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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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id="toc-吠陀梵語-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古典梵語" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古典梵語"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 古典梵語 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古典梵語-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歐洲學術" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歐洲學術"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 歐洲學術 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歐洲學術-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語音體系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語音體系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 語音體系 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-語音體系-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关語音體系子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-語音體系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-元音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 元音 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-輔音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#輔音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 輔音 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-輔音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音韻和連接音變" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音韻和連接音變"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 音韻和連接音變 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音韻和連接音變-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 語法 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-語法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关語法子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-語法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-語法傳統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語法傳統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 語法傳統 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語法傳統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-動詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#動詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 動詞 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-動詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-動詞分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#動詞分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 動詞分類 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-動詞分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-時態系統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#時態系統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 時態系統 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-時態系統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-現在時系統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#現在時系統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2.1 現在時系統 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-現在時系統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-完成時系統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#完成時系統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2.2 完成時系統 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-完成時系統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-不定過去時系統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#不定過去時系統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2.3 不定過去時系統 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-不定過去時系統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-將來時系統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#將來時系統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2.4 將來時系統 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-將來時系統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-動詞變位" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#動詞變位"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 動詞變位 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-動詞變位-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-基本變位詞尾" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基本變位詞尾"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3.1 基本變位詞尾 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基本變位詞尾-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-例子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#例子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 例子 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-例子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-名詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 名詞 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-基本名詞和形容詞變格" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基本名詞和形容詞變格"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 基本名詞和形容詞變格 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基本名詞和形容詞變格-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc--{a-}-詞幹" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#-{a-}-詞幹"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 a-詞幹 </div> </a> <ul id="toc--{a-}-詞幹-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc--{i-}-詞幹和-{u-}-詞幹" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#-{i-}-詞幹和-{u-}-詞幹"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 i-詞幹和u-詞幹 </div> </a> <ul id="toc--{i-}-詞幹和-{u-}-詞幹-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-單音節詞幹" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#單音節詞幹"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 單音節詞幹 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-單音節詞幹-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc--{ṛ}--詞幹" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#-{ṛ}--詞幹"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.5 ṛ-詞幹 </div> </a> <ul id="toc--{ṛ}--詞幹-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人稱代詞和限定詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人稱代詞和限定詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 人稱代詞和限定詞 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人稱代詞和限定詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-合成詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#合成詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 合成詞 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-合成詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-句法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#句法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 句法 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-句法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-数词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#数词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 数词 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-数词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文字" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文字"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 文字 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-文字-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关文字子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-文字-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-羅馬化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#羅馬化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 羅馬化 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-羅馬化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古代書體" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古代書體"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 古代書體 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古代書體-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 影響 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-影響-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关影響子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-復興努力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#復興努力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 復興努力 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-復興努力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-梵語对汉语的影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#梵語对汉语的影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 梵語对汉语的影响 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-梵語对汉语的影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-計算語言學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#計算語言學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 計算語言學 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-計算語言學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 参考文献 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关参考文献子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 引用 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 来源 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 參見 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">梵语</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。185种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-185" aria-hidden="true" > 185种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Асанскрит бызшәа – 阿布哈西亚语" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Асанскрит бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="阿布哈西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AA%E1%89%B5" title="ሳንስክሪት – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሳንስክሪት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanscrito" title="Sanscrito – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sanscrito" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanscritisc" title="Sanscritisc – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sanscritisc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="संस्कृत भाषा – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="संस्कृत भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة السنسكريتية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة السنسكريتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سنسكريتية – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سنسكريتية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%89" title="سانسكريتى – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سانسكريتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="সংস্কৃত ভাষা – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সংস্কৃত ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_s%C3%A1nscritu" title="Idioma sánscritu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma sánscritu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4" title="संस्कृत – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="संस्कृत" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سانسکریت دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سانسکریت دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Sansekerta" title="Basa Sansekerta – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Sansekerta" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskr%C4%97ts" title="Sanskrėts – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sanskrėts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrito" title="Sanskrito – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sanskrito" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Санскрыт – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Санскрыт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Санскрыт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Санскрыт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4" title="संस्कृत – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संस्कृत" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="সংস্কৃত ভাষা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংস্কৃত ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ལེགས་སྦྱར་སྐད། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལེགས་སྦྱར་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4" title="সংস্কৃত – 比什奴普萊利亞文" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সংস্কৃত" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="比什奴普萊利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%B1skriteg" title="Sañskriteg – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sañskriteg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrt" title="Sanskrt – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sanskrt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Sanskerta" title="Saro Sanskerta – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Sanskerta" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Самгарди хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Самгарди хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0nscrit" title="Sànscrit – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sànscrit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Huáng-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huáng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Sanskrito" title="Pinulongang Sanskrito – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Sanskrito" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="زمانی سانسکریت – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی سانسکریت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrt" title="Sanskrt – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sanskrt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansgrit" title="Sansgrit – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sansgrit" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskritki" title="Sanskritki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sanskritki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="संस्कृत भाषा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="संस्कृत भाषा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ސަންސްކްރިއްތް – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސަންސްކްރިއްތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Σανσκριτική γλώσσα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σανσκριτική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrito" title="Sanskrito – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sanskrito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1nscrito" title="Sánscrito – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sánscrito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskriti_keel" title="Sanskriti keel – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sanskriti keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrito" title="Sanskrito – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sanskrito" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="زبان سانسکریت – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان سانسکریت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskryt" title="Sanskryt – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sanskryt" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSanscrait" title="An tSanscrait – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSanscrait" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="梵語 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="梵語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_s%C3%A1nscrita" title="Lingua sánscrita – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua sánscrita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1nskrito" title="Sánskrito – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Sánskrito" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4" title="संस्कृत – 孔卡尼文" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="संस्कृत" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="孔卡尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌺𐍂𐌹𐍄𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – 哥特语" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌺𐍂𐌹𐍄𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="哥特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="સંસ્કૃત ભાષા – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સંસ્કૃત ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A2m-ng%C3%AE" title="Fâm-ngî – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fâm-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98" title="סנסקריט – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנסקריט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="संस्कृत भाषा – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संस्कृत भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrt" title="Sanskrt – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sanskrt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szanszkrit_nyelv" title="Szanszkrit nyelv – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szanszkrit nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF" title="Սանսկրիտ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սանսկրիտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Սանսկրիդ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սանսկրիդ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanscrito" title="Sanscrito – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sanscrito" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskerta" title="Bahasa Sanskerta – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Sanskerta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrito" title="Sanskrito – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sanskrito" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrita_linguo" title="Sanskrita linguo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sanskrita linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskr%C3%ADt" title="Sanskrít – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sanskrít" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_sanscrita" title="Lingua sanscrita – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua sanscrita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="サンスクリット – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サンスクリット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Sangsekerta" title="Basa Sangsekerta – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Sangsekerta" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="სანსკრიტი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სანსკრიტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – 卡巴尔德语" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans%C9%A9kr%C9%A9t%C9%A9_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Sansɩkrɩtɩ kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sansɩkrɩtɩ kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskerta" title="Bahasa Sanskerta – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Sanskerta" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%8F" title="សំស្ក្រឹត – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សំស្ក្រឹត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4" title="ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8%EC%96%B4" title="산스크리트어 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산스크리트어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%95%D9%9B%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سَنَسکرٕٛت زَبان – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سَنَسکرٕٛت زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_sanskr%C3%AEt%C3%AE" title="Zimanê sanskrîtî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê sanskrîtî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrytek" title="Sanskrytek – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sanskrytek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Sanscrita" title="Lingua Sanscrita – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Sanscrita" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanscrito" title="Sanscrito – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sanscrito" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskriet" title="Sanskriet – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sanskriet" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_s%C3%A0nscrita" title="Lengua sànscrita – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua sànscrita" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_sanscrita" title="Lengua sanscrita – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua sanscrita" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ພາສາສັນສະກິດ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາສັນສະກິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskritas" title="Sanskritas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sanskritas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrits" title="Sanskrits – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sanskrits" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="संस्कृत भाषा – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="संस्कृत भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_sanskrity" title="Fiteny sanskrity – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny sanskrity" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Sanskerta" title="Bahaso Sanskerta – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Sanskerta" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="സംസ്കൃതം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സംസ്കൃതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Санскрит хэл – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Санскрит хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AA%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A0" title="ꯁꯪꯁ꯭ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯠ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯪꯁ꯭ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯠ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="संस्‍कृत भाषा – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संस्‍कृत भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskrit" title="Bahasa Sanskrit – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="သင်္သကရိုက်ဘာသာစကား – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သင်္သကရိုက်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="سانسکریت – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سانسکریت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanscritotlaht%C5%8Dlli" title="Sanscritotlahtōlli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Sanscritotlahtōlli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4" title="संस्कृत – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="संस्कृत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4" title="संस्कृत – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="संस्कृत" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskriet" title="Sanskriet – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sanskriet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanscrit" title="Sanscrit – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sanscrit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%A4" title="ସଂସ୍କୃତ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସଂସ୍କୃତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A1nung_Sangaskul%C3%ADta" title="Amánung Sangaskulíta – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amánung Sangaskulíta" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE" title="गिरीवाण वाचा – 巴利语" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="गिरीवाण वाचा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskryt" title="Sanskryt – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sanskryt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0nscrit" title="Sànscrit – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sànscrit" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="سنسکرت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سنسکرت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="سانسکريت ژبه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سانسکريت ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2nscrito" title="Sânscrito – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sânscrito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_simi" title="Sanskrit simi – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sanskrit simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_sanscrit%C4%83" title="Limba sanscrită – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba sanscrită" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_sanscrite" title="Lènga sanscrite – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga sanscrite" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82" title="Санскріт – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Санскріт" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igisansikiriti" title="Igisansikiriti – 卢旺达语" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igisansikiriti" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="卢旺达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="संस्कृतम् – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="संस्कृतम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_s%C3%A0nscrita" title="Limba sànscrita – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba sànscrita" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_sanscrita" title="Lingua sanscrita – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua sanscrita" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="سنسڪرت – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سنسڪرت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrt" title="Sanskrt – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sanskrt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Tasanskritt" title="Tutlayt Tasanskritt – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Tasanskritt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD" title="සංස්කෘත – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංස්කෘත" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سنسکرت زبان – 色莱基语" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سنسکرت زبان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="色莱基语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrt" title="Sanskrt – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sanskrt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_sanskrite" title="Gjuha sanskrite – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha sanskrite" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%82_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Санскрт (језик) – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Санскрт (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Sangsekerta" title="Basa Sangsekerta – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Sangsekerta" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisanskrit" title="Kisanskrit – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kisanskrit" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskryck%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Sanskryckŏ gŏdka – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sanskryckŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சமசுகிருதம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமசுகிருதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತ ಬಾಸೆ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತ ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="సంస్కృతం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సంస్కృతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95" title="ภาษาสันสกฤต – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาสันสกฤต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Sanskrito" title="Wikang Sanskrito – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Sanskrito" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Санскрит дыл – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Санскрит дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="سنسکرت – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنسکرت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ph%E1%BA%A1n" title="Tiếng Phạn – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Phạn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinanskrit" title="Sinanskrit – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sinanskrit" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" title="梵文 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="梵文" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Санскрит келн – 卡尔梅克语" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Санскрит келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡尔梅克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="სანსკრიტი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სანსკრიტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98" title="סאנסקריט – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סאנסקריט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahfan" title="Vahfan – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vahfan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="梵語 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="梵語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A2n-g%C3%AD" title="Hoân-gí – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoân-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" title="梵文 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="梵文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11059#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c">条目</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >工具 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD">阅读</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e">编辑</a></li><li 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class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=show-download-screen">下载为PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p">打印页面</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" hreflang="en">维基共享资源</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11059" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g">维基数据项目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>）</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84078810">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;">梵语</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;">संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:The_word_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_(Sanskrit)_in_Sanskrit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_word_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%28Sanskrit%29_in_Sanskrit.svg/230px-The_word_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%28Sanskrit%29_in_Sanskrit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_word_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%28Sanskrit%29_in_Sanskrit.svg/345px-The_word_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%28Sanskrit%29_in_Sanskrit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_word_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%28Sanskrit%29_in_Sanskrit.svg/460px-The_word_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%28Sanskrit%29_in_Sanskrit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="150" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Sanskrit_in_Siddham_script.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sanskrit_in_Siddham_script.svg/230px-Sanskrit_in_Siddham_script.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sanskrit_in_Siddham_script.svg/345px-Sanskrit_in_Siddham_script.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sanskrit_in_Siddham_script.svg/460px-Sanskrit_in_Siddham_script.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">“梵语”的天城文与悉昙文写法</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">发音</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[sə̃skɹ̩t̪əm]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">区域</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="孟加拉">孟加拉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="尼泊爾">尼泊爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1" title="斯里蘭卡">斯里蘭卡</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">母语使用人数</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">14,135<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> （2001）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B3%BB%E5%B1%9E%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="语言系属分类">語系</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">印欧语系</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="印度-伊朗语族">印度-伊朗语族</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="印度-雅利安语支">印度-雅利安语支</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li>梵语</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="天城文">天城文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E6%9B%87%E6%96%87" title="悉曇文">悉昙文</a>和其他<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="婆罗米系文字">婆羅米系文字</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a>轉寫</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;;">官方地位</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="官方语言">作为官方语言</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>（印度公认的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="印度国家语言列表">国家语言</a>之一）<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;;">語言代碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=sa">sa</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/san" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:san">san</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/san" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:san">san</a></code>——<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_639%E5%AE%8F%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 639宏语言（页面不存在）">囊括代码</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639_macrolanguage" class="extiw" title="en:ISO 639 macrolanguage">ISO 639 macrolanguage</a>） 各项代码： <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cls" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cls">cls</a></code> – <a href="#古典梵语">古典梵语</a> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/vsn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:vsn">vsn</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="吠陀梵語">吠陀梵语</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sans1269">sans1269</a></code><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-3">[3]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> 梵语（संस्कृता वाक्，saṃskṛtā vāk，簡稱संस्कृतम्，saṃskṛtam），是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">印欧语系</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="印度-伊朗語族">印度-伊朗語族</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="印度-雅利安语支">印度-雅利安语支</a>的一种语言<a href="#cite_note-ethno-4">[4]</a>，是該語系中最古老的語言之一。和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>一樣，梵語已經成為一種屬於學術和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>的專門用語。雖然現代梵語的母語使用者非常少，但是因為梵文本身的特殊性，在現代<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>、印度教和<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教">耆那教</a>的經典中依然可以隨處找到梵語。如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>經典《<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="吠陀經">吠陀經</a>》即用梵文寫成。其語法和發音均被視作一種宗教儀規而得以絲毫不差地保存下來。19世紀時梵語成為重構印歐諸語言的關鍵語種。古印度相信梵文是由<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E5%A4%A9" title="梵天">梵天</a>所發明<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史">歷史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg/300px-Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg/450px-Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg/600px-Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>在尼泊爾境內發現的寫在貝葉經上的梵文（11世紀）</figcaption></figure> 梵語是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">印欧语系</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="印度-伊朗語族">印度-伊朗語族</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="印度-雅利安语支">印度-雅利安语支</a>的一种语言。與它關係最密切的上古語言是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="伊朗語支">伊朗語支</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="古波斯語">古波斯語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E9%99%80%E8%AA%9E" title="阿維斯陀語">阿維斯陀語</a><a href="#cite_note-#1-6">[6]</a>。在印歐語系範圍內，梵語同<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%9D%E9%9F%B3%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="噝音語言">噝音語言</a>（特別是<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="斯拉夫語族">斯拉夫語言</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="波罗的语族">波羅的語言</a>）還有<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>共享相同的特征性語音演變<a href="#cite_note-#1-6">[6]</a>。 已證實的最早梵語文本是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%A8%E4%BF%B1%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="梨俱吠陀">梨俱吠陀</a>》，定位在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="旁遮普地区">旁遮普地區</a>，时间为公元前第二個千年的中後期。雖然找不到這么早期的文本，但學者確信文本的口頭傳播是可靠的，並且認為這是對宗教传承至關重要的儀式文獻<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>。 要探討從梨俱吠陀到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E4%BD%A0%E5%B0%BC" title="波你尼">波你尼</a>時代（大約公元前四世紀）梵語的發展，可以考察印度教其它文本，如《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%91%E6%91%A9%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="娑摩吠陀">娑摩吠陀</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9C%E6%9F%94%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="夜柔吠陀">夜柔吠陀</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%97%A5%E5%A9%86%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="阿闥婆吠陀">阿闥婆吠陀</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E4%B9%A6" title="梵书">梵書</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%B9%89%E4%B9%A6" title="奥义书">奧義書</a>》。在此期間，這門語言的威望、它的神圣用途及其正確发音的重要性，形成了一股強大的保守力量，防止梵語像普通語言一样隨時間而演變<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>。 现存最古老的梵語文法是波你尼的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E7%AF%87%E4%B9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="八篇书">八篇书</a>》，大約於公元前四世紀成形。它本質上是規範性文法，就是說它定義（而非描述）了正確梵語的用法，儘管它包含了描述成分，但大多是處理在波你尼時代已經廢棄了的某些吠陀形式。 這裡所说的“梵語”不作脫離於其他語言的特殊語言看待，而是視作講話的高雅纯正或完美方式。通過梵語文法家如波你尼的精密分析，梵語的知識在古印度是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="社会等级">社會等級</a>层次高和<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="教育">教育</a>程度高的標誌，並主要教授給高等世襲階級的成員。梵語作為古印度的學術語言，與俗語同时共存，而俗語演化成了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AA%9E" title="中古印度-雅利安語">中古印度-雅利安語</a>方言，並最終演化成了當代的各種<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="印度-雅利安語支">印度-雅利安语言</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="吠陀梵語">吠陀梵語</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：吠陀梵語">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="吠陀梵語">吠陀梵語</a></div> 波你尼所定義的梵語是從更早的“吠陀”形式演化出來的。學者經常把<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="吠陀梵語">吠陀梵語</a>和古典或“波你尼”梵語區分為不同的方言。儘管它們非常類似，但在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="音韻">音韻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87" title="词汇">詞匯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="語法">語法</a>幾方面，本質上有所不同，令學者難以理解吠陀。吠陀梵語是<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="吠陀">吠陀</a>的語言，用它撰寫的，有一大批贊美詩、咒語（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本集（页面不存在）">本集</a>）、神學討論和宗教哲學討論（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E4%B9%A6" title="梵书">梵書</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%B9%89%E4%B9%A6" title="奥义书">奧義書</a>），是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>的最早宗教文本。現代語言學家認為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%A8%E4%BF%B1%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E7%B5%90%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梨俱吠陀結集（页面不存在）">梨俱吠陀結集</a>的韻律赞美詩是最早的，是眾多作者的作品，經歷多個世紀的口頭傳承，終獲記錄為文字。奧義書標誌着吠陀時期的結束，它形成了吠陀文集傳統編撰的最后部分。目前的假定是：吠陀形式的梵語存活到公元前第一個千年的中期。大約在這個時期梵語開始從宗教和學習的第一語言轉變為第二語言，這標誌着<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="古典时期">古典時期</a>的開始。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古典梵語">古典梵語</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：古典梵語">编辑</a>]</div> 近兩千年來，梵語深深影響著<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="南亞">南亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="中亞">中亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="東南亞">東南亞</a>，其影響甚至滲至<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="東亞">東亞</a>地區<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>。後吠陀梵語其中一種形式，頗為重要，可以在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="印度神话">印度神話</a>—《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%91%A9%E8%A1%8D%E9%82%A3" title="罗摩衍那">罗摩衍那</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%AF%83%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%9A" title="摩诃婆罗多">摩诃婆罗多</a>》的梵語文本中找到。在這些史詩，用語偏離波你尼规定，部分專家相信應該是受到俗語的干擾，或者是革新而致，而不是因為它們早于波你尼<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>。傳統梵語學者稱這些偏離現象為ārṣa（意：“出自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E5%93%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圣哲（页面不存在）">圣哲</a>的”），這是對古代作者的傳統稱謂。在某些地方，用語也比嚴謹的古典梵語更為通俗。此外，學者還提出一種叫做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教混合梵語（页面不存在）">佛教混合梵語</a>的語言，原本是佛教俗語文本，其後或多或少收了一點古典梵語，演變成了獨特的語體<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>。 據<a href="#CITEREFTiwari1955">Tiwari (1955)</a>所指，古典梵語有四大方言，即paścimottarī（西北部），madhyadeśī（中部），pūrvi（東部）和dakṣiṇī（南部，於古典時期冒起）。前三者的前身甚至可在吠陀<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E4%B9%A6" title="梵书">梵書</a>中驗證得到（Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇa, 7.6）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="歐洲學術">歐洲學術</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：歐洲學術">编辑</a>]</div> 在歐洲，梵語的學術研究，由德國學者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%B8%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陸特（页面不存在）">陸特</a>（Heinrich Roth，1620－1668年）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%E9%9B%B7%E9%A1%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汉斯雷顿（页面不存在）">汉斯雷顿</a>（Johann Ernst Hanxleden，1681－1731年）開創。後來<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%90%BC%E6%96%AF_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="威廉·琼斯 (语言学家)">威廉·瓊斯</a>發現<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="印歐語系">印歐語系</a>，也要歸功於對梵語的研究。此外，梵語研究，也對西方<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%AD%A6" title="文字学">文字學</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史語言學">歷史語言學</a>的發展，貢獻不少。 1786年2月2日，亞洲協會在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E5%90%84%E7%AD%94" class="mw-redirect" title="加爾各答">加爾各答</a>舉行。會中，威廉·瓊斯發表了下面這段著名的言論： <blockquote>「梵語，不論哪個時期，構造都精妙絕倫：比<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">希臘語</a>還完美，比<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>還豐富，精緻之處同時勝過此兩者，但在動詞詞根和語法形式上，又跟此兩者無比相似，不可能是巧合的結果。這三種語言太相似了，使任何同時稽考三者的語文學家都不得不相信三者同出一源，出自一種可能已經消逝的語言。基於相似的原因，儘管缺少同樣有力的證據，我們可以推想<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="哥德語">哥德語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="凱爾特語">凱爾特語</a>，雖然混入了迥然不同的語彙，也與梵語有著相同的起源；而<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="古波斯語">古波斯語</a>可能也是這一語系的子裔。」</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語音體系">語音體系</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：語音體系">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%8F%E5%8F%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="式叉（页面不存在）">式叉</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right" style="width:22em;font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/IPA_134.svg/50px-IPA_134.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/IPA_134.svg/75px-IPA_134.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/IPA_134.svg/100px-IPA_134.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">本页面有<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a>符号，<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%A1%B5%E6%B5%8F%E8%A7%88%E5%99%A8" title="网页浏览器">浏览器</a>須<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99#國際音標字體" title="國際音標">支持特殊字母与符号</a>才能正確显示为正确的IPA符号，否则可能變成<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%82%E7%A2%BC" title="亂碼">乱码</a>、问号、空格等其它符号。</div></div> </div> 古典梵語共有36個<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" title="音位">音位</a>，如果再考慮到<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%95%B0%E9%9F%B3" title="同位異音">同位異音</a>的話，總共有48個不同的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="語音">語音</a>。 音素傳統上按<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="元音">元音</a>（aC），<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="雙元音">雙元音</a>（haL），<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E9%9F%BB" title="隨韻">隨韻</a>（अनुस्वार, anusvāra）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A2%E9%9F%BB" title="止韻">止韻</a>（विसर्गः, visargaḥ），<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="塞音">塞音</a>（स्पर्श, Sparśa）與<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a>（從嘴的后部開始向前移），和最終的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%9F%B3" title="流音">流音</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a>的次序排列，而<a href="/wiki/IAST" title="IAST">國際梵語轉寫字母</a>（IAST）的排列如下（詳見后面的表格）: <dl><dd>a ā i ī u ū ṛ ṝ ḷ ḹ </dd> <dd>e ai o au</dd> <dd>ṃ ḥ</dd> <dd>k kh g gh ṅ</dd> <dd>c ch j jh ñ</dd> <dd>ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ</dd> <dd>t th d dh n</dd> <dd>p ph b bh m</dd> <dd>y r l v</dd> <dd>ś ṣ s h</dd></dl> 另一個可選的傳統排列次序是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E4%BD%A0%E5%B0%BC" title="波你尼">波你尼</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%95%E5%A9%86%E7%B6%93" title="濕婆經">濕婆經</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="元音">元音</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：元音">编辑</a>]</div> 古典梵語的元音和它們的詞首<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="天城文">天城文</a>符號，在<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="輔音">輔音</a>邊上的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="變音符號">變音符號</a>，<a href="/wiki/IAST" title="IAST">IAST</a>轉寫，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">IPA</a>表示的發音及其特征描述，與最近似的英語等價者（預設<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="標準美國音">GA</a>）和漢語近似者（普通話）列出如下： <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <th>字母</th> <th>附標</th> <th><a href="/wiki/IAST" title="IAST">IAST</a></th> <th>音標</th> <th>發音特征</th> <th>英語等值</th> <th>漢語近似 </th></tr> <tr> <td>अ</td> <td></td> <td>a</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ə/（或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɐ/）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="中央元音">中央元音</a>（或短<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%96%8B%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="次開央元音">次開央元音</a>）</td> <td>about（或bunny）</td> <td>e（鵝） </td></tr> <tr> <td>आ</td> <td>ा</td> <td>ā</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɑː/</td> <td>長<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%90%8E%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%86%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="开后不圆唇元音">開后不圓唇元音</a></td> <td>father（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="標準英國音">RP</a>）</td> <td>a（啊）長音 </td></tr> <tr> <td>इ</td> <td>ि</td> <td>i</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/i/</td> <td>短<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前不圓唇元音">閉前不圓唇元音</a></td> <td>england</td> <td>i（衣） </td></tr> <tr> <td>ई</td> <td>ी</td> <td>ī</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/iː/</td> <td>長閉前不圓唇元音</td> <td>feet</td> <td>i（衣）長音 </td></tr> <tr> <td>उ</td> <td>ु</td> <td>u</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/u/</td> <td>短<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉後圓唇元音">閉后圓唇元音</a></td> <td>put</td> <td>u（烏） </td></tr> <tr> <td>ऊ</td> <td>ू</td> <td>ū</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/uː/</td> <td>長閉后圓唇元音</td> <td>cool</td> <td>u（烏）長音 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ऋ</td> <td>ृ</td> <td>ṛ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɻ/</td> <td>短<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="卷舌近音">卷舌近音</a></td> <td>burl</td> <td>ri（日） </td></tr> <tr> <td>ॠ</td> <td>ॄ</td> <td>ṝ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɻː/</td> <td>長卷舌近音</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ऌ</td> <td>ॢ</td> <td>ḷ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɭ/</td> <td>短<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="卷舌边近音">卷舌邊近音</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ॡ</td> <td>ॣ</td> <td>ḹ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɭː/</td> <td>長卷舌邊近音</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ए</td> <td>े</td> <td>e</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/eː/</td> <td>長<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉前不圓唇元音">半閉前不圓唇元音</a></td> <td>bed</td> <td>ê（誒）長音 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ऐ</td> <td>ै</td> <td>ai</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ai/（或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/əi/）</td> <td>雙元音</td> <td>eight</td> <td>ei（欸）長音 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ओ</td> <td>ो</td> <td>o</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/oː/</td> <td>長<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉後圓唇元音">半閉后圓唇元音</a></td> <td>pole</td> <td>o（哦）長音 </td></tr> <tr> <td>औ</td> <td>ौ</td> <td>au</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/au/（或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/əu/）</td> <td>雙元音</td> <td>open</td> <td>ou（歐）長音 </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="元音長度">長元音</a>按它們的短元音的兩倍長度發音。多數元音還存在叫做<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pluti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pluti（页面不存在）">pluti</a>的第三個超長的長度，它用於各種情況下，但更特別用於<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E6%A0%BC" title="呼格">呼格</a>中。這個pluti不被所有文法家所接受。 元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/e/和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/o/延續為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AA%9E" title="原始印度-伊朗語">原始印度-伊朗語</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ai/、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/au/的同位異音，并被梵語語法家歸類為雙元音，尽管他們在發音上實為簡單的長元音。（見上） 梵語的ṛ和ṝ被稱為“元音r”<a href="#cite_note-burrows-12">[12]</a>，它們被認為對應於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E" title="原始印歐語">原始印歐語</a>中最初的元音“l”或“r”<a href="#cite_note-burrows-12">[12]</a>。文法家<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E4%BD%A0%E5%B0%BC" title="波你尼">波你尼</a>把它們分類為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="卷舌音">卷舌音</a><a href="#cite_note-deshpande-13">[13]</a>，因而它們的發音在古典梵語中被認為是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="卷舌近音">卷舌近音</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɻ]（大約公元前500年）。更早的文法家把它們在<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="吠陀">吠陀</a>時代的聲音分類為<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%BD%B6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="軟齶音">軟腭音</a><a href="#cite_note-deshpande-13">[13]</a>。當包含這些音的梵語詞被借用到現代<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="印度-雅利安語">印度-雅利安語</a>如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="印地語">印地語</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="尼泊爾語">尼泊爾語</a>的時候，它們的發音分別變更為<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɾɪ]或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɾiː]<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>，導致了從Kṛṣṇa形成“<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%A4%A9" title="黑天">Krishna</a>”，從ṛgveda形成“<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%A8%E4%BF%B1%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="梨俱吠陀">Rigveda</a>”，這種發音也流行於當代<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandit（页面不存在）">梵學家</a>中<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>。 補充要點： <ul><li>有些補充的記號在傳統上列入天城文表格中： <ul><li>變音符號ं叫做<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E9%9F%BB" title="隨韻">anusvāra</a>，（<a href="/wiki/IAST" title="IAST">IAST</a>：ṃ）。它用來指示音節中元音的鼻音化（<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[◌̃]）和用來表示一個音節主音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/n/或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/m/的聲音二者；比如पं <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/pəŋ/。</li> <li>變音符號ः叫做<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A2%E9%9F%BB" title="止韻">visarga</a>，表示<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/əh/ (<a href="/wiki/IAST" title="IAST">IAST</a>：ḥ)；比如पः <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/pəh/。</li> <li>變音符號ँ叫做<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B0%E6%9C%88%E9%BB%9E" title="仰月點">candrabindu</a>，傳統上不包括在梵語的天城文表格中，它可與anusvāra互換用來指示元音的鼻音化，主要用在吠陀記號中，比如पँ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/pə̃/。</li></ul></li> <li>如果需要寫出不帶任何隨後元音的單獨輔音，可以用其下的<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%9B%E9%81%94%E9%BB%9E%E7%95%AB"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80905552">.mw-parser-output ruby.zy{text-align:justify;text-justify:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rp{user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt{font-feature-settings:"ruby"1;font-size:90%;user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt+rt{padding-left:0.15em}</style><ruby class="zy center"><rb>怛</rb><rp>（</rp><rt lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">Dá</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>達點畫</a>्标出。</li> <li>梵語的元音ā比最接近的英語近似發音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɑː/更加接近中央和更少向后。但是文法家把它歸類為后元音<a href="#cite_note-#2-16">[16]</a>。</li> <li>古代梵語文法家把元音系統分類為軟腭音、卷舌音、硬腭音和唇音，而不是后元音、央元音和前元音。因此ए和ओ被分別歸類為軟腭-硬腭（a+i）和軟腭- 唇（a+u）元音。但是文法家已經把它們分類為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="雙元音">雙元音</a>，并在詩韻中每個都給出兩個mātrā。這不必然意味著它們是真正的雙元音，但也不能排除它們在非常遠古的時候是真正的雙元音（見上）。這些元音被當代學習梵語的婆羅門和神職人员分別發為長<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/eː/和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/oː/。除了這四個雙元音，梵語通常不允許任何其他雙元音，在出現連續元音的地方，要依據<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E6%8E%A5%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="連接音變">連接音變</a>規則轉換出<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半元音">半元音</a>。</li> <li>有爭論說在吠陀梵語中，अ指示短<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɑ/，而在俗語時代發音位置變得更中央和突起<a href="#cite_note-#2-16">[16]</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="輔音">輔音</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：輔音">编辑</a>]</div> 列出<a href="/wiki/IAST" title="IAST">IAST</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="天城文">天城文</a>符號，在方括號中附有近似的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">IPA</a>值。 <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇音</a> Ōshtya </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒音">唇齒音</a> Dantōshtya </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒音">齒音</a> Dantya </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="卷舌音">卷舌音</a> Mūrdhanya </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭音">硬腭音</a> Tālavya </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%BD%B6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="軟齶音">軟腭音</a> Kanthya </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E9%9F%B3" title="聲門音">聲門音</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="塞音">塞音</a> Sparśa </th> <th style="font-size:80%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">不送氣</a> Alpaprāna </th> <td>p प <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[p]</td> <td>b ब <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[b]</td> <td></td> <td>t त <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[t]</td> <td>d द <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[d]</td> <td>ṭ ट <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ʈ]</td> <td>ḍ ड <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɖ]</td> <td>c च <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[c͡ç]</td> <td>j ज <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɟ͡ʝ]</td> <td>k क <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[k]</td> <td>g ग <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[g] </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:80%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">送氣</a> Mahāprāna </th> <td>ph फ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[pʰ]</td> <td>bh भ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[bʱ]</td> <td></td> <td>th थ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[tʰ]</td> <td>dh ध <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[dʱ]</td> <td>ṭh ठ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ʈʰ]</td> <td>ḍh ढ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɖʱ]</td> <td>ch छ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[c͡çʰ]</td> <td>jh झ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɟ͡ʝʱ]</td> <td>kh ख <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[kʰ]</td> <td>gh घ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[gʱ] </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a> Anunāsika </th> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: normal">m म <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[m] </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: normal">n न <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[n] </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: normal">ṇ ण <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɳ] </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: normal">ñ ञ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɲ] </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: normal">ŋ ङ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ŋ] </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半元音">半元音</a> Antastha </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="font-weight: normal">v व <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ʋ] </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: normal">y य <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[j] </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%9F%B3" title="流音">流音</a> Drava </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: normal">l ल <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[l] </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: normal">r र <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[r] </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a> Ūshman </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: normal">s स <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[s] </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: normal">ṣ ष <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ʂ] </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: normal">ś श <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ʃ] </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="font-weight: normal">ḥ ः <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[h] </td> <td style="font-weight: normal">h ह <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɦ] </td></tr></tbody></table> 下表給出梵語輔音的傳統列表，帶有英語（按<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="標準美國音">標準美國音</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="標準英國音">標準英國音</a>來發音）和西班牙語的最接近音，及常用漢語（普通話）對音。下表中展示的每個輔音都假定跟隨著中性元音<a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>（<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ə/）。 <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="塞音">塞音</a>– Sparśa </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">不送氣</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清音">清音</a> Alpaprāna Śvāsa </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">送氣</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清音">清音</a> Mahāprāna Śvāsa </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">不送氣</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="濁音">濁音</a> Alpaprāna Nāda </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">送氣</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="濁音">濁音</a> Mahāprāna Nāda </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a> Anunāsika Nāda </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%BD%B6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="軟齶音">軟腭音</a> Kaṇṭhya </th> <td>क <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E9%A1%8E%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清軟顎塞音">k</a>/ 漢語：ge（哥），英語：skip </td> <td>ख <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/kʰ/ 漢語：ke（科），英語：cat </td> <td>ग <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E9%A1%8E%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="濁軟顎塞音">g</a>/ 英語：game </td> <td>घ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/gʱ/ </td> <td>ङ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E9%A2%9A%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="软颚鼻音">ŋ</a>/ 漢語：河北方言ng-e（饿），英語：ring </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭音">硬腭音</a> Tālavya </th> <td>च <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E9%A1%8E%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清硬顎塞音">c</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清齦後塞擦音">ʧ</a>/ 漢語<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌塞擦音">清捲舌塞擦音</a>：zhe（着），英語：exchange </td> <td>छ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/cʰ, ʧʰ/ 漢語送氣清捲舌塞擦音：che（车），英語：church </td> <td>ज <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E7%A1%AC%E9%A1%8E%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="濁硬顎塞音">ɟ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="濁齦後塞擦音">ʤ</a>/ 英語：jam </td> <td>झ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɟʱ, ʤʱ/ </td> <td>ञ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E9%A2%9A%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="硬颚鼻音">ɲ</a>/ 西班牙語：enseñar </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="卷舌音">卷舌音</a> Mūrdhanya </th> <td>ट <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌塞音">ʈ</a>/ </td> <td>ठ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ʈʰ/ </td> <td>ड <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁捲舌塞音">ɖ</a>/ </td> <td>ढ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɖʱ/ </td> <td>ण <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌鼻音">ɳ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E5%B0%96%E9%9F%B3" title="舌尖音">舌尖</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒音">齒音</a> Dantya </th> <td>त <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/t̪/ 漢語<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦音">齒齦音</a>：de（得），西班牙語：tomate </td> <td>थ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/t̪ʰ/ 漢語齒齦音：te（特） </td> <td>द <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/d̪/ 西班牙語：donde </td> <td>ध <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/d̪ʱ/ </td> <td>न <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/n̪/ 漢語齒齦音：ne（訥），英語齒齦音：name </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇音</a> Ōshtya </th> <td>प <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇塞音">p</a>/ 漢語：bo（玻），英語：spin </td> <td>फ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/pʰ/ 漢語：po（坡），英語：pit </td> <td>ब <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇塞音">b</a>/ 英語：bone </td> <td>भ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/bʱ/ </td> <td>म <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="双唇鼻音">m</a>/ 漢語：mo（摸），英語：mine </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"> <caption>非塞音/<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BF%E9%9F%B3" title="響音">響音</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭音">硬腭音</a> Tālavya </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="卷舌音">卷舌音</a> Mūrdhanya </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒音">齒音</a> Dantya </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒音">唇齒音</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E9%9F%B3" title="聲門音">聲門音</a> Dantōṣṭya/— </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a> Antastha </th> <td>य <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E9%A2%9A%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="硬颚近音">j</a>/ 漢語：ye（耶），英語：you </td> <td>र <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌近音">ɻ</a> , <a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦閃音">ɾ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦顫音">r</a>/ 漢語：无此音，舌尖颤音，即俄语大舌音，ri（日），<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="標準美國音">GA</a>英語<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦閃音">齒齦閃音</a>：better </td> <td>ल <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/l̪/ 漢語齒齦音：le（勒），英語齒齦音：love </td> <td>व <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒近音">ʋ</a>/ 漢語<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="濁圓唇軟腭近音">濁圓唇軟腭近音</a>：wo（我），英語濁擦音：vase </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="噝擦音（页面不存在）">噝擦音</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a> Ūshman </th> <td>श <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清齒齦後擦音">ʃ</a>/ 漢語<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌擦音">清捲舌擦音</a>：shi（师），英語：ship </td> <td>ष <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌擦音">ʂ</a>/ 漢語<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌擦音">清捲舌擦音</a>：但捲舌度更大，更靠后shi（詩） </td> <td>स <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/s̪/ 漢語齒齦音：si（思），英語齒齦音：same </td> <td>ह <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁聲門擦音">ɦ</a>/ 漢語清音：he（喝），英語：behind </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>梵語、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="印地語">印地語</a>和所有其他<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="印度语言">印度語言</a>都有整組的齒塞音，在語音上出現為濁音和清音，并帶有或沒有送氣。對於印度本地人，英語的齒齦音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/t/和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/d/聽起來更像他們自己語言中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="卷舌音">卷舌音</a>而非齒音。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="音韻和連接音變">音韻和連接音變</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：音韻和連接音變">编辑</a>]</div> 上節中討論了梵語元音。長音節主音ḹ未經驗證，而文法家只出於系統性的原因才討論它。它的短對應者ḷ只出現在一個單一的詞根kḷp“to order, array”中。長音節主音ṝ也非常邊緣化，出現在屬格復數的r-詞幹中（比如mātṛ“mother”和pitṛ“father”有屬格復數mātṝṇām和pitṝṇām）。i, u, ṛ, ḷ是輔音y, v, r, l的元音同位異音。因此只有5个不變的元音<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" title="音位">音位</a> <dl><dd>a ā ī ū ṝ</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Visarga" class="mw-redirect" title="Visarga">visarga</a> ḥ ः是r與s的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%95%B0%E9%9F%B3" title="同位異音">同位異音</a>，和<a href="/wiki/Anusv%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anusvāra">anusvāra</a> ṃ即任何鼻音的天城文 ं，二者都出現在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%9C%E9%A0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="停頓（页面不存在）">停頓</a>（也就是鼻音化元音）中。三個噝擦音的精確發音可能變化，但它們是獨特的音位。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="印度-雅利安语支">印度-雅利安語</a>從<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AA%9E" title="原始印度-伊朗語">原始印度-伊朗語</a>繼承來的送氣濁噝擦音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/zʱ/在梨俱吠陀時代之前就已消失了（送氣擦音在任何語言中都極其少見）。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="卷舌音">卷舌音</a>某種程度上是邊緣化的音位，以它們的語音環境為條件；他們不延續<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E" title="原始印歐語">原始印歐語</a>系列并經常被某些語言學家歸咎於<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%AF%97%E8%8D%BC%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="达罗毗荼语系">达罗毗荼语系</a>語言或其它基層語言的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%B1%A4%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="基層語言">基層</a>影響。鼻音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ɲ]是<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/n/的有條件的同位異音（<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/n/和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɳ/是不同的音位—aṇu“minute, atomic”不同於anu“after, along”；音韻上獨立的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ŋ/只邊緣化的出現，比如在prāṅ“directed forwards/towards”中）。因此一共有31個輔音或半元音音位，構成為有或沒有送氣清音或濁音的四／五種塞音，三個鼻音，四個半元音或流音和四個擦音，用<a href="/wiki/IAST" title="IAST">IAST</a>寫為如下： <dl><dd>k kh g gh c ch j jh ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh t th d dh p ph b bh</dd> <dd>m n ṇ</dd> <dd>y r l v</dd> <dd>ś ṣ s h</dd></dl> 或一起寫為總體的36個唯一性的梵語音位。 在把詞素組合為詞的時候和把詞組合為句子的時候應用的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="音韻學">音韻</a>規則總體上叫做<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E6%8E%A5%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="連接音變">連接音變</a>“合成”。文本要按照發音書寫，帶有連接音變規則的應用（除了所謂的padapāṭha之外）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語法">語法</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：語法">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95" title="梵語語法">梵語語法</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="語法傳統">語法傳統</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：語法傳統">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梵語文法家（页面不存在）">梵語文法家</a></div> 梵語文法傳統（vyākaraṇa，六<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%94%AF" title="吠陀支">吠陀支</a>學科之一，舊譯為“聲明記論”<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>）開始於<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="吠陀时代">吠陀時代</a>晚期并集大成於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E4%BD%A0%E5%B0%BC" title="波你尼">波你尼</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E7%AF%87%E4%B9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="八篇书">八篇書</a>》，它包含了3990經句（大約在公元前五世紀）。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E4%BD%A0%E5%B0%BC" title="波你尼">波你尼</a>之后一個世紀（大約400 BCE）Kātyāyana編撰了關於波你尼經的《Vārtikas》。生活在波你尼之后三個世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%A2%A0%E9%98%87%E5%88%A9" title="波颠阇利">波颠阇利</a>寫了《<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahābhāṣya（页面不存在）">Mahābhāṣya</a>》，關於《八篇書》和《Vārtikas》的“大注疏”。由於這三位古代<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梵語文法家（页面不存在）">梵語文法家</a>，這種文法也叫做Trimuni Vyākarana。為了理解這些經典的意義，Jayaditya和Vāmana在公元600年寫了叫做《Kāsikā》的注釋。波你尼文法基於14句的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%95%E5%A9%86%E7%B6%93" title="濕婆經">濕婆經</a>。完整的Mātrika（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="字母表">字母表</a>）被縮略其中。這種縮略叫做Pratyāhara。<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="動詞">動詞</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：動詞">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="梵語動詞">梵語動詞</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="動詞分類">動詞分類</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：動詞分類">编辑</a>]</div> 梵語有十類<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="動詞">動詞</a>并分為兩大組：“无插入元音性”（athematic）和“插入元音性”（thematic）。插入元音性动词因詞幹和詞尾之間置入一個 -a- 而得名，插入元音性動詞也多比无插入元音性动词更常见。在動詞<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E4%BD%8D" title="变位">變位</a>中使用的語音表現形式包括了<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%B6%B4" title="前綴">前綴</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%B6%B4" title="中綴">中綴</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E7%BC%80" class="mw-redirect" title="后缀">后綴</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%8D" title="重复">重復</a>。所有詞根都有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="印歐元音變換">印歐元音變換</a>的（不必然都是不同的）零、guṇa（短元音）和vṛddhi（长元音）等級。如果V是零級元音，則“guṇa”級元音傳統上認為是a + V，而“vṛddhi”級元音是ā + V。 <table class="wikitable" style="font-family:Arial;"> <caption>等級<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>零級 </td> <td>-</td> <td>i, ī</td> <td>u, ū</td> <td>ṛ, ṝ</td> <td>ḷ </td></tr> <tr> <td>短元音（Guṇa）級 </td> <td>a</td> <td>e</td> <td>o</td> <td>ar</td> <td>al </td></tr> <tr> <td>长元音（Vṛddhi）級 </td> <td>ā</td> <td>ai</td> <td>au</td> <td>ār</td> <td>āl </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="時態系統">時態系統</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：時態系統">编辑</a>]</div> 動詞<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语法屈折（页面不存在）">屈折</a>基於在變位中采用的（演變自動詞詞根的）不同詞幹形式而被組織成四個系統（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="動名詞">動名詞</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="动词不定式">動詞不定式</a>也一樣，并從更基本形式演變出<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%BC%B7%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加強式（页面不存在）">加強式</a>（intensive）／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%BE%A9%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反復式（页面不存在）">反復式</a>（frequentative）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%BF%E6%9C%9B%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愿望式（页面不存在）">愿望式</a>（desiderative）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%BF%E5%BD%B9%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="使役式（页面不存在）">使役式</a>（causative）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%88%E7%A6%8F%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="祈福式（页面不存在）">祈福式</a>（benedictive））。這四個時態系統為： <ul><li>現在词干体系：包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="現在式">现在时直陈语气</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="未完成式">未完成式</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E4%BD%BF%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="祈使語氣">现在时命令语气</a>，现在时<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E9%A1%98%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="祈願語氣">祈愿语气；</a></li> <li>完成词干体系：包括完成时，迂回完成时；</li> <li>不定过去词干体系：包括不定過去時，禁令语气；</li> <li>將來词干体系：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%87%E4%BE%86%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="將來式">將來式</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="條件式">條件语气</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="現在時系統">現在時系統</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：現在時系統">编辑</a>]</div> 現在時系統包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="現在式">現在式</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="未完成式">未完成式</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E9%A1%98%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="祈願語氣">祈愿式</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E4%BD%BF%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="祈使語氣">命令式</a>，以及古老的<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="虛擬語氣">虛擬式</a>的某些殘留形式。現在時系統的時態詞幹以各種方式形成。編號由本土文法家給出。 對於athematic動詞，現在時詞幹可以通過如下方式形成： <ul><li>2）根本不变更，例如ad來自ad“eat吃”。</li> <li>3）詞根重復为前綴，例如juhu來自hu“sacrifice（火）供”。</li> <li>7）在詞根最后輔音前加中綴na或n（帶有適當的連接音變），例如rundh或ruṇadh來自rudh“obstruct阻止”。</li> <li>5) nu（guṇa形式no）后綴，例如sunu來自su“press out挤汁”。</li> <li>8) u（guṇa形式o）后綴，例如tanu來自tan“stretch伸展”。</li> <li>9) nā（零-級nī或n）后綴，例如krīṇa或krīṇī來自krī“buy买”。</li></ul> 對於thematic動詞，現在時詞幹可以通過如下方式形成： <ul><li>1）詞幹元音a后綴，帶有guṇa加力，例如bhava來自bhū“be在、有”。</li> <li>6）詞幹元音a后綴，帶有重音轉移到這個元音上，例如tuda來自tud“thrust插、刺”。</li> <li>4) ya后綴，例如divya來自div“play玩儿”。</li></ul> 关于第十類形成，这是一種可自然得出的形式，因此不是真正的時態詞幹形成。它是通過對詞根的最后元音guṇa加力或vṛddhi加長再加上ya后綴而形成的，例如bhāvaya來自bhū“be在、有”。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="完成時系統">完成時系統</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：完成時系統">编辑</a>]</div> 完成時系統只包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="完成式">完成式</a>。詞幹如現在時詞幹那樣用重復方式形成。 完成時系統還把動詞分為“強”和“弱”兩種形式：強形式用於單數主動語態，而弱形式用於其余形态。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="不定過去時系統">不定過去時系統</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：不定過去時系統">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%9A%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E6%99%82" title="不定過去時">不定過去時</a>系統包括真正的不定過去式（帶有過去陳述的意味，比如abhūḥ“you were”）和某種形式的古老的禁令式（通過mā專門用在禁令中，比如mā bhūḥ“don't be”）。二者的根本區別在於有／無前增（augment） –即前綴於詞幹的a-。不定過去時系統詞幹實際上有三種不同的形成：簡單不定過去式，咝音過去式，和在語義上與使役動詞有關的重復過去式。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="將來時系統">將來時系統</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：將來時系統">编辑</a>]</div> 將來時系統通過sya或iṣya的后綴和guṇa來形成。動詞接著變位，好像它們是在現在時系統中的thematic動詞一樣。將來時的未完成式用作條件式。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="動詞變位">動詞變位</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：動詞變位">编辑</a>]</div> 所有動詞都有三個<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="語態">語態</a>：主動語態、被動語態和中間語態（即反身語態）。還有非人稱語態，它可以被描述為不及物動詞的被動語態。梵語動詞有<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%99%B3%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="直陳語氣">直陳語氣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E9%A1%98%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="祈願語氣">祈願語氣</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="命令語氣">命令語氣</a>三種語氣。這種語言的古老形式還有<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="虛擬語氣">虛擬語氣</a>，但在古典梵語時代就不再使用了。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="基本變位詞尾">基本變位詞尾</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：基本變位詞尾">编辑</a>]</div> 在梵語中變位詞尾傳達了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0" title="人称">人稱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">數</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="語態">語態</a>。依據其所附着的是什么時態詞幹和語氣而使用不同形式的詞尾。動詞詞幹或詞尾自身可能由於連接音變而變更或模糊。 <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">主動語態 </th> <th colspan="3">中間語態 </th></tr> <tr> <th>單數</th> <th>雙數</th> <th>複數</th> <th>單數</th> <th>雙數</th> <th>複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">原始 </th> <th>第一人稱 </th> <td>mi</td> <td>vás</td> <td>más</td> <td>é</td> <td>váhe</td> <td>máhe </td></tr> <tr> <th>第二人稱 </th> <td>si</td> <td>thás</td> <td>thá</td> <td>sé</td> <td>ā́the</td> <td>dhvé </td></tr> <tr> <th>第三人稱 </th> <td>ti</td> <td>tás</td> <td>ánti, áti</td> <td>té</td> <td>ā́te</td> <td>ánte, áte </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">次生 </th> <th>第一人稱 </th> <td>am</td> <td>vá</td> <td>má</td> <td>í, á</td> <td>váhi</td> <td>máhi </td></tr> <tr> <th>第二人稱 </th> <td>s</td> <td>tám</td> <td>tá</td> <td>thā́s</td> <td>ā́thām</td> <td>dhvám </td></tr> <tr> <th>第三人稱 </th> <td>t</td> <td>tā́m</td> <td>án, ús</td> <td>tá</td> <td>ā́tām</td> <td>ánta, áta, rán </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">完成式 </th> <th>第一人稱 </th> <td>a</td> <td>vá</td> <td>má</td> <td>é</td> <td>váhe</td> <td>máhe </td></tr> <tr> <th>第二人稱 </th> <td>tha</td> <td>áthus</td> <td>á</td> <td>sé</td> <td>ā́the</td> <td>dhvé </td></tr> <tr> <th>第三人稱 </th> <td>a</td> <td>átus</td> <td>ús</td> <td>é</td> <td>ā́te</td> <td>ré </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">命令式 </th> <th>第一人稱 </th> <td>āni</td> <td>āva</td> <td>āma</td> <td>āi</td> <td>āvahāi</td> <td>āmahāi </td></tr> <tr> <th>第二人稱 </th> <td>dhí, hí,—</td> <td>tám</td> <td>tá</td> <td>svá</td> <td>ā́thām</td> <td>dhvám </td></tr> <tr> <th>第三人稱 </th> <td>tu</td> <td>tā́m</td> <td>ántu, átu</td> <td>tā́m</td> <td>ā́tām</td> <td>ántām, átām </td></tr></tbody></table> 原始詞尾用於現在直陳式和將來式形式。次生詞尾用於未完成式、條件式、不定過去式和祈愿式。完成式詞尾和命令式詞尾分別用於完成式和命令式。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="例子">例子</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：例子">编辑</a>]</div> 下表是從一個單一詞根可以生成的主要動詞形式的部分列表。并非所有詞根都可取得所有形式；某些詞根經常限定到特定詞幹。這里列出的動詞形式都是第三人稱單數的，它們可以按照三個人稱和三個數來變位。 詞根：bhū-，第一類thematic動詞詞根。 現在時詞幹：bhava- 被動語態詞幹：bhūya- 將來時詞幹：bhaviṣya- <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th></th> <th>原始</th> <th>使役</th> <th>愿望</th> <th>加強 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5">現在時詞幹 </th> <th>現在式 </th> <td><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:भवति">bhavati</a> bhavate</td> <td>bhāvayati bhāvayate</td> <td>bubhũṣati</td> <td>bobhoti / bobhavīti bobhūyate </td></tr> <tr> <th>未完成式 </th> <td>abhavat abhavata</td> <td>abhāvayat abhāvayata</td> <td>abubhũṣat</td> <td>abobhot abobhūyata </td></tr> <tr> <th>命令式 </th> <td>bhavatu bhavatām</td> <td>bhāvayatu bhāvayatām</td> <td>bubhũṣatu</td> <td>bobhotu / bobhavītu bobhūyatām </td></tr> <tr> <th>祈愿式 </th> <td>bhavet bhaveta</td> <td>bhāvayet bhāvayeta</td> <td>bubhũṣet</td> <td>bobhavyāt bobhūyeta </td></tr> <tr> <th>現在分詞 </th> <td>bhavant bhavamāna</td> <td>bhāvayant bhāvayamāna</td> <td></td> <td>bobhavat bobhūyamāna </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">被動語態 </th> <th>現在式 </th> <td>bhūyate</td> <td>bhāvyate</td> <td>bubhũṣyate</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>未完成式 </th> <td>abhũyata</td> <td>abhāvyata</td> <td>abubhũṣyata</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>命令式 </th> <td>bhũyatām</td> <td>bhāvyatām</td> <td>bubhũṣyatām</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>祈愿式 </th> <td>bhũyeta</td> <td>bhāvyeta</td> <td>bubhũṣyeta</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">將來時詞幹 </th> <th>將來式 </th> <td>bhaviṣyati</td> <td>bhāvayiṣyati bhāvayiṣyate</td> <td>bubhũṣiṣyati</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>條件式 </th> <td>abhaviṣyat</td> <td>abhāvayiṣyat</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>將來分詞 </th> <td>bhaviṣyant</td> <td>bhāvayiṣyant bhāvayiṣyamāṇa</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">迂回將來式 </th> <td>bhavitā</td> <td>bhāvayitā</td> <td>bubhũṣitā</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">完成式 </th> <td>babhũva</td> <td>bhāvayāmāsa</td> <td>bubhũṣāmāsa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">不定過去時 </th> <th>不定過去式 </th> <td>abhũt</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>祈福式／懇求式 </th> <td>bhũyāt</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>禁令式 </th> <td>（mā）bhũt</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">使役式 </th> <td>bhāvayati</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">愿望式 </th> <td>bubhũṣati</td> <td>bibhāvayiṣati</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">加強式 </th> <td>bobhavīti</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">過去分詞 </th> <td>bhūta(vant)</td> <td>bhāvita(vant)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">動詞狀形容詞 </th> <td>bhavya, bhavitavya</td> <td>bhāvayitavya</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> 考慮到分詞形式每個按八個格和交叉於三個性的三個數來變格的事實，動詞每個按三個人稱和三個數變位的事實，當這個詞根的原始、使役和愿望詞幹在一起計數的時候有上千種形式。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="名詞">名詞</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：名詞">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梵語名詞（页面不存在）">梵語名詞</a></div> 梵語是富於<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%A2%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="詞形變化">詞形變化</a>的語言，文法上具有三個<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="性 (语法)">性</a>（陽性、陰性、中性）和三個<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">數</a>（單數、雙數、複數）。它有八個<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="格 (语法)">格</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格">主格</a>（體格）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="賓格">賓格</a>（業格，對格）、具格（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E6%A0%BC" title="工具格">工具格</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%87%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="與格">與格</a>（為格）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="離格">離格</a>（從格，奪格）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%A0%BC" title="属格">屬格</a>、位格（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D%E6%A0%BC" title="方位格">方位格</a>、依格，處格）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E6%A0%BC" title="呼格">呼格</a>。 實際<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E6%A0%BC" title="变格">變格</a>的數目是有爭議的。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E4%BD%A0%E5%B0%BC" title="波你尼">波你尼</a>識別六個kāraka，對應於主格、賓格、工具格、與格、離格和方位格<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/epc/srb/cyber/man3.html">[2]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080617200320/http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/epc/srb/cyber/man3.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）。波你尼定義它們如下（Ashtadhyayi, I.4.24-54）: <ol><li>Kartā（“agent”）：“在行動中施事者”。等價於主格。（On the basis of Scharfe, 1977: 94）</li> <li>Karman（“deed/object”）：“施事者主要尋求達成者”。等價於賓格。</li> <li>Karaṇa（“instrument”）“憑借它達成效果”。等價於工具格。</li> <li>Sampradāna（“bestowal”）：“對象之目標”。等價於與格，它表示給與或類似行動的接納者。</li> <li>Apādāna（lit.“take off”）：“離開（發生）時（處於）固定者”。等價於離格，它表示運動進行所起始的固定對象。</li> <li>Adhikaraṇa（“location”）：或“substratum”。等價於方位格。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="基本名詞和形容詞變格">基本名詞和形容詞變格</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：基本名詞和形容詞變格">编辑</a>]</div> 下表給出基本的后綴表格—幾乎對所有名詞和形容詞有效。但是，依據未變格的詞幹的性和結尾輔音／元音，還有強制的連接音變預定規則，而它給出最終的變格后的詞。在圓括號中給出中性的格結尾，余下的是陽性和陰性的。 <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>單數</th> <th>雙數</th> <th>複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主格 (Kartā) </th> <td>-s (-m)</td> <td>-au (-ī)</td> <td>-as (-i) </td></tr> <tr> <th>賓格 (Karman) </th> <td>-am (-m)</td> <td>-au (-ī)</td> <td>-as (-i) </td></tr> <tr> <th>具格 (Karaṇa) </th> <td>-ā</td> <td>-bhyām</td> <td>-bhis </td></tr> <tr> <th>與格 (Sampradāna) </th> <td>-e</td> <td>-bhyām</td> <td>-bhyas </td></tr> <tr> <th>離格 (Apādāna) </th> <td>-as</td> <td>-bhyām</td> <td>-bhyas </td></tr> <tr> <th>屬格 (Sambandha) </th> <td>-as</td> <td>-os</td> <td>-ām </td></tr> <tr> <th>位格 (Adhikaraṇa) </th> <td>-i</td> <td>-os</td> <td>-su </td></tr> <tr> <th>呼格 </th> <td>-s (-)</td> <td>-au (-ī)</td> <td>-as (-i) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="-{a-}-詞幹">a-詞幹</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：a-詞幹">编辑</a>]</div> a-詞幹（<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ə/或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɑː/）形成了数量最多的一類名詞。其規則是，这類名詞帶有以-a（<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ə/）結尾的未變格詞幹，它们或属陽性或呈中性。以-ā（<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɑː/）結尾的名詞幾乎總是陰性。a-詞幹形容詞，其陽性或中性詞幹带-a（<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ə/），其陰性詞幹带-ā（<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɑː/）。这類詞幹数量如此之多是因為它還包含了原始印歐語的o-詞幹。 <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">陽性（<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:काम">kāma-</a>） </th> <th colspan="3">中性（<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:आस्य">āsya-</a>“mouth”） </th> <th colspan="3">陰性（<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:कान्त">kānta-</a>“beloved”） </th></tr> <tr> <th>單數</th> <th>雙數</th> <th>複數</th> <th>單數</th> <th>雙數</th> <th>復數</th> <th>單數</th> <th>雙數</th> <th>複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主格 </th> <td>kā́mas</td> <td>kā́māu</td> <td>kā́mās</td> <td>āsyàm</td> <td>āsyè</td> <td>āsyā̀ni</td> <td>kāntā</td> <td>kānte</td> <td>kāntās </td></tr> <tr> <th>賓格 </th> <td>kā́mam</td> <td>kā́māu</td> <td>kā́mān</td> <td>āsyàm</td> <td>āsyè</td> <td>āsyā̀ni</td> <td>kāntām</td> <td>kānte</td> <td>kāntās </td></tr> <tr> <th>具格 </th> <td>kā́mena</td> <td>kā́mābhyām</td> <td>kā́māis</td> <td>āsyèna</td> <td>āsyā̀bhyām</td> <td>āsyāìs</td> <td>kāntayā</td> <td>kāntābhyām</td> <td>kāntābhis </td></tr> <tr> <th>與格 </th> <td>kā́māya</td> <td>kā́mābhyām</td> <td>kā́mebhyas</td> <td>āsyā̀ya</td> <td>āsyā̀bhyām</td> <td>āsyèbhyas</td> <td>kāntāyai</td> <td>kāntābhyām</td> <td>kāntābhyās </td></tr> <tr> <th>離格 </th> <td>kā́māt</td> <td>kā́mābhyām</td> <td>kā́mebhyas</td> <td>āsyā̀t</td> <td>āsyā̀bhyām</td> <td>āsyèbhyas</td> <td>kāntāyās</td> <td>kāntābhyām</td> <td>kāntābhyās </td></tr> <tr> <th>屬格 </th> <td>kā́masya</td> <td>kā́mayos</td> <td>kā́mānām</td> <td>āsyàsya</td> <td>āsyàyos</td> <td>āsyā̀nām</td> <td>kāntāyās</td> <td>kāntayos</td> <td>kāntānām </td></tr> <tr> <th>位格 </th> <td>kā́me</td> <td>kā́mayos</td> <td>kā́meṣu</td> <td>āsyè</td> <td>āsyàyos</td> <td>āsyèṣu</td> <td>kāntāyām</td> <td>kāntayos</td> <td>kāntāsu </td></tr> <tr> <th>呼格 </th> <td>kā́ma</td> <td>kā́mau</td> <td>kā́mās</td> <td>ā́sya</td> <td>āsyè</td> <td>āsyā̀ni</td> <td>kānte</td> <td>kānte</td> <td>kāntās </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="-{i-}-詞幹和-{u-}-詞幹">i-詞幹和u-詞幹</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：i-詞幹和u-詞幹">编辑</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"> <caption>i-詞幹 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">陽性和陰性（<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:गति">gáti-</a>“gait”） </th> <th colspan="3">中性（<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:वारि">vā́ri-</a>“water”） </th></tr> <tr> <th>單數</th> <th>雙數</th> <th>複數</th> <th>單數</th> <th>雙數</th> <th>複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主格 </th> <td>gátis</td> <td>gátī</td> <td>gátayas</td> <td>vā́ri</td> <td>vā́riṇī</td> <td>vā́rīṇi </td></tr> <tr> <th>賓格 </th> <td>gátim</td> <td>gátī</td> <td>gátīs</td> <td>vā́ri</td> <td>vā́riṇī</td> <td>vā́rīṇi </td></tr> <tr> <th>具格 </th> <td>gátyā</td> <td>gátibhyām</td> <td>gátibhis</td> <td>vā́riṇā</td> <td>vā́ribhyām</td> <td>vā́ribhis </td></tr> <tr> <th>與格 </th> <td>gátaye, gátyāi</td> <td>gátibhyām</td> <td>gátibhyas</td> <td>vā́riṇe</td> <td>vā́ribhyām</td> <td>vā́ribhyas </td></tr> <tr> <th>離格 </th> <td>gátes, gátyās</td> <td>gátibhyām</td> <td>gátibhyas</td> <td>vā́riṇas</td> <td>vā́ribhyām</td> <td>vā́ribhyas </td></tr> <tr> <th>屬格 </th> <td>gátes, gátyās</td> <td>gátyos</td> <td>gátīnām</td> <td>vā́riṇas</td> <td>vā́riṇos</td> <td>vā́riṇām </td></tr> <tr> <th>位格 </th> <td>gátāu, gátyām</td> <td>gátyos</td> <td>gátiṣu</td> <td>vā́riṇi</td> <td>vā́riṇos</td> <td>vā́riṣu </td></tr> <tr> <th>呼格 </th> <td>gáte</td> <td>gátī</td> <td>gátayas</td> <td>vā́ri, vā́re</td> <td>vā́riṇī</td> <td>vā́rīṇi </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"> <caption>u-詞幹 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">陽性和陰性（<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:शत्रु">śátru-</a>“enemy”） </th> <th colspan="3">中性（<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:मधु">mádhu-</a>“honey”） </th></tr> <tr> <th>單數</th> <th>雙數</th> <th>複數</th> <th>單數</th> <th>雙數</th> <th>複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主格 </th> <td>śátrus</td> <td>śátrū</td> <td>śátravas</td> <td>mádhu</td> <td>mádhunī</td> <td>mádhūni </td></tr> <tr> <th>賓格 </th> <td>śátrum</td> <td>śátrū</td> <td>śátrūn</td> <td>mádhu</td> <td>mádhunī</td> <td>mádhūni </td></tr> <tr> <th>具格 </th> <td>śátruṇā</td> <td>śátrubhyām</td> <td>śátrubhis</td> <td>mádhunā</td> <td>mádhubhyām</td> <td>mádhubhis </td></tr> <tr> <th>與格 </th> <td>śátrave</td> <td>śátrubhyām</td> <td>śátrubhyas</td> <td>mádhune</td> <td>mádhubhyām</td> <td>mádhubhyas </td></tr> <tr> <th>離格 </th> <td>śátros</td> <td>śátrubhyām</td> <td>śátrubhyas</td> <td>mádhunas</td> <td>mádhubhyām</td> <td>mádhubhyas </td></tr> <tr> <th>属格 </th> <td>śátros</td> <td>śátrvos</td> <td>śátrūṇām</td> <td>mádhunas</td> <td>mádhunos</td> <td>mádhūnām </td></tr> <tr> <th>位格 </th> <td>śátrāu</td> <td>śátrvos</td> <td>śátruṣu</td> <td>mádhuni</td> <td>mádhunos</td> <td>mádhuṣu </td></tr> <tr> <th>呼格 </th> <td>śátro</td> <td>śátrū</td> <td>śátravas</td> <td>mádhu</td> <td>mádhunī</td> <td>mádhūni </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="單音節詞幹">單音節詞幹</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：單音節詞幹">编辑</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"> <caption>長元音詞幹 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">ā-詞幹（<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:जा">jā-</a>“progeny”） </th> <th colspan="3">ī-詞幹（<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:धी">dhī-</a>“thought”） </th> <th colspan="3">ū-詞幹（<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:भू">bhū-</a>“earth”） </th></tr> <tr> <th>單數</th> <th>雙數</th> <th>複數 </th> <th>單數</th> <th>雙數</th> <th>複數 </th> <th>單數</th> <th>雙數</th> <th>復數 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主格 </th> <td>jā́s</td> <td>jāú</td> <td>jā́s </td> <td>dhī́s</td> <td>dhíyāu</td> <td>dhíyas </td> <td>bhū́s</td> <td>bhúvāu</td> <td>bhúvas </td></tr> <tr> <th>賓格 </th> <td>jā́m</td> <td>jāú</td> <td>jā́s, jás </td> <td>dhíyam</td> <td>dhíyāu</td> <td>dhíyas </td> <td>bhúvam</td> <td>bhúvāu</td> <td>bhúvas </td></tr> <tr> <th>具格 </th> <td>jā́</td> <td>jā́bhyām</td> <td>jā́bhis </td> <td>dhiyā́</td> <td>dhībhyā́m</td> <td>dhībhís </td> <td>bhuvā́</td> <td>bhūbhyā́m</td> <td>bhūbhís </td></tr> <tr> <th>與格 </th> <td>jé</td> <td>jā́bhyām</td> <td>jā́bhyas </td> <td>dhiyé, dhiyāí</td> <td>dhībhyā́m</td> <td>dhībhyás </td> <td>bhuvé, bhuvāí</td> <td>bhūbhyā́m</td> <td>bhūbhyás </td></tr> <tr> <th>離格 </th> <td>jás</td> <td>jā́bhyām</td> <td>jā́bhyas </td> <td>dhiyás, dhiyā́s</td> <td>dhībhyā́m</td> <td>dhībhyás </td> <td>bhuvás, bhuvā́s</td> <td>bhūbhyā́m</td> <td>bhūbhyás </td></tr> <tr> <th>屬格 </th> <td>jás</td> <td>jós</td> <td>jā́nām, jā́m </td> <td>dhiyás, dhiyā́s</td> <td>dhiyós</td> <td>dhiyā́m, dhīnā́m </td> <td>bhuvás, bhuvā́s</td> <td>bhuvós</td> <td>bhuvā́m, bhūnā́m </td></tr> <tr> <th>位格 </th> <td>jí</td> <td>jós</td> <td>jā́su </td> <td>dhiyí, dhiyā́m</td> <td>dhiyós</td> <td>dhīṣú </td> <td>bhuví, bhuvā́m</td> <td>bhuvós</td> <td>bhūṣú </td></tr> <tr> <th>呼格 </th> <td>jā́s</td> <td>jāú</td> <td>jā́s </td> <td>dhī́s</td> <td>dhiyāu</td> <td>dhíyas </td> <td>bhū́s</td> <td>bhuvāu</td> <td>bhúvas </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="-{ṛ}--詞幹">ṛ-詞幹</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：ṛ-詞幹">编辑</a>]</div> ṛ-詞幹主要是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%BD%E4%BA%8B%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="施事者（页面不存在）">施事者</a>（agent）派生詞，如dātṛ“giver”，儘管還包括了亲属称呼如<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:पितृ">pitṛ</a>“father”, mātṛ́“mother”和svásṛ“sister”。 <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>單數</th> <th>雙數</th> <th>複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主格 </th> <td>pitā́</td> <td>pitárāu</td> <td>pitáras </td></tr> <tr> <th>賓格 </th> <td>pitáram</td> <td>pitárāu</td> <td>pitṝ́n </td></tr> <tr> <th>具格 </th> <td>pitrā́</td> <td>pitṛ́bhyām</td> <td>pitṛ́bhis </td></tr> <tr> <th>與格 </th> <td>pitré</td> <td>pitṛ́bhyām</td> <td>pitṛ́bhyas </td></tr> <tr> <th>離格 </th> <td>pitúr</td> <td>pitṛ́bhyām</td> <td>pitṛ́bhyas </td></tr> <tr> <th>屬格 </th> <td>pitúr</td> <td>pitrós</td> <td>pitṝṇā́m </td></tr> <tr> <th>位格 </th> <td>pitári</td> <td>pitrós</td> <td>pitṛ́ṣu </td></tr> <tr> <th>呼格 </th> <td>pítar</td> <td>pitárāu</td> <td>pitáras </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人稱代詞和限定詞">人稱代詞和限定詞</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：人稱代詞和限定詞">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E4%BB%A3%E8%A9%9E%E5%92%8C%E9%99%90%E5%AE%9A%E8%A9%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梵語代詞和限定詞（页面不存在）">梵語代詞和限定詞</a></div> 第一和第二人稱代詞有極其類似的詞尾變化，可以相互<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E6%8E%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="类推">類推</a>出來。 注意：在給出兩種形式的地方，第二種是<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%84%E8%91%97%E8%A9%9E%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="附著詞素">前接詞</a>和可替代形式。單數和複數的離格可以用一個音節-tas來延長；因此是mat或mattas，asmat或asmattas。 <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">第一人稱 </th> <th colspan="3">第二人稱 </th></tr> <tr> <th>單數</th> <th>雙數</th> <th>複數 </th> <th>單數</th> <th>雙數</th> <th>複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主格 </th> <td><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:अहम्">aham</a></td> <td>āvām</td> <td>vayam </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:त्वम्">tvam</a></td> <td>yuvām</td> <td>yūyam </td></tr> <tr> <th>賓格 </th> <td>mām, mā</td> <td>āvām, nau</td> <td>asmān, nas </td> <td>tvām, tvā</td> <td>yuvām, vām</td> <td>yuṣmān, vas </td></tr> <tr> <th>具格 </th> <td>mayā</td> <td>āvābhyām</td> <td>asmābhis </td> <td>tvayā</td> <td>yuvābhyām</td> <td>yuṣmābhis </td></tr> <tr> <th>與格 </th> <td>mahyam, me</td> <td>āvābhyām, nau</td> <td>asmabhyam, nas </td> <td>tubhyam, te</td> <td>yuvābhyām, vām</td> <td>yuṣmabhyam, vas </td></tr> <tr> <th>離格 </th> <td>mat</td> <td>āvābhyām</td> <td>asmat </td> <td>tvat</td> <td>yuvābhyām</td> <td>yuṣmat </td></tr> <tr> <th>屬格 </th> <td>mama, me</td> <td>āvayos, nau</td> <td>asmākam, nas </td> <td>tava, te</td> <td>yuvayos, vām</td> <td>yuṣmākam, vas </td></tr> <tr> <th>位格 </th> <td>mayi</td> <td>āvayos</td> <td>asmāsu </td> <td>tvayi</td> <td>yuvayos</td> <td>yuṣmāsu </td></tr></tbody></table> 指示代詞tat，如下變格，也可作第三人稱代詞。 <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">陽性 </th> <th colspan="3">中性 </th> <th colspan="3">陰性 </th></tr> <tr> <th>單數</th> <th>雙數</th> <th>複數 </th> <th>單數</th> <th>雙數</th> <th>複數 </th> <th>單數</th> <th>雙數</th> <th>複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主格 </th> <td><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8#代詞" class="extiw" title="wikt:स">sás</a></td> <td>tāú</td> <td>té </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D#代詞" class="extiw" title="wikt:तद्">tát</a></td> <td>té</td> <td>tā́ni </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE#代詞" class="extiw" title="wikt:सा">sā́</a></td> <td>té</td> <td>tā́s </td></tr> <tr> <th>賓格 </th> <td>tám</td> <td>tāú</td> <td>tā́n </td> <td>tát</td> <td>té</td> <td>tā́ni </td> <td>tā́m</td> <td>té</td> <td>tā́s </td></tr> <tr> <th>具格 </th> <td>téna</td> <td>tā́bhyām</td> <td>tāís </td> <td>téna</td> <td>tā́bhyām</td> <td>tāís </td> <td>táyā</td> <td>tā́bhyām</td> <td>tā́bhis </td></tr> <tr> <th>與格 </th> <td>tásmāi</td> <td>tā́bhyām</td> <td>tébhyas </td> <td>tásmāi</td> <td>tā́bhyām</td> <td>tébhyas </td> <td>tásyāi</td> <td>tā́bhyām</td> <td>tā́bhyas </td></tr> <tr> <th>離格 </th> <td>tásmāt</td> <td>tā́bhyām</td> <td>tébhyam </td> <td>tásmāt</td> <td>tā́bhyām</td> <td>tébhyam </td> <td>tásyās</td> <td>tā́bhyām</td> <td>tā́bhyas </td></tr> <tr> <th>屬格 </th> <td>tásya</td> <td>táyos</td> <td>téṣām </td> <td>tásya</td> <td>táyos</td> <td>téṣām </td> <td>tásyās</td> <td>táyos</td> <td>tā́sām </td></tr> <tr> <th>位格 </th> <td>tásmin</td> <td>táyos</td> <td>téṣu </td> <td>tásmin</td> <td>táyos</td> <td>téṣu </td> <td>tásyām</td> <td>táyos</td> <td>tā́su </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="合成詞">合成詞</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：合成詞">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E8%A9%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梵語合成詞（页面不存在）">梵語合成詞</a></div> 梵語名詞系統的另一個顯著特征是合成名詞（samāsa，六離合釋<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>）的普遍使用，跟某些現代語言如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="德語">德語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="芬蘭語">芬蘭語</a>的组合名词数量差不多（10多個詞）。它們都屬於<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E8%91%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="黏著語">黏著語</a>。合成名詞以各種結構出現，但是在構詞學上說，它們本質上是相同的。每個名詞（或形容詞）都處在它的（弱）詞幹形式，只有最后的一个词进行变格。一些名詞合成的例子包括： <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvandva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvandva（页面不存在）">Dvandva</a>（并列式，相違釋）</dt> <dd>由兩個或更多<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名詞</a>詞幹構成，在“并且”的意義上連接起來。在梵語中主要有兩類dvandva構造。第一種叫做itaretara dvandva，列舉合成詞，它的意義涉及它的所有名词。组合後的合成詞用雙數或復數，并選用在合成結構中最后名词的性。比如rāma-lakṣmaṇau – Rama和Lakshmana，或rāma-lakṣmaṇa-bharata-śatrughnāh – Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata和Satrughna。第二類叫做samāhāra dvandva，集合合成詞，它的意義涉及它的成員的集合。组合後的合成詞爲單數并總是中性。比如pāṇipādam“limbs”，字面意思是手和足，來自pāṇi =“手”和pāda =“足”。根據某些文法家的看法，還有第三類dvandva，叫做ekaśeṣa dvandva或剩余合成，它只選取它的最后名词的雙數（或復數）形式，比如pitarau是mātā + pitā，“母親”+“父親”也就是雙親。但是在其他文法家看来，ekaśeṣa根本不是真正的合成。</dd> <dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahuvr%C4%ABhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahuvrīhi（页面不存在）">Bahuvrīhi</a>（所有式，有財釋）</dt> <dd>Bahuvrīhi，或“much-rice”，表示有很多米的人即富人。Bahuvrīhi合成（通過舉例）提及無頭領的合成名詞 -- 就是說提及其自身不是合成名詞的一部分的事物的合成名詞。例如，“low-life”（下層生活者）和“block-head”（木頭腦袋者）是bahuvrīhi合成，因為下層生活（者）不是一種生活，而木頭腦袋（者）不是一種腦袋。（正如多米（者）不是一種米）。相對於更一般的有頭領的合成名詞如“飛球”（一種球）或“波斯貓”（一種貓）。Bahurvrīhi經常可以翻譯為“有...者”，比如“有很多米者”。</dd> <dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatpurusha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatpurusha（页面不存在）">Tatpuruṣa</a>（限定式，依主釋）</dt> <dd>有很多種tatpuruṣa（每種名詞格都有一種，此外還有一些其他的）；在tatpuruṣa中，第一個名词與其他名词處在一種格關係中。例如，“doghouse”是與格合成詞，給狗的屋子。它可以叫做caturtitatpuruṣa（caturti指稱第四格—也就是與格）。順便說一下，tatpuruṣa這個詞是tatpuruṣa（“that-man”—意思是屬於某人的人），而caturtitatpuruṣa既是與格又是tatpuruṣa，但被歸類為<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karmadharya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karmadharya（页面不存在）">karmadhāraya</a>。理解它的容易方式是看一個英語tatpuruṣas的例子：“battlefield”（戰場），在“戰爭”和“場地”之間是屬格關係，“戰爭的場地”；另一些例子包括工具格關係（“thunderstruck”）和方位格關係（“towndwelling”）。</dd> <dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karmadh%C4%81raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karmadhāraya（页面不存在）">Karmadhāraya</a>（描述式，持業釋）</dt> <dd>前面名词是后面名词的修飾、屬性、性狀，比如uluka-yatu（“貓頭鷹”+“魔鬼”）是貓頭鷹狀的魔鬼。</dd> <dt>Avyayibhāva（不變式，鄰近釋）</dt> <dd>這種類型合成名詞的第一個名词詞尾不變化，在它后面增加另一個詞而得到的新合成詞也不进行詞尾變化（就是avaya）。例如：yathā+śakti, upa+kriṣṇam（鄰近kriṣṇa）等。在avyayibhāva合成词中，第一個词占主导地位（pūrva-pada-pradhāna），就是說，整個合成詞不进行詞尾變化，由於它的第一部分的性质是没有詞尾變化的。</dd> <dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvigu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvigu（页面不存在）">Dvigu</a>（定量式，帶數釋）</dt> <dd>在karmadhāraya合成中，一部分表現为對另一部分的形容。如果形容部分是數词，則稱為dvigu。dvigu自身是合成的：dvau+gāvau。在dvigu合成中，后面部分是主要的，如同Tatpuruṣa合成一樣。</dd> <dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amredita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amredita（页面不存在）">Amreḍita</a>（重復式）</dt> <dd>重復一個詞表示反復，比如dive-dive“天天”，“每天”。</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="句法">句法</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：句法">编辑</a>]</div> 由於梵语有复杂的词尾变化系统，所以它的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E5%BA%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="语序">语序</a>是自由的。<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>在使用中帶有较多的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%AE%BE%E8%B0%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="主宾谓结构">主宾谓结构</a>（SOV）傾向，這是出现在吠陀散文中的最初结构系統。但有特定例外情況，此時并非任何一對詞都是可以換位的。<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="数词">数词</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：数词">编辑</a>]</div> 从1到10的数： <ol><li>éka-</li> <li>dvá-</li> <li>trí-</li> <li>catúr-</li> <li>páñcan</li> <li>ṣáṣ</li> <li>saptán</li> <li>aṣṭá</li> <li>návan</li> <li>dáśan</li></ol> 數1到4是詞尾變化的。éka如代名形容詞那樣變化，但雙數形式不出現。dvá只出現在雙數形式。trí和catúr的變化是不規則的： <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">3 </th> <th colspan="3">4 </th></tr> <tr> <th>陽性</th> <th>中性</th> <th>陰性</th> <th>陽性</th> <th>中性</th> <th>陰性 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主格 </th> <td>tráyas</td> <td>trī́ṇi</td> <td>tisrás</td> <td>catvā́ras</td> <td>catvā́ri</td> <td>cátasras </td></tr> <tr> <th>賓格 </th> <td>trīn</td> <td>trī́ṇi</td> <td>tisrás</td> <td>catúras</td> <td>catvā́ri</td> <td>cátasras </td></tr> <tr> <th>具格 </th> <td colspan="2">tribhís </td> <td>tisṛ́bhis </td> <td colspan="2">catúrbhis </td> <td>catasṛ́bhis </td></tr> <tr> <th>與格 </th> <td colspan="2">tribhyás </td> <td>tisṛ́bhyas </td> <td colspan="2">catúrbhyas </td> <td>catasṛ́bhyas </td></tr> <tr> <th>離格 </th> <td colspan="2">tribhyás </td> <td>tisṛ́bhyas </td> <td colspan="2">catúrbhyas </td> <td>catasṛ́bhyas </td></tr> <tr> <th>屬格 </th> <td colspan="2">triyāṇā́m </td> <td>tisṛṇā́m </td> <td colspan="2">caturṇā́m </td> <td>catasṛṇā́m </td></tr> <tr> <th>位格 </th> <td colspan="2">triṣú </td> <td>tisṛ́ṣu </td> <td colspan="2">catúrṣu </td> <td>catasṛ́ṣu </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文字">文字</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：文字">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="天城文">天城文</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmir_Sharada_MS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kashmir_Sharada_MS.jpg/240px-Kashmir_Sharada_MS.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kashmir_Sharada_MS.jpg/360px-Kashmir_Sharada_MS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Kashmir_Sharada_MS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="211" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="克什米爾">克什米爾</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%8B%89%E9%81%94%E6%96%87" title="夏拉達文">夏拉達文</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%95%E5%A9%86%E6%95%99" title="濕婆教">湿婆教</a>手稿 (十七世紀)</figcaption></figure> 梵語在社交中口頭使用，并且在早期古典<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梵語文獻（页面不存在）">梵語文獻</a>的發展中維持口頭傳統<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>。在印度，書寫形式是當梵語發展成俗語之后才出现的；在書寫梵語的時候，書寫系統的選擇受抄寫者所處地域的影響。同樣的，所有南亞的主要書寫系統事實上都用於梵語文稿的抄写。自19世紀晚期，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="天城文">天城文</a>被定為梵語的標準書寫系統<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>，十分可能的原因是歐洲人有用這種文字印刷梵語文本的習慣。 最早的已知梵語碑刻可確定为公元前一世紀<a href="#cite_note-salomon-25">[25]</a>。它們采用了最初用於俗語而非梵語的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%87" title="婆罗米文">婆羅米文</a><a href="#cite_note-masica-26">[26]</a>。第一個書寫梵語的證據，出現在晚于它的俗語的书写證據之后的幾個世紀，這被描述為一種悖論<a href="#cite_note-salomon-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>。在梵語被書寫下來的時候，它首先用於行政、文學或科學類的文本。宗教文本口頭传承，在相當晚的時候才“不情愿”地被书寫下來<a href="#cite_note-masica-26">[26]</a>。 婆羅米文演化出叫<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="婆罗米系文字">婆羅米系文字</a>的一組多樣文字，其中很多被用來書寫梵語。粗略地說與婆羅米文同代的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%89%E7%9B%A7%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="佉盧文">佉盧文</a>用於次大陸的西北部。后來（4到8世紀）從婆羅米文演化來的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%87" title="笈多文">笈多文</a>開始流行。從8世紀開始從笈多文演化出了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%8B%89%E9%81%94%E6%96%87" title="夏拉達文">夏拉達文</a>。最后在11 / 12世紀的時候它被天城文所替代，有中間狀態如<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E6%9B%87%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="悉曇文字">悉曇文</a>。在東印度，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E6%96%87" title="孟加拉文">孟加拉文</a>和后來的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%87" title="奧里亞文">奧里亞文</a>被采用。在南部的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%AF%97%E8%8D%BC%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="达罗毗荼语系">达罗毗荼语系</a>統治區，用於梵語的文字包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%8D%E9%81%94%E6%96%87" title="卡納達文">卡纳达文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8D%A2%E5%9B%BA%E6%96%87" title="泰卢固文">泰卢固文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E6%96%87" title="馬拉雅拉姆文">马拉雅拉姆文</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B0%E5%A1%94%E6%96%87" title="古兰塔文">古蘭塔文</a>。 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phrase_sanskrit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Phrase_sanskrit.svg/500px-Phrase_sanskrit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="573" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Phrase_sanskrit.svg/750px-Phrase_sanskrit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Phrase_sanskrit.svg/1000px-Phrase_sanskrit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>用現代婆羅米系文字寫的梵語：“愿<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%95%E5%A9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="濕婆">濕婆</a>保佑爱好天神語言的人。”（<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%A2%A8%E9%99%80%E5%A8%91" title="迦梨陀娑">迦梨陀娑</a>）</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="羅馬化">羅馬化</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：羅馬化">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87%E8%BD%89%E5%AF%AB" title="天城文轉寫">天城文轉寫</a></div> 自從十八世紀后期，梵語已經被使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a>轉寫。今天最常用的系統是<a href="/wiki/IAST" title="IAST">IAST</a>（國際梵語轉寫字母），它自從1888年 / 1912年就是學術標準。基於<a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>的轉寫方案由於在計算機系統上表示梵語字符的困難而發展出來。這包括<a href="/wiki/Harvard-Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard-Kyoto">Harvard-Kyoto</a>和<a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a>，它是在互聯網上特別是Usenet和郵件中最廣泛使用的轉寫方案，出於錄入速度和表現效果的考慮。對於能獲得<a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>的Web瀏覽器，IAST變得更常用。 19世紀的歐洲學者一般偏好用天城體來抄寫和復制整個文本和冗長引用。但是在歐洲語言寫的文本中對單獨的詞和名字的引用通常使用羅馬轉寫表示。從20世紀開始，由於生產成本的原因，西方學者編輯的文字版本大多使用羅馬化轉寫。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古代書體">古代書體</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：古代書體">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E6%9B%87%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="悉曇文字">悉曇文字</a></div> 在中國唐朝時期，中印交流密切，如著名的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>法师去西天取經，當時用<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E6%9B%87%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="悉曇體">悉曇體</a>書寫的梵文佛經隨之傳入中原，后來在佛教密宗傳入之后，由於此宗派嚴格要求用梵語語音念誦真言，導致了對印度教學用的音節表<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%82%89%E6%9B%87%E7%AB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="悉曇章（页面不存在）">悉曇章</a>的研習，現存於《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%82%89%E6%9B%87%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="悉曇字記（页面不存在）">悉曇字記</a>》<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>中。此後傳至日本，其傳習可參見《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="大正藏">大正藏</a>》中的《悉曇部》，因此中日兩國還保存着已經不用的梵文字體——<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E6%9B%87%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="悉曇體">悉曇體</a>。在中國宋朝時期，早期形式的天城體梵字曾在漢地、遼、大理流行過，現完整保存於公元1035年刊印的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AF%E7%A5%90%E5%A4%A9%E7%AB%BA%E5%AD%97%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="景祐天竺字源（页面不存在）">景祐天竺字源</a>》<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>中，並且東傳到韓國、日本。 厚重、美观的<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E6%9C%AD%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="蘭札體">蘭札體</a>流行於西藏和尼泊爾，並且隨著中國清朝統治階層對<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳佛教</a>的信仰，流行於中國漢地。西藏同時還使用一種叫做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E5%BE%B7%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦德體（页面不存在）">瓦德體</a>的字體來書寫梵文，其實它只是蘭札體的一種無頭化變體。藏文、蒙文、托忒蒙文、滿文都有用各自的文字轉寫梵文的體系。 <dl><dd><table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/IAST" title="IAST">IAST</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%87" title="笈多文">笈多文</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E6%9B%87%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="悉曇文字">悉曇文</a></th> <th>Kutila文</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="城文">城文</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E6%9C%AD%E6%96%87" title="蘭札文">蘭札文</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="天城文">天城文</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gupta_allahabad_a.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gupta_allahabad_a.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gupta_allahabad_a.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Siddham_a.svg/24px-Siddham_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Siddham_a.svg/36px-Siddham_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Siddham_a.svg/48px-Siddham_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kutila_a.svg/24px-Kutila_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kutila_a.svg/36px-Kutila_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kutila_a.svg/48px-Kutila_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nagari1035_a.svg/24px-Nagari1035_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nagari1035_a.svg/36px-Nagari1035_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nagari1035_a.svg/48px-Nagari1035_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ranjana_a.svg/24px-Ranjana_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ranjana_a.svg/36px-Ranjana_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ranjana_a.svg/48px-Ranjana_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ā</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_aa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gupta_allahabad_aa.svg/28px-Gupta_allahabad_aa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gupta_allahabad_aa.svg/42px-Gupta_allahabad_aa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gupta_allahabad_aa.svg/56px-Gupta_allahabad_aa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_aa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Siddham_aa.svg/24px-Siddham_aa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Siddham_aa.svg/36px-Siddham_aa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Siddham_aa.svg/48px-Siddham_aa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_aa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kutila_aa.svg/24px-Kutila_aa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kutila_aa.svg/36px-Kutila_aa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kutila_aa.svg/48px-Kutila_aa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_aa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nagari1035_aa.svg/24px-Nagari1035_aa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nagari1035_aa.svg/36px-Nagari1035_aa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nagari1035_aa.svg/48px-Nagari1035_aa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_aa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ranjana_aa.svg/24px-Ranjana_aa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ranjana_aa.svg/36px-Ranjana_aa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ranjana_aa.svg/48px-Ranjana_aa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%86.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Devanagari_%E0%A4%86.svg/30px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%86.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Devanagari_%E0%A4%86.svg/45px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%86.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Devanagari_%E0%A4%86.svg/60px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%86.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_i.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gupta_allahabad_i.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_i.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gupta_allahabad_i.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_i.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gupta_allahabad_i.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_i.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_i.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Siddham_i.svg/24px-Siddham_i.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Siddham_i.svg/36px-Siddham_i.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Siddham_i.svg/48px-Siddham_i.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_i.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kutila_i.svg/24px-Kutila_i.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kutila_i.svg/36px-Kutila_i.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kutila_i.svg/48px-Kutila_i.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_i.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nagari1035_i.svg/24px-Nagari1035_i.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nagari1035_i.svg/36px-Nagari1035_i.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nagari1035_i.svg/48px-Nagari1035_i.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_i.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ranjana_i.svg/24px-Ranjana_i.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ranjana_i.svg/36px-Ranjana_i.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ranjana_i.svg/48px-Ranjana_i.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%87.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Devanagari_%E0%A4%87.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%87.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Devanagari_%E0%A4%87.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%87.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Devanagari_%E0%A4%87.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%87.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ī</td> <td style="background:#eeeeee;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_ii.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Siddham_ii.svg/24px-Siddham_ii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Siddham_ii.svg/36px-Siddham_ii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Siddham_ii.svg/48px-Siddham_ii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td style="background:#eeeeee;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_ii.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Nagari1035_ii.svg/24px-Nagari1035_ii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Nagari1035_ii.svg/36px-Nagari1035_ii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Nagari1035_ii.svg/48px-Nagari1035_ii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_ii.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ranjana_ii.svg/24px-Ranjana_ii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ranjana_ii.svg/36px-Ranjana_ii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ranjana_ii.svg/48px-Ranjana_ii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%88.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Devanagari_%E0%A4%88.svg/30px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%88.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Devanagari_%E0%A4%88.svg/45px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%88.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Devanagari_%E0%A4%88.svg/60px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%88.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_u.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gupta_allahabad_u.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_u.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gupta_allahabad_u.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_u.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gupta_allahabad_u.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_u.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_u.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Siddham_u.svg/24px-Siddham_u.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Siddham_u.svg/36px-Siddham_u.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Siddham_u.svg/48px-Siddham_u.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_u.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kutila_u.svg/24px-Kutila_u.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kutila_u.svg/36px-Kutila_u.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kutila_u.svg/48px-Kutila_u.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_u.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nagari1035_u.svg/24px-Nagari1035_u.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nagari1035_u.svg/36px-Nagari1035_u.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nagari1035_u.svg/48px-Nagari1035_u.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_u.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ranjana_u.svg/24px-Ranjana_u.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ranjana_u.svg/36px-Ranjana_u.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ranjana_u.svg/48px-Ranjana_u.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%89.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Devanagari_%E0%A4%89.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%89.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Devanagari_%E0%A4%89.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%89.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Devanagari_%E0%A4%89.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%89.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ū</td> <td style="background:#eeeeee;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_uu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Siddham_uu.svg/24px-Siddham_uu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Siddham_uu.svg/36px-Siddham_uu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Siddham_uu.svg/48px-Siddham_uu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_uu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kutila_uu.svg/28px-Kutila_uu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kutila_uu.svg/42px-Kutila_uu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kutila_uu.svg/56px-Kutila_uu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_uu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nagari1035_uu.svg/28px-Nagari1035_uu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nagari1035_uu.svg/42px-Nagari1035_uu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nagari1035_uu.svg/56px-Nagari1035_uu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_uu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ranjana_uu.svg/28px-Ranjana_uu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ranjana_uu.svg/42px-Ranjana_uu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ranjana_uu.svg/56px-Ranjana_uu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%8A.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Devanagari_%E0%A4%8A.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%8A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Devanagari_%E0%A4%8A.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%8A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Devanagari_%E0%A4%8A.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%8A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ṛ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ri.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gupta_allahabad_ri.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gupta_allahabad_ri.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_ri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gupta_allahabad_ri.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_ri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_ri.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Siddham_ri.svg/24px-Siddham_ri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Siddham_ri.svg/36px-Siddham_ri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Siddham_ri.svg/48px-Siddham_ri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_ri.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kutila_ri.svg/24px-Kutila_ri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kutila_ri.svg/36px-Kutila_ri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kutila_ri.svg/48px-Kutila_ri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_ri.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Nagari1035_ri.svg/24px-Nagari1035_ri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Nagari1035_ri.svg/36px-Nagari1035_ri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Nagari1035_ri.svg/48px-Nagari1035_ri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_ri.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ranjana_ri.svg/24px-Ranjana_ri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ranjana_ri.svg/36px-Ranjana_ri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ranjana_ri.svg/48px-Ranjana_ri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%8B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Devanagari_%E0%A4%8B.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%8B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Devanagari_%E0%A4%8B.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%8B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Devanagari_%E0%A4%8B.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%8B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_e.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gupta_allahabad_e.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gupta_allahabad_e.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gupta_allahabad_e.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_e.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Siddham_e.svg/24px-Siddham_e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Siddham_e.svg/36px-Siddham_e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Siddham_e.svg/48px-Siddham_e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_e.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kutila_e.svg/24px-Kutila_e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kutila_e.svg/36px-Kutila_e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kutila_e.svg/48px-Kutila_e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_e.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Nagari1035_e.svg/24px-Nagari1035_e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Nagari1035_e.svg/36px-Nagari1035_e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Nagari1035_e.svg/48px-Nagari1035_e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_e.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ranjana_e.svg/24px-Ranjana_e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ranjana_e.svg/36px-Ranjana_e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ranjana_e.svg/48px-Ranjana_e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%8F.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Devanagari_%E0%A4%8F.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%8F.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Devanagari_%E0%A4%8F.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%8F.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Devanagari_%E0%A4%8F.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%8F.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ai</td> <td style="background:#eeeeee;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_ai.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Siddham_ai.svg/24px-Siddham_ai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Siddham_ai.svg/36px-Siddham_ai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Siddham_ai.svg/48px-Siddham_ai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_ai.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kutila_ai.svg/32px-Kutila_ai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kutila_ai.svg/48px-Kutila_ai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kutila_ai.svg/64px-Kutila_ai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_ai.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Nagari1035_ai.svg/30px-Nagari1035_ai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Nagari1035_ai.svg/45px-Nagari1035_ai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Nagari1035_ai.svg/60px-Nagari1035_ai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_ai.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ranjana_ai.svg/30px-Ranjana_ai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ranjana_ai.svg/45px-Ranjana_ai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ranjana_ai.svg/60px-Ranjana_ai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%90.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Devanagari_%E0%A4%90.svg/30px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%90.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Devanagari_%E0%A4%90.svg/45px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%90.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Devanagari_%E0%A4%90.svg/60px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%90.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>o</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gupta_allahabad_o.svg/30px-Gupta_allahabad_o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gupta_allahabad_o.svg/45px-Gupta_allahabad_o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gupta_allahabad_o.svg/60px-Gupta_allahabad_o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Siddham_o.svg/24px-Siddham_o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Siddham_o.svg/36px-Siddham_o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Siddham_o.svg/48px-Siddham_o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kutila_o.svg/24px-Kutila_o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kutila_o.svg/36px-Kutila_o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kutila_o.svg/48px-Kutila_o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nagari1035_o.svg/24px-Nagari1035_o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nagari1035_o.svg/36px-Nagari1035_o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nagari1035_o.svg/48px-Nagari1035_o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ranjana_o.svg/24px-Ranjana_o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ranjana_o.svg/36px-Ranjana_o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ranjana_o.svg/48px-Ranjana_o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%93.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Devanagari_%E0%A4%93.svg/30px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%93.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Devanagari_%E0%A4%93.svg/45px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%93.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Devanagari_%E0%A4%93.svg/60px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%93.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>au</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_au.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gupta_allahabad_au.svg/30px-Gupta_allahabad_au.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gupta_allahabad_au.svg/45px-Gupta_allahabad_au.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gupta_allahabad_au.svg/60px-Gupta_allahabad_au.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_au.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Siddham_au.svg/24px-Siddham_au.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Siddham_au.svg/36px-Siddham_au.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Siddham_au.svg/48px-Siddham_au.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td style="background:#eeeeee;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_au.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Nagari1035_au.svg/28px-Nagari1035_au.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Nagari1035_au.svg/42px-Nagari1035_au.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Nagari1035_au.svg/56px-Nagari1035_au.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_au.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ranjana_au.svg/30px-Ranjana_au.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ranjana_au.svg/45px-Ranjana_au.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ranjana_au.svg/60px-Ranjana_au.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%94.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Devanagari_%E0%A4%94.svg/30px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%94.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Devanagari_%E0%A4%94.svg/45px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%94.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Devanagari_%E0%A4%94.svg/60px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%94.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>k</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_k.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gupta_allahabad_k.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_k.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gupta_allahabad_k.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_k.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gupta_allahabad_k.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_k.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_k.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Siddham_k.svg/24px-Siddham_k.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Siddham_k.svg/36px-Siddham_k.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Siddham_k.svg/48px-Siddham_k.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_k.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kutila_k.svg/24px-Kutila_k.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kutila_k.svg/36px-Kutila_k.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kutila_k.svg/48px-Kutila_k.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_k.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nagari1035_k.svg/24px-Nagari1035_k.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nagari1035_k.svg/36px-Nagari1035_k.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nagari1035_k.svg/48px-Nagari1035_k.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_k.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ranjana_k.svg/24px-Ranjana_k.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ranjana_k.svg/36px-Ranjana_k.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ranjana_k.svg/48px-Ranjana_k.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%95.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Devanagari_%E0%A4%95.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%95.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Devanagari_%E0%A4%95.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%95.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Devanagari_%E0%A4%95.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%95.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_kh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Siddham_kh.svg/24px-Siddham_kh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Siddham_kh.svg/36px-Siddham_kh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Siddham_kh.svg/48px-Siddham_kh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_kh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kutila_kh.svg/24px-Kutila_kh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kutila_kh.svg/36px-Kutila_kh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kutila_kh.svg/48px-Kutila_kh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_kh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nagari1035_kh.svg/24px-Nagari1035_kh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nagari1035_kh.svg/36px-Nagari1035_kh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nagari1035_kh.svg/48px-Nagari1035_kh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_kh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ranjana_kh.svg/24px-Ranjana_kh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ranjana_kh.svg/36px-Ranjana_kh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ranjana_kh.svg/48px-Ranjana_kh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%96.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Devanagari_%E0%A4%96.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%96.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Devanagari_%E0%A4%96.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%96.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Devanagari_%E0%A4%96.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%96.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>g</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_g.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gupta_allahabad_g.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gupta_allahabad_g.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_g.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gupta_allahabad_g.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_g.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_g.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Siddham_g.svg/24px-Siddham_g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Siddham_g.svg/36px-Siddham_g.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Siddham_g.svg/48px-Siddham_g.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_g.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kutila_g.svg/24px-Kutila_g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kutila_g.svg/36px-Kutila_g.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kutila_g.svg/48px-Kutila_g.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_g.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Nagari1035_g.svg/24px-Nagari1035_g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Nagari1035_g.svg/36px-Nagari1035_g.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Nagari1035_g.svg/48px-Nagari1035_g.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_g.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ranjana_g.svg/24px-Ranjana_g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ranjana_g.svg/36px-Ranjana_g.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ranjana_g.svg/48px-Ranjana_g.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%97.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Devanagari_%E0%A4%97.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%97.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Devanagari_%E0%A4%97.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%97.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Devanagari_%E0%A4%97.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%97.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_gh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Siddham_gh.svg/24px-Siddham_gh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Siddham_gh.svg/36px-Siddham_gh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Siddham_gh.svg/48px-Siddham_gh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_gh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kutila_gh.svg/24px-Kutila_gh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kutila_gh.svg/36px-Kutila_gh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kutila_gh.svg/48px-Kutila_gh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_gh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nagari1035_gh.svg/24px-Nagari1035_gh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nagari1035_gh.svg/36px-Nagari1035_gh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nagari1035_gh.svg/48px-Nagari1035_gh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_gh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ranjana_gh.svg/24px-Ranjana_gh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ranjana_gh.svg/36px-Ranjana_gh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ranjana_gh.svg/48px-Ranjana_gh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%98.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Devanagari_%E0%A4%98.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%98.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Devanagari_%E0%A4%98.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%98.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Devanagari_%E0%A4%98.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%98.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ṅ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_ng.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Siddham_ng.svg/24px-Siddham_ng.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Siddham_ng.svg/36px-Siddham_ng.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Siddham_ng.svg/48px-Siddham_ng.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_ng.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kutila_ng.svg/24px-Kutila_ng.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kutila_ng.svg/36px-Kutila_ng.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kutila_ng.svg/48px-Kutila_ng.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_ng.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nagari1035_ng.svg/24px-Nagari1035_ng.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nagari1035_ng.svg/36px-Nagari1035_ng.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nagari1035_ng.svg/48px-Nagari1035_ng.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_ng.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ranjana_ng.svg/24px-Ranjana_ng.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ranjana_ng.svg/36px-Ranjana_ng.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ranjana_ng.svg/48px-Ranjana_ng.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%99.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Devanagari_%E0%A4%99.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%99.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Devanagari_%E0%A4%99.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%99.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Devanagari_%E0%A4%99.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%99.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_c.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gupta_allahabad_c.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_c.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gupta_allahabad_c.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_c.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gupta_allahabad_c.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_c.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_c.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Siddham_c.svg/24px-Siddham_c.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Siddham_c.svg/36px-Siddham_c.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Siddham_c.svg/48px-Siddham_c.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_c.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kutila_c.svg/24px-Kutila_c.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kutila_c.svg/36px-Kutila_c.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kutila_c.svg/48px-Kutila_c.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_c.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nagari1035_c.svg/24px-Nagari1035_c.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nagari1035_c.svg/36px-Nagari1035_c.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nagari1035_c.svg/48px-Nagari1035_c.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_c.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ranjana_c.svg/24px-Ranjana_c.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ranjana_c.svg/36px-Ranjana_c.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ranjana_c.svg/48px-Ranjana_c.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%9A.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9A.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9A.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9A.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ch</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_ch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Siddham_ch.svg/24px-Siddham_ch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Siddham_ch.svg/36px-Siddham_ch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Siddham_ch.svg/48px-Siddham_ch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_ch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kutila_ch.svg/24px-Kutila_ch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kutila_ch.svg/36px-Kutila_ch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kutila_ch.svg/48px-Kutila_ch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_ch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nagari1035_ch.svg/24px-Nagari1035_ch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nagari1035_ch.svg/36px-Nagari1035_ch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nagari1035_ch.svg/48px-Nagari1035_ch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_ch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ranjana_ch.svg/24px-Ranjana_ch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ranjana_ch.svg/36px-Ranjana_ch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ranjana_ch.svg/48px-Ranjana_ch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%9B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9B.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9B.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9B.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>j</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Siddham_j.svg/24px-Siddham_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Siddham_j.svg/36px-Siddham_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Siddham_j.svg/48px-Siddham_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kutila_j.svg/24px-Kutila_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kutila_j.svg/36px-Kutila_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kutila_j.svg/48px-Kutila_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nagari1035_j.svg/24px-Nagari1035_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nagari1035_j.svg/36px-Nagari1035_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nagari1035_j.svg/48px-Nagari1035_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ranjana_j.svg/24px-Ranjana_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ranjana_j.svg/36px-Ranjana_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ranjana_j.svg/48px-Ranjana_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%9C.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9C.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9C.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9C.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9C.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>jh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg/36px-Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg/48px-Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_jh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Siddham_jh.svg/24px-Siddham_jh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Siddham_jh.svg/36px-Siddham_jh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Siddham_jh.svg/48px-Siddham_jh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td style="background:#eeeeee;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_jh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Nagari1035_jh.svg/24px-Nagari1035_jh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Nagari1035_jh.svg/36px-Nagari1035_jh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Nagari1035_jh.svg/48px-Nagari1035_jh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_jh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ranjana_jh.svg/24px-Ranjana_jh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ranjana_jh.svg/36px-Ranjana_jh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ranjana_jh.svg/48px-Ranjana_jh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ñ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_ny2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Siddham_ny2.svg/24px-Siddham_ny2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Siddham_ny2.svg/36px-Siddham_ny2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Siddham_ny2.svg/48px-Siddham_ny2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td style="background:#eeeeee;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_ny.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nagari1035_ny.svg/24px-Nagari1035_ny.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nagari1035_ny.svg/36px-Nagari1035_ny.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nagari1035_ny.svg/48px-Nagari1035_ny.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_ny.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ranjana_ny.svg/24px-Ranjana_ny.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ranjana_ny.svg/36px-Ranjana_ny.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ranjana_ny.svg/48px-Ranjana_ny.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%9E.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9E.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9E.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9E.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9E.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9E.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9E.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ṭ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_tt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Siddham_tt.svg/24px-Siddham_tt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Siddham_tt.svg/36px-Siddham_tt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Siddham_tt.svg/48px-Siddham_tt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_tt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kutila_tt.svg/24px-Kutila_tt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kutila_tt.svg/36px-Kutila_tt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kutila_tt.svg/48px-Kutila_tt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_tt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nagari1035_tt.svg/24px-Nagari1035_tt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nagari1035_tt.svg/36px-Nagari1035_tt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nagari1035_tt.svg/48px-Nagari1035_tt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_tt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ranjana_tt.svg/26px-Ranjana_tt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ranjana_tt.svg/39px-Ranjana_tt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ranjana_tt.svg/52px-Ranjana_tt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%9F.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9F.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9F.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9F.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9F.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9F.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9F.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ṭh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_tth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Siddham_tth.svg/24px-Siddham_tth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Siddham_tth.svg/36px-Siddham_tth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Siddham_tth.svg/48px-Siddham_tth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_tth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kutila_tth.svg/24px-Kutila_tth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kutila_tth.svg/36px-Kutila_tth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kutila_tth.svg/48px-Kutila_tth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_tth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Nagari1035_tth.svg/24px-Nagari1035_tth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Nagari1035_tth.svg/36px-Nagari1035_tth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Nagari1035_tth.svg/48px-Nagari1035_tth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_tth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ranjana_tth.svg/24px-Ranjana_tth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ranjana_tth.svg/36px-Ranjana_tth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ranjana_tth.svg/48px-Ranjana_tth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%A0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A0.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A0.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A0.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ḍ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_dd.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Siddham_dd.svg/24px-Siddham_dd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Siddham_dd.svg/36px-Siddham_dd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Siddham_dd.svg/48px-Siddham_dd.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_dd.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kutila_dd.svg/24px-Kutila_dd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kutila_dd.svg/36px-Kutila_dd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kutila_dd.svg/48px-Kutila_dd.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_dd.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Nagari1035_dd.svg/24px-Nagari1035_dd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Nagari1035_dd.svg/36px-Nagari1035_dd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Nagari1035_dd.svg/48px-Nagari1035_dd.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_dd.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ranjana_dd.svg/24px-Ranjana_dd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ranjana_dd.svg/36px-Ranjana_dd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ranjana_dd.svg/48px-Ranjana_dd.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%A1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A1.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A1.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A1.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ḍh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_ddh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Siddham_ddh.svg/24px-Siddham_ddh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Siddham_ddh.svg/36px-Siddham_ddh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Siddham_ddh.svg/48px-Siddham_ddh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_ddh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kutila_ddh.svg/24px-Kutila_ddh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kutila_ddh.svg/36px-Kutila_ddh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kutila_ddh.svg/48px-Kutila_ddh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_ddh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nagari1035_ddh.svg/24px-Nagari1035_ddh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nagari1035_ddh.svg/36px-Nagari1035_ddh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nagari1035_ddh.svg/48px-Nagari1035_ddh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_ddh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ranjana_ddh.svg/24px-Ranjana_ddh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ranjana_ddh.svg/36px-Ranjana_ddh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ranjana_ddh.svg/48px-Ranjana_ddh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%A2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A2.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A2.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A2.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ṇ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_nn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Siddham_nn.svg/24px-Siddham_nn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Siddham_nn.svg/36px-Siddham_nn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Siddham_nn.svg/48px-Siddham_nn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_nn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kutila_nn.svg/24px-Kutila_nn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kutila_nn.svg/36px-Kutila_nn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kutila_nn.svg/48px-Kutila_nn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_nn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nagari1035_nn.svg/24px-Nagari1035_nn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nagari1035_nn.svg/36px-Nagari1035_nn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nagari1035_nn.svg/48px-Nagari1035_nn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_nn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ranjana_nn.svg/24px-Ranjana_nn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ranjana_nn.svg/36px-Ranjana_nn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ranjana_nn.svg/48px-Ranjana_nn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>t</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_t.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gupta_allahabad_t.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_t.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gupta_allahabad_t.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_t.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gupta_allahabad_t.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_t.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_t.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Siddham_t.svg/24px-Siddham_t.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Siddham_t.svg/36px-Siddham_t.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Siddham_t.svg/48px-Siddham_t.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_t.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kutila_t.svg/24px-Kutila_t.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kutila_t.svg/36px-Kutila_t.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kutila_t.svg/48px-Kutila_t.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_t.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nagari1035_t.svg/24px-Nagari1035_t.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nagari1035_t.svg/36px-Nagari1035_t.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nagari1035_t.svg/48px-Nagari1035_t.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_t.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ranjana_t.svg/24px-Ranjana_t.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ranjana_t.svg/36px-Ranjana_t.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ranjana_t.svg/48px-Ranjana_t.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%A4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A4.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A4.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A4.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>th</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_th.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gupta_allahabad_th.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_th.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gupta_allahabad_th.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_th.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gupta_allahabad_th.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_th.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_th.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Siddham_th.svg/24px-Siddham_th.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Siddham_th.svg/36px-Siddham_th.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Siddham_th.svg/48px-Siddham_th.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_th.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kutila_th.svg/24px-Kutila_th.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kutila_th.svg/36px-Kutila_th.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kutila_th.svg/48px-Kutila_th.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_th.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nagari1035_th.svg/24px-Nagari1035_th.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nagari1035_th.svg/36px-Nagari1035_th.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nagari1035_th.svg/48px-Nagari1035_th.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_th.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ranjana_th.svg/24px-Ranjana_th.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ranjana_th.svg/36px-Ranjana_th.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ranjana_th.svg/48px-Ranjana_th.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%A5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A5.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A5.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A5.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>d</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gupta_allahabad_d.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gupta_allahabad_d.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gupta_allahabad_d.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Siddham_d.svg/24px-Siddham_d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Siddham_d.svg/36px-Siddham_d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Siddham_d.svg/48px-Siddham_d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kutila_d.svg/24px-Kutila_d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kutila_d.svg/36px-Kutila_d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kutila_d.svg/48px-Kutila_d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nagari1035_d.svg/24px-Nagari1035_d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nagari1035_d.svg/36px-Nagari1035_d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nagari1035_d.svg/48px-Nagari1035_d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ranjana_d.svg/24px-Ranjana_d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ranjana_d.svg/36px-Ranjana_d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ranjana_d.svg/48px-Ranjana_d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%A6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A6.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A6.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A6.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_dh2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Siddham_dh2.svg/24px-Siddham_dh2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Siddham_dh2.svg/36px-Siddham_dh2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Siddham_dh2.svg/48px-Siddham_dh2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_dh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kutila_dh.svg/24px-Kutila_dh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kutila_dh.svg/36px-Kutila_dh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kutila_dh.svg/48px-Kutila_dh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_dh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nagari1035_dh.svg/24px-Nagari1035_dh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nagari1035_dh.svg/36px-Nagari1035_dh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nagari1035_dh.svg/48px-Nagari1035_dh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_dh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ranjana_dh.svg/24px-Ranjana_dh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ranjana_dh.svg/36px-Ranjana_dh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ranjana_dh.svg/48px-Ranjana_dh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%A7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A7.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A7.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A7.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>n</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_n.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gupta_allahabad_n.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gupta_allahabad_n.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gupta_allahabad_n.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_n.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Siddham_n.svg/24px-Siddham_n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Siddham_n.svg/36px-Siddham_n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Siddham_n.svg/48px-Siddham_n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_n.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kutila_n.svg/24px-Kutila_n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kutila_n.svg/36px-Kutila_n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kutila_n.svg/48px-Kutila_n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_n.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nagari1035_n.svg/24px-Nagari1035_n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nagari1035_n.svg/36px-Nagari1035_n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nagari1035_n.svg/48px-Nagari1035_n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_n.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ranjana_n.svg/24px-Ranjana_n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ranjana_n.svg/36px-Ranjana_n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ranjana_n.svg/48px-Ranjana_n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%A8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A8.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A8.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A8.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gupta_allahabad_p.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gupta_allahabad_p.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gupta_allahabad_p.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Siddham_p.svg/24px-Siddham_p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Siddham_p.svg/36px-Siddham_p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Siddham_p.svg/48px-Siddham_p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kutila_p.svg/24px-Kutila_p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kutila_p.svg/36px-Kutila_p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kutila_p.svg/48px-Kutila_p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nagari1035_p.svg/24px-Nagari1035_p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nagari1035_p.svg/36px-Nagari1035_p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nagari1035_p.svg/48px-Nagari1035_p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ranjana_p.svg/24px-Ranjana_p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ranjana_p.svg/36px-Ranjana_p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ranjana_p.svg/48px-Ranjana_p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%AA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Devanagari_%E0%A4%AA.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%AA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Devanagari_%E0%A4%AA.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%AA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Devanagari_%E0%A4%AA.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%AA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ph</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_ph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Siddham_ph.svg/24px-Siddham_ph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Siddham_ph.svg/36px-Siddham_ph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Siddham_ph.svg/48px-Siddham_ph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_ph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kutila_ph.svg/24px-Kutila_ph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kutila_ph.svg/36px-Kutila_ph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kutila_ph.svg/48px-Kutila_ph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_ph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nagari1035_ph.svg/24px-Nagari1035_ph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nagari1035_ph.svg/36px-Nagari1035_ph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nagari1035_ph.svg/48px-Nagari1035_ph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_ph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ranjana_ph.svg/24px-Ranjana_ph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ranjana_ph.svg/36px-Ranjana_ph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ranjana_ph.svg/48px-Ranjana_ph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Devanagari_%E0%A4%AB.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Devanagari_%E0%A4%AB.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Devanagari_%E0%A4%AB.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gupta_allahabad_b.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gupta_allahabad_b.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gupta_allahabad_b.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Siddham_b.svg/24px-Siddham_b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Siddham_b.svg/36px-Siddham_b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Siddham_b.svg/48px-Siddham_b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kutila_b.svg/24px-Kutila_b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kutila_b.svg/36px-Kutila_b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kutila_b.svg/48px-Kutila_b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nagari1035_b.svg/24px-Nagari1035_b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nagari1035_b.svg/36px-Nagari1035_b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nagari1035_b.svg/48px-Nagari1035_b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ranjana_b.svg/24px-Ranjana_b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ranjana_b.svg/36px-Ranjana_b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ranjana_b.svg/48px-Ranjana_b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%AC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Devanagari_%E0%A4%AC.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%AC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Devanagari_%E0%A4%AC.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%AC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Devanagari_%E0%A4%AC.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%AC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_bh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Siddham_bh.svg/24px-Siddham_bh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Siddham_bh.svg/36px-Siddham_bh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Siddham_bh.svg/48px-Siddham_bh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_bh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kutila_bh.svg/24px-Kutila_bh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kutila_bh.svg/36px-Kutila_bh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kutila_bh.svg/48px-Kutila_bh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_bh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nagari1035_bh.svg/24px-Nagari1035_bh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nagari1035_bh.svg/36px-Nagari1035_bh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nagari1035_bh.svg/48px-Nagari1035_bh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_bh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ranjana_bh.svg/24px-Ranjana_bh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ranjana_bh.svg/36px-Ranjana_bh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ranjana_bh.svg/48px-Ranjana_bh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%AD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Devanagari_%E0%A4%AD.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%AD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Devanagari_%E0%A4%AD.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%AD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Devanagari_%E0%A4%AD.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%AD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>m</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_m.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gupta_allahabad_m.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gupta_allahabad_m.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gupta_allahabad_m.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_m.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Siddham_m.svg/24px-Siddham_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Siddham_m.svg/36px-Siddham_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Siddham_m.svg/48px-Siddham_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_m.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kutila_m.svg/24px-Kutila_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kutila_m.svg/36px-Kutila_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kutila_m.svg/48px-Kutila_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_m.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nagari1035_m.svg/24px-Nagari1035_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nagari1035_m.svg/36px-Nagari1035_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nagari1035_m.svg/48px-Nagari1035_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_m.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ranjana_m.svg/24px-Ranjana_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ranjana_m.svg/36px-Ranjana_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ranjana_m.svg/48px-Ranjana_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%AE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Devanagari_%E0%A4%AE.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%AE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Devanagari_%E0%A4%AE.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%AE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Devanagari_%E0%A4%AE.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%AE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>y</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_y.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gupta_allahabad_y.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_y.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gupta_allahabad_y.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_y.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gupta_allahabad_y.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_y.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_y.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Siddham_y.svg/24px-Siddham_y.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Siddham_y.svg/36px-Siddham_y.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Siddham_y.svg/48px-Siddham_y.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_y.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kutila_y.svg/24px-Kutila_y.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kutila_y.svg/36px-Kutila_y.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kutila_y.svg/48px-Kutila_y.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_y.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Nagari1035_y.svg/24px-Nagari1035_y.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Nagari1035_y.svg/36px-Nagari1035_y.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Nagari1035_y.svg/48px-Nagari1035_y.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_y.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ranjana_y.svg/24px-Ranjana_y.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ranjana_y.svg/36px-Ranjana_y.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ranjana_y.svg/48px-Ranjana_y.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%AF.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Devanagari_%E0%A4%AF.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%AF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Devanagari_%E0%A4%AF.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%AF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Devanagari_%E0%A4%AF.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%AF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>r</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_r.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gupta_allahabad_r.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_r.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gupta_allahabad_r.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_r.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gupta_allahabad_r.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_r.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_r.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Siddham_r.svg/24px-Siddham_r.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Siddham_r.svg/36px-Siddham_r.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Siddham_r.svg/48px-Siddham_r.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_r.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kutila_r.svg/24px-Kutila_r.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kutila_r.svg/36px-Kutila_r.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kutila_r.svg/48px-Kutila_r.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_r.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Nagari1035_r.svg/24px-Nagari1035_r.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Nagari1035_r.svg/36px-Nagari1035_r.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Nagari1035_r.svg/48px-Nagari1035_r.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_r.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ranjana_r.svg/24px-Ranjana_r.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ranjana_r.svg/36px-Ranjana_r.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ranjana_r.svg/48px-Ranjana_r.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%B0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B0.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B0.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B0.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>l</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_l.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gupta_allahabad_l.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_l.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gupta_allahabad_l.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_l.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gupta_allahabad_l.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_l.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_l.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Siddham_l.svg/24px-Siddham_l.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Siddham_l.svg/36px-Siddham_l.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Siddham_l.svg/48px-Siddham_l.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_l.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kutila_l.svg/24px-Kutila_l.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kutila_l.svg/36px-Kutila_l.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kutila_l.svg/48px-Kutila_l.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_l.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nagari1035_l.svg/24px-Nagari1035_l.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nagari1035_l.svg/36px-Nagari1035_l.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nagari1035_l.svg/48px-Nagari1035_l.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_l.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ranjana_l.svg/24px-Ranjana_l.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ranjana_l.svg/36px-Ranjana_l.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ranjana_l.svg/48px-Ranjana_l.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>v</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_v.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gupta_allahabad_v.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_v.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gupta_allahabad_v.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_v.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gupta_allahabad_v.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_v.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_v3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Siddham_v3.svg/24px-Siddham_v3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Siddham_v3.svg/36px-Siddham_v3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Siddham_v3.svg/48px-Siddham_v3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_v.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kutila_v.svg/24px-Kutila_v.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kutila_v.svg/36px-Kutila_v.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kutila_v.svg/48px-Kutila_v.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_v.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nagari1035_v.svg/24px-Nagari1035_v.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nagari1035_v.svg/36px-Nagari1035_v.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nagari1035_v.svg/48px-Nagari1035_v.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_v.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ranjana_v.svg/24px-Ranjana_v.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ranjana_v.svg/36px-Ranjana_v.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ranjana_v.svg/48px-Ranjana_v.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%B5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B5.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B5.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B5.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ś</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_sh1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Siddham_sh1.svg/24px-Siddham_sh1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Siddham_sh1.svg/36px-Siddham_sh1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Siddham_sh1.svg/48px-Siddham_sh1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_sh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kutila_sh.svg/24px-Kutila_sh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kutila_sh.svg/36px-Kutila_sh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kutila_sh.svg/48px-Kutila_sh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_sh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Nagari1035_sh.svg/24px-Nagari1035_sh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Nagari1035_sh.svg/36px-Nagari1035_sh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Nagari1035_sh.svg/48px-Nagari1035_sh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_sh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ranjana_sh.svg/24px-Ranjana_sh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ranjana_sh.svg/36px-Ranjana_sh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ranjana_sh.svg/48px-Ranjana_sh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%B6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B6.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B6.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B6.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ṣ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_ss.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Siddham_ss.svg/24px-Siddham_ss.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Siddham_ss.svg/36px-Siddham_ss.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Siddham_ss.svg/48px-Siddham_ss.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_ss.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kutila_ss.svg/24px-Kutila_ss.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kutila_ss.svg/36px-Kutila_ss.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kutila_ss.svg/48px-Kutila_ss.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_ss.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Nagari1035_ss.svg/24px-Nagari1035_ss.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Nagari1035_ss.svg/36px-Nagari1035_ss.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Nagari1035_ss.svg/48px-Nagari1035_ss.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_ss.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ranjana_ss.svg/24px-Ranjana_ss.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ranjana_ss.svg/36px-Ranjana_ss.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ranjana_ss.svg/48px-Ranjana_ss.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%B7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B7.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B7.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B7.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>s</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_s.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gupta_allahabad_s.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gupta_allahabad_s.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gupta_allahabad_s.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_s.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_s.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Siddham_s.svg/24px-Siddham_s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Siddham_s.svg/36px-Siddham_s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Siddham_s.svg/48px-Siddham_s.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_s.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kutila_s.svg/24px-Kutila_s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kutila_s.svg/36px-Kutila_s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kutila_s.svg/48px-Kutila_s.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_s.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Nagari1035_s.svg/24px-Nagari1035_s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Nagari1035_s.svg/36px-Nagari1035_s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Nagari1035_s.svg/48px-Nagari1035_s.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_s.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ranjana_s.svg/24px-Ranjana_s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ranjana_s.svg/36px-Ranjana_s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ranjana_s.svg/48px-Ranjana_s.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%B8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B8.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B8.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B8.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>h</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_h.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gupta_allahabad_h.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gupta_allahabad_h.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gupta_allahabad_h.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_h.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Siddham_h.svg/24px-Siddham_h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Siddham_h.svg/36px-Siddham_h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Siddham_h.svg/48px-Siddham_h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kutila_h.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kutila_h.svg/24px-Kutila_h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kutila_h.svg/36px-Kutila_h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kutila_h.svg/48px-Kutila_h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nagari1035_h.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nagari1035_h.svg/24px-Nagari1035_h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nagari1035_h.svg/36px-Nagari1035_h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nagari1035_h.svg/48px-Nagari1035_h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_h.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ranjana_h.svg/24px-Ranjana_h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ranjana_h.svg/36px-Ranjana_h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ranjana_h.svg/48px-Ranjana_h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%B9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B9.svg/30px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B9.svg/45px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B9.svg/60px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li>↑天城文的字體已經有所變更，<a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a>原來寫為<a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_a_old.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Devanagari_a_old.svg/24px-Devanagari_a_old.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Devanagari_a_old.svg/36px-Devanagari_a_old.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Devanagari_a_old.svg/48px-Devanagari_a_old.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a>，<a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a>原來寫為<a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_jh_old.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Devanagari_jh_old.svg/24px-Devanagari_jh_old.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Devanagari_jh_old.svg/36px-Devanagari_jh_old.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Devanagari_jh_old.svg/48px-Devanagari_jh_old.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a>，<a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a>原來寫為<a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E1%B9%86_(old).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Devanagari_%E1%B9%86_%28old%29.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E1%B9%86_%28old%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Devanagari_%E1%B9%86_%28old%29.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E1%B9%86_%28old%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Devanagari_%E1%B9%86_%28old%29.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E1%B9%86_%28old%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a>，<a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg/24px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg/36px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg/48px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a>原來寫為<a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_l_old.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Devanagari_l_old.svg/24px-Devanagari_l_old.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Devanagari_l_old.svg/36px-Devanagari_l_old.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Devanagari_l_old.svg/48px-Devanagari_l_old.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a>。悉曇文<a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_ddh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Siddham_ddh.svg/24px-Siddham_ddh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Siddham_ddh.svg/36px-Siddham_ddh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Siddham_ddh.svg/48px-Siddham_ddh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a>的異體字<a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_ddh1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Siddham_ddh1.svg/24px-Siddham_ddh1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Siddham_ddh1.svg/36px-Siddham_ddh1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Siddham_ddh1.svg/48px-Siddham_ddh1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a>，和<a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_th.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Siddham_th.svg/24px-Siddham_th.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Siddham_th.svg/36px-Siddham_th.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Siddham_th.svg/48px-Siddham_th.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a>的異體字<a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_th1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Siddham_th1.svg/24px-Siddham_th1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Siddham_th1.svg/36px-Siddham_th1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Siddham_th1.svg/48px-Siddham_th1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a>的字形與其他文字更相近。笈多文推定使用时间为公元4-5世纪。Kutila字面意思是繁复，推定使用时间是公元6-10世纪，是城体文字如天城文、孟加拉文的祖先<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>。这里列出的城文是公元1035年刻印的《景佑天竺字源》的版本。笈多文和Kutila文是學者們從古代題刻中搜集整理出來的。悉曇文字體是《大正藏》所采用的慈云流書體。</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="影響">影響</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：影響">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="復興努力">復興努力</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节：復興努力">编辑</a>]</div> 1991年印度人口普查報告了49,736名流利的梵語使用者。自從1990年代，對復興口頭使用梵語的努力已經加強了。很多組織如“Samskrta Bharati”引領著說梵語講習班來普及這門語言。印度的“中学教育中央委員會（CBSE）”已經使梵語在它所控制的學校內成為第三語言（儘管學校可選擇接受與否，但其他兩個選擇是這個邦自己的官方語言）。在這些學校中，梵語是5到8年級的選修課。對於隸屬於<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICSE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICSE（页面不存在）">ICSE</a>委員會的學校也是這樣，特別是在官方語言是印地語的邦之中。《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E8%BE%BE%E6%91%A9%E6%8A%A5" title="修达摩报">修达摩报</a>》是印度少数以梵语发行、出版报纸的公司<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>。自從1974年，在所有印度廣播電臺中都有了梵語的每日短新聞廣播。 在一些印度村莊中，所有種姓的居民以梵語爲母語，這包括了： <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%8D%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="卡納塔克邦">卡納塔克邦</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mattur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mattur（页面不存在）">Mattur</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%82%A6" title="中央邦">中央邦</a>的Rajgadh行政區的Jhiri<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%B3%88%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="拉賈斯坦邦">拉賈斯坦邦</a>的Banswada行政區的Ganoda<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E9%82%A6" title="北方邦">北方邦</a>的Bagapat行政區的Bawali</li> <li>中央邦的Narasinhpur行政區的Mohad</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="梵語对汉语的影响">梵語对汉语的影响</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=36" title="编辑章节：梵語对汉语的影响">编辑</a>]</div> 許多<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">漢语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="藏語">藏語</a>的詞彙，是從梵文佛典直接音譯過來的，例如佛、禅、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90" class="mw-redirect" title="菩提">菩提</a>、「<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="菩薩">菩薩</a>」、辟支佛、阿罗汉、比丘、比丘尼、优婆塞、优婆夷、「<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>」、「剎那」、波罗蜜、阿耨多罗三藐三菩提等。由於對梵語語音的研究，引起了中國隋唐以來對中文音韻的研究，漢語語音的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%88%87" title="反切">反切</a>方法，就是由分析梵語聲母與韻母的結構而產生的。通过梵字的讀音来了解<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="汉字">汉字</a>的發音，是汉语音韵研究的一种方法，详見<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="对音">对音</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="計算語言學">計算語言學</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=37" title="编辑章节：計算語言學">编辑</a>]</div> 曾有人提議使用梵語来交流和传播知識，比如使之成为<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="機器翻譯">機器翻譯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="自然語言處理">自然語言處理</a>等領域的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="元語言">元語言</a>，因為它有比较严格的結構体系。<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> 严格的古典梵語是從古老和豐富的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="吠陀梵語">吠陀梵語</a>中提煉出的正規化表达形式。這種结构严谨的古典梵語文法從梵書階段就已經開始，直到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E4%BD%A0%E5%B0%BC" title="波你尼">波你尼</a>的時代仍未彻底完成，但那時這門語言已經脫離了普通使用。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献">参考文献</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=38" title="编辑章节：参考文献">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用">引用</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=39" title="编辑章节：引用">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> 2001 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="印度人口普查">印度人口普查</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm">[1]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://india.gov.in/govt/documents/english/7thSch-AppV_219-280.pdf">Indian Constitution Art.344（1）& Art.345</a> (PDF). 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Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.btitle=Glottolog+2.7&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Jena&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fsans1269&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ethno-4"><a href="#cite_ref-ethno_4-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=san">Sanskrit</a>. Ethnologue. 2008-11-03 [2008-11-03]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930222120/http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=san">存档</a>于2007-09-30） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.btitle=Sanskrit&rft.date=2008-11-03&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.org%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dsan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> 《大唐西域記》卷第二（三國）：詳其文字，梵天所製，原始垂則，四十七言也。寓物合成，隨事轉用。流演枝派，其源浸廣，因地隨人，微有改變，語其大較，未異本源。 </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_6-0">6.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_6-1">6.1</a> Masica, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> * <cite class="citation book">Meier-Brügger, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705232328/http://books.google.com/books?id=49xq3UlKWckC">Indo-European Linguistics</a>. Walter de Gruyter. 2003: 20 [2009-07-01]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-11-017433-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-11-017433-5">ISBN 978-3-11-017433-5</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49xq3UlKWckC">原始内容</a>存档于2014-07-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Meier-Br%C3%BCgger&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017433-5&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D49xq3UlKWckC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Keith, A. Berriedale. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706002540/http://books.google.com/books?id=GNALtBMVbd0C">A History of Sanskrit Literature</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. 1993: 4 [2009-07-01]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-81-208-1100-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-81-208-1100-3">ISBN 978-81-208-1100-3</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNALtBMVbd0C">原始内容</a>存档于2014-07-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=A.+Berriedale&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sanskrit+Literature&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1100-3&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGNALtBMVbd0C&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPollock2001">Pollock (2001</a>:393頁) </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOberlies2003">Oberlies (2003</a>:xxvii-xxix頁) </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdgerton1953">Edgerton (1953</a>:?頁) </li> <li id="cite_note-burrows-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burrows_12-0">12.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-burrows_12-1">12.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Burrow, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705232100/http://books.google.com/books?id=cWDhKTj1SBYC&pg=PA105&vq=%22only+indo-iranian+preserved+the+vocalic+r%22&dq=%22the+sanskrit+language%22&as_brr=3&sig=tWC0-7T2_M-2CdCTFUBARpM_y2U">The Sanskrit Language</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. 2001 [2008-07-03]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/81-208-1767-2" title="Special:网络书源/81-208-1767-2">ISBN 81-208-1767-2</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=cWDhKTj1SBYC&pg=PA105&vq=%22only+indo-iranian+preserved+the+vocalic+r%22&dq=%22the+sanskrit+language%22&as_brr=3&sig=tWC0-7T2_M-2CdCTFUBARpM_y2U">原始内容</a>存档于2014-07-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=Burrow&rft.btitle=The+Sanskrit+Language&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=81-208-1767-2&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcWDhKTj1SBYC%26pg%3DPA105%26vq%3D%2522only%2Bindo-iranian%2Bpreserved%2Bthe%2Bvocalic%2Br%2522%26dq%3D%2522the%2Bsanskrit%2Blanguage%2522%26as_brr%3D3%26sig%3DtWC0-7T2_M-2CdCTFUBARpM_y2U&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-deshpande-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deshpande_13-0">13.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deshpande_13-1">13.1</a> <cite id="CITEREFDeshpande1993" class="citation">Deshpande, Madhav M., Genesis of Rgvedic Retroflexion, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=NDrqaELkKTEC&pg=PA178&vq=%22retroflexion+in+the+Pratisakhyas%22&dq=%22Sanskrit+and+Prakrit%22&sig=iIG6bqgHkJEG3cPM2qq3KIVv7qc">Sanskrit & Prakrit: Sociolinguistic Issues</a>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: 178, 1993 [2008-07-03], <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8120811364" title="Special:网络书源/8120811364">ISBN 8120811364</a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706005442/http://books.google.com/books?id=NDrqaELkKTEC&pg=PA178&vq=%22retroflexion+in+the+Pratisakhyas%22&dq=%22Sanskrit+and+Prakrit%22&sig=iIG6bqgHkJEG3cPM2qq3KIVv7qc">存档</a>于2014-07-06）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Genesis+of+Rgvedic+Retroflexion&rft.aufirst=Madhav+M.&rft.aulast=Deshpande&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+%26+Prakrit%3A+Sociolinguistic+Issues&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=8120811364&rft.pages=178&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNDrqaELkKTEC%26pg%3DPA178%26vq%3D%2522retroflexion%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPratisakhyas%2522%26dq%3D%2522Sanskrit%2Band%2BPrakrit%2522%26sig%3DiIG6bqgHkJEG3cPM2qq3KIVv7qc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCardona2003" class="citation">Cardona, George, Sanskrit, Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (编), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&pg=PA257&vq=%22vocalic+r%22&dq=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&as_brr=3&sig=XtYDUH2NNqBVf--BFPNYh2b2o0c">The Indo-Aryan Languages</a>, New York: Routledge: 257, 2003 [2008-07-03], <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0700711309" title="Special:网络书源/0700711309">ISBN 0700711309</a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705233010/http://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&pg=PA257&vq=%22vocalic+r%22&dq=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&as_brr=3&sig=XtYDUH2NNqBVf--BFPNYh2b2o0c">存档</a>于2014-07-05）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Sanskrit&rft.aufirst=George&rft.aulast=Cardona&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0700711309&rft.pages=257&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPR2OlbTbdkC%26pg%3DPA257%26vq%3D%2522vocalic%2Br%2522%26dq%3DThe%2BIndo-Aryan%2BLanguages%26as_brr%3D3%26sig%3DXtYDUH2NNqBVf--BFPNYh2b2o0c&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Coulson, Michael; Richard F Gombrich; James Benson. Sanskrit. Chicago: Contemporary Books. 2006: 5. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0071426663" title="Special:网络书源/0071426663">ISBN 0071426663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.au=James+Benson&rft.au=Richard+F+Gombrich&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Coulson&rft.btitle=Sanskrit&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0071426663&rft.pages=5&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Contemporary+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-#2-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#2_16-0">16.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-#2_16-1">16.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFTiwari1955">Tiwari (1955</a>:?頁) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> 《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》卷第三：印度梵書名為記論，其源無始，莫知作者。每於劫初，梵王先說傳授天人，以是梵王所說，故曰梵書。其言極廣，有百萬頌，即舊譯云《毘伽羅論》者是也。然其音不正，若正應云《毘耶羯剌諵（音女咸反）》（vyākaraṇa），此翻名為《聲明記論》，以其廣記諸法能詮，故名《聲明記論》。昔成劫之初，梵王先說具百萬頌。後至住劫之初，帝釋又略為十萬頌。其後北印度健馱羅國婆羅門睹羅邑波膩尼仙又略為八千頌，即今印度現行者是。近又南印度婆羅門為南印度王復略為二千五百頌，邊鄙諸國多盛流行，印度博學之人所不遵習。此並西域音字之本。其支分相助者，復有《記論略經》，有一千頌。又有字體三百頌，又有字緣兩種，一名《門擇迦》（maṇḍa）三千頌，二名《溫那地》（uṇadi）二千五百頌，此別辯字緣、字體。又有《八界論》八百頌，此中略合字之緣、體。此諸記論辯能詮所詮，有其兩例。一名底（丁履反）彥多（tiṅanta）聲，有十八囀，二名蘇漫多（subanta）聲，有二十四囀，其底彥多聲於文章壯麗處用，於諸汎文亦少用。其二十四囀者於一切諸文同用。其底彥多聲十八囀者，有兩：一、般羅颯迷（parasmai），二、阿答末泥（ātmane），各有九囀，故合有十八。初九囀者，如汎論一事即一事有三。說他有三，自說有三，一一三中，說一、說二、說多，故有三也。兩句皆然，但其聲別，故分二九耳。依般羅颯迷聲說，有無等諸法。且如說有，有即三名，一名婆[仁-二+波]（之靴反）底（丁履反，下同），二名婆[仁-二+波]矺（多訛反），三名婆飯底。說他三者，一名婆[仁-二+波]斯，二名婆[仁-二+波]矺，三名婆[仁-二+波]他。自說三者，一婆[仁-二+波]彌，二婆[仁-二+波]靴（去聲），三婆[仁-二+波]摩（此第三依四吠陀論中說，多言婆[仁-二+波]末斯）。依阿答末泥九囀者，於前九囀下各置毘耶底言，餘同上。安此者令文巧妙無別義，亦表極美義也。蘇漫多聲二十四囀者，謂總有八囀，於八囀中一一各三。謂說一、說二、說多，故開為二十四。於二十四中一一皆三：謂男聲、女聲、非男非女聲。言八囀者：一、詮諸法體，二、詮所作業，三、詮作具及能作者，四、詮所為事，五、詮所因事，六、詮所屬事，七、詮所依事，八、詮呼召事。且以男聲寄丈夫上作八囀者，丈夫印度語名布路沙。體三囀者，一、布路殺，二、布路筲，三、布路沙（去聲）。所作業三者，一、布路芟，二、布路筲，三、布路霜。作具作者三者，一、布路鎩拏，二、布路[言*（穴/之）]（音鞞僣反），三、布路鎩鞞，或言布鎩呬。所為事三者，一、布路廈（沙詐反）耶，二、布路沙[言*（穴/之）]（鞞僣反），三、布路鎩[音*勺]（鞞約反）。所因三者，一、布路沙哆（他我反），二、布路鎩[言*（穴/之）]（同上），三、布路鎩[音*勺]（鞞約反）。所屬三者，一、布路鎩[言*罝]（子耶反），二、布路鎩[言*（穴/之）]，三、布路鎩諵（安咸反）。所依三者，一、布路[月*差]（所齊反），二、布路殺諭，三、布路鎩縐（所芻反）。呼召三者，一、系布路殺，二、系布路稍，三、系布路沙。略舉一二如此，餘例可知，難為具述。 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbhyankar1986">Abhyankar (1986</a>:?頁) </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> 引用自《梵文基础》德国A.F.斯坦茨勒著，季羡林译。 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%BA%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="窺基">窺基</a>《大乘法苑義林章》卷第一 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStaal" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frits_Staal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frits Staal（页面不存在）">Staal, J.F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=VqihQhNkqu4C&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=free+order">Word Order in Sanskrit and Universal Grammar</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rft.aulast=Staal&rft.btitle=Word+Order+in+Sanskrit+and+Universal+Grammar&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVqihQhNkqu4C%26pg%3DPA28%26lpg%3DPA28%26dq%3Dfree%2Border&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGillon1996" class="citation">Gillon, B.S, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2875140">Word order in Classical Sanskrit</a>, Indian linguistics, 1996, 57 [2009-02-20], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0378-0759">ISSN 0378-0759</a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029101444/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2875140">存档</a>于2014-10-29）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Word+order+in+Classical+Sanskrit&rft.aufirst=B.S&rft.aulast=Gillon&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0378-0759&rft.jtitle=Indian+linguistics&rft.volume=57&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcat.inist.fr%2F%3FaModele%3DafficheN%26cpsidt%3D2875140&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Salomon (1998), p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitney1889">Whitney (1889</a>:?頁) </li> <li id="cite_note-salomon-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-salomon_25-0">25.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salomon_25-1">25.1</a> Salomon (1998), p. 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-masica-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-masica_26-0">26.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-masica_26-1">26.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Masica, Colin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC">The Indo-Aryan Languages</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991: 135 [2020-09-11]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521299442" title="Special:网络书源/9780521299442">ISBN 9780521299442</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726100249/https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC">存档</a>于2020-07-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.aulast=Masica&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780521299442&rft.pages=135&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3RSHWePhXwC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> 在北印度有確定为公元前3世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%87" title="婆罗米文">婆羅米文</a>碑刻，其中最古老的出現在著名的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B%E6%95%95%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="阿育王敕令">俗語石柱刻字</a>中。使用泰米爾婆羅米文的最早的南印度碑刻屬於同一時期（<a href="#CITEREFMahadevan2003">Mahadevan (2003</a>:?頁)——） </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> 佛藏輯要，第三十二冊。 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> 中華大藏經，漢文部分，第七十二冊。 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> 《Das Buch der Schrift》，Carl Faulmann (1835-1894)著, Druck und Verlag der Kaiserlichen Hof-und Staatsdruckerei於1880年出版，PDF版。 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcfls.shisu.edu.cn/a7/97/c3569a42903/page.htm">印度：梵语图书节推广梵语</a>. 中國外语战略研究中心. 上海外国语大学. 2010-11-10 [2024-11-07].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%EF%BC%9A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E8%8A%82%E6%8E%A8%E5%B9%BF%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.date=2010-11-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%96%E8%AF%AD%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcfls.shisu.edu.cn%2Fa7%2F97%2Fc3569a42903%2Fpage.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1199965,curpg-1.cms">This village speaks gods language - India - The Times of India</a>. [2009-10-23]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203190410/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1199965,curpg-1.cms">存档</a>于2009-02-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.btitle=This+village+speaks+gods+language+-+India+-+The+Times+of+India&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Farticleshow%2Fmsid-1199965%2Ccurpg-1.cms&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/News/madhyapradesh/Sanskrit-boulevard/Article1-339234.aspx">Sanskrit boulevard: Hindustan Times</a>. [2009-10-23]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606104528/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News/madhyapradesh/Sanskrit-boulevard/Article1-339234.aspx">存档</a>于2011-06-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+boulevard%3A+Hindustan+Times&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2FNews%2Fmadhyapradesh%2FSanskrit-boulevard%2FArticle1-339234.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chitrapurmath.net/sanskrit/sanskrit_lifestyle.htm">Chitrapurmath.net</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721084554/http://www.chitrapurmath.net/sanskrit/sanskrit_lifestyle.htm">存檔</a>，存档日期2011-07-21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/07/31/stories/2009073150380200.htm">Thehindu.com</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110908133906/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/07/31/stories/2009073150380200.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> First suggested by <a href="#CITEREFBriggs1985">Briggs (1985)</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源">来源</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=40" title="编辑章节：来源">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Abhyankar, Kashinath V. A dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar,. Gaekwad's Oriental Series 134. Baroda: Oriental Institute. 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Kashinath+V.&rft.aulast=Abhyankar&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+Sanskrit+Grammar%2C&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Baroda&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute&rft.series=Gaekwad%27s+Oriental+Series&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Briggs, Rick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gosai.com/science/sanskrit-nasa.html">Knowledge Representation in Sanskrit and Artificial Intelligence</a> 6. 1985 [2008-06-17]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624144718/http://www.gosai.com/science/sanskrit-nasa.html">存档</a>于2008-06-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.btitle=Knowledge+Representation+in+Sanskrit+and+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gosai.com%2Fscience%2Fsanskrit-nasa.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|journal=</code>被忽略 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#parameter_discarded" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>); <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|issue=</code>被忽略 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#parameter_discarded" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Burrow, T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=cWDhKTj1SBYC">Sanskrit language</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. 2001 [2008-07-03]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8120817672" title="Special:网络书源/8120817672">ISBN 8120817672</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705235958/http://books.google.com/books?id=cWDhKTj1SBYC">存档</a>于2014-07-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.aulast=Burrow&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+language&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=8120817672&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcWDhKTj1SBYC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suniti_Kumar_Chatterji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suniti Kumar Chatterji（页面不存在）">Chatterji, Suniti Kumar</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=2d8vAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1">Indo-Aryan and Hindi</a>. Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay. 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Suniti+Kumar&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.btitle=Indo-Aryan+and+Hindi&rft.date=1960&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Firma+K.+L.+Mukhopadhyay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2d8vAAAAIAAJ%26pgis%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Edgerton, F. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit grammar and dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1953.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.aulast=Edgerton&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Hybrid+Sanskrit+grammar+and+dictionary&rft.date=1953&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_van_Gulik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert van Gulik（页面不存在）">van Gulik, Robert</a>. Siddham; an essay on the history of Sanskrit studies in China and Japan. Nagpur: International Academy of Indian Culture. 1956. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/8177420380" title="Special:网络书源/8177420380">ISBN 8177420380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=van+Gulik&rft.btitle=Siddham%3B+an+essay+on+the+history+of+Sanskrit+studies+in+China+and+Japan&rft.date=1956&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=8177420380&rft.place=Nagpur&rft.pub=International+Academy+of+Indian+Culture&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Anthony_Macdonell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Anthony Macdonell（页面不存在）">MacDonell, Arthur Anthony</a>. A History Of Sanskrit Literature. Kessinger Publishing. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1417906197" title="Special:网络书源/1417906197">ISBN 1417906197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Anthony&rft.aulast=MacDonell&rft.btitle=A+History+Of+Sanskrit+Literature&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1417906197&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Mahadevan, I. Early Tamil epigraphy from the earliest times to the sixth century Common Era. Chennai/Cambridge. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=I&rft.aulast=Mahadevan&rft.btitle=Early+Tamil+epigraphy+from+the+earliest+times+to+the+sixth+century+Common+Era&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Chennai%2FCambridge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Minkowski, Christopher. Nīlakaṇṭha's instruments of war: Modern, vernacular, barbarous 41. 2004: 365–385.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.aulast=Minkowski&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22sa-Latn%22+xml%3Alang%3D%22sa-Latn%22+title%3D%22%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E8%BD%89%E5%AF%AB%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%22+class%3D%22Unicode%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anormal%3B+text-decoration%3A+none%22%3E-%7BN%C4%ABlaka%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADha%27s%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E+instruments+of+war%3A+Modern%2C+vernacular%2C+barbarous&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=365-385&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|journal=</code>被忽略 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#parameter_discarded" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>); <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|issue=</code>被忽略 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#parameter_discarded" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monier_Monier_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monier Monier Williams（页面不存在）">Monier-Williams, Monier</a>. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. 1898.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Monier&rft.aulast=Monier-Williams&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft.date=1898&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Oberlies, Thomas. A Grammar of Epic Sanskrit. Walter de Gruyter. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3110144484" title="Special:网络书源/3110144484">ISBN 3110144484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=Oberlies&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Epic+Sanskrit&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3110144484&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheldon Pollock（页面不存在）">Pollock, Sheldon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pollock/sks/papers/death_of_sanskrit.pdf">The Death of Sanskrit</a> (PDF) 43. 2001: 392–426 [2008-06-17]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625100031/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pollock/sks/papers/death_of_sanskrit.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2008-06-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Sanskrit&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=392-426&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpollock%2Fsks%2Fpapers%2Fdeath_of_sanskrit.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|journal=</code>被忽略 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#parameter_discarded" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>); <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|issue=</code>被忽略 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#parameter_discarded" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Salomon, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC">Indian epigraphy: a guide to the study of inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan languages</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998 [2008-06-17]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0195099842" title="Special:网络书源/0195099842">ISBN 0195099842</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706004809/http://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC">存档</a>于2014-07-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.btitle=Indian+epigraphy%3A+a+guide+to+the+study+of+inscriptions+in+Sanskrit%2C+Prakrit%2C+and+the+other+Indo-Aryan+languages&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0195099842&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYrG07qQDxkC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFStaal1963" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frits_Staal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frits Staal（页面不存在）">Staal, J.F.</a>, Sanskrit and Sanskritization, The Journal of Asian Studies, 1963, 22 (3): 261–275</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Sanskrit+and+Sanskritization&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rft.aulast=Staal&rft.date=1963&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=261-275&rft.volume=22&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Tiwari, Bholanath. भाषा विज्ञान（Bhasha Vigyan）. 1955. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7007-1382-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-7007-1382-4">ISBN 0-7007-1382-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Bholanath&rft.aulast=Tiwari&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%EF%BC%88Bhasha+Vigyan%EF%BC%89&rft.date=1955&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7007-1382-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._K._Warder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. K. Warder（页面不存在）">Warder, A.K.</a> Indian kāvya Literature. Literary Criticism 1. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 1972.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=A.K.&rft.aulast=Warder&rft.btitle=Indian+k%C4%81vya+Literature&rft.date=1972&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.series=Literary+Criticism&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Dwight_Whitney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Dwight Whitney（页面不存在）">Whitney, William Dwight</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=VHYKAAAAIAAJ">Sanskrit Grammar: Including both the Classical Language and the Older Dialects</a>. 1889 [2008-06-17]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706004748/http://books.google.com/books?id=VHYKAAAAIAAJ">存档</a>于2014-07-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=William+Dwight&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Grammar%3A+Including+both+the+Classical+Language+and+the+Older+Dialects&rft.date=1889&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVHYKAAAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrus_Josephus_Zoetmulder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrus Josephus Zoetmulder（页面不存在）">Zoetmulder, Petrus Josephus</a>. Old Javanese-English dictionary. <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%99" title="海牙">The Hague</a>: Nijhoff. 1982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Petrus+Josephus&rft.aulast=Zoetmulder&rft.btitle=Old+Javanese-English+dictionary&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=book&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Nijhoff&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見">參見</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=41" title="编辑章节：參見">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="吠陀梵語">吠陀梵語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="巴利語語法">巴利語語法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E9%99%80%E8%AA%9E" title="阿維斯陀語">阿維斯陀語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="古波斯語">古波斯語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梵語文法家（页面不存在）">梵語文法家</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梵語文學作品（页面不存在）">梵語文學作品</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="天城文">天城文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87%E8%BD%89%E5%AF%AB%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB" title="梵文藏文轉寫體系">梵文藏文轉寫體系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAST" title="IAST">國際梵語轉寫字母</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E6%9B%87%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="悉曇文字">悉曇文字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=42" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">您可以在英語<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8" title="維基教科書">維基教科書</a>中查找此百科条目的相關電子教程：<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/en:Sanskrit?uselang=zh">梵語</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>有此种语言版本：<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/sa:" class="extiw" title="s:sa:">梵语维基文库</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">维基百科提供如下语言版本：<a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="sa:"> Sanskrit維基百科</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">關於一系列與梵语有關的詞語，參見<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="維基詞典">維基詞典</a>上<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:梵語">梵語的詞語目錄</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sanskrit">梵语</a></div></div> </div> <div class="references-small"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822050118/http://www.huafan.org.cn/m/index.php?m=Download&a=show&id=235">华梵·简洁多功能梵语、巴利语输入法（北京馨逸文化传播有限公司）</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819182101/http://www.huafan.org.cn/">华梵网在线梵语、藏语在线转写（北京馨逸文化传播有限公司）</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samskrita-bharati.org/">Samskrita Bharati</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080516030316/http://samskrita-bharati.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, organization promoting Sanskrit</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522103939/http://www.daicing.com/manyu/index.php?page=sanskrit-dao-daicing-keyboard">太清梵文（天城文）输入法</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926021035/http://abkai.net/core/zh/online-keyboard/online-keyboard-iast/">太清梵语转写在线输入法</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090929113026/http://iit.edu/~laksvij/language/sanskrit.html">Online transliterator</a> from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanized&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanized（页面不存在）">romanized</a> to <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Sanskrit</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baraha.com/">Sanskrit transliteration software</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110610083656/http://baraha.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） with font conversion to Latin and other Indian Languages</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freenet-homepage.de/prilop/sanskrit-alphabet.html">Sanskrit Alphabet</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20081030045122/http://freenet-homepage.de/prilop/sanskrit-alphabet.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） in Devanagari, Gujarati, Bengali, and Thai scripts with an extensive list of Devanagari, Gujarati, and Bengali conjuncts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104212755/http://pankajjain.bizland.com/IndicUniversity/Rutgers/SanskritStudies.htm">Academic Courses on Sanskrit Around The World</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>梵語辭典</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/">Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080910124516/http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/">Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080126035307/http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/aequery/index.html">Apte English-Sanskrit Dictionary</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180227145944/http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/aequery/index.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <dl><dt>梵語文檔</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050801235744/http://sanskrit.gde.to/">Sanskrit Documents</a>: Documents in ITX format of Upanishads, Stotras etc. and a metasite with links to translations, dictionaries, tutorials, tools and other Sanskrit resources.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511222056/http://www.uwest.edu/sanskritcanon/index.html">Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil.htm">GRETIL: Göttingen Register of Electronic Texts in Indian Languages</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20101107022605/http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, a cumulative register of the numerous download sites for electronic texts in Indian languages.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127234535/http://www.granthamandira.com/index.php?show=home">Gaudiya Grantha Mandira</a> - A Sanskrit Text Repository. This site also provides encoding converter.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/index.htm">Sanskrit texts at Sacred Text Archive</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180709224417/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://claysanskritlibrary.org/">Clay Sanskrit Library</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20071023230450/http://claysanskritlibrary.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） publishes Sanskrit literature with facing-page text and translation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/">[3]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190417113943/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） and <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070827033811/http://dli.iiit.ac.in/">[4]</a>: Digital Library of India, scanned/OCRed copies of public-domain books</li></ul> <dl><dt>初級讀本</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/learning_tutorial_wikner/index.html">A Practical Sanskrit Introductory by Charles Wikner</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080618194654/http://sanskritdocuments.org/learning_tutorial_wikner/index.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080419034430/http://chitrapurmath.net/sanskrit/step-by-step.htm">Sanskrit Self Study</a> by Chitrapur Math</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080913124722/http://acharya.iitm.ac.in/sanskrit/lessons.php">Learn Sanskrit through self-study</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>語法</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warnemyr.com/skrgram/">An Analytical Cross Referenced Sanskrit Grammar</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080509141825/http://warnemyr.com/skrgram/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） By Lennart Warnemyr.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanskrit_Grammar:_Including_both_the_Classical_Language_and_the_Older_Dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanskrit Grammar: Including both the Classical Language and the Older Dialects（页面不存在）">Sanskrit Grammar: Including both the Classical Language and the Older Dialects</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:Sanskrit_Grammar" class="extiw" title="en:s:Sanskrit Grammar">s:Sanskrit Grammar</a>） by W. D. 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">全国范围</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="印地语">印地语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="印度英语">英语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="印度宪法">印度宪法</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AB%E8%99%9F%E9%99%84%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度宪法第八號附表（页面不存在）">第八號附表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="extiw" title="en:Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">印欧语系</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="印度-雅利安语支">印度-雅利安语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">中部 & 古典</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">梵语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="乌尔都语">乌尔都语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="印地语">印地语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">东部</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%E8%AF%AD" title="阿萨姆语">阿萨姆语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="孟加拉语">孟加拉语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="迈蒂利语">迈蒂利语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="奥里亚语">奥里亚语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">南部</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="孔卡尼语">孔卡尼语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="马拉地语">马拉地语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">西部 & 西北部</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%90%89%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="古吉拉特语">古吉拉特语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="旁遮普語">旁遮普語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="信德语">信德语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">北部 & 达利语</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="多格拉语">多格拉语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="克什米爾語">克什米爾語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="尼泊尔语">尼泊尔语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%AF%97%E8%8D%BC%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="达罗毗荼语系">达罗毗荼语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%BA%B3%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD" title="卡纳达语">卡纳达语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E8%AF%AD" title="马拉雅拉姆语">马拉雅拉姆语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="泰米尔语">泰米尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8D%A2%E5%9B%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="泰卢固语">泰卢固语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="南亚语系">南亚语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="桑塔利语">桑塔利语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%97%8F%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="汉藏语系">汉藏语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A4%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="博多语">博多语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="曼尼普尔语">曼尼普尔语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">仅限邦内</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%82%E5%8A%A0%E8%AF%AD" title="昂加语">昂加语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%9D%B0%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="博杰普尔语">博杰普尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="切蒂斯格尔语">恰蒂斯加尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="加罗语">加罗语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%9A%86%E8%AF%AD" title="古隆语">古隆语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E8%AF%AD" title="霍语">霍语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%8E%9B%E5%A1%94%E5%9C%9F%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡玛塔土话（页面不存在）">卡玛塔语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRNB_lects" class="extiw" title="en:KRNB lects">KRNB lects</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="卡利亚语">卡利亚语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E8%AF%AD" title="卡西语">卡西语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E7%BD%97%E9%99%80%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呼罗陀语（页面不存在）">呼罗陀语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khortha_language" class="extiw" title="en:Khortha language">Khortha language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%93%E5%8D%9A%E7%BD%97%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廓博罗克语（页面不存在）">廓博罗克语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokborok" class="extiw" title="en:Kokborok">Kokborok</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="库马利语">库马利语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="库鲁克语">库鲁克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%92%E5%B7%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="绒巴语">绒巴语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%83%E8%AF%AD" title="林布语">林布语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80%E8%AA%9E" title="摩揭陀語">摩揭陀語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%98%89%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="马嘉尔语">马嘉尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E4%BD%90%E8%AF%AD" title="米佐语">米佐语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E8%BE%BE%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="蒙达里语">蒙达里语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="尼瓦尔语">尼瓦尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="基兰特语支">拉伊语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%97%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朗普里语（页面不存在）">朗普里语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangpuri_language" class="extiw" title="en:Rangpuri language">Rangpuri language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨德里语（页面不存在）">萨德里语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadri_language" class="extiw" title="en:Sadri language">Sadri language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="夏尔巴语">夏尔巴语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E9%87%91%E8%AF%AD" title="锡金语">锡金语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E5%8A%AA%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏努瓦尔语（页面不存在）">苏努瓦尔语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunwar_language" class="extiw" title="en:Sunwar language">Sunwar language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%8A%92%E8%AF%AD" title="达芒语">达芒语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="印度语言">主要非官方语言</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="印度语言">超过100万 使用者</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="阿瓦德语">阿瓦德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%A5%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="巴哥里语">巴哥里语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴格里语（页面不存在）">巴格里语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagri_language" class="extiw" title="en:Bagri language">Bagri language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%90%89%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴吉卡语（页面不存在）">巴吉卡语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajjika" class="extiw" title="en:Bajjika">Bajjika</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E5%B8%8C%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布希里语（页面不存在）">布希里语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhili_language" class="extiw" title="en:Bhili language">Bhili language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%A6%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="邦德利语（页面不存在）">邦德利语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeli_language" class="extiw" title="en:Bundeli language">Bundeli language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%A6%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="敦达语（页面不存在）">敦达语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhundari_language" class="extiw" title="en:Dhundari language">Dhundari language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%98%89%E5%8D%8E%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嘉华语（页面不存在）">嘉华语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwali_language" class="extiw" title="en:Garhwali language">Garhwali language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%A1%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贡德语（页面不存在）">贡德语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Gondi language">Gondi language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E8%92%82%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈拉蒂语（页面不存在）">哈拉蒂语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harauti_language" class="extiw" title="en:Harauti language">Harauti language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E7%BA%B3%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈里亚纳语（页面不存在）">哈里亚纳语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanvi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Haryanvi language">Haryanvi language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="康日方言（页面不存在）">康日语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangri_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Kangri dialect">Kangri dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%97%E8%BE%BE%E4%BB%80%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汗达什语（页面不存在）">汗达什语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khandeshi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Khandeshi language">Khandeshi language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E7%9F%9B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="库矛语（页面不存在）">库矛语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaoni_language" class="extiw" title="en:Kumaoni language">Kumaoni language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%B4%E8%BF%AA%E8%AF%AD" title="兰巴迪语">兰巴迪语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马尔维语（页面不存在）">马尔维语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Malvi language">Malvi language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E7%93%A6%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马瓦里语（页面不存在）">马瓦里语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwari_language" class="extiw" title="en:Marwari language">Marwari language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%85%E7%93%A6%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梅瓦里语（页面不存在）">梅瓦里语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewari_language" class="extiw" title="en:Mewari language">Mewari language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%9B%E8%BF%AA%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼玛迪语（页面不存在）">尼玛迪语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimadi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Nimadi language">Nimadi language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%B4%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="拉贾斯坦语">拉贾斯坦语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="桑巴尔普里语">桑巴尔普里语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E6%8B%89%E6%9D%B0%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏拉杰普里语（页面不存在）">苏拉杰普里语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surjapuri_language" class="extiw" title="en:Surjapuri language">Surjapuri language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%A2%E8%AF%AD" title="图卢语">图卢语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E6%A0%BC%E8%BF%AA%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦格迪语（页面不存在）">瓦格迪语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagdi" class="extiw" title="en:Wagdi">Wagdi</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E5%93%88%E7%AC%AC%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦哈第方言（页面不存在）">瓦哈第语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Varhadi dialect">Varhadi dialect</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="印度语言">10万-100万 使用者</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%AA%E8%AF%AD" title="阿迪语">阿迪语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%A0%BC%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安格米语（页面不存在）">安格米语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angami_language" class="extiw" title="en:Angami language">Angami language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%99%E6%A3%AE%E5%A5%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒙森奥语（页面不存在）">蒙森奥语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongsen_Ao_language" class="extiw" title="en:Mongsen Ao language">Mongsen Ao language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%BE%E5%8A%A0%E8%AF%AD" title="巴达加语">巴达加语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%AA%E9%A9%AC%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迪马萨语（页面不存在）">迪马萨语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimasa_language" class="extiw" title="en:Dimasa language">Dimasa language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%AF%94%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈尔比语（页面不存在）">哈尔比语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halbi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Halbi language">Halbi language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E6%AF%94%E8%AF%AD" title="卡尔比语">卡尔比语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E8%BE%BE%E5%8F%A4%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可达古语（页面不存在）">可达古语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodava_language" class="extiw" title="en:Kodava language">Kodava language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E6%8B%89%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科拉米语（页面不存在）">科拉米语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolami_language" class="extiw" title="en:Kolami language">Kolami language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科尼亚克语（页面不存在）">科尼亚克语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konyak_language" class="extiw" title="en:Konyak language">Konyak language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BA%93%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="库尔库语（页面不存在）">库尔库语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korku_language" class="extiw" title="en:Korku language">Korku language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E9%9B%85%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科雅语（页面不存在）">科雅语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koya_language" class="extiw" title="en:Koya language">Koya language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%8E%E8%AF%AD_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奎语 (印度)（页面不存在）">奎语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" class="extiw" title="en:Kui language (India)">Kui language (India)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E7%BB%B4%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="库维语（页面不存在）">库维语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Kuvi language">Kuvi language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="拉达克语">拉达克语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%9B%E5%A1%94%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洛塔语（页面不存在）">洛塔语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotha_language" class="extiw" title="en:Lotha language">Lotha language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8D%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%B8%95%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="绍里亚帕哈里亚语">绍里亚帕哈里亚语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E8%BE%9B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米辛语（页面不存在）">米辛语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mising_language" class="extiw" title="en:Mising language">Mising language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E4%BB%80%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼什语（页面不存在）">尼什语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Nishi language">Nishi language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%A7%86%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波姆语（页面不存在）">波姆语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phom_language" class="extiw" title="en:Phom language">Phom language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉布哈语（页面不存在）">拉布哈语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabha_language" class="extiw" title="en:Rabha language">Rabha language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%BB%E5%BC%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="须弥语（页面不存在）">须弥语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Sumi language">Sumi language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="索拉语">索拉语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90%E5%85%8B%E8%83%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="唐克胡尔语（页面不存在）">唐克胡尔语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkhul_language" class="extiw" title="en:Tangkhul language">Tangkhul language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E6%9D%9C%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔杜语（页面不存在）">塔杜语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thadou_language" class="extiw" title="en:Thadou language">Thadou language</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="上中古印度-雅利安语支" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Old_and_Middle_Indo-Aryan" title="Template:Old and Middle Indo-Aryan"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Old_and_Middle_Indo-Aryan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Old and Middle Indo-Aryan（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Old_and_Middle_Indo-Aryan" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Old and Middle Indo-Aryan"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="上中古印度-雅利安语支" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">上中古<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="印度-雅利安语支">印度-雅利安语支</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">上古期</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitanni-Aryan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitanni-Aryan（页面不存在）">Mitanni-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="吠陀梵語">吠陀梵語</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">梵语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AA%9E" title="中古印度-雅利安語">中古期</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abahattha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abahattha（页面不存在）">Abahattha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apabhraṃśa（页面不存在）">Apabhraṃśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" title="佛教混合梵文">佛教混合梵文</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dramatic_Prakrit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dramatic Prakrit（页面不存在）">Dramatic Prakrit</a>s <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit（页面不存在）">Ardhamagadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80%E4%BF%97%E8%AA%9E" title="摩揭陀俗語">摩揭陀俗語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maharashtri_Prakrit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maharashtri Prakrit（页面不存在）">Maharashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shauraseni_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shauraseni language（页面不存在）">Shauraseni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elu（页面不存在）">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E9%A9%AE%E9%80%BB%E8%AF%AD" title="健驮逻语">健驮逻语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamarupi_Prakrit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamarupi Prakrit（页面不存在）">Kamarupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80%E4%BF%97%E8%AA%9E" title="摩揭陀俗語">摩揭陀俗語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paishachi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paishachi（页面不存在）">Paishachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="巴利语">巴利语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%B8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="普拉克里特诸语言">普拉克里特诸语言</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">參見</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AA%9E" title="原始印度-伊朗語">原始印度-伊朗語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="印度-伊朗语族">印度-伊朗语族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="印度-雅利安语支">印度-雅利安语支</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11059#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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