii_Kedeedaa(Computer_hardware)" title="Jabajjii Kedeedaa(Computer hardware) – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jabajjii Kedeedaa(Computer hardware)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%B1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0" title="ହାର୍ଡୱେର – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହାର୍ଡୱେର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕੰਪਿਊਟਰ ਹਾਰਡਵੇਅਰ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੰਪਿਊਟਰ ਹਾਰਡਵੇਅਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprz%C4%99t_komputerowy" title="Sprzęt komputerowy – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sprzęt komputerowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BC%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="د کمپیوټر سختغالی – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د کمپیوټر سختغالی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hardware" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinchi_kaq" title="Sinchi kaq – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sinchi kaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hardware" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гардвер – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гардвер" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_haurdware" title="Computer haurdware – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Computer haurdware" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardver" title="Hardver – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hardver" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C" title="පරිගණක දෘඩාංග – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පරිගණක දෘඩාංග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Computer hardware" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardv%C3%A9r" title="Hardvér – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hardvér" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strojna_oprema_ra%C4%8Dunalnika" title="Strojna oprema računalnika – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Strojna oprema računalnika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Hardware" title="Computer Hardware – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Computer Hardware" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardueri" title="Hardueri – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hardueri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рачунарски хардвер – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рачунарски хардвер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskinvara" title="Maskinvara – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maskinvara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கணினி வன்பொருள் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கணினி வன்பொருள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="కంప్యూటర్ హార్డ్‌వేర్ – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కంప్యూటర్ హార్డ్‌వేర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сахтафзори роёна – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сахтафзори роёна" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ฮาร์ดแวร์คอมพิวเตอร์ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮาร์ดแวร์คอมพิวเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_(kompyuter)" title="Hardware (kompyuter) – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hardware (kompyuter)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgisayar_donan%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Bilgisayar donanımı – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilgisayar donanımı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Апаратне забезпечення – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Апаратне забезпечення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1_%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="کمپیوٹر ہارڈویئر – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کمپیوٹر ہارڈویئر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparat_ta%CA%BCminoti" title="Apparat taʼminoti – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Apparat taʼminoti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Hardware" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A7n_c%E1%BB%A9ng_m%C3%A1y_t%C3%ADnh" title="Phần cứng máy tính – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phần cứng máy tính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Computer hardware" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E4%BB%B6" title="硬件 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="硬件" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-computer_hardware" title="I-computer hardware – xhosera" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-computer hardware" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%92" title="הארטווארג – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הארטווארג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A1%AC%E4%BB%B6" title="计算机硬件 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="计算机硬件" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A1%AC%E4%BB%B6" title="電腦硬件 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電腦硬件" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3966#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" 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alt="Artikulu hau "Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat" proiektuaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/19px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/28px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/38px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="794" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Personal_computer,_exploded_5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Personal_computer%2C_exploded_5.svg/325px-Personal_computer%2C_exploded_5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Personal_computer%2C_exploded_5.svg/488px-Personal_computer%2C_exploded_5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Personal_computer%2C_exploded_5.svg/650px-Personal_computer%2C_exploded_5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Ordenagailu baten hardware tipikoa.<br />1. <a href="/wiki/Pantaila_(ordenagailua)" title="Pantaila (ordenagailua)">Monitorea</a><br />2. <a href="/wiki/Txartel_nagusi" title="Txartel nagusi">Txartel nagusia</a><br />3. <a href="/wiki/Prozesatzeko_unitate_zentral" title="Prozesatzeko unitate zentral">PUZ</a><br />4. <a href="/wiki/Random_Access_Memory" title="Random Access Memory">RAM memoria</a> <br />5. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedatze_txartela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedatze txartela (sortu gabe)">Hedatze txartela</a><br />6. <a href="/wiki/Elikatze-iturri" title="Elikatze-iturri">Elikadura-iturria</a><br />7. <a href="/wiki/Disko_optikoa" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Disko optikoa">Disko optikoa</a><br />8. <a href="/wiki/Disko_gogor" title="Disko gogor">Disko gogorra</a><br />9. <a href="/wiki/Giltzadi" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Giltzadi">Teklatua</a><br />10. <a href="/wiki/Sagu_(ordenagailua)" title="Sagu (ordenagailua)">Sagua</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hardwarea</b> <small><a href="/wiki/Nazioarteko_Alfabeto_Fonetikoa" title="Nazioarteko Alfabeto Fonetikoa">NAF</a></small>: <span title="Ahozkera Nazioarteko Alfabeto Fonetikoan" class="IPA">[ˈhɑːdˌwɛə]</span> edo <small><a href="/wiki/Nazioarteko_Alfabeto_Fonetikoa" title="Nazioarteko Alfabeto Fonetikoa">NAF</a></small>: <span title="Ahozkera Nazioarteko Alfabeto Fonetikoan" class="IPA">[ˈhɑɹdˌwɛɚ]</span> <a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu" title="Ordenagailu">ordenagailu</a> baten zati fisiko eta ukigarriei dagokie, bere osagai elektriko, elektroniko, elektromekaniko eta mekanikoak; <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">softwarearen</a> kontrakoa, izan ere, honek osagai ukiezinei egiten baitie erreferentzia. Hitz hau <a href="/wiki/Ingeles" title="Ingeles">ingelesetik</a> eratorria da. Hala ere, termino honek ez du nahitaez ordenagailu bati erreferentzia egin behar, nahiz eta ohikoena izan, <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a> batek ere hardwarea dauka (baita softwarea ere). </p><p>Informatikako arloan, ordenagailu baten periferikoei aplikatzen zaie, <a href="/wiki/Disko_gogor" title="Disko gogor">disko gogor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disko_trinko" class="mw-redirect" title="Disko trinko">CD-ROM</a> edo diskete-unitateei (floppy) esate baterako. Hardwarea osatzen duten multzoan eragile elektroniko eta elektromekanikoak, zirkuituak, kableak, kutxak, edozein motako periferikoak eta bestelako elementu fisikoak ere sartzen dira. Hardware batek elementu fisiko (ukitu egin daitezkeenak) guztiei egiten die erreferentzia, <a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu" title="Ordenagailu">ordenagailu</a> pertsonal baten kasuan honako hauek izango lirateke: Disko unitatea, monitorea, teklatua, plaka base edo txartel nagusia, mikroprozesadorea, kabinetea, memoriak, e.a. Bestaldetik, <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">softwarea</a> elementu ukiezina da, informazio, ideia, kontzeptu, sinbolo bezala existitzen dena; ordenagailu baten “zati inmateriala” dela esan daiteke. Liburu batekiko metafora bat egiten badugu, tapak, orrialdeak eta tinta hardwareari dagozkie, hitzen, esaldien eta paragrafoen eduki edo informazioa <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">softwareari</a> legozkieke. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_motak">Hardware motak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hardware motak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Hardware motak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:MC68HC11_microcontroller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/MC68HC11_microcontroller.jpg/200px-MC68HC11_microcontroller.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/MC68HC11_microcontroller.jpg/300px-MC68HC11_microcontroller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/MC68HC11_microcontroller.jpg/400px-MC68HC11_microcontroller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>68HC11 Motorola mikrokontrolatzailea eta euskarri-txip bat, industria ekipo elektroniko baten hardwarea osatu dezakeena.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hardwarea sailkatzeko bi kategoriatan bereiztu daiteke: alde batetik, oinarrizkoa, ordenagailu baten funtzionamendu minimoa emateko ezinbesteko osagaiez osatutako multzoa, eta bestaldetik “Hardware osagarria”, funtzio zehatz batzuk egiteaz arduratzen dena, <a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu" title="Ordenagailu">ordenagailu</a> batentzat beharrezkoak ez direnak <a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu" title="Ordenagailu">Ordenagailuak</a> tresna elektroniko batzuk dira, bere memorian programaturik eta gorderik dauden argibideak interpretatzeko eta exekutatzeko gai dena, basikoki operazio aritmetiko-logikoak eta sarrera/ireerazkoak. Sarrerak jaso egiten dituzte (datuak), prozesatu eta gordetzen dituzte (prozesamendua) eta, azkenik, irteerak ematen dira (prozesamenduaren emaitza). Sistema informatiko guztiek dute, gutxienez, Hardware osagai eta dispositiboak ondorengo funtzioei eskainiak: </p> <ol><li>Sarrera: Sarrerako periferikoak (S)</li> <li>Irteera: Irteerako periferikoak (I)</li> <li>Sarrera/Irteera: Periferiko mistoak (S/I)</li> <li>Gordetzea: memoriak</li> <li>Prozesagailua: <a href="/wiki/Prozesatzeko_unitate_zentral" title="Prozesatzeko unitate zentral">Prozesatzeko unitate zentrala (PUZ)</a>, CPU ingelesez.</li></ol> <p>Ikuspegi orokor batetik, sarrerako dispositibo bat informazio, datu edota programen sarreraz arduratzen den bidea da; memoriak gordetze gaitasuna ematen du, aldiunekoa edo iraunkorra; eta PUZk sartutako informazioaren kalkulu eta prozesamendu gaitasunak ditu. Periferiko misto bat sarrera edota irteerako funtzioak bete dezakeen periferikoa da. Ohikoena disko gogorra da, informazio eta datuak irakurri eta grabatzen baitira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periferikoak">Periferikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Periferikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Periferikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Periferiko bezala ordenagailua kanpo informazioarekin komunikatzeko gaitasuna ematen dioten unitate edo dispositibo bezala ulertzen da, hau da, datuak sartu edota ateratze bezala. Gordetze elementua sekundarioak periferiko bezala ere kontsideratzen dira. Periferikoak prozesuaren nukleoaren osagai ez diren elementu guztiak dira, <a href="/wiki/Prozesatzeko_unitate_zentral" title="Prozesatzeko unitate zentral">PUZ</a> eta memoria zentrala, eta sarrera eta irteerako deiadarrak (S/I) egitea ahalbidetzen dute. </p><p>Eranskailu bezala kontsideratzen diren arren, horietako askok gaur egun beharrezkoak dira ordenagailu modernoaren funtzionamendurako. Honen adibide dugu teklatua, disko gogorra edo monitorea, esate baterako, beharrezkoak direnak. Ez da berdina gertatzen scanner edo plotter baten kasuan ordea. 80ko hamarkadan lehen ordenagailuen gehienek ez zuten disko gogorrik edo sagurik erabiltzen, diskete-unitate pare bat, teklatu eta monitorea soilik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sarrerako_periferikoak_(S)"><span id="Sarrerako_periferikoak_.28S.29"></span>Sarrerako periferikoak (S)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sarrerako periferikoak (S)»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Sarrerako periferikoak (S)"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Chicony_Wireless_Keyboard_KBR0108.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chicony_Wireless_Keyboard_KBR0108.jpg/200px-Chicony_Wireless_Keyboard_KBR0108.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chicony_Wireless_Keyboard_KBR0108.jpg/300px-Chicony_Wireless_Keyboard_KBR0108.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chicony_Wireless_Keyboard_KBR0108.jpg/400px-Chicony_Wireless_Keyboard_KBR0108.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>PC batentzako haririk gabeko teklatua.</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> Kategoria honetan informazioaren sarrera baimentzen dituztenak sartzen dira, orokorrean kanpo iturritik datozenak edo erabiltzailearen eskutik. Sarrerako dispositiboek iturri baten informazioa ordenagailuarekin komunikatzeko beharrezkoa den bide bat dute. Aplikazio edo programa informatikoak irakurtzea ere ahalbidetzen dute, ordenagailua martxan jartzen dutelarik (sistema eragilea) eta bestelako eginbeharrak betetzen dituztelarik. </p><p><b>Analogia</b>: Izaki bizidun batek informazioa biltzeko zentzumenak behar dituen bezala, ordenagailu batek sarrerako dispositiboak helburu analogiko bezala behar ditu. Sarrerako biderik ez dituen ordenagailu batek “itsu” bezala egongo litzateke, zentzu guztietan isolaturik, sarrerako informaziorik gabe, eta ondorioz, alferrikakoa izango litzateke. Sarrerako dispositiboen artean <a href="/wiki/Teklatu_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Teklatu (argipena)">teklatua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sagu_(ordenagailua)" title="Sagu (ordenagailua)">sagu edo sagua</a>, scanner, mikrofonoa, webcam, Joystick, <a href="/wiki/Disko_trinko" class="mw-redirect" title="Disko trinko">CD</a> edo <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> irakurgailua edo adkisizio/konbertsio datu-plakak daude. </p><p>Hauetatik teklatua, sagua eta disko irakurtzaile mota bat ezinbestekoak lirateke, hauekin bakarrik hardwarea eragile bezala jarri baitaiteke. Beste guztiak nahiko osagarriak dira, nahiz eta gaur egun sistema osoan beharrezkoak direla kontsideratzen den arren. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Canon_S520_ink_jet_printer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Canon_S520_ink_jet_printer.jpg/200px-Canon_S520_ink_jet_printer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Canon_S520_ink_jet_printer.jpg/300px-Canon_S520_ink_jet_printer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Canon_S520_ink_jet_printer.jpg/400px-Canon_S520_ink_jet_printer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>Tinta injekziozko inpresora.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Irteerako_periferikoak_(I)"><span id="Irteerako_periferikoak_.28I.29"></span>Irteerako periferikoak (I)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Irteerako periferikoak (I)»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Irteerako periferikoak (I)"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Prozesatzeko_unitate_zentral" title="Prozesatzeko unitate zentral">PUZek</a> eragindako operazioen informazio erresultanteari irteera emateko baimentzen dituztenak dira. Irteerako dispositiboek landutako informazio eta datuak kanporatzeko eta komunikatzeko bideak aportatzen dituzte, erabiltzailea edo bestelako kanpo iturri bat izanik. </p><p><b>Analogia</b>: Izaki bizidun batek hizkuntza eta idazpenak elkarrekin komunikatzeko eta ideia eta informazioa plasmatzeko beharrezkoa den bezala, PUZek helburu analogoa duen datu landuen kanporatzen dituzten irteerako dispositiboak behar ditu. Irteerako dispositiborik ez duen ordenagailu batek ez litzateke kanpo ingurunearekin komunikatzeko aukerarik izango, alferrikakoa bihurtuko lukeen ezaugarria. </p><p>Talde hauen barnean aipatzekoak dira periferiko arruntenak: monitore klasikoak, inprimagailu, bozgorailu, e.a. Ezinbestekoak kontsidera daitezkeenak monitorea eta disko idazkailu motaren bat izango lirateke, izan ere, hauekin bakarrik edozein motako informazio landua kanporatzeko aukera ematen dituzten bakarrak baitira. Inpresora bat osagarria delarik, gaur egun hain beharrezkoa da, non erabiltzaileak sistemaren atal beharrezko bezala kontsidera dezakeela. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Periferiko_mistoak_(S/I)"><span id="Periferiko_mistoak_.28S.2FI.29"></span>Periferiko mistoak (S/I)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Periferiko mistoak (S/I)»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Periferiko mistoak (S/I)"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Iomega-100-Zip-Drive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Iomega-100-Zip-Drive.jpg/220px-Iomega-100-Zip-Drive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Iomega-100-Zip-Drive.jpg/330px-Iomega-100-Zip-Drive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Iomega-100-Zip-Drive.jpg/440px-Iomega-100-Zip-Drive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>ZIP 100 kanpo-diskoa.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Festplatte.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Festplatte.JPG/220px-Festplatte.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Festplatte.JPG/330px-Festplatte.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Festplatte.JPG/440px-Festplatte.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Disko gogorreko piezak.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sarrera eta irteera dispositibo bezala operatu egin dezaketen horiek dira. Sarrera/Irteerako periferikoak honako hauei deitu ditzakegu: disko gogorrak, diskete-unitateak, zinta magnetikoko unitateak, CD/DVD irakur-grabagailua, ZIP diskoak, e.a. Tarte hauen artean bestelako osagai batzuk aurkitu ditzazkegu: Flash memoria, sare txartelak, modemak, bideo hartze/irteera plakak, e.a. </p><p>Pendrive-ak, flash memoriak edota <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> memoriak memorien sailaren barruan sar baldin badaitezke ere, biltegiratze masibo bezala ezagutzen dira; hauek guztiak E/S kategoriaren barnean sartzen dira. </p><p>Biltegiratze masiboko dispositiboek “bigarren mailako memoria edo laguntzailea” bezala ere ezagutzen dira. Hauen barnean, inongo zalantzarik gabe, disko gogorrak toki berezi bat hartzen du, gaur egun garrantzia handiena duena baita, eta horren barnean sistema eragilea, aplikazio guztiak, utilitarioak, e.a. gordetzen baita. Gainera, tamaina handiko informazio eta datuak gordetzeko toki nahikoa du, ia denbora mugagabeaz mantentzen duelarik. <a href="/wiki/Datu-base" title="Datu-base">Datu-baseak</a> duten Web zerbitzariek, mezularizkoek eta sarekoek tamaina handiko disko gogorrak erabiltzen dituzte, abiadura handiarekin lan egiteko teknologia dutelarik. </p><p>Ukimen-pantaila mistoa den dispositiboa kontsidera daiteke, izan ere, informazioa eta irteera datuak erakusteaz gain, sarrera datu bezala lan egin dezakeen dispositiboa da, saguaren funtzioak aldatzera iristen delarik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prozesamenduko_Unitate_Zentrala_(PUZ,_CPU_ingelesez)"><span id="Prozesamenduko_Unitate_Zentrala_.28PUZ.2C_CPU_ingelesez.29"></span>Prozesamenduko Unitate Zentrala (PUZ, CPU ingelesez)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Prozesamenduko Unitate Zentrala (PUZ, CPU ingelesez)»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Prozesamenduko Unitate Zentrala (PUZ, CPU ingelesez)"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Prozesatzeko_unitate_zentral" title="Prozesatzeko unitate zentral">Prozesatzeko unitate zentral</a>»</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:AMD_X2_3600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/AMD_X2_3600.jpg/350px-AMD_X2_3600.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/AMD_X2_3600.jpg/525px-AMD_X2_3600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/AMD_X2_3600.jpg/700px-AMD_X2_3600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>64 bitseko nukleo bikoitzeko mikroprozesagailua, AMD Athlon 64 X2 3600.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ordenagailuaren prozesuaren erdia edo bihotza da, konputazio-sistema baten inteligentzia dagoen tokia da. <a href="/wiki/Prozesatzeko_unitate_zentral" title="Prozesatzeko unitate zentral">PUZ</a> edo prozesadorea instrukzioak interpretatu eta exekutatzen dituen beharrezkoa den osagaia da, eta datuak prozesatzen ditu. Basikoki berez ordenagailu bat bezala izango litzateke, baina sarrera/irteera biderik gabe. Mikroprozesadore bat eskala altu batean (txip) integraturik dagoen <a href="/wiki/Prozesatzeko_unitate_zentral" title="Prozesatzeko unitate zentral">PUZ</a> bat da, mikroordenagailuek PUZ bezala erabiltzen dituztenak dira, horregatik dute izen hori. </p><p>Sareko zerbitzariek edo kalkulu errendimendu altuko makina batek, mikroprozesagailu batzuk, edota milaka prozesagailu izan ditzake era berean edo paraleloki lan egiten. Kasu honetan, osagai guztien multzoak PUZa osatzen du. </p><p>Prozesamenduko unitate zentralek (<a href="/wiki/Prozesatzeko_unitate_zentral" title="Prozesatzeko unitate zentral">PUZ</a>) mikroprozesagailu bakar bat bezala ez dira ordenagailu pertsonaletan (PC) soilik ematen, inteligentzia elektroniko minimoa duten beste motako dispositiboetan ere ematen baita. Horren adibide ditugu prozesu industrialeko kontrolatzaileak, telebistak, kalkulagailuak, telefono mugikorrak, etxetresna elektronikoak, jostailuak, e.a. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Abit-kt7-large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Abit-kt7-large.jpg/300px-Abit-kt7-large.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Abit-kt7-large.jpg/450px-Abit-kt7-large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Abit-kt7-large.jpg/600px-Abit-kt7-large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>Erabilitako ATX txartel nagusi estandarra, gaur egun AT modeloa ordezkatu zuena.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Prozesatzeko_unitate_zentral" title="Prozesatzeko unitate zentral">PUZa</a> ama plakan deritzonean kokatzen da, normalean PUZeko Socket baten bitartez. Aluminiozko beroa ematen duen disipadore bat ere dago bertan, eta baita bat edo bi haizagailu, “microcoolers” bezala ezagutzen direnak. Osagai hauek egotearen arrazoia PUZa bero gehiegi jariatzen duen elementua delako, eta tenperatura jakin batetik gora ez du behar bezala lan egiten, galdatzera ere iritsi daitekeelarik. Horregatik ama plakek tenperatura sentsore batzuk dituzte, haizagailuen erreboluzio sentsore batzuk ere ekartzen dituelarik. Noizean behin, bertako tenperatura limite zehatz batzuk pasatzen baldin baditu edota erreboluzioak jaisten baldin badira, ekipoa automatikoki itzali egiten da. Errekurtso hauek azken belaunaldietako plakak dituzte bakarrik. </p><p>Hardwarea osatzen dituzten zirkuitu elektroniko gehienak ere, ama plakan doaz muntaturik. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Txartel_nagusi" title="Txartel nagusi">Ama plaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Txartel_nagusi" title="Txartel nagusi">txartel nagusia</a> edota motherboard-a, zabaltze, zokalo eta konektatzaile zirrikituen dituen zirkuitu-orri handi bat da, eta txip guztiak elkarrekin konektatzen dituen funtsezko euskarria da: <a href="/wiki/Prozesatzeko_unitate_zentral" title="Prozesatzeko unitate zentral">PUZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Random_Access_Memory" title="Random Access Memory">RAM</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Read_Only_Memory" title="Read Only Memory">ROM</a> memoriak, <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a>, txartel grafikoak, sare-txartelak, e.a. Ia txartel “txiki” guztiek (sarea, bideo, soinu, modem, e.a.), gaur egun arte bereizturik zetozen arren, gaur egun ama plakan bertan integraturik ere azaltzen dira. Hala ere, ama plakak baditu zirrikitu batzuk txartel gehigarriekin konektatzeko aukera emateko, bideo harrapatzailea eta datuen eskuraketa txartelak, horren adibideak ditugu. Azken finean, ama plakak slot batzuk dauzka, txartel moldatzaile gehigarriekin konexioa baimentzeko. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RAM_memoria">RAM memoria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «RAM memoria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: RAM memoria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:RAM_module.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/RAM_module.jpg/135px-RAM_module.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="598" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/RAM_module.jpg/203px-RAM_module.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/RAM_module.jpg 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>128 Mb-eko SDRAM modulua.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ingelesetik <b>R</b>andom <b>A</b>ccess <b>M</b>emory, <b>ausazko memoriaren sarbidea</b> esan nahi du, sarbide zuzenekin grabatzeko edota informazioa ateratzeko gaitasuna kontutan hartu gabe. </p><p>Normalean, <a href="/wiki/Random_Access_Memory" title="Random Access Memory">RAM</a> hitza erabiltzerakoan, konputagailu baten informazio eta programen aldiuneko memoriari egiten zaio erreferentzia, Prozesatzeko Unitate Zentralak (<a href="/wiki/Prozesatzeko_unitate_zentral" title="Prozesatzeko unitate zentral">PUZ</a>) sartu, prozesatu eta exekutatzen duena. <a href="/wiki/Random_Access_Memory" title="Random Access Memory">RAM</a> memoria konputagailu baten “Memoria Zentrala, Nagusia edo Lanerakoa” ere deitzen da. Gordetze mosiboko memoria laguntzaileekin konparatuta (disko edo zintak), <a href="/wiki/Random_Access_Memory" title="Random Access Memory">RAM</a> memoria beti kapazitate gutxiagoko aizan ohi da, baina besteak baino azkarragoak, horregatik “lanerako memoria” edo aldiunekoa bezala erabiltzen da. </p><p>Badira ere beste <a href="/wiki/Random_Access_Memory" title="Random Access Memory">RAM</a> memoriak, helburu bereziekin, konputagailu baten memoria zentral bezala derrigorrez erabiltzen ez delarik. </p><p>RAM memoriak arrunki ezaugarri hegazkorreko memoriak dira, hau da, elektrizitate-iturria oztopatzen denean segituan galtzen dute bere edukia. “Dinamikoak” ere kontsideratzen dira eta, horregatik, zirkuitu elektroniko zehatz bat behar dute energia neurri batean asetzeko eta bere karga mantentzeko. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="RAM_memoria_motak">RAM memoria motak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «RAM memoria motak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: RAM memoria motak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM">DRAM</a>: Ingelesez <b>Dynamic RAM</b> sigletatik eratorria. Edukiera handiko memoria da baina konstanteki aireztatzea eskatzen du energia berriztatzeko, bestela bere edukia galduko luke. <a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu" title="Ordenagailu">Konputagailu</a> baten memoria nagusi edo zentralak DRAM memoriak osatzen du.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SRAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SRAM (sortu gabe)">SRAM</a>: <b>Static Random Acces Memory</b> sigletatik eratorria. DRAM baino memoria azkarragoa eta segurtasun handiagokoa da. “Estatiko” hitzak aireztatu ez den beharra adierazten du. RAM estatikoko txipek 10-30 nanosegundoko sarbide-denbora dute, dinamikoak, motelagoak izanik, 30 nanosegundo baino gehiago irauten dutelarik.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NVRAM (sortu gabe)">NVRAM</a>: Ingelesetik <b>Non-Volatile Random Access Memory</b>. Memoria honek ez du gordetako informazioa galtzen bere elikadura-iturria oztopatzen denean. Helburu berezietarako erabili ohi da, eta ez <a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu" title="Ordenagailu">konputagailu</a> baten memoria nagusi bezala.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VRAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VRAM (sortu gabe)">VRAM</a>: <b>Video RAM</b>, bideo moldatzaileentzat erabilitako helburu berezietarako memoriak.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="RAM_memoria_enkapsulatzeko_modu_batzuk">RAM memoria enkapsulatzeko modu batzuk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «RAM memoria enkapsulatzeko modu batzuk»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: RAM memoria enkapsulatzeko modu batzuk"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DIP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DIP (sortu gabe)">DIP</a>: <b>Dual In line Package</b>. Kutxa laukizuzen batean memoriazko txip bakarra duten enkapsulatzaile mota, konexioko pineko bi hilaraz alde bakoitzeko osaturik.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SIMM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SIMM (sortu gabe)">SIMM</a>: <b>Single In line Memory Module</b>. Enkapsulatzaile beste mota bat da, , eta ama plakaren SIMM hormegal batean kokatzen dira.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DIMM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DIMM (sortu gabe)">DIMM</a>: <b>Dual In line Memory Module</b>. Zirkuitu inpresoko plaka txiki bat duen enkapsulatzailea, memoriazko txipak dituena.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="RAM_memoriaren_zenbait_erabilera">RAM memoriaren zenbait erabilera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «RAM memoriaren zenbait erabilera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: RAM memoriaren zenbait erabilera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>RAM Disk</b>: <a href="/wiki/Random_Access_Memory" title="Random Access Memory">RAM</a> dinamikoari (<a href="/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM">DRAM</a>) egiten dio erreferentzia, eta disko gogor bat emulatzeko dago konfiguratuta. RAM Disk memoria baten fitxategietan sartzeko aukera dago, sarbide-abiadura handiagoa delarik disko gogor batekin konparatuz gero.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Caché Memoriak</b>: <a href="/wiki/Random_Access_Memory" title="Random Access Memory">RAM</a> memoriako gordetze sistema berezia da, abiadura handikoa. Konputagailuaren memoria nagusi edo zentralaren gune batean erreserbatua edo abiadura handiko gordetze dispositibo independentea izan daiteke.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware_Grafikoa">Hardware Grafikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hardware Grafikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Hardware Grafikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hardware grafikoa txartel grafikoek osatzen dute basikoki, gaur egun berezko memoria eta Prozesamendu Unitatea dutena, Graphics Processing Unit (<a href="/wiki/Grafikoak_prozesatzeko_unitate" title="Grafikoak prozesatzeko unitate">GPU</a>) deitzen dena. GPUren helburu nagusiena prozesamendu grafikoa soilik osatzea da, <a href="/wiki/Prozesatzeko_unitate_zentral" title="Prozesatzeko unitate zentral">PUZ</a> egiten dituen eginbeharretatik batzuk askatuaz, kostatzen den eginkizun eta denbora aurreztuaz, beste funtzio batzuk betetzeko gaitasun aizan dezan. </p><p>Moore-ren Legeak 18-24 hilabeteetan zirkuitu integratu baten transistore kopurua bikoiztera iristen dela esan daiteke; GPUren kasuan legeak esaten duena baino kantitate handiagoan handitzen da. </p><p>Azken 15 urtetan prozesamendu grafikoaren eboluzioak hazkunde ikaragarria izan du. Gaur egungo konputagailu eta bideo-jokoen bidezko animazioak duela 20 urte pentsatzea ezinezkoa zelarik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konputagailuen_Hardwarean_egindako_teknologiak_eta_berrikuntzak">Konputagailuen Hardwarean egindako teknologiak eta berrikuntzak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Konputagailuen Hardwarean egindako teknologiak eta berrikuntzak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Konputagailuen Hardwarean egindako teknologiak eta berrikuntzak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>1. belaunaldia (1945 – 1956)</b>: Balbula termoionikoarekin. Zirkuitu elektrikoak dituen bonbilla baten tamainako beirazko tutuak. Teknologia honen makinak bolumen handikoak, kostu handikoak, fidagaitzak eta operazio eta mantenamendurako zailak ziren.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>2. belaunaldia (1957 – 1963)</b>: Transistoreekin. Aurrekoak baino makina txikiagoak, fidagarriagoak eta ekonomikoak ziren.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>3. belaunaldia (1964 – 1971)</b>: Zirkuitu Integratuekin. Teknologia honek ehunka transistore eta bestelako osagai elektronikoak zirkuitu integratu bakarrean sartzea lortu zen, siliziozko txip bat osatuz. Konputagailuek beren kostuak eta tamaina jaitsi ziren, bere kapazitatea, abiadura eta fidagarritasuna handitu zirelarik.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>4. belaunaldia (1971 – Orainaldia)</b>: Mikroprozesagailuekin. Txip honek ia osorik integraturik dagoen konputagailu bat osatzen du, siliziozkoa eta zentimetro karratu txikia duena.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>5. belaunaldia (Orainaldia – Etorkizuna)</b>: Berrikuntzaz lortutako aurrerapauso garrantzitsua, integraziozko eskalen gorapenarengatik, prozesuko abiaduren handitzeagatik eta softwarearen handitze eta konplexutasunarengatik. Adimen artifizialezko programek eta sistema bikainek zentzu honetan munarri bat izan zuten.</li></ul> <p><br /> <b>Berrikuntza batzuk:</b> </p> <ul><li>Etorkizunerako hardware txikiago, ahaltsuago eta aurreratuagoa espero da, nanoteknologiako eta nano-elektronikako azken ikerketen ondorioz.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>. urtean IBM enpresak <a href="/wiki/Prozesatzeko_unitate_zentral" title="Prozesatzeko unitate zentral">PUZ</a> prozesadore baten prototipoa lortu zuen, oso azkar lan egiten duena, 500Ghz eta ustez, zerbait gehiago. Adituek giro tenperaturan 350GHz-etan lan egiten duen prozesagailua sortu zuten, baino -268 gradu zentigrado hoztuz 500GHz-eko errekorrera iritsi ziren. Tenperatura horietara iristeko Helio likidoa erabili zuten. Proposatu duten helburua 1THz-ko (1000GHz) abiaduraraino iristea da. Ideia bate gin ahal izateko, kontutan hartu behar da etxeko prozesagailu azkarrenek 3 eta 5GHz-ko abiadura dutela.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu" title="Ordenagailu">Ordenagailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">Firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informatika" title="Informatika">Informatika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.librezale.org/deskargak/index.php?action=view&filename=Linux26aren_Mundu_Li.html&directory=LDP-eu&PHPSESSID=0a9cecb904fec51c4a84a82c88ce2186">Kernelaren Mundu Liluragarria</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051127184122/http://dmoz.org/Computers/Hardware/">Hardwareari buruzko ehundaka artikulu</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081116032559/http://www.montes.upm.es/servicios/Informatica/hardware.pdf">Ordenagailu baten Hardwareari buruzko artikulua</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span><a 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style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">i</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-eztabaida"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi_eztabaida:Elektronika_digital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi eztabaida:Elektronika digital (sortu gabe)"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau eztabaidatu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-aldatu"><a class="external text" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Elektronika_digital&action=edit"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau aldatu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">a</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elektronika_digital" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Elektronika_digital" title="Elektronika digital">Elektronika digital</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Osagai_elektroniko" title="Osagai elektroniko">Osagai elektronikoak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ate_logiko" title="Ate logiko">Ate logiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logika_sekuentzial" title="Logika sekuentzial">Logika sekuentzial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistema_konbinazional" title="Sistema konbinazional">Sistema konbinazional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Txip" title="Txip">Txip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Teoria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinale_digital" title="Seinale digital">Seinale digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booleren_aljebra" title="Booleren aljebra">Booleren aljebra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintesi_logiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintesi logiko (sortu gabe)">Sintesi logiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logika_konputazional" title="Logika konputazional">Logika konputazional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konputagailu_arkitektura" title="Konputagailu arkitektura">Konputagailu arkitektura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seinale_digitalen_prozesamendua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seinale digitalen prozesamendua (sortu gabe)">Seinale digitalen prozesamendua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirkuitu_kommutazioen_teoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zirkuitu kommutazioen teoria (sortu gabe)">Zirkuitu kommutazioen teoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diseinu_elektroniko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diseinu elektroniko (sortu gabe)">Diseinua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintesi_logiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintesi logiko (sortu gabe)">Sintesi logiko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lekutze_eta_bideraketa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lekutze eta bideraketa (sortu gabe)">Lekutze eta bideraketa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lekutze_(diseinu_elektronikoa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lekutze (diseinu elektronikoa) (sortu gabe)">Lekutze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bideraketa_(diseinu_elektronikoa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bideraketa (diseinu elektronikoa) (sortu gabe)">Bideraketa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Register-transfer_level&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Register-transfer level (sortu gabe)">Register-transfer level</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardwarearen_deskribapen_hizkuntza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hardwarearen deskribapen hizkuntza (sortu gabe)">Hardwarearen deskribapen hizkuntza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goi_mailako_sintesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goi mailako sintesi (sortu gabe)">Goi mailako sintesi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekibalentzia_formalen_konprobaketa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekibalentzia formalen konprobaketa (sortu gabe)">Ekibalentzia formalen konprobaketa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirkuitu_sinkrono" title="Zirkuitu sinkrono">Zirkuitu sinkrono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirkuitu_asinkrono" title="Zirkuitu asinkrono">Zirkuitu asinkrono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_finitu" title="Automata finitu">Automata finitu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Aplikazioak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hardware</a></li> <li><a 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