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佛教 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
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vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-出现背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#出现背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>出现背景</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-出现背景-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关出现背景子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-出现背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-古印度的社會階級制度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古印度的社會階級制度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>古印度的社會階級制度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古印度的社會階級制度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-沙門思想" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#沙門思想"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>沙門思想</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-沙門思想-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-佛教發展和傳播時間表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#佛教發展和傳播時間表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>佛教發展和傳播時間表</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-佛教發展和傳播時間表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主要思想" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主要思想"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>主要思想</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-主要思想-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关主要思想子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-主要思想-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-輪迴" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#輪迴"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>輪迴</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-輪迴-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-開悟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#開悟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>開悟</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-開悟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-涅槃" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#涅槃"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>涅槃</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-涅槃-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-基本教義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基本教義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>基本教義</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-基本教義-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关基本教義子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-基本教義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-三法印、三相" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#三法印、三相"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>三法印、三相</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-三法印、三相-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-四聖諦" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#四聖諦"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>四聖諦</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-四聖諦-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-十二因缘" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#十二因缘"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>十二因缘</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-十二因缘-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-四念處" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#四念處"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>四念處</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-四念處-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-菩薩道" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#菩薩道"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>菩薩道</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-菩薩道-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-佛教世界观" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#佛教世界观"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>佛教世界观</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-佛教世界观-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关佛教世界观子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-佛教世界观-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-世界" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#世界"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>世界</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-世界-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>起源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-佛教經典" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#佛教經典"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>佛教經典</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-佛教經典-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-信徒与称谓" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#信徒与称谓"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>信徒与称谓</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-信徒与称谓-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关信徒与称谓子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-信徒与称谓-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-信徒分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#信徒分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>信徒分類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-信徒分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-僧人形象" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#僧人形象"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>僧人形象</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-僧人形象-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-衣著" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#衣著"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>衣著</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-衣著-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形象" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形象"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>形象</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形象-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法名、法號" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法名、法號"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>法名、法號</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法名、法號-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-稱謂" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#稱謂"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>稱謂</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-稱謂-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-出家眾" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#出家眾"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.1</span> <span>出家眾</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-出家眾-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-在家眾" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#在家眾"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.2</span> <span>在家眾</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-在家眾-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-戒律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#戒律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>戒律</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-戒律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-佛教藝術" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#佛教藝術"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>佛教藝術</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-佛教藝術-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关佛教藝術子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-佛教藝術-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-音樂" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音樂"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>音樂</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音樂-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-雕塑造像、繪畫" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#雕塑造像、繪畫"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>雕塑造像、繪畫</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-雕塑造像、繪畫-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文学、戏剧" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文学、戏剧"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>文学、戏剧</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文学、戏剧-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-寺院等佛教建築" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#寺院等佛教建築"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>寺院等佛教建築</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-寺院等佛教建築-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关寺院等佛教建築子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-寺院等佛教建築-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-佛寺" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#佛寺"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>佛寺</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-佛寺-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-佛教建築" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#佛教建築"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>佛教建築</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-佛教建築-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-佛塔" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#佛塔"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>佛塔</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-佛塔-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-佛曆" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#佛曆"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>佛曆</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-佛曆-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-世界佛教組織、活動" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#世界佛教組織、活動"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>世界佛教組織、活動</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-世界佛教組織、活動-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-節慶和宗教儀式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#節慶和宗教儀式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>節慶和宗教儀式</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-節慶和宗教儀式-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关節慶和宗教儀式子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-節慶和宗教儀式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-主要節慶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主要節慶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>主要節慶</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主要節慶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法事" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法事"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>法事</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法事-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宗教器具與標誌象征物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗教器具與標誌象征物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>宗教器具與標誌象征物</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-宗教器具與標誌象征物-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关宗教器具與標誌象征物子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-宗教器具與標誌象征物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-法器、宗教工具" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法器、宗教工具"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>法器、宗教工具</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法器、宗教工具-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-標誌物、象征物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#標誌物、象征物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>標誌物、象征物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-標誌物、象征物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-圣地和人物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#圣地和人物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>圣地和人物</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-圣地和人物-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关圣地和人物子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-圣地和人物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-著名聖地" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#著名聖地"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>著名聖地</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-著名聖地-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-著名人物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#著名人物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>著名人物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-著名人物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他人物或神祇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他人物或神祇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.3</span> <span>其他人物或神祇</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他人物或神祇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-受佛教影響的國家和地區" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#受佛教影響的國家和地區"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>受佛教影響的國家和地區</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-受佛教影響的國家和地區-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关受佛教影響的國家和地區子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-受佛教影響的國家和地區-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-人口分布" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人口分布"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>人口分布</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人口分布-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-印度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#印度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.2</span> <span>印度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-印度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中國大陸" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中國大陸"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.3</span> <span>中國大陸</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中國大陸-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-漢代時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#漢代時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.3.1</span> <span>漢代時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-漢代時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-魏晉南北朝佛教的興衰" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#魏晉南北朝佛教的興衰"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.3.2</span> <span>魏晉南北朝佛教的興衰</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-魏晉南北朝佛教的興衰-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-禪宗的崛起" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#禪宗的崛起"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.3.3</span> <span>禪宗的崛起</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-禪宗的崛起-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-唐代儒釋衝突期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#唐代儒釋衝突期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.3.4</span> <span>唐代儒釋衝突期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-唐代儒釋衝突期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宋代禪思時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宋代禪思時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.3.5</span> <span>宋代禪思時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宋代禪思時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-明代以後的世俗化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#明代以後的世俗化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.3.6</span> <span>明代以後的世俗化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-明代以後的世俗化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-臺灣" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#臺灣"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.4</span> <span>臺灣</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-臺灣-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-日本" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日本"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.5</span> <span>日本</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日本-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-韓國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#韓國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.6</span> <span>韓國</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-韓國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-美國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.7</span> <span>美國</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-美國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歐洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歐洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.8</span> <span>歐洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歐洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宗派" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗派"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>宗派</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-宗派-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关宗派子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-宗派-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-原始佛教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#原始佛教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>原始佛教</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-原始佛教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-部派佛教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#部派佛教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.2</span> <span>部派佛教</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-部派佛教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-上座部佛教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#上座部佛教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.3</span> <span>上座部佛教</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-上座部佛教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-大乘佛教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大乘佛教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4</span> <span>大乘佛教</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大乘佛教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-中觀學派" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中觀學派"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4.1</span> <span>中觀學派</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中觀學派-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-唯識宗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#唯識宗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4.2</span> <span>唯識宗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-唯識宗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-宗義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4.2.1</span> <span>宗義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法性宗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法性宗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4.3</span> <span>法性宗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法性宗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-天台宗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#天台宗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4.4</span> <span>天台宗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-天台宗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-華嚴宗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#華嚴宗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4.5</span> <span>華嚴宗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-華嚴宗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-禪宗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#禪宗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4.6</span> <span>禪宗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-禪宗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-宗義_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗義_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4.6.1</span> <span>宗義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗義_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-教典" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#教典"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4.6.2</span> <span>教典</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-教典-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-修行方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#修行方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4.6.3</span> <span>修行方法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-修行方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分支" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分支"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4.6.4</span> <span>分支</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分支-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-淨土宗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#淨土宗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4.7</span> <span>淨土宗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-淨土宗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-宗義_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗義_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4.7.1</span> <span>宗義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗義_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-教典_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#教典_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4.7.2</span> <span>教典</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-教典_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-修行方法_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#修行方法_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4.7.3</span> <span>修行方法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-修行方法_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-金剛乘佛教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#金剛乘佛教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.5</span> <span>金剛乘佛教</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-金剛乘佛教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关延伸阅读子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-中文書籍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中文書籍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22.1</span> <span>中文書籍</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中文書籍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外文書籍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外文書籍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22.2</span> <span>外文書籍</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外文書籍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">佛教</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。222种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-222" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">222种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeddhisme" title="Boeddhisme – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Boeddhisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Buddhismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A1%E1%8B%B2%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9D" title="ቡዲስም – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቡዲስም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddend%C5%8Dm" title="Buddendōm – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Buddendōm" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="बौद्ध धर्म – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बौद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="البوذية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البوذية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بودية – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بودية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%8A%D9%87" title="بوذيه – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوذيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismu" title="Budismu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Budismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddizm" title="Buddizm – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Buddizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="بودیزم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بودیزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Буддизм – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Agama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Buddhismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud%C4%97zmos" title="Budėzmos – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Budėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Будызм – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Будызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Будызм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Будызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda" title="Buda – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Buda" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Будизъм – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Будизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="बौद्ध धर्म – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बौद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisim" title="Budisim – 比斯拉马语" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Budisim" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="比斯拉马语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="ဗုဒ္ဓဘာႏသာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဗုဒ္ဓဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="বৌদ্ধধর্ম – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৌদ্ধধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ནང་བསྟན། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནང་བསྟན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4" title="বৌদ্ধ লিচেত – 比什奴普萊利亞文" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বৌদ্ধ লিচেত" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="比什奴普萊利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudaegezh" title="Boudaegezh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Boudaegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizam" title="Budizam – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Budizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Буддын шажан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Буддын шажан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisme" title="Budisme – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Budisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%ADk-g%C3%A1u" title="Hŭk-gáu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hŭk-gáu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Буддизм – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="بودیزم – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بودیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddisimu" title="Buddisimu – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Buddisimu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddizm" title="Buddizm – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Buddizm" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Buddhismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Буддизм – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwdhaeth" title="Bwdhaeth – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bwdhaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Buddhisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buddhismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizm" title="Budizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Budizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="बुद्ध धर्म – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बुद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ནང་ཆོས། – 宗卡语" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ནང་ཆོས།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="宗卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Βουδισμός – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βουδισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Buddhism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budhismo" title="Budhismo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Budhismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budism" title="Budism – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Budism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismu" title="Budismu – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Budismu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="بودیسم – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بودیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhalaisuus" title="Buddhalaisuus – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Buddhalaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budism" title="Budism – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Budism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddisma" title="Buddisma – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Buddisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouddhisme" title="Bouddhisme – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bouddhisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudismo" title="Boudismo – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Boudismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Buddhismus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisim" title="Budisim – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Budisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boedisme" title="Boedisme – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Boedisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_B%C3%BAdachas" title="An Búdachas – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Búdachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="佛教" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudism" title="Boudism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Boudism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B9dachas" title="Bùdachas – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bùdachas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BAda_rape" title="Vúda rape – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vúda rape" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8C%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A7_%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE" title="બૌદ્ધ ધર્મ – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બૌદ્ધ ધર્મ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%CC%8Dt-kau" title="Fu̍t-kau – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fu̍t-kau" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%CA%BBomana_Buda" title="Hoʻomana Buda – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hoʻomana Buda" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="בודהיזם – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בודהיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="बौद्ध धर्म – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बौद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Buddhism" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizam" title="Budizam – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Budizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudis" title="Boudis – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Boudis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhizmus" title="Buddhizmus – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Buddhizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բուդդայականություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուդդայականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պուտտայականութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պուտտայականութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismo" title="Buddhismo – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Buddhismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buddhisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budhisme" title="Budhisme – 国际文字(E)" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Budhisme" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字(E)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Buddhism" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Буддизм – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAddismi" title="Búddismi – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Búddismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddismo" title="Buddismo – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buddismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99" title="仏教 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="仏教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizim" title="Budizim – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Budizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bu%27ojda" title="bu'ojda – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="bu'ojda" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda" title="Buda – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Buda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ბუდიზმი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუდიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddizm" title="Buddizm – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Buddizm" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buudiyism" title="Buudiyism – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Buudiyism" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwibuda" title="Khwibuda – 卡塔布语" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Khwibuda" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Буддизм – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6" title="ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಬೌದ್ಧ ಧರ್ಮ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೌದ್ಧ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EA%B5%90" title="불교 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="불교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8F%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D9%8E%D8%AA" title="بُدھ مَت – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بُدھ مَت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud%C3%AEzm" title="Budîzm – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Budîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouddhisteth" title="Bouddhisteth – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bouddhisteth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Бурканчылык – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бурканчылык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Buddhismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizmo" title="Budizmo – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Budizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Buddhismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Буддизм – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisme" title="Budisme – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Budisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeddhisme" title="Boeddhisme – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Boeddhisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddiximo" title="Buddiximo – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Buddiximo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budism" title="Budism – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Budism" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhesim" title="Buddhesim – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Buddhesim" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%9C%E0%BA%B2" title="ພຸດທະສາສະໜາ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພຸດທະສາສະໜາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizmas" title="Budizmas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Budizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisms" title="Budisms – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Budisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="बौद्ध धर्म – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बौद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Agama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Буддизмась – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Буддизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodisma" title="Bodisma – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bodisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agamo_Buddha" title="Agamo Buddha – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Agamo Buddha" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Будизам – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Будизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ബുദ്ധമതം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബുദ്ധമതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Буддын шашин – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Буддын шашин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A7%EA%AF%99_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯕꯧꯙ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯧꯙ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="बौद्ध धर्म – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बौद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Agama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddi%C5%BCmu" title="Buddiżmu – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Buddiżmu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بودایی دین – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بودایی دین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Buddhismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeddhisme" title="Boeddhisme – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Boeddhisme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="बौद्ध धर्म – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बौद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="बुद्ध धर्म – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बुद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeddhisme" title="Boeddhisme – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boeddhisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismen" title="Buddhismen – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Buddhismen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Buddhisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisme" title="Budisme – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Budisme" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebuda" title="Sebuda – 北索托语" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sebuda" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="北索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodisme" title="Bodisme – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bodisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhalai%C5%BEus" title="Buddhalaižus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Buddhalaižus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizimii" title="Budizimii – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Budizimii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8C%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7_%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE" title="ବୌଦ୍ଧ ଧର୍ମ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୌଦ୍ଧ ଧର୍ମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Буддизм – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE" title="ਬੁੱਧ ਧਰਮ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੁੱਧ ਧਰਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismu" title="Budismu – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Budismu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudime" title="Boudime – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Boudime" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="बुद्धो धम्म – 巴利语" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बुद्धो धम्म" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budism" title="Budism – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Budism" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddyzm" title="Buddyzm – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Buddyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodism" title="Bodism – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bodism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="بدھ مت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بدھ مت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="بوديزم – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بوديزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puthayuyay" title="Puthayuyay – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Puthayuyay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budissem" title="Budissem – 罗曼什语" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Budissem" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="罗曼什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddapen" title="Buddapen – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Buddapen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budism" title="Budism – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Budism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Буддизм – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Будгізм – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Будгізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisime" title="Budisime – 卢旺达语" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Budisime" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="卢旺达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83" title="बौद्धधर्मः – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बौद्धधर्मः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Буддизм – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismu" title="Buddhismu – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Buddhismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddismu" title="Buddismu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Buddismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Buddhism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%DA%8C%D9%85%D8%AA" title="ٻڌمت – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻڌمت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisma" title="Buddhisma – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Buddhisma" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizam" title="Budizam – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Budizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%81%BC%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%91" title="သႃႇသၼႃႇပုတ်ႉထ – 掸语" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="သႃႇသၼႃႇပုတ်ႉထ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="掸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8" title="බුද්ධාගම – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බුද්ධාගම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Buddhism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budhizmus" title="Budhizmus – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Budhizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="بدھ مت – 色莱基语" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بدھ مت" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="色莱基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizem" title="Budizem – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Budizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubhudha" title="Ubhudha – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ubhudha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizmi" title="Budizmi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Budizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Будизам – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Будизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Agama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Buddhism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuddha" title="Ubuddha – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ubuddha" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8C%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பௌத்தம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பௌத்தம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಬೌದ್ಧ ಧರ್ಮ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಬೌದ್ಧ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9A%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%94%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%A7%E1%A5%90_%E1%A5%97%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B3" title="ᥚᥣᥱ ᥔᥣᥱ ᥙᥧᥐ ᥗᥣᥳ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥚᥣᥱ ᥔᥣᥱ ᥙᥧᥐ ᥗᥣᥳ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="బౌద్ధ మతం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బౌద్ధ మతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Буддоия – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Буддоия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98" title="ศาสนาพุทธ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาพุทธ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budda%C3%A7ylyk" title="Buddaçylyk – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Buddaçylyk" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddizm" title="Buddizm – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Buddizm" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisim" title="Budisim – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Budisim" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizm" title="Budizm – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Budizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vubhuda" title="Vubhuda – 聪加语" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vubhuda" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="聪加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Буддачылык – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Буддачылык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89" title="بۇددا دىنى – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بۇددا دىنى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Буддизм – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="بدھ مت – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بدھ مت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddizm" title="Buddizm – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Buddizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budhismo" title="Budhismo – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Budhismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddizm" title="Buddizm – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Buddizm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%ADt_gi%C3%A1o" title="Phật giáo – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phật giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudisse" title="Boudisse – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Boudisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="佛教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Буддизм – 卡尔梅克语" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡尔梅克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ბუდიზმი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბუდიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="בודהיזם – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בודהיזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80s%C3%ACn_B%C3%BAdd%C3%A0" title="Ẹ̀sìn Búddà – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀sìn Búddà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fozgyau" title="Fozgyau – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Fozgyau" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⴱⵓⴷⵉⵜ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⴱⵓⴷⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="佛教" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%CC%8Dt-k%C3%A0u" title="Hu̍t-kàu – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hu̍t-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="佛教" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UbuBudha" title="UbuBudha – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UbuBudha" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q748#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&oldid=85016792" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&id=85016792&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E4%25BD%259B%25E6%2595%2599"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E4%25BD%259B%25E6%2595%2599"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buddhism" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" hreflang="zh"><span>维基语录</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" hreflang="zh"><span>维基导游</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q748" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科,自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>「<b>佛教徒</b>」重定向至此。关于各國的佛教人數,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="各國佛教">各國佛教</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist nounderlines skin-invert" style="float: right; clear: both; border: 2px solid #af4630; background: #ffffe8; text-align:center;width:200px;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">佛教</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/120px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/240px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;">基本教義</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B" title="四谛">四圣谛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%81%96%E9%81%93%E5%88%86" title="八聖道分">八正道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%A0%E7%BC%98" title="十二因缘">十二因缘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8A" title="蘊">五蘊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7" title="緣起">緣起</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="空 (佛教)">空性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="因果论 (佛教)">因果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%AD_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="業 (佛教)">業</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%88%92%E5%BE%8B" title="佛教戒律">戒律</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6" title="毗奈耶">毗奈耶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85" title="尸羅">尸羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%88%92" title="五戒">五戒</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E9%82%A3" title="禪那">禪那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9A%E5%A4%84" title="业处">业处</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E5%9B%9E" title="轮回">轮回</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E8%9C%9C" title="波罗蜜">波罗密</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">真如</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%80%A7" title="佛性">佛性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%88%E4%BE%9D" title="皈依">皈依</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%9D_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="三宝 (佛教)">三寶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%B0" title="三法印">三法印</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%AF%86" title="上座部佛教与大乘佛教的基本共识">佛教共識宣言</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E4%BD%8D" title="果位">修行成就/果位</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8" title="菩萨">菩萨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9F%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="辟支佛">辟支佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%90%91%E5%9B%9B%E6%9E%9C" title="四向四果">四向四果</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89" title="阿罗汉">阿罗汉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%90%AB" title="阿那含">阿那含</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%99%80%E5%90%AB" title="斯陀含">斯陀含</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%88%E9%99%80%E6%B4%B9" title="須陀洹">須陀洹</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教人物列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List_of_Buddhists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教人物列表(页面不存在)">人物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" class="extiw" title="en:List of Buddhists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List_of_Buddhists</span></a></span>)</span></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="释迦牟尼">释迦牟尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90" title="十大弟子">十大弟子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%A4%9A%E8%A1%8D%E5%B0%BC%E5%AD%90" title="迦多衍尼子">迦多衍尼子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%B3%B4" title="馬鳴">馬鳴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%A9%86_(%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="提婆 (人名)">提婆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%91%97" title="无著">无著</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BA%B2" title="世亲">世亲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%BA%E9%9F%B3" title="覺音">覺音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A0%E6%91%A9%E7%BD%97%E4%BB%80" title="鸠摩罗什">鸠摩罗什</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A7%E9%81%A0" title="慧遠">慧遠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E8%BE%BE%E6%91%A9" title="菩提达摩">菩提达摩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E9%A1%97" title="智顗">智顗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E8%83%BD" title="惠能">惠能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%93%AE%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F" title="蓮花生">蓮花生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E5%96%80%E5%B7%B4" title="宗喀巴">宗喀巴</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%AB" title="佛教派别">宗派</a>、國家和地區</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">金剛乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B9%98" title="三乘">三乘</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9F%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="辟支佛">中乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="小乘佛教">小乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%9B%E4%B9%98" title="一佛乘">一佛乘</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="汉传佛教">漢傳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藏傳佛教史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藏傳佛教史(页面不存在)">藏傳佛教史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:History of Tibetan Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="印度佛教">印度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="斯里兰卡佛教">斯里蘭卡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="緬甸佛教">緬甸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="泰國佛教">泰國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="中国佛教">中國大陸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="台灣佛教">台灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="日本佛教">日本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="新加坡佛教">新加坡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="马来西亚佛教">马来西亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="蒙古國佛教">蒙古國</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">歐美</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="佛教历史">歷史</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="佛教历史">佛教历史</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="佛教時間線">佛教時間線</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="结集">结集</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="原始佛教研究">原始佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="初期佛教">初期佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="根本分裂">根本分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E9%83%A8" title="大眾部">大眾部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8" title="上座部">上座部</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">南傳佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="北傳佛教">北傳佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%B0%E8%90%BD" title="佛教在印度的衰落">於印度衰落</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%9B%A3" title="法難">法難</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="佛教现代主义">佛教现代主义</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="人間佛教">人間佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E4%B8%96%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="入世佛教">左翼佛教</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="佛经">經籍</a>舉要</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="大藏经">大藏经</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="巴利三藏">巴利大藏經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="大藏经">漢文大藏經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="藏文大藏经">藏文大藏经</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="阿含經">阿含經</a> <ul><li>南传<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%9F%AF%E8%80%B6" title="尼柯耶">尼柯耶</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%A5%E7%B6%93" title="法句經">法句經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="大般若经">大般若经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E8%9C%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%B6%93" title="般若波羅蜜多心經">心經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%B6%93" title="金剛經">金剛經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%99%E6%B3%95%E8%8E%B2%E5%8D%8E%E7%BB%8F" title="妙法莲华经">法華經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%B7%B1%E5%AF%86%E7%B6%93" title="解深密經">解深密經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="華嚴經">華嚴經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%91%A9%E8%A9%B0%E6%89%80%E8%AA%AA%E7%B6%93" title="維摩詰所說經">維摩經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%B6%93" class="mw-disambig" title="涅槃經">涅槃經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E4%BC%BD%E7%B6%93" title="楞伽經">楞伽經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%82%B2%E5%92%92" title="大悲咒">大悲咒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="楞嚴經">楞嚴經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E8%A7%89%E7%BB%8F" title="圆觉经">圆觉经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E5%B8%AB%E7%90%89%E7%92%83%E5%85%89%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E6%9C%AC%E9%A1%98%E5%8A%9F%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%93" title="藥師琉璃光如來本願功德經">藥師經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%97%8F%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E6%9C%AC%E6%84%BF%E7%BB%8F" title="地藏菩萨本愿经">地藏經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BD%8C%E9%99%80%E7%B6%93" title="阿彌陀經">阿彌陀經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E7%A5%96%E5%9D%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="六祖坛经">坛经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD%E5%B8%AB%E5%9C%B0%E8%AB%96" title="瑜伽師地論">瑜伽論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%99%BA%E5%BA%A6%E8%AB%96" title="大智度論">大智度論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%97%E8%BE%BE%E7%A3%A8%E4%BF%B1%E8%88%8D%E8%AE%BA" title="阿毗达磨俱舍论">俱舍論</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%81%96%E5%9C%B0" title="佛教聖地">聖地</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%AF%BA" title="佛寺">佛寺</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E8%88%8D" title="精舍">精舍</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%A3%E5%9C%B0" title="八大圣地">八圣地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%90%8D%E5%B1%B1" title="四大佛教名山">四道場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E9%87%8D%E7%82%B9%E5%AF%BA%E9%99%A2" title="汉族地区佛教全国重点寺院">汉地寺院</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%A1%94%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古塔列表(页面不存在)">佛塔列表</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;">相關主題</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="佛教藝術">艺术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="佛教修行制度">修学制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="Category:佛教組織">組織</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9" title="Category:佛教人物">人物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF" title="Category:佛教模板">佛教模板</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Template:佛教主题">佛教主題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:TheravadaBuddhism" title="Template:TheravadaBuddhism">上座部佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:PaliCanon" title="Template:PaliCanon">巴利聖典</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4" title="对佛教的批判">批評</a></li> <li>論諍 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E9%9D%9E%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E8%AB%96%E8%AB%8D" title="大乘非佛說論諍">大乘非佛說</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%96%B9%E8%AB%B8%E4%BD%9B%E8%AB%8D%E8%AB%96" title="十方諸佛諍論">十方諸佛</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教大綱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教大綱(页面不存在)">佛教大綱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/18px-Dharma_Wheel.gif" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/27px-Dharma_Wheel.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/36px-Dharma_Wheel.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Portal:佛教">佛教主題</a> <a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="WikiProject:佛教">佛教专题</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Template:佛教"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Template talk:佛教"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:佛教"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Original_Dharma_Wheel.svg/220px-Original_Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Original_Dharma_Wheel.svg/330px-Original_Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Original_Dharma_Wheel.svg/440px-Original_Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>释迦牟尼佛在<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BF%E9%87%8E%E8%8B%91" title="鹿野苑">鹿野苑</a>的第一次說法稱為「<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E8%BD%AC%E6%B3%95%E8%BD%AE" title="初转法轮">初轉法輪</a>」,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%BD%AE" title="法轮">法轮</a>因此成為佛法的代表性幖幟。八根輪輻代表<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%81%96%E9%81%93%E5%88%86" title="八聖道分">八支正道</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Buddhism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/220px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/330px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/440px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%97%97" class="mw-redirect" title="佛教旗">佛教旗</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>佛教</b>,也被称为<b>佛陀法</b>(Buddha Dharma)。為約公元前6世紀<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="古印度">古印度</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%AF%97%E7%BE%85%E8%A1%9B" title="迦毗羅衛">迦毗羅衛</a>國(今<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94" title="尼泊尔">尼泊尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>邊界間靠近尼泊爾)的王子<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E9%81%94%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E5%96%AC%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="悉達多·喬達摩">悉達多·喬達摩</a>创立。他於35歲觉悟宇宙人生真理而成佛(佛是觉悟者的意思)。佛陀教导说,“<b>苦</b>”(dukkha,字面意思为“痛苦或不安”)与<b>执着</b>或攀附并存,但也有一条通向觉醒和完全解脱苦的修行道路。佛教的广泛教义包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%9C%A3%E8%B0%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="四圣谛">四圣谛</a>(苦、集、滅、道)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%AD%A3%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="八正道">八正道</a>(正見解(正見)、正思惟、正語言(正語)、正行為(正業)、正生活(正命)、正精進、正意念(正念)、正禪定(正定))<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%98%E8%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="缘起">缘起</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%AD%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="業力">业力</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%B0" title="三法印">三法印</a>的教义。其他常见的教义元素包括三宝、出家誓愿和圆满修行(<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86" title="波羅密">波罗蜜</a>)的培养。 </p><p>佛教经典浩如烟海,包含许多不同语言的经典合集(如梵文、巴利文、藏文和中文等)。佛教各宗派在解读通向解脱的道路以及不同佛教经典的相对重要性和“经典性”上存在差异,且各自的教义和修行实践也各不相同。学者们普遍承认两大现存的佛教分支:<b>上座部佛教</b>(<b>Theravāda</b>,字面意思为“长老之学”)和<b>大乘佛教</b>(<b>Mahāyāna</b>,字面意思为“伟大的车辆”)。上座部佛教强调涅槃(<b>nirvāṇa</b>,字面意思为“熄灭”)的获得,作为超越个体自我、结束生死轮回(<b>saṃsāra</b>)的方式,而大乘佛教则强调菩萨理想,认为修行者应为一切有情众生的解脱而努力。此外,金刚乘(<b>Vajrayāna</b>,字面意思为“无毁的车辆”)是一种融合密宗修行技巧的教义体系,可能被视为大乘佛教中的一个独立分支或传统。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="印度佛教">佛教</a>发展至現代,成为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="世界三大宗教">世界三大宗教</a>之一。佛教对於世界上,尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%9A" title="东亚">東亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="中南半島">中南半島</a>的文化具有深刻的影响,此外對<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A" title="中亚">中亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="南亞">南亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="南洋群岛">南洋群島</a>地区的文化亦曾具有广泛的影响,现則正向<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="北美洲">北美洲</a>發展。佛教經歷史發展,通過南、北兩條傳播途徑,現代存在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="南傳佛教">南傳佛教</a>這支路徑主要傳播的是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a>的教義(這派以<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%81%9E%E4%B9%98" class="mw-redirect" title="聲聞乘">聲聞乘</a>的教法為主,但也有若干<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E4%B9%98" class="mw-redirect" title="菩萨乘">菩薩乘</a>的教法,參見<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BC%A0%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="南传菩萨道">南傳菩薩道</a>)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="北傳佛教">北傳佛教</a>這支路徑主要傳播的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>的教義,其中與北傳佛教的傳播路徑所相應的大乘佛教的內容,又可再細分為<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="漢傳佛教">漢傳佛教</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>,或稱<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="顯教">顯宗</a>)以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳佛教</a>(或稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">密宗</a>);故也有南傳佛教(上座部佛教)、漢傳佛教(大乘佛教)、藏傳佛教(從大乘佛教之中再特別析分出<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="秘密大乘佛教">祕密大乘佛教</a>)三分法<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。佛教這幾(不論依照二分法或三分法的)大教派內又各有諸多宗派;南傳佛法體系主要以追求成為<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BE%85%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="阿羅漢">阿羅漢</a>爲修行目標,北傳佛法體系則以追求<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E4%BD%9B" title="成佛">成佛</a>為修行目標。佛教各派並公認,修行人不論是證得<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BE%85%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="阿羅漢">阿羅漢</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9F%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="辟支佛">辟支佛</a>,皆能解脫生死<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="輪迴">輪迴</a>,皆屬於達到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>的境界。 </p><p>創教者爲生於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="印度文化">印度文化</a>區的古人<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E9%81%94%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E5%96%AC%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="悉達多·喬達摩">悉達多·喬達摩</a>,通常在南傳佛教稱其為喬達摩佛、在漢傳佛教則尊稱其為<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="釋迦牟尼佛">釋迦牟尼佛</a>。「<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%8F" title="釋迦族">釋迦</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="牟尼">牟尼</a>」的構詞本身指涉<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E9%81%94%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E5%96%AC%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="悉達多·喬達摩">悉達多·喬達摩</a>的背景,意謂「釋迦族的聖人」。至於「佛陀」義爲<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%BA%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="覺者">覺者</a>、覺悟者,在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="中文">中文</a>的廣義上也包含<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E8%AF%B8%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="三世诸佛">三世諸佛</a>。佛教的本意是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="佛陀">佛陀</a>的教育,而不是指拜神佛的宗教,比起其他宗教教義更像是一種哲理,這是由於<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="初期佛教">原始佛教</a>的概念中,並不崇拜<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="天人 (佛教)">天神</a>,甚至反對<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B7%E4%BF%A1" title="迷信">迷信</a>。佛教认为,需要深刻了解<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="苦 (佛教)">苦</a>(duḥkha),苦怎么产生(12因缘)和灭苦之道(八正道),需要了解<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%B8%B8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="无常 (佛教)">無常</a>(anicca)和<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" title="無我">無我</a>(anattā)和涅槃寂静。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>佛教在歷史上曾對世界文化傳播做出了不可磨滅的貢獻。佛教重視人類<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈">心靈</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7" title="道德">道德</a>的進步和覺悟。佛教中的成就,是利益眾生,不是一般理解的成就自我,以及擁有名聲、掌握權力、累積財富等等。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>按照佛教的觀點,人和其他<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%81%93" title="六道">六道</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BE%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="眾生">眾生</a>一樣,沉淪於<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="苦 (佛教)">苦迫</a>之中,並不斷的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="輪迴">輪轉生死</a>,惟有斷除<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%98%8E" title="无明">無明</a>的人才能出離<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="三界">三界</a>,不再<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="輪迴">輪迴</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="佛教徒">佛教徒</a>修习佛法的目的,即在於追隨并實踐悉達多所覺悟的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%96%E8%AB%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="四聖諦">四聖諦</a>,看透生命和宇宙的真相,斷盡一切煩惱,最終超越<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E8%80%81%E7%97%85%E6%AD%BB" title="生老病死">生老病死</a>和所有<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="苦 (佛教)">苦</a>,結束六道輪迴,得到究极<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E8%84%AB" title="解脫">解脫</a>,進入<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>的境界。 </p><p>2010年普查显示全世界约有5億佛教徒<sup id="cite_ref-pew_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gordon–Conwell_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon–Conwell-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hkacm.org.hk_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hkacm.org.hk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-berkleycenter.georgetown.edu_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkleycenter.georgetown.edu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。21世紀世界佛教徒的人口分佈是:<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="漢傳佛教">漢傳佛教</a>地區67.3%(3.6億人),<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="南傳佛教">南傳佛教</a>地區28%(1.5億人),<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳佛教</a>地區3.4%(1800萬人信仰),亞洲以外地區1.3%(700萬人)。<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey2012_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="出现背景"><span id=".E5.87.BA.E7.8E.B0.E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>出现背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节:出现背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古印度的社會階級制度"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E5.8D.B0.E5.BA.A6.E7.9A.84.E7.A4.BE.E6.9C.83.E9.9A.8E.E7.B4.9A.E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6"></span>古印度的社會階級制度</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节:古印度的社會階級制度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>佛教出现之前,印度的宗教信仰主要由<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="婆罗门教">婆罗门教</a></b>(即吠陀教)主导,强调祭祀和仪式,尤其是由<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8" title="婆罗门">婆罗门</a></b>阶层主持的大规模祭祀活动。印度的宗教生活是以祭祀为核心,祭品(如牛、羊等动物)在祭坛上献给神灵,以获得神灵的保佑。婆罗门教的经典《吠陀》是这一时期最重要的宗教文献,它包括了大量的仪式、咒语、诗歌以及关于宇宙、神祇和人类灵魂的哲学思考。通过这些经典,婆罗门教强调了宇宙的秩序(<b>律法</b>)和神明的威严,祭祀仪式则被认为是保持这种宇宙秩序的重要手段。婆羅門教<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>信奉<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%9D%88" class="mw-redirect" title="神靈">神靈</a>——即三大主神:創造萬有的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E5%A4%A9" title="梵天">梵天</a>(Brahmā)、保護神<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E6%BF%95%E5%A5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="毗濕奴">毗濕奴</a>(Viṣhṇu)以及破壞、再生和舞蹈神<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%95%E5%A9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="濕婆">濕婆</a>(Śiva),認為祂們主宰一切。 </p><p>婆羅門教認為古印度社會所有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%A7%93" class="mw-redirect" title="种姓">种姓</a>都由梵天身體所生;<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8" title="婆罗门">婆罗门</a>由頭部或嘴部生成,故地位最高;<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%A9" title="刹帝利">剎帝利</a>由雙臂生成,地位次於婆羅門;以此類推。由於種族等級森嚴,社會分工、文化教育等的長期巨大差異,古印度社會漸漸分化成了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="婆羅門">婆羅門</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%A9" title="刹帝利">剎帝利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E8%88%8D" title="吠舍">吠舍</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="首陀羅">首陀羅</a>等四種非常不平等的階級,實際上是一套血統論社會等級制度,稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%A7%93%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="種姓制度">種姓制度</a>。其中婆羅門主要從事祭祀,剎帝利世襲軍政,吠舍經營工农商手工业等,首陀羅則為貧窮的自由民,从事更为低贱的职业。除此之外還有在四种姓外的“<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%A4%E6%B0%91_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6)" class="mw-redirect" title="賤民 (印度)">賤民</a>”阶层,地位更低,被稱為“不可接觸者”。<sup id="cite_ref-econ_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-econ-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>根據唐代<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>法師的名著《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%94%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E8%A8%98" title="大唐西域記">大唐西域記</a>》的記載:“其<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="婆羅門">婆羅門</a>,學四<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="吠陀">吠陀</a>論。一曰壽,謂養生繕性;二曰祠,謂<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E7%A5%80" title="祭祀">享祭</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E7%A6%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="祈禱">祈禱</a>;三曰平,謂禮儀<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%8D%9C" title="占卜">占卜</a>,兵法軍陣;四曰術,謂技能伎數,禁咒醫方。” </p><p>種姓制度帶來的諸多不幸引發了人們對於社會現狀革新的思潮,史稱「<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%96%80" title="沙門">沙門</a>新思潮」(<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="梵文">梵文</a>:śramaṇa),其中就包含了宗教改革的佛教。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="沙門思想"><span id=".E6.B2.99.E9.96.80.E6.80.9D.E6.83.B3"></span>沙門思想</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节:沙門思想"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%B8%AB%E5%A4%96%E9%81%93" title="六師外道">六師外道</a></div> <p>在公元前六世紀到五世紀,印度社會生產力上升,足夠支撐大量出家<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%96%80" title="沙門">沙門</a>不事生產,思考和追求宇宙真理,這些沙門由俗家民眾供養飲食和用具;同時印度處在熱帶環境,蔬果較多且四季常有,容易取得,也爲沙門的飲食提供了便利和保障。在這種條件下,“沙門新思潮”得以迅速發展,出現了各種非婆羅門思想,主要有以下幾個流派: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>六師 </th> <th>中心思想 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E8%98%AD%E9%82%A3%E8%BF%A6%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="富蘭那迦葉">富蘭那派</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E8%99%9B%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="道德虛無主義">道德虛無論</a>者,認為人所造作種種<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%AD%E8%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="業行(页面不存在)">業行</a>不帶來善、惡之業報,又認為不須要實行<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7" title="道德">道德</a>的善法就可獲得<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E8%84%AB" title="解脫">解脫</a>。 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AB%E4%BC%BD%E6%A2%A8%E6%8B%98%E8%88%8D%E6%A2%A8%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="末伽梨拘舍梨子">莫加梨派</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BF%E5%91%BD%E8%AE%BA" title="宿命论">宿命論</a>者,認為苦樂都是定數,愚者和智者,都經歷八萬四千大<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AB_(%E6%99%82%E9%96%93)" title="劫 (時間)">劫</a>後而解脫。 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%AA%E9%97%8D%E5%A4%9C%E6%AF%97%E7%BE%85%E8%83%9D%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="刪闍夜毗羅胝子">散若夷派</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="不可知論">不可知論</a>者,對於超驗事物持<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="不可知主義">不可知主義</a>,即不說:是這樣或是那樣,也不說正確,不正確。 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%80%86%E5%A4%9A%E7%BF%85%E8%88%8D%E9%92%A6%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="阿耆多翅舍钦婆罗">阿耆多派</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="唯物論">唯物論</a>者,生命以<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="色身">色身</a>為主體,人死亡之後,身體便逐漸敗壞,終究消散無餘。 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E7%BE%85%E9%B3%A9%E9%A6%B1%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%83%E5%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="迦羅鳩馱迦旃延">迦羅鳩派</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="原子論">原子論</a>(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">aṇu vāda</span>)者,提出七元素說(地、水、火、風、苦、樂、命)。 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%90%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="伐達摩那">尼乾陀派</a> </th> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非絕對論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anekāntavāda"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非絕對論(页面不存在)">非絕對論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anek%C4%81ntav%C4%81da" class="extiw" title="en:Anekāntavāda"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anekāntavāda</span></a></span>)</span></span>(又稱非一邊論)者,<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教">耆那教</a>的祖師,以<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E4%BA%BA%E6%91%B8%E8%B1%A1" title="盲人摸象">盲人摸象</a>為喻,進而發展為對事物的判斷採用<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="七值邏輯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jaina seven-valued logic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%83%E5%80%BC%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="七值邏輯(页面不存在)">七值邏輯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaina_seven-valued_logic" class="extiw" title="en:Jaina seven-valued logic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jaina seven-valued logic</span></a></span>)</span></span>。 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节:历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="佛教历史">佛教歷史</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="釋迦牟尼">釋迦牟尼</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhara_Buddha_(tnm).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/250px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/375px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/500px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2894" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%8D%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85" class="mw-disambig" title="犍陀羅">犍陀羅</a>的释迦牟尼佛像</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="釋迦牟尼佛">釋迦牟尼佛</a>(佛陀)本名悉達多·喬達摩,出生於今天尼泊尔境内,屬於印度文化圈的一部分,和其他受印度文明影響的地方擁有相同的社會等級、宗教文化。關於悉達多<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="太子">太子</a>的生年年代,南传和北传的佛教有不同说法。据汉译《善见律毗婆沙》“出律记”,推断为公元前565年至公元前485年。南传佛教或认为是公元前623年至公元前544年,一说是公元前622至公元前543年。他出生于5月的一个月圓之日,是统一的说法。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E9%81%94%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E5%96%AC%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="悉達多·喬達摩">悉達多·喬達摩</a>甫一誕生,就被阿私陀仙人等八个婆罗门用神通觀見并預言將成為一代<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E8%BC%AA%E8%81%96%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="轉輪聖王">轉輪聖王</a>,或者出家成道爲最尊貴的悟道者。他的父王為了避免他出家,在王城中驅逐一切可以看見的痛苦、醜陋的事物,而留下欲樂、美好的事物。然而悉達多終究<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%97%A8%E5%87%BA%E6%B8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="四门出游">出游</a>見到了老人、病人、死人,察覺到人世無常,又見到修行的沙門莊嚴相好,便決定放棄王室繼承人身份和尊貴生活,出家禪修悟道。在經歷辟穀苦行失败之後,认识到靠苦行和仅仅靠禅定都无法解脱,因此入四种三昧定中观<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%A0%E7%BC%98" title="十二因缘">十二因缘</a>,又在大败<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AD%94" title="天魔">魔</a>军的滋扰後,最终於35歲時在毕钵罗树(後被信徒尊爲<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E6%A0%91" title="菩提树">菩提树</a>)下得<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%8A%E6%AD%A3%E7%AD%89%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%BA" title="無上正等正覺">无上正等正觉</a>而<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E4%BD%9B" title="成佛">成佛</a>,號稱<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="釋迦牟尼佛">釋迦牟尼佛</a>。之後他走遍<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="恆河">恆河</a>兩岸,向人們宣讲自己發現的甚深真理,漸漸吸引越來越多的人聽取他的教法,并接受一些人出家跟隨他,由此建立了僧團。這其中,當初跟隨剛出家的悉達多修行的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="五比丘">五位大臣</a>接受了悉達多成爲佛陀後的教導,成為首批<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="比丘">比丘</a>,亦即首批<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD" title="僧伽">僧伽</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。佛陀認為眾生平等,反對種姓制度,毫不吝嗇地向社會各階層和各身份的人宣講妙法。他在其後的幾十年中四處遊行,招收了許多弟子,佛教影響逐漸擴張。佛陀在80歲的高齡時逝世(佛教称之为<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="般涅槃">般涅槃</a>)。依照佛教教義的觀點,悉達多·喬達摩因為已經證道解脫生死,在他證道當世尚有餘生的階段稱為他是在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%A4%98%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="有餘涅槃">有餘涅槃</a>的狀態,在成佛的當世壽盡逝世而歸於寂靜後,他已經不再有無盡輪迴中餘下的來生,則屬於<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%A4%98%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" class="mw-disambig" title="無餘涅槃">無餘涅槃</a>狀態。 </p><p>佛陀圓寂後,關於佛法的內容範圍,在近代之前歷經四次所謂的(佛教界僧團進行的)<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E7%B5%90" class="mw-redirect" title="集結">集結</a>——然而獲得佛教界全體各個宗派一致認同的僅爲前兩次,後兩次集結的內容未獲全體各個宗派一致接受。另外南傳佛教界在近現代另有兩次集結,就此而言,在佛教史上可合稱六次集結,但近現代舉行的這兩次未得到北傳佛教認可——由此佛教的經典基本成型。後僧團分裂爲多個<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派</a>,各自發展,慢慢融合,大致有了從大眾部演變的大乘佛教及上座部演變的南傳佛教;從<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="孔雀王朝">孔雀王朝</a>開始,佛教分別向南北兩個方向傳播。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="南傳佛教">南傳佛教</a>(現稱为上座部佛教)經由<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="錫蘭">錫蘭</a>傳播到東南亞一帶,主要影響<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="東南亞">東南亞</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="中南半岛">中南半岛</a>等地。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="北傳佛教">北傳佛教</a>(主要为大乘佛教)經<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="喀什米爾">喀什米爾</a>到達<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" class="mw-redirect" title="新疆">新疆</a>,早在1世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89" title="东汉">东漢</a>時佛教就傳入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>,後又傳入<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮半島">朝鮮半島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>;北傳佛教於8世紀正式傳入印度北鄰的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏">西藏</a>;至此,北傳佛教再細分为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="汉传佛教">汉传佛教</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳佛教</a>两支。藏傳佛教對西藏人民的生活文化有着極大的影響,後來又傳入<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙古">蒙古</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="中国东北">中国东北</a>等地區。到16或17世紀,藏傳佛教在<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E6%9D%B1" title="遠東">遠東</a>各地已奠定了根基。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="佛教發展和傳播時間表"><span id=".E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99.E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95.E5.92.8C.E5.82.B3.E6.92.AD.E6.99.82.E9.96.93.E8.A1.A8"></span>佛教發展和傳播時間表</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节:佛教發展和傳播時間表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/35px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/53px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/70px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章節<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">尚無參考來源</a></b>,內容或許<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">無法查證</a></b>。 <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2021年3月8日</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="color:black; border-top:1px solid dimgray; border-bottom:1px solid dimgray; margin-top:10pt; margin-bottom:10pt;" class="nounderlines"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="12" style="text-align:left; border-bottom:1px solid dimgray; background:WhiteSmoke; padding-left:10pt; padding-top:3pt; padding-bottom:3pt"> <p><span style="font-size:small; color:black;"><b>佛教傳承的發展和傳播時間表</b> </span> <span style="font-size:small; color:dimgray;">(約公元前450年–約公元1300年)</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="100"></td> <td width="70"></td> <td width="20"></td> <td width="140"></td> <td width="80"></td> <td width="80"></td> <td width="60"></td> <td width="60"></td> <td width="60"></td> <td width="80"></td> <td width="80"></td> <td width="100"></td> </tr> <tr style="color:DimGray"> <td style="border-right:1pt solid black; height:4pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>公元前450年</b></span></td> <td style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>公元前250年</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>公元100年</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>公元500年</b></span></td> <td style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Tahoma"><b>公元700年</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Tahoma"><b>公元800年</b></span></td> <td style="padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Tahoma"><b>公元1200年</b></span></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="padding-left:5pt"><p style="font-size:9pt"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="印度佛教">印度</a></p></td> <td rowspan="5" colspan="1" style="border-left:1pt solid gray; border-top:1pt solid gray; border-bottom:1pt solid gray; background:#FFFFC0; text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:Arial"><p style="font-size:8pt"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="初期佛教">初期佛教</a></p></span></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="border-top:1pt solid gray; background:yellow; text-align:center"> <p style="font-size:1pt"> </p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="7" style="border-top:1pt solid gray; border-right:1pt solid gray; background:peru; text-align:center"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td> <td rowspan="5"><p style="font-size:13pt"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="background:yellow; text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派佛教</a></b></span></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="background:peru; text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a></b></span></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="border-right:1pt solid gray; background:indianred; text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">金剛乘佛教</a></b></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="border-right:1pt solid gray; background:indianred"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="border-right:1pt solid gray; background:yellow"><p style="font-size:1pt"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:yellow"> <p style="font-size:1pt"> </p></td> <td colspan="8" style="border-right:1pt solid gray; border-bottom:1pt solid gray; background:gold"><p style="font-size:1pt"> </p></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="padding-left:5pt"><p style="font-size:9pt"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="斯里蘭卡佛教">斯里蘭卡</a>及<br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="东南亚佛教">東南亞</a></p></td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="border:1pt solid gray; border-right:0; background:gold; text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">南傳上座部佛教</a></b></span></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="5" style="border-top:1pt solid gray; background:peru; text-align:center"><p style="font-size:3pt"> </p></td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="border-top:1pt solid gray; border-bottom:1pt solid gray; background:gold; text-align:center"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="5" style="background:gold"> </td> </tr><tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="border-bottom:1pt solid gray; background:gold"><p style="font-size:3pt"> </p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1pt solid gray; background:indianred"><p style="font-size:3pt"> </p></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="padding-left:5pt"><p style="font-size:9pt"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中亞佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Central Asia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中亞佛教(页面不存在)">中亞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Central Asia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Central Asia</span></a></span>)</span></span></p></td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2"><p style="font-size:13pt"> </p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="4" style="background:#E6C220; border:1px solid gray; text-align:center"> <p style="font-size:6pt"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%BC%8F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="希臘式佛教">希臘式佛教</a></p> </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1"><p style="font-size:13pt"> </p></td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="4" style="border:1pt solid gray; border-right:0; background:indianred; text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳佛教</a></b></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="4"><p style="font-size:1pt"> </p></td> </tr><tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="4" style="background:#E6C220; border:1px solid gray; text-align:center"> <p style="font-size:6pt"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教的絲綢之路傳播" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E7%B5%B2%E7%B6%A2%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教的絲綢之路傳播(页面不存在)">絲路佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="padding-left:5pt"><p style="font-size:9pt"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="漢傳佛教">東亞</a></p></td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="border:1pt solid gray; border-bottom:0;border-right:0; background:#E6C220; text-align:center"><span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">北傳部派佛教</a></b></span></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border:1pt solid gray; border-left:0; border-right:0; background:peru; text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:Arial"><b> <br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%97" title="天台宗">天台宗</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="禪宗">禪宗</a></b></span></td> <td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid gray; background:indianred; text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">密宗</a></b></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border:1pt solid gray; border-top:0; border-right:0; background:peru; text-align:center"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="border-bottom:1pt solid gray; border-left:0; background:peru; text-align:left"> <span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E5%AE%97" title="淨土宗">淨土宗</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%93%AE%E5%AE%97" title="日蓮宗">日蓮宗</a></b></span></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td></tr> <tr style="color:dimgray"> <td style="border-right:1pt solid black; height:4pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>公元前450年</b></span></td> <td style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>公元前250年</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>公元100年</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>公元500年</b></span></td> <td style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Tahoma"><b>公元700年</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Tahoma"><b>公元800年</b></span></td> <td style="padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Tahoma"><b>公元1200年</b></span></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12"> <table width="100%" style="border-top:1px solid dimgray; color:black; background:WhiteSmoke; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td width="100"><b>圖例:</b></td> <td width="30" style="background:gold; border:1px solid gray"> </td> <td width="200">= <b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部</a>傳承</b></td> <td width="30" style="background:peru; border:1px solid gray"> </td> <td width="200">= <b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘</a>傳承</b></td> <td width="30" style="background:indianred; border:1px solid gray"> </td> <td width="200">= <b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">密教</a>傳承</b></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="主要思想"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E6.80.9D.E6.83.B3"></span>主要思想</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节:主要思想"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="輪迴"><span id=".E8.BC.AA.E8.BF.B4"></span>輪迴</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节:輪迴"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="輪迴">輪迴</a></div> <p>佛教認為一切未解脱的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%83%85" title="有情">有情</a>眾生都在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="天界">天道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BF%AE%E7%BE%85_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="阿修羅 (佛教)">阿修羅道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="人道 (佛教)">人道</a>、 <a href="/wiki/%E7%95%9C%E7%94%9F" title="畜生">畜生道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A4%93%E9%AC%BC" title="餓鬼">餓鬼道</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%8D%84" title="地獄">地獄道</a>這<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%81%93" title="六道">六道</a>裡生死流轉,而南傳佛教只分<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%B6%A3" title="五趣">五趣</a>, 把六道中的阿修罗道放入天道或这鬼道,或部分放入天道且部分放入鬼道。因为眾生<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%AA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="貪 (佛教)">贪</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%9E%8B_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="瞋 (佛教)">嗔</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%A1_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="癡 (佛教)">痴</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%AF%92" title="三毒">三毒</a>不断,所以眾生輪迴無有止境,並認為無止盡的煩惱是苦。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="開悟"><span id=".E9.96.8B.E6.82.9F"></span>開悟</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节:開悟"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%82%9F" title="开悟">開悟</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E8%84%AB" title="解脫">解脫</a></div> <p>佛教的修行目的就是為了從輪迴中解脫,指生命個體能夠脫離世間生死輪迴及其帶來的各種苦,“从‘轮回’中‘涅槃’从而‘解脱’”是印度教、耆那教等印度诸宗教的共同概念,但具体内涵不同。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="涅槃"><span id=".E6.B6.85.E6.A7.83"></span>涅槃</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节:涅槃"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%AD%89%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="正等正覺">正等正覺</a></div> <p>分为有余涅槃与无余涅槃。又称有余依与无余依。依者,有漏之依身。烦恼永尽,已断生死之因,然犹余有漏依身而色心相续,称为有余涅槃;更灭依身无所余者,称为无余涅槃。此二种涅槃,同为一体,然无余涅槃之现,在于命终之时。[大智度论卷三十一、胜鬘宝窟卷下本]。所以涅槃中永遠沒有生命中的種種煩惱、痛苦,二乘佛教的見解是從此不再受後有。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="基本教義"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E6.9C.AC.E6.95.99.E7.BE.A9"></span>基本教義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节:基本教義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="释迦牟尼佛">释迦牟尼佛</a>的言教:虽然在当时此世界(地球上),只有释迦摩尼一人是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a>,但在其生前,这个世界曾经有佛出生,而未来也将有佛出生,现在的他方世界也有很多的佛存在。故佛教不以为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="佛陀">佛陀</a>是独一无二的。佛教承认过去、现在和未来,都有着无数的佛陀,且相信所有的人,所有的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%83%85" title="有情">有情</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%97%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="众生">众生</a>(主要指<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">动物</a>),不论信佛与否,将来也都有成为佛陀之可能。佛教相信佛陀是已<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%82%9F" title="开悟">觉悟</a>的众生,而众生则是尚未觉悟的佛陀。在境界上,<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E4%BA%BA" title="凡人">凡人</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%BA%BA" title="圣人">圣人</a>虽有所不同,但于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%80%A7" title="佛性">佛性</a>上是一律平等的。佛教并不将佛陀当做唯一的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E" title="神">神</a>来崇拜,有人说佛陀以及佛教徒是<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="无神论">无神论者</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。其实佛教是承认诸神(天神等)的存在的。 </p><p>佛教的教理、教義深宏廣博,言語只能譬喻,難以闡明,體驗者自能深知真實不虛。對佛教教義作最簡單的總結則是,佛陀的教育出發點只有一個——<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="苦">苦</a>的止息,趣(趨)向<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>寂靜</b>。就細而言,佛教的共同承認的基本教義爲<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%B0" title="三法印">三法印</a>(或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="三相 (佛教)">三相</a>)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B" title="四谛">四諦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%8B%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="八苦">八苦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%A0%E7%B7%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="十二因緣">十二因緣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BF%B5%E5%A4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="四念处">四念處</a>等,又有《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E4%BD%9B%E9%80%9A%E8%AA%A1%E5%81%88" title="七佛通誡偈">七佛通誡偈</a>》——“諸惡莫作,眾善奉行;自淨其意,是諸佛教。”的概括<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在大乘佛教中,又有<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="四法印">四法印</a>的說法。 </p><p>所謂苦,有八苦:一生苦、二老苦、三病苦、四死苦、五所求不得苦、六怨憎会苦、七爱别离苦、八苦受阴苦。因為一切<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%82%BA%E6%B3%95" title="有為法">有為法</a>終將消亡,所有的存在都是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%B7%A3" title="因緣">因緣</a>和合的表現,缘起時則生存,缘尽時則消亡,故萬物都是暫時的、可分離的、沒有實體的,即所謂<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="空性">空性</a>(並非空无不存在,而是性空,性質是空的),而一旦執著攀緣認為是永遠的、不可分離的、有實體的,則終會在萬物毀滅時感受到痛苦。眾生因為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%BF%B5%E7%84%A1%E6%98%8E" title="一念無明">一念無明</a>,執著於虛幻,執著心如水流相續不息,故痛苦地沉淪在生死<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="輪迴">輪迴</a>不能出離。為了滅除苦的發生,脫離六道輪迴,佛陀闡述了<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E8%84%AB%E9%81%93" class="mw-disambig" title="解脫道">解脱道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E9%81%93" title="菩薩道">菩薩道</a>兩大修行之道,解脫道修行的是不成佛的解脫生死之道,菩薩道修行的是成佛的解脫生死之道。解脱道包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%81%9E%E4%B9%98" class="mw-redirect" title="聲聞乘">聲聞乘</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A3%E8%A6%BA%E4%B9%98" class="mw-redirect" title="緣覺乘">緣覺乘</a>,聲聞乘是以修成聲聞<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%9E%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="四果">四果</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89" title="阿罗汉">阿罗汉</a>為修行目標,緣覺乘是以未來在無佛之世修成<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9F%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="辟支佛">辟支佛</a>為修行目標。走<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="菩萨道">菩萨道</a>的菩薩乘修行者則需發願未來在無佛之世<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E4%BD%9B" title="成佛">成佛</a>,願意歷經三大<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%83%A7%E7%A5%87" title="阿僧祇">阿僧祇</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AB%E7%B0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="劫簸">劫</a>的時期長度,期間不断在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%81%93" title="六道">六道</a>生死輪迴,以<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%91%84" class="mw-redirect" title="四摄">四摄</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%BA%A6" title="六度">六度</a>普濟众生,並逐漸累積達到足量的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="十波羅密">波羅蜜</a>,最終證得至高無上的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%AD%89%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="正等正覺">正等正覺</a>,成為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="天人師">天人師</a>佛<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E5%B0%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="世尊">世尊</a>兼<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BE%85%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="阿羅漢">阿羅漢</a>(參見<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E5%8D%81%E8%99%9F" title="如來十號">如來十號</a>)……等等資格於一身。北傳佛法體系中有極為大量的菩薩道內容,南傳佛法體系中亦有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BC%A0%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="南传菩萨道">南傳菩薩道</a>,但內容比北傳簡單許多,兩教派之間亦有不少說法存在不同。<b>北傳佛法體系中的菩薩乘之中還有一些分支內容</b>,認為無需歷經三大<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%83%A7%E7%A5%87" title="阿僧祇">阿僧祇</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AB%E7%B0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="劫簸">劫</a>的修行,而講求<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%93%E6%82%9F%E6%88%90%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="頓悟成佛(页面不存在)">頓悟成佛</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B3%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="即生成佛">即生成佛</a>,這兩種速成方法分別是漢傳佛教<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="禪宗">禪宗</a>或藏傳佛教<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">密宗</a>(所謂的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E4%B9%98" class="mw-redirect" title="金剛乘">金剛乘</a>)<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%86%E6%BB%A1%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="大圆满法">大圓滿法</a>中的主要法理、教義。 </p><p>離苦的修行方法具體來說有很多,可以概括爲<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%92" class="mw-disambig" title="戒">戒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="定">定</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A7" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="慧">慧</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%B8" title="三學">三學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%81%96%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="八聖道">八聖道</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E9%81%93%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="三十七道品">三十七道品</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="三法印、三相"><span id=".E4.B8.89.E6.B3.95.E5.8D.B0.E3.80.81.E4.B8.89.E7.9B.B8"></span>三法印、三相</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节:三法印、三相"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%B0" title="三法印">三法印</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="三相 (佛教)">三相 (佛教)</a></div> <p>三法印是:「諸行無常印、諸法無我印、涅槃寂靜印」。 北傳佛教主張凡符合此三原則的,便是佛正法,有如世間印信,用為證明,故名法印。南傳佛教說諸行有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="三相 (佛教)">三相</a>,就是無常、苦、無我,而不說三法印,其實概念相差無幾。涅槃不是諸<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="行 (佛教)">行</a>所以涅槃沒有<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%B8%B8" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="無常">無常</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="苦 (佛教)">苦</a>,不過因為「諸法無我」所以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>也是無我。 </p> <ul><li>諸行<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%B8%B8" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="無常">無常</a>:是說一切世間法無時不在生住異滅中,過去有的,現在起了變異,現在有的,將來終歸於滅;</li> <li>諸法<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" title="無我">無我</a>:是說在一切有為無為的諸法中,無有我的實體;所謂我的存在只是想像出來的不合現實的主觀概念。</li> <li>涅槃寂靜:是說<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>解脫的境界,滅除一切生死的痛苦,無為安樂,故涅槃是寂靜的。涅槃是梵語音譯,意譯就是止息、熄滅、寂靜。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="四聖諦"><span id=".E5.9B.9B.E8.81.96.E8.AB.A6"></span>四聖諦</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节:四聖諦"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%96%E8%AB%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="四聖諦">四聖諦</a></div> <p>根据佛教傳統,<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%96%E8%AB%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="四聖諦">四聖諦</a>(苦集灭道)學說是部派佛教的教義核心。這裡的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="諦 (佛教)">諦</a>的意思是真諦、真實,即真理。 </p> <ol><li>苦諦:有八种苦。佛教認為人生在世,谁也免不了生老病死。這些苦難不會因為人死亡結束,因為人死之後不是徹底消失,仍然會輪迴不息,不論在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%8D%84" title="地獄">地獄</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="人 (佛教)">人間</a>還是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="天堂">天堂</a>,苦總是存在的,只是程度不同罷了<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。佛教還認為,世間的物質和心理都是變化不定的,這叫做<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%B8%B8" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="無常">無常</a>。對眾生來說,因為於無常敗壞法起貪著,則將造成身心的熾燃大苦,因此說無常故苦。</li> <li>集諦:集諦是講苦產生的原因<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。佛教認為世上沒有無因之果,也沒有無果之因。有情眾生之所以會受苦,在於因無明而於六根觸受起愛執,而導致後有生死的純大苦聚集,這個過程稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%BC%98%E8%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="十二缘起">十二緣起</a>。</li> <li>滅諦:又名尽谛,灭谓灭二十五有,寂灭涅槃,尽三界结业烦恼,永无生死患累。佛教認為只要是輪迴,就無法避免會受苦。有情眾生要想從苦中真正地、徹底地解脫出來,只有脫離輪迴這一個辦法。<sup id="cite_ref-ctworld-a07_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctworld-a07-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>道諦:為了脫離輪迴,必須進行修行。佛陀給出的方法主要為戒、定、慧<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%B8" title="三學">三學</a>。依<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%81%96%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="八聖道">八聖道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E9%81%93%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="三十七道品">三十七道品</a>,便可以達到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>,永遠從輪迴中解脫出來,证得<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89" title="阿罗汉">阿罗汉</a>果。<sup id="cite_ref-ctworld-a07_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctworld-a07-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="十二因缘"><span id=".E5.8D.81.E4.BA.8C.E5.9B.A0.E7.BC.98"></span>十二因缘</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节:十二因缘"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%A0%E7%BC%98" title="十二因缘">十二因缘</a></div> <p>十二缘起明确的讲述了三世因果的关系。 佛教認為,世間萬法都是依因緣而生,依因緣而存在。世上沒有不依靠其他事物而獨立存在的東西,任何事物都是因緣合和而成;沒有什麼東西能夠不受其他事物的影響,也沒有什麼東西能夠不影響任何其他事物;任何事物都有前因,也有後果,而這種因果關係構成了一個無始無終的鏈條。且依因緣而生之一切,也隨著現象的生起,而損耗其賴之生起的因緣,是故世間一切皆無法恆常。十二因緣具體內容:“<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%98%8E" title="无明">無明</a>緣<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-disambig" title="行">行</a>,行緣<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%98" title="識">識</a>,識緣<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%89%B2" title="名色">名色</a>,名色緣<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%85%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="六入">六入</a>,六入緣<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%B8" class="mw-disambig" title="觸">觸</a>,觸緣<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97" title="受">受</a>,受緣<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B" title="愛">愛</a>,愛緣<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%96" class="mw-redirect" title="取">取</a>,取緣<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89" class="mw-disambig" title="有">有</a>,有緣<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F" class="mw-disambig" title="生">生</a>,生緣老病死憂悲惱苦”,其中: </p> <ul><li>前世由「無明」愚痴引发「行」业力,然后进入下一世。</li> <li>六入處所引發的運作稱為「觸」,由觸引發苦受、樂受、不苦不樂受(簡稱為「捨受」),及聯想和意志行為。</li> <li>由樂受引發貪愛,苦受引發排斥,此為「愛」。由愛則覺得五蘊是自己所擁有,進而誤以為有我,此種執取稱為「取」,同「行」的定義。</li> <li>由取而引發「有」,有的意義即為「識緣名色、名色緣識」的循環。這部份為「無明緣行,行緣識,識緣名色,名色緣識」的具體展現。</li> <li>有「識緣名色、名色緣識」的循環,即稱為「生」,由生則不可避免的遭遇生命中種種痛苦,乃至於死亡。</li></ul> <p>修<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BF%B5%E5%A4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="四念处">四念處</a>修到斷除無明後就會斷除十二因緣<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,結束輪迴。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="四念處"><span id=".E5.9B.9B.E5.BF.B5.E8.99.95"></span>四念處</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节:四念處"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BF%B5%E5%A4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="四念处">四念處</a></div> <p>四念处是指四个安顿心念的处所。要义为如实观察,即如实观身、如实观受、如实观心、如实观法。四念处也可为“观身不净、观受是苦、观心无常、观法无我”。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>不管是要成為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9F%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="辟支佛">辟支佛</a>、佛的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BE%85%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="阿羅漢">阿羅漢</a>弟子都必須修四念處如實覺知五蘊的剎那生滅<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>及無常、苦、無我<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>才有辦法證悟四道、四果、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>、斷除所有煩惱脫離輪迴<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="菩薩道"><span id=".E8.8F.A9.E8.96.A9.E9.81.93"></span>菩薩道</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节:菩薩道"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BC%A0%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="南传菩萨道">南傳菩薩道</a>》:</dt></dl> <ul><li>聲聞道必須發願成為佛的聲聞聖弟子,累積<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="十波羅密">十波羅蜜</a>,經由聽聞佛法修<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BF%B5%E5%A4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="四念处">四念處</a>如實覺知五蘊的剎那生滅<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>及無常、苦、無我<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>然後證悟四道、四果、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>,四個道智會按照次第斷除对三界的所有貪愛,最後會脱离三界轮回,成為無漏的阿羅漢弟子。</li> <li>獨覺道必須發願成為獨覺,累積十波羅蜜修行最少兩大<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%83%A7%E7%A5%87" title="阿僧祇">阿僧祇</a>加上十萬大<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AB" class="mw-disambig" title="劫">劫</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,辟支菩薩在最後一世前修四念處最多只會證得第十一觀智行捨智不會覺悟不會證得四道、四果、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>,辟支菩薩在最後一世無佛教時代會自修<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BF%B5%E5%A4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="四念处">四念處</a>如實覺知五蘊的剎那生滅及無常、苦、無我然後無師自悟自證四道、四果、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>成為<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9F%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="辟支佛">辟支佛</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E9%81%93" title="菩薩道">菩薩道</a>必須發願成為佛,修行修到被佛授記未來成佛才能稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="菩薩">菩薩</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="菩薩">菩薩</a>必須累積十波羅蜜修行最少四大<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%83%A7%E7%A5%87" title="阿僧祇">阿僧祇</a>加上十萬大<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AB" class="mw-disambig" title="劫">劫</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="菩薩">菩薩</a>必須修<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BF%B5%E5%A4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="四念处">四念處</a>才有成佛的機會,不修<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BF%B5%E5%A4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="四念处">四念處</a>就無法成佛<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="菩薩">菩薩</a>在最後一世前修四念處最多只會證得第十一觀智行捨智不會覺悟不會證得四道、四果、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>,所以<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="菩薩">菩薩</a>在最後一世成佛前是沒覺悟證果的「凡夫」<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="菩薩">菩薩</a>在最後一世無佛教時代會自修<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BF%B5%E5%A4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="四念处">四念處</a>如實覺知五蘊的剎那生滅及無常、苦、無我然後無師自悟自證四道、四果、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>成為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 。</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="北傳佛教">北傳佛教</a>菩薩道:</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>的菩萨道以<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%BA%A6" title="六度">六度</a>(北傳六波羅密)<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%91%84" class="mw-redirect" title="四摄">四摄</a>为主,以三大<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%83%A7%E7%A5%87" title="阿僧祇">阿僧祇</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AB" class="mw-disambig" title="劫">劫</a>時間累積福德、智慧,饒益眾生,最終证得无上圆满的佛菩提。对於發心修大乘者,需勉励行持善法,令菩提心不退失。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="佛教世界观"><span id=".E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E8.A7.82"></span>佛教世界观</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节:佛教世界观"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E9%96%93" title="世間">世间</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="三界">三界</a></div> <p>佛教世界观沿革自婆罗门教,佛陀用一切知智观见世界的过去、现在、未来的样貌,并向人们宣说。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="世界"><span id=".E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C"></span>世界</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节:世界"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%83%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="大千世界">大千世界</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99#佛教宇宙觀" title="宇宙">宇宙 § 佛教宇宙觀</a></div> <p>众生无止息地<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E4%B8%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="造业">造业</a>,有因就有果,善业必有善报,恶业必有恶报,谓之<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%AD_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="業 (佛教)">业力</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="因果论 (佛教)">因果</a>。因<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%97%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="众生">众生</a>共同的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%AD%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="業力">业力</a>(共业),形成了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E9%96%93" title="世間">世间</a>,因为众生各自造业情况不同(个业),受<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E5%A0%B1" title="果報">报</a>和感受到的样子又各有不同。 </p><p>世间分为有情世间和器世间,其中按环境和众生的心态行为特征又分为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="三界">三界</a>——<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%B2%E7%95%8C" title="欲界">欲界</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%95%8C" title="色界">色界</a>(无欲但有物质<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="色身">色身</a>)、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%89%B2%E7%95%8C" title="无色界">无色界</a>(色身亦无, 只有意识存在)。有情世间即六道众生,通俗讲就是生命体,看得见看不见的都属於此。器世间即器物、山水、国土等非众生类。 </p><p>所谓<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="世界">世界</a>(梵语:lokadhatu)即世间。一个<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" class="mw-disambig" title="小世界">小世界</a>裡有一座<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BB%E5%BC%A5%E5%B1%B1" title="须弥山">须弥山</a>,世界围绕须弥山而安立,周围有<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%B2" title="四大部洲">四大部洲</a>和九山八海。须弥山下是地狱,往上及上部虚空是人间、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%B2%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A9" title="欲界天">欲界天</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="色界天">色界天</a>。一千个小世界为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E5%8D%83%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小千世界(页面不存在)">小千世界</a>,一千个小千世界为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%83%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中千世界(页面不存在)">中千世界</a>,一千个中千世界为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%83%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="大千世界">大千世界</a>。小千世界、中千世界、大千世界合稱「三千大千世界」,並非說“三千個大千世界”。大乘佛教认为所有世界中有无数无量的佛陀在各自的三千大千世界中出世和度化众生。 </p><p>我们現在所居的地球位於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%91%E5%A9%86%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="娑婆世界">娑婆世界</a>的南方<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%B4%8D%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%B2" title="南贍部洲">南赡部洲</a>(又译为阎浮提洲)。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="起源"><span id=".E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>起源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节:起源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%91%E5%A9%86%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="娑婆世界">娑婆世界</a></div> <p>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B7%E4%B8%96%E7%BB%8F" title="起世经">起世经</a>》中描述了世界的起源。 </p><p>世界的起源并非由任何<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E4%B8%96%E7%A5%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="創世神">创世神</a>所造,它是由众生共业感召而得。所有事物都有<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E4%BD%8F%E5%9D%8F%E7%A9%BA" title="成住坏空">成住坏空</a>四个阶段,又称为成劫、住劫、坏劫、空劫,意为生成、维持、崩坏、消亡,然后一次次轮回。我们的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%91%E5%A9%86%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="娑婆世界">娑婆世界</a>也是如此。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E5%A7%8B%E5%8A%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无始劫(页面不存在)">无始劫</a>来,娑婆世界毁灭後又重生,重生又毁灭。就时间来说,过去叫庄严劫,现在叫贤劫,未来叫<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E5%AE%BF%E5%8A%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="星宿劫(页面不存在)">星宿劫</a>;<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%A2%E5%8A%AB" title="賢劫">贤劫</a>有千佛出世,释迦牟尼佛之前的佛陀为[[迦叶佛|迦<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80905552">.mw-parser-output ruby.zy{text-align:justify;text-justify:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rp{user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt{font-feature-settings:"ruby"1;font-size:90%;user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt+rt{padding-left:0.15em}</style><ruby class="zy center"><rb>葉</rb><rp>(</rp><rt lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">shè</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>佛]],依次前推有<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E5%8E%BB%E4%B8%83%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="过去七佛">过去七佛</a>之称,之後的佛陀为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A5%E5%8B%92%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="弥勒佛">弥勒佛</a>——大乘佛教《弥勒上生经》认为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A5%E5%8B%92%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="弥勒菩萨">弥勒菩萨</a>目前住在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%9C%E7%8E%87%E9%99%80%E5%A4%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="兜率陀天">兜率陀天</a>内院净土等待下生成佛;每个小<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AB_(%E6%99%82%E9%96%93)" title="劫 (時間)">劫</a>又有增劫、减劫之分,所谓增减,是谓人的寿命,以此推断时间。目前处在贤劫的住劫阶段的减劫。 </p><p>世界当处在坏劫时开始毁坏,由火、水、风三大灾依次破坏。火灾时七轮太阳当空,欲界与色界<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E7%A6%85%E5%A4%A9" title="初禅天">初禅天</a>悉烧成灰烬;水灾时雨水、“沸灰”(猶如硫酸可腐蝕)不断,洪水泛滥,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%A6%85%E5%A4%A9" title="二禅天">二禅天</a>悉被浸没;风灾时巨风旋刮,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%A6%85%E5%A4%A9" title="三禅天">三禅天</a>悉被飘散。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%A6%AA%E5%A4%A9" title="四禪天">四禅天</a>以上则不受影响,而二禪天的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%9F%B3%E5%A4%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="光音天">光音天</a>则不被火灾影响。当火灾开始时,众生见到大灾现前,悉皆忏悔过往恶业,开始修<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%96%84" title="十善">十善</a>,因善业故悉皆往生到<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%9F%B3%E5%A4%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="光音天">光音天</a>。成劫时,世界初成,自三禅天而下次第生成,直至器世间成立风、水、金三元素(轮),于金轮上生成<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BB%E5%BC%A5%E5%B1%B1" title="须弥山">须弥山</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%83%E9%87%91%E5%B1%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="七金山(页面不存在)">七金山</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%B2" title="四大部洲">四大部洲</a>等。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%9F%B3%E5%A4%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="光音天">光音天</a>人依次下生到各界,最後至人间<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>最初,下生人间的天人尚有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%80%9A" title="神通">神通</a>,可以<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E5%A4%A9" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="飞天">飞天</a>。因共业现前,地上自然长出叫「地肥」的味美之物,有人食之而喜,常来採食,故这些人身体逐渐粗厚,不复光明,神通消失,不再如天人以喜悦意念为食,而必须以地肥为食,久後面目變醜;有的光音天则因食用较少,仍保持天人的模样。这样就有了美醜之分,并有了嫉妒心和傲慢心<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。此後,地肥逐渐消失,地上又生出粳米,人们便以粳米为食。时间一长,有些<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%B2%E6%9C%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="欲望">欲望</a>較重之人转生爲女身,人间又有了男女之分,且男女间产生情欲<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。開始人们厭惡情愛之事,但凡有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E6%85%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行慾(页面不存在)">行慾</a>者,人共驅逐,被逐者三個月過後才能返回群體中;後來,縱慾者漸多,人們建築房屋以為遮蔽,不令人看見,女人此時開始<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B7%E5%AD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="懷孕">懷孕</a>,人類出生的方式從自然<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F" title="化生">化生</a>變為懷孕<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E7%94%9F" title="胎生">胎生</a>。人类越生越多,粳米不够採食,人們爭相囤积,粳米變少,地上生出了糠秕之米。人們為了長久有米可食,便劃分田產用於種植。又有人蓄藏销售,有人抢夺,而必须靠义人裁断,另一些看到人性變惡生出厭離心,便<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6" title="出家">出家</a>修禪,也有不<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%90%E7%A6%AA" title="坐禪">坐禪</a>而喜好傳講經典,祭祀天地者。於是就有了<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E4%BA%BA" title="商人">商人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="農人">农人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E8%80%81" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="長老">長老</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E5%8F%B8" title="祭司">祭司</a>等職業之別(经中用印度<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%A7%93" class="mw-redirect" title="种姓">种姓</a>来表述,当为譬喻),又由此成立王室和国家。又因为人类造业反復,又有了<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%9C%E7%94%9F%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="畜生道">畜生道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A5%BF%E9%AC%BC%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="饿鬼道">饿鬼道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%8D%84%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="地獄道">地狱道</a>的生成。至此,世界终成。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="佛教經典"><span id=".E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99.E7.B6.93.E5.85.B8"></span>佛教經典</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节:佛教經典"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="佛經">佛經</a></div> <p>佛教典籍最初來自佛弟子的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E7%B5%90" class="mw-redirect" title="集結">集結</a>。集結成的「<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="經藏">經藏</a>」又名「素怛纜藏」。「律」音譯為「<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%98%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="毘尼">毘尼</a>」,故「<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="律藏">律藏</a>」也可稱為「毘尼藏」;「<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%97%8F" title="論藏">論藏</a>」音譯為「<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="阿毘達磨藏">阿毘達磨藏</a>」。佛教各部派所傳的早期經藏、律藏內容相似,而論藏則不同。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="巴利律藏">巴利律藏</a>》記載佛宣說論藏<sup id="cite_ref-《巴利律藏》_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-《巴利律藏》-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,巴利<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%9F%AF%E8%80%B6" title="尼柯耶">經藏</a>記載佛世有「阿毘達磨、阿毘毘奈耶」的說法<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%83%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93)" title="小部 (佛經)">小部</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="本生經">本生經</a>記載菩薩曾經追隨憍陳如佛、弗沙佛、迦葉佛出家學習<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%97%8F" title="論藏">論藏</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8" title="阿毘達磨">阿毘達磨</a>,菩薩成佛後第四七日後花了七天在菩提樹之西北方的「寶之家」思考<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%97%8F" title="論藏">論藏</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8" title="阿毘達磨">阿毘達磨</a>的內容<sup id="cite_ref-本生經_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-本生經-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。學術界對早期集結是否包括論藏並無定論。多數學者認為,阿毘達磨是對經藏教義的逐步發展,解釋,進一步闡述,組織和系統化。經律中「阿毘達磨」經常與「阿毘毘奈耶」一起出現,但這個術語並不一定指現在標準化的論藏。<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>學術界普遍認為<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="初期佛教">初期佛教</a>典籍可能包含了佛陀的話,也有學者主張其大部份內容是佛陀的話。<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>廣義的佛教典籍包含了注疏、佛教史傳、佛教目錄、佛教著作等多方面內容,中國將這樣的佛教廣義佛教經典的匯總成為「<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="大藏经">大藏經</a>」,或一切經。藏傳佛教將經典劃分為<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E7%8F%A0%E7%88%BE" title="甘珠爾">甘珠爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E7%8F%A0%E7%88%BE" title="丹珠爾">丹珠爾</a>兩部。南傳佛教則使用<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="三藏">三藏</a>的名稱。由於在稱呼上各地不同,所指也有微妙差別,所以在翻譯上中國習慣使用《大藏經》翻譯其他系統佛教的經典,如稱呼南傳佛教經典為《巴利大藏經》等,而歐美學界經常使用三藏的稱呼<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(也有采用日文「大藏經」的音譯稱呼者,但相對較少)。在佛典中明確說明,佛陀允許弟子使用方言傳授佛法和記誦經典。學術界對於佛經歷史版本的研究,著重於佛經在流傳中的變化,以及哪些是佛陀時代的教法,哪些是後來的發展。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="信徒与称谓"><span id=".E4.BF.A1.E5.BE.92.E4.B8.8E.E7.A7.B0.E8.B0.93"></span>信徒与称谓</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节:信徒与称谓"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="信徒分類"><span id=".E4.BF.A1.E5.BE.92.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>信徒分類</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节:信徒分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>佛教徒可分為<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6%E7%9C%BE" title="出家眾">出家眾</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%B6%E7%9C%BE" title="在家眾">在家眾</a>。出家眾再細分出<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="比丘">比丘</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98%E5%B0%BC" title="比丘尼">比丘尼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%BD%8C" title="沙彌">沙彌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%BD%8C%E5%B0%BC" title="沙彌尼">沙彌尼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%8F%E5%8F%89%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="式叉摩尼">式叉摩尼</a>,稱五眾;在家眾依照性別可分為<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A1%9E" title="優婆塞">優婆塞</a>﹝男性﹞、<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A4%B7" title="優婆夷">優婆夷</a>﹝女性﹞等二眾。兩者合稱<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E7%9C%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="七眾">七眾</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="僧人形象"><span id=".E5.83.A7.E4.BA.BA.E5.BD.A2.E8.B1.A1"></span>僧人形象</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节:僧人形象"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="衣著"><span id=".E8.A1.A3.E8.91.97"></span>衣著</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节:衣著"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%88%E8%A3%9F" title="袈裟">袈裟</a></div> <p>袈裟(梵语:kāṣāya; 巴利语:kasāva),意译坏色衣、不正色,因佛陀规定袈裟不能染为正色(亮色、纯色)而得名;又称为福田衣、田相衣,以袈裟上的分割方块似田界而得名,又喻众生见福田衣知是出家人,心生欢喜,愿意供养,培植福田。 </p><p>有大中小三件,大者名<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD%E6%A2%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="僧伽梨">僧伽梨</a>又名九条衣、大衣,中者名<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%88%E8%A3%9F#三衣" title="袈裟">郁多罗</a>又名七条衣,小者名<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%99%80%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="安陀会">安陀会</a>又名五条衣。为不同场合所穿着,合称<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A1%A3" title="三衣">三衣</a>,出家人的戒律中有「三衣不离身」之说,传统佛教的僧人要随身携带三衣。 </p><p>袈裟沿革自印度,故继承了印度传统服装偏袒右肩的样式,是非常明显的特征,佛说三世诸佛都是穿着同样样式的袈裟而成佛的<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。现今南传佛教的袈裟仍为日常穿着,不同国家的传承略有样式上的区别。而佛教初入汉地时,汉人将其改良为和传统服装<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%8D" title="汉服">汉服</a>相配合,袈裟逐渐成为表法,只有法会时才穿着;不过,<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%8A%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="宣化上人">宣化上人</a>也批评出家人不着袈裟的现象,而在他的道场<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E4%BD%9B%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="万佛城">万佛城</a>嚴厲推行袈裟不离身的祖制。在藏地,袈裟也根据当地风格有些变化,不同的教派的袈裟也有颜色上的区别;漢傳袈裟傳到日本後,因為歷史原因,還發展出「<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A2%88%E8%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="半袈裟">半袈裟</a>」這樣純粹表法而忽略了衣著意義的樣式。 </p><p>在汉地,發展出<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%9D%92_(%E6%9C%8D%E8%A3%9D)" class="mw-redirect" title="海青 (服裝)">海青</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AF%B6%E9%A0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="三寶領">三寶領</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B4%E8%A3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="直裰(页面不存在)">直裰</a>等僧袍樣式,為法師日常穿著,海清不涉及袈裟樣式,不帶田相,故居士在法會上也能穿著。在法會上,漢地僧還有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E4%BD%9B%E5%86%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五佛冠(页面不存在)">五佛冠</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%83%E4%BD%9B%E8%A1%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="千佛衣(页面不存在)">千佛衣</a>等穿著,歷史上還有帝王御賜<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E8%A2%88%E8%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="紫袈裟">紫袈裟</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="形象"><span id=".E5.BD.A2.E8.B1.A1"></span>形象</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节:形象"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>佛教僧人區別於人的形象最易辨認的特點是<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%83%E5%85%89%E5%A4%B4" title="剃光头">光頭</a>或短髮。佛陀昔時用刀割斷頭髮出家,就被婆羅門教沙門蔑稱為「禿髮者」;後來他成佛後頭頂長出聖人<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%9B%B8" title="三十二相">三十二相</a>之一的<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89%E9%AB%BB" title="肉髻">肉髻</a>,便蓄有少量的頭髮用於遮擋肉髻。 </p><p>佛教認為頭髮過多會讓人生起對色相的執著(可以理解為熱衷打扮,忘記修行要務),故稱頭髮為「煩惱絲」,但一般可以留二指併攏的長度(約3釐米)。所以原始佛教的僧侶需要隨身帶<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%92%E5%88%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戒刀(页面不存在)">戒刀</a>,用於切割衣料製作袈裟,以及切割頭髮等。在藏傳佛教中,由於太陽<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="紫外線">紫外線</a>极強,一般都蓄有二指長的頭髮遮擋紫外線。在漢地,由於宋代的歷史原因,曾有燙<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%92%E7%96%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戒疤(页面不存在)">戒疤</a>的習慣,現代已廢除,只留有剃髮光頭這一特徵。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="法名、法號"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.90.8D.E3.80.81.E6.B3.95.E8.99.9F"></span>法名、法號</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节:法名、法號"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="法名">法名</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="法號">法號</a>為佛教徒的宗教稱號。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="法名">法名</a>为出家人的名字,与俗名相对。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="法號">法號</a>義爲教徒的稱號,僧人可取,在俗居士也可取。 </p><p>在大乘佛教中,佛教的信徒自谓<b>佛弟子</b>,义爲佛的弟子;其中,佛教出家人也自谓<b>佛子</b>,义爲佛的孩子。汉传佛教更是自<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%8B" title="东晋">东晋</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E9%81%93%E5%AE%89" title="釋道安">释道安</a>法师起确立了以释迦牟尼佛之“释”字爲姓氏的传统,僧人<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="法名">法名</a>前均冠以“释”姓,如印光大师爲<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E5%8D%B0%E5%85%89" title="释印光">释印光</a>,越南一行禅师为<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E4%B8%80%E8%A1%8C" title="釋一行">释一行</a>;但其他地區均無此俗,而以名表意。如<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9%E7%A5%96%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="達摩祖師">達摩祖師</a>的名“達摩”即是梵語dharma,“法”、“佛法”的意思,并不叫「释迦达摩」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="稱謂"><span id=".E7.A8.B1.E8.AC.82"></span>稱謂</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节:稱謂"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="出家眾"><span id=".E5.87.BA.E5.AE.B6.E7.9C.BE"></span>出家眾</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节:出家眾"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6#頭銜與僧職" title="佛教修行制度">佛教修行制度 § 頭銜與僧職</a></div> <p>对于出家众,有多種稱呼。因佛教誕生古印度於“沙門思潮”,故佛教出家人亦稱<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%96%80" title="沙門">沙門</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>:<span lang="sa">śramaṇa</span>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="巴利語">巴利語</a>:<span lang="pi">samaṇa</span>);因是<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="出家 (佛教)">出家</a>求道,故稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="出家人 (佛教)">出家人</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="巴利語">巴利語</a>:<span lang="pi">anagarika</span>);因是<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="僧團">僧伽團體</a>之一員,故稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="僧">僧</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD" title="僧伽">僧伽</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="巴利語">巴利語</a>:<span lang="pi">Saṅgha</span>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>:<span lang="sa">Saṃgha</span>)等。一般尊称爲<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%88" title="法师">法师</a>(梵語:dharma-bhāṇaka,巴利语:dhamma-kathika;原是一類僧職,義爲說法教授的僧師,後成爲僧人的尊稱)、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E8%80%81" class="mw-disambig" title="长老">长老</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="上座 (佛教)">上座</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>:Sthavira,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="巴利语">巴利语</a>:Thera)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8A%E8%80%85" title="尊者">尊者</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="圣者">聖者</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>:ārya,義爲尊聖的)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-disambig" title="大德">大德</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="梵文">梵文</a> :bhadanta),这在各个佛教宗派都爲常见称谓,尤其在南傳上座部更為常用。 </p><p>在汉地,也称<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B0%9A" title="和尚">和尚</a>(本是教授师之意,现已变爲僧人的代称)、師父(不作師傅)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA" title="出家人">出家人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="僧人">僧人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BE%A3" class="mw-disambig" title="僧侣">僧侣</a>,还有称呼如大师(原指佛陀,後指高僧,現代爲俗称,不独用於佛教)、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%83%A7" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="高僧">高僧</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E8%80%85" class="mw-disambig" title="行者">行者</a>(谓修行人,一般指僧人,在俗居士也可自称)、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="道人">道人</a>(義爲修道之人、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E4%BA%BA" title="上人">上人</a>等。在佛道相互吸收影響的過程中,也有僧人自稱<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E4%BA%BA" title="真人">真人</a>)等;另有被<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a>吸收的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8F%E6%8C%81" title="住持">住持</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%88" class="mw-disambig" title="方丈">方丈</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%B7%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-disambig" title="執事">執事</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%A3%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="監院(页面不存在)">監院</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E5%AE%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="知客">知客</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%A3%AB" title="道士">道士</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="道人">道人</a>等教職稱呼。 </p><p>在藏傳佛教中,也有<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="喇嘛">喇嘛</a>(義爲<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="上師">上師</a>)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%AA%E5%B8%83" title="堪布">堪布</a>(教授師的藏譯,即等於漢地的阿阇梨本意,一般為寺院法师)、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%87" title="仁波切">仁波切</a>(寧波車,義爲珍寶)、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="达赖">达赖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E7%A6%85" class="mw-redirect" title="班禅">班禅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="活佛">活佛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD%E5%B8%AB" title="瑜伽師">瑜伽師</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD%E5%A3%AB" title="瑜伽士">瑜伽士</a>等稱呼。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="在家眾"><span id=".E5.9C.A8.E5.AE.B6.E7.9C.BE"></span>在家眾</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节:在家眾"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在家眾分為<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A1%9E" title="優婆塞">優婆塞</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>:<span lang="sa">Upāsaka</span>)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A4%B7" title="優婆夷">優婆夷</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>:<span lang="sa">Upāsikā</span>)二者,又稱<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E7%BD%97%E8%B6%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="迦罗越">迦罗越</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>:<span lang="sa">gṛhapati</span>),漢譯<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB" title="居士">居士</a>、在家居士。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="戒律"><span id=".E6.88.92.E5.BE.8B"></span>戒律</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节:戒律"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%88%92%E5%BE%8B" title="佛教戒律">佛教戒律</a></div> <p>作为出家众的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="比丘">比丘</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98%E5%B0%BC" title="比丘尼">比丘尼</a>须受<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B7%E8%B6%B3%E6%88%92" title="具足戒">具足戒</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%BD%8C" title="沙彌">沙弥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%BD%8C%E5%B0%BC" title="沙彌尼">沙弥尼</a>须受<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%BD%8C%E6%88%92" class="mw-redirect" title="沙彌戒">沙弥戒</a>十條,<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%8F%E5%8F%89%E6%91%A9%E9%82%A3" title="式叉摩那">式叉摩那</a>则受六戒。出家众的戒律要比在家众详细得多,漢傳佛教比丘的具足戒共250條,比丘尼则有348條;南傳佛教比丘的具足戒為227條。沙弥、沙弥尼和式叉摩那因为是向正式的比丘和比丘尼过渡的阶段,故戒條少得多。按照佛制,比丘和比丘尼当在每月的月初和月中举行<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="布萨">布萨</a>,学习戒律,若有犯戒律需要忏悔者则当众<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%8F%E6%82%94" title="忏悔">忏悔</a>。 </p><p>在家众的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB" title="居士">居士</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="女居士">女居士</a>在皈依後可以遵守<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%88%92" title="五戒">五戒</a>;五戒分別是:(一)不<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%80%E7%94%9F" title="杀生">殺生</a>,不殺害任何一切動物或<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%83%85" title="有情">有情</a>的生物。(二)不<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%B7%E7%9B%97" class="mw-redirect" title="偷盗">偷盜</a>,不偷竊、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%90%E9%A8%99" title="詐騙">詐騙</a>或劫取別人<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%8C%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="金錢">銀錢</a>物品。(三)不<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%AA%E6%B7%AB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="邪淫">邪淫</a>,男人不和「別人守護的女人」性交<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。(四)不<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E8%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="說謊">妄語</a>,不<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E8%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="說謊">說謊</a>,不<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%88%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="詈語">詈罵</a>,不說誇大不實的話。(五)不<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%B2%E9%85%92" class="mw-redirect" title="飲酒">飲酒</a>,不飲用非<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E9%85%92" class="mw-redirect" title="药酒">藥酒</a>的酒精飲料。不殺生是為了培養對眾生的慈悲心,偷盜和邪淫是世間法禁止的罪行,不飲酒不是為了避免酒精亂性而破壞團體生活的秩序,而是因為酒精麻醉的作用降低智慧。守五戒是為了得到持戒的功德和利益,就算暫時不能持戒,一樣可以先信佛,先發願、歸依佛法僧、布施。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%88%92" title="五戒">五戒</a>之外還有更進一步的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%96%84%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="十善業">十善業</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%96%84%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="十善業">十善業</a>中的善口業除了不妄語也包括不<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E8%88%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="兩舌">兩舌</a>、不惡口、不<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%BA%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="綺語(页面不存在)">綺語</a>。在家眾可以持的戒律除了五戒、十善業外,還有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E9%97%9C%E9%BD%8B%E6%88%92" title="八關齋戒">八关斋戒</a>。東南亞國家還有在家男眾短期出家(持出家戒)以獲得功德的習俗。<sup id="cite_ref-BennMeeks2009_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennMeeks2009-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>此外<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="漢傳佛教">漢傳佛教</a>在家众可以持<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E7%B6%B2%E7%B6%93_(%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="梵網經 (大乘佛教)">梵網經</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E6%88%92" title="菩薩戒">菩薩戒</a>。藏傳佛教有藏傳菩薩戒。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="佛教藝術"><span id=".E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99.E8.97.9D.E8.A1.93"></span>佛教藝術</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节:佛教藝術"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="音樂"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E6.A8.82"></span>音樂</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节:音樂"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="佛教音樂">佛教音樂</a></div> <p>漢地稱爲梵音、梵樂,因佛教誕生於印度文明區,所運用的音樂形式和乐器也是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="印度音乐">印度式</a>的,它们隨著佛教在全球一同傳播,又与当地音乐相融合。如吹奏樂器印度嗩吶(shehnai,源自古波斯)傳入漢地,變成了今天的<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%A9%E5%90%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="嗩吶">嗩吶</a>,等等。藏地佛教樂器融合了印度式、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E6%95%99" title="苯教">苯教</a>式的,形成了獨具風格的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9C%E9%92%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铜钦(页面不存在)">铜钦</a>。 </p><p>另外,印度诸宗教重视唱诵,它富於节奏感,方便记忆,这也被带入佛教传统中。汉地称之为<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E5%94%84" title="梵唄">梵呗</a>,唱颂梵呗时多用<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E9%B1%BC" title="木鱼">木鱼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%83" title="铃">铃</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="磬">磬</a>伴奏,且各地有各地的风格,各成一派,如天津梵呗、重庆上江梵呗。 </p><p>現代佛曲也有較大發展,和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="新世紀音樂">新世紀</a>風格相融合,如台灣佛曲作者<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%85%A7%E9%9F%B3" title="黄慧音">黃慧音</a>等;也有部分輕柔舒緩的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="輕音樂">輕音樂</a>,用以幫助<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD" title="瑜伽">瑜伽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A5%E6%83%B3" title="冥想">冥想</a>,另外還有與<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="金屬音樂">金屬音樂</a>風格相融合,成為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="佛教金屬">佛教金屬</a>受到年輕人的歡迎,如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣">台灣</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9%E6%A8%82%E5%9C%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="達摩樂團(页面不存在)">達摩樂團</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="雕塑造像、繪畫"><span id=".E9.9B.95.E5.A1.91.E9.80.A0.E5.83.8F.E3.80.81.E7.B9.AA.E7.95.AB"></span>雕塑造像、繪畫</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节:雕塑造像、繪畫"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="佛教藝術">佛教藝術</a></div> <p>原始佛教没有雕塑绘画的习惯,多以佛陀的脚印、法轮作为礼拜目标,意义更多的是表法。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a>时期,佛教雕塑渐多,对於各种故事的塑画表现也较常见。其中最负盛名的代表是希腊式的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%8D%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="犍陀罗">犍陀罗</a>式樣。随着佛教的全球传播,造像雕塑在各地都融合本地风格,发展出各自独特的审美。如缅甸佛像多用玉雕,形象饱满;<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国">泰</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E6%97%8F" title="傣族">傣</a>地区喜欢用<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="黄金">黄金</a>,有<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B4%E9%87%91" title="贴金">贴金</a>的习惯,佛像头顶的髮髻尖聳;藏地形象注重线条的柔美和手持法器的象征表现,菩萨造像通常腰部较细,并发展出佛像<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%8D%A1" title="唐卡">唐卡</a>;汉地的雕塑绘画受佛教影响有了较大进步和改良,从寫意轉變向更加注重寫實,并發展出<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="經變">經變</a>等美術形式,<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明</a>後佛像面相飽滿富態,耳垂較長,僧衣的褶皺生動。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文学、戏剧"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.A6.E3.80.81.E6.88.8F.E5.89.A7"></span>文学、戏剧</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节:文学、戏剧"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教文学(页面不存在)">佛教文学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="佛经">佛经</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="佛經翻譯">佛經翻譯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="中國佛經翻譯史">中國佛經翻譯史</a></div> <p>佛教文学主要体现在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="佛经">佛经</a>中。佛经有一般性的结构,如以“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E6%98%AF%E6%88%91%E8%81%9E" title="如是我聞">如是我闻</a>”开头,以“流通分”结束;佛经用语朴素、简单,原始佛教多用<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="巴利文">巴利文</a>等当地方言,後也用印度雅语<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD" title="梵语">梵语</a>,汉传佛教和藏传佛教的经典主要就来自梵语系佛经(但梵语原本多数已失传),故现存的三大传承也分为巴利语系、汉语系、藏语系<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。佛教文學裡最貼近民俗的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%93%E8%A8%80" title="寓言">寓言</a>故事集《<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%96%BB%E7%B6%93" title="百喻經">百喻經</a>》。 </p><p>在佛教典籍的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="佛經翻譯">翻译</a>上也能分出大致的脉络,汉语佛经即東漢至西晉,東晉至南北朝,隋代、唐代及宋代,这期间以<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A9%E6%91%A9%E7%BE%85%E4%BB%80" class="mw-redirect" title="鳩摩羅什">鳩摩羅什</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%AB%A6" title="真諦">真諦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A9%BA" title="不空">不空</a>為「四大譯師」,爲佛经汉译和汉语言的發展做出了极大贡献,尤其是玄奘法师,提出“<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%A7%8D%E4%B8%8D%E7%BF%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="五种不翻">五种不翻</a>”,成爲一种标准。 </p><p>佛教的民俗文学主要聚焦于佛陀前世<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="本生 (佛教)">本生</a>(如《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%89%80%E8%A1%8C%E8%AE%9A" title="佛所行讚">佛所行讚</a>》)和佛弟子前世<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="本事">本事</a>,这在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="东南亚">东南亚</a>地区相当流行<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。一些佛经记载的佛世事迹也成为民俗文学再创作的一大源头,很多本土故事有和佛经故事合流的趋势,譬如在印度,佛教故事和印度教故事有相互吸收的倾向,如《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E5%A4%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婆羅摩訶多(页面不存在)">婆羅摩訶多</a>》;在<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="藏地">藏地</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%9C%B0" title="汉地">汉地</a>也较为明显,譬如蒙古族、藏族等民族史诗《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="格萨尔王">格萨尔王</a>》就有许多佛教化、苯教化的故事情节,汉地的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E8%BF%9E%E6%95%91%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="目连救母">目连救母</a>就是道教化、儒教化的佛经故事。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%88" title="漢字文化圈">中华文化圈</a>内,佛教文化早已滲入中華文化和漢語文化當中,不僅很多佛教詞語成為漢語常用詞,并在日本、朝鮮半島、越南等地廣為流傳,而且促進了民俗文化的發展。<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E8%A9%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="唐詩">唐詩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E8%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="宋词">宋詞</a>的繁榮也在某種程度上也得益于佛教文化,如詩佛<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%B6%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="王維">王維</a>的詩,很多意象是從佛教、道教而來;很多詞牌名直接就來自佛教術語,如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E8%A0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="菩薩蠻">菩薩蠻</a>。僧人在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E7%9B%B8" title="變相">變相</a>的基礎上,發展出<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%97%E8%AC%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俗講(页面不存在)">俗講</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%96%87" title="變文">變文</a>,它們起到向不識字的民眾普及佛教故事和教義的目的;在其基礎上,繼續發展出<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="說話 (文學)" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="説話"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E8%A9%B1_(%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="說話 (文學)">說話</a></span></span>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B1%E6%9C%AC" title="話本">話本</a>)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9D%E5%8D%B7" title="宝卷">寶卷</a>等民俗文學,已經不止講述佛教故事,而是將視野放到歷史典故和傳說。唐朝時的“贊文”是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%81%88" class="mw-redirect" title="佛偈">佛偈</a>的變形<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%89%87%E5%A4%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="武則天">武則天</a>就寫過著名的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%8B%E7%B6%93%E5%81%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="開經偈(页面不存在)">開經偈</a>》贊文<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝">元朝</a>時戲劇文學發展迅速,佛教故事在戲曲中也有展現。学者认为,这种现象叫「佛教文學化」和「文學佛教化」<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>近現代以來,佛教文學更有大眾化的發展態勢,由於“<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="人間佛教">人間佛教</a>”思想的影響,佛教顯露出現代化特征<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="寺院等佛教建築"><span id=".E5.AF.BA.E9.99.A2.E7.AD.89.E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99.E5.BB.BA.E7.AF.89"></span>寺院等佛教建築</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节:寺院等佛教建築"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="佛寺"><span id=".E4.BD.9B.E5.AF.BA"></span>佛寺</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节:佛寺"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%AF%BA" title="佛寺">佛寺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BA%E5%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="寺廟">寺廟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E8%88%8D" title="精舍">精舍</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E8%97%8D" title="伽藍">伽藍</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BA%E5%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="寺廟">寺廟</a></div> <p>佛教早期僧團居住在樹林中,稱爲<b>阿蘭若</b>(Aranya),簡稱蘭若,義爲樹林,引申為寂靜處、遠離世俗處。第一個供僧團居住的房舍爲<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%B9%E6%9E%97%E7%B2%BE%E8%88%8D" title="竹林精舍">竹林精舍</a>,第二個爲位於<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E8%A1%9B%E5%9F%8E" title="舍衛城">舍衛城</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%87%E6%A8%B9%E7%B5%A6%E5%AD%A4%E7%8D%A8%E5%9C%92" class="mw-redirect" title="祇樹給孤獨園">祇树给孤独园</a>。早期稱爲<b>精舍</b>(vihāra),義爲精美的房舍;“精舍”一詞原是儒家的講經學舍的稱謂,佛教傳入後被拿來作為梵語vihāra的漢譯;也稱<b>僧<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80905552"><ruby class="zy center"><rb>伽</rb><rp>(</rp><rt lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">jiā</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>藍摩</b>(samghārāma),義爲僧伽的園林,即寺院,簡稱<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E8%97%8D" title="伽藍">伽藍</a></b>。 </p><p>最早記載的佛教傳入漢地的時間是汉代,朝廷命建<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E9%A6%AC%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="白馬寺">白馬寺</a>供僧安居。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="寺">寺</a>原是朝廷的政事管理機構,共有九個,稱爲<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%AF%BA" title="九寺">九寺</a>;佛教傳入後,漸漸將“<b>寺</b>”作為了佛寺的代名詞,也稱<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BA%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="寺院">寺院</a></b>。中國傳統上將供奉佛菩薩、神祇、先祖的宗教場所均稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BA%E5%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="寺廟">寺廟</a>,甚至有的方言中還有“廟子”的稱謂,實際上佛寺不應該稱寺廟,因為寺專用於佛寺,而<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="廟">廟</a>的本意是供奉祖宗先賢,如祖廟、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="太廟">太廟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="孔廟">孔廟</a>,這些廟宇也不該稱爲“寺”。 </p><p>在中國雲南南部地區(北泰<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E6%97%8F" title="傣族">傣族</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%98%8C%E6%97%8F" title="阿昌族">阿昌族</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%98%82%E6%97%8F" title="德昂族">德昂族</a>等聚居地),上座部佛教的佛寺也被稱為<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%98%E6%88%BF" title="奘房">奘房</a></b>、<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="缅寺">缅寺</a></b>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="佛教建築"><span id=".E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99.E5.BB.BA.E7.AF.89"></span>佛教建築</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=36" title="编辑章节:佛教建築"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教建築" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhist architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教建築(页面不存在)">佛教建築</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhist architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhist architecture</span></a></span>)</span></span></div> <ul><li>漢傳:漢傳寺院一般有<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E9%96%80" title="山門">山門</a>(有的供有<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BC%E5%93%88%E4%BA%8C%E5%B0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="哼哈二將">哼哈二將</a>)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%8E%8B%E6%AE%BF" title="天王殿">天王殿</a>、彌勒殿(供奉據傳爲彌勒菩薩化身的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%A2%8B%E5%92%8C%E5%B0%9A" title="布袋和尚">布袋和尚</a>的造像)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%84%E5%AF%B6%E6%AE%BF" title="大雄寶殿">大雄寶殿</a>(主要供奉釋迦牟尼佛,爲漢地佛寺的主殿),有些建有地藏殿(供奉<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%97%8F%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="地藏菩薩">地藏菩薩</a>且安放亡人骨灰)、觀音殿(供奉<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E9%9F%B3%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="觀音菩薩">觀音菩薩</a>)、藥師佛殿(供奉<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E5%B8%AB%E4%BD%9B" title="藥師佛">藥師佛</a>)、後殿(供釋迦牟尼佛)、<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%A1%94" class="mw-disambig" title="舍利塔">舍利塔</a>、藏經閣、講堂、<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%98%E6%A8%93" class="mw-disambig" title="鐘樓">鐘樓</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%93%E6%A8%93" class="mw-redirect" title="鼓樓">鼓樓</a>等。 <ul><li>日本:見<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="日本佛教建築">日本佛教建築</a>。</li></ul></li> <li>藏傳:見<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藏地佛教建築" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藏地佛教建築(页面不存在)">藏地佛教建築</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Tibetan Buddhist architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture</span></a></span>)</span></span>。</li> <li>南傳:通常由門亭、佛殿、戒堂、僧房、鼓房等構成,一般祇有一座大殿,供奉教主釋迦牟尼佛,也有供奉娑婆世界過去佛的,如<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%83%E7%87%88%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="燃燈佛">燃燈佛</a>。以傣族<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E4%BD%9B%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="總佛寺">總佛寺</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E4%BB%82%E8%AA%9E" title="傣仂語">傣語</a>叫“洼巴洁”)為例,有“维罕”大殿,“哄暖”僧住寮房,“波苏”亭,“光兵”鼓亭,殿外塑有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E5%85%AB%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="天龍八部">天龍八部</a>像,殿內供有若干<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%83%8F" title="佛像">佛像</a>,大殿外的空地上有大香爐供信徒上香。除了總佛寺這種現代建築,東南亞地區還有幾種特別的建築材質: <ul><li>竹木材質:信奉南傳佛教的國家地區多在熱帶地帶,當地的傳統建築如泰傣民族地區的竹樓,進門需脫鞋打赤腳。南傳佛寺亦如此,入殿前須脫掉鞋。</li> <li>石砌:另一些佛寺運用石砌、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%AA%9F" title="石窟">石窟</a>等建造佛寺,如<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E7%88%9B%E9%99%80%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="那爛陀寺">那爛陀寺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E5%93%A5%E7%AA%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="吳哥窟">吳哥窟</a>佛寺、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%90%89" title="桑吉">桑吉</a>佛教遺址等。</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="佛塔"><span id=".E4.BD.9B.E5.A1.94"></span>佛塔</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=37" title="编辑章节:佛塔"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E5%B1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="浮屠">浮屠</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%92%E5%A1%94%E5%A9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="卒塔婆">卒塔婆</a></div> <p>卒塔婆,原是印度式的土坟,也用于装藏<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="佛舍利">佛舍利</a>、经典等圣物。 </p><p>在中国简称塔,或称为浮屠塔(佛陀塔)、佛塔,是和中华式的楼阁建筑相结合后产生的一种变形。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="佛曆"><span id=".E4.BD.9B.E6.9B.86"></span>佛曆</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=38" title="编辑章节:佛曆"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9B%86" title="佛曆">佛曆</a></div> <p>佛曆有兩種算法,一種是普遍流行於南傳地區的佛滅紀年,即以释迦牟尼<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="般涅槃">入灭</a>(死亡)當年為元年;一種是漢地的佛誕紀年,即以释迦牟尼佛誕(出生)當年為元年。 </p><p>南傳、北傳對於佛陀誕生、出家、成道、涅槃的記載有出入,實際上,各地關於佛陀事蹟的具體年數的記載最保守估計也有數十種、相差千年<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。於1950年的斯里蘭卡(錫蘭)<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E4%BC%A6%E5%9D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="科伦坡">科伦坡</a>(可倫坡)举办的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92%E5%8F%8B%E8%B0%8A%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="世界佛教徒友谊会">世界佛教徒友谊会</a>上,全球佛教界做了共同规定:佛陀降生于前623年的5月月圆日;佛陀出家时是29岁,成道时是35岁;即前588年5月月圆日夜睹明星悟道;佛陀说法45年,80岁涅槃,即公元前543年5月月圆日夜半入灭;佛曆是从佛陀涅槃时算起。 </p><p>佛曆的月、日有一套紀法,而漢地多以<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9B%86" title="農曆">農曆</a>為准,即一種<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD%E6%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="陰陽曆">陰陽曆</a>。 </p><p>在漢地,佛曆通常會標註齋日,如地藏齋、觀音齋、十齋日。受<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%95%99%E5%90%88%E6%B5%81" title="三教合流">三教合流</a>的影響,有的還會標註部分神仙(鬼神)、僧人的誕生日和忌日。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="世界佛教組織、活動"><span id=".E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99.E7.B5.84.E7.B9.94.E3.80.81.E6.B4.BB.E5.8B.95"></span>世界佛教組織、活動</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=39" title="编辑章节:世界佛教組織、活動"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD%E6%9C%83" title="世界佛教僧伽會">世界佛教僧伽會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92%E8%81%AF%E8%AA%BC%E6%9C%83" title="世界佛教徒聯誼會">世界佛教徒聯誼會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="中國佛教協會">中國佛教協會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="中國佛教會">中國佛教會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E8%81%96%E5%85%B8%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83" title="巴利聖典協會">巴利聖典協會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%9C%83" title="法國佛教徒聯合會">法國佛教徒聯合會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%AE%BA%E5%9D%9B" title="世界佛教论坛">世界佛教论坛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E8%8A%82" title="国际佛教电影节">国际佛教电影节</a></li> <li>國際佛光會</li> <li>國際創價學會</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="節慶和宗教儀式"><span id=".E7.AF.80.E6.85.B6.E5.92.8C.E5.AE.97.E6.95.99.E5.84.80.E5.BC.8F"></span>節慶和宗教儀式</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=40" title="编辑章节:節慶和宗教儀式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="主要節慶"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E7.AF.80.E6.85.B6"></span>主要節慶</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=41" title="编辑章节:主要節慶"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>南傳<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E5%A1%9E%E8%8A%82" title="卫塞节">衛塞節</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%A1%AF%E6%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="佛顯日">佛顯日</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%90%89%E7%A5%A5%E6%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="佛吉祥日">佛吉祥日</a>)</li> <li>北傳<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%95%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="佛誕節">佛誕節</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B4%E4%BD%9B%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="浴佛節">浴佛節</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%98%E5%85%AB%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="臘八節">臘八節</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%88%90%E9%81%93%E6%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="佛成道日">佛成道日</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%82%E5%85%B0%E7%9B%86%E8%8A%82" class="mw-redirect" title="盂兰盆节">盂蘭盆節</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="法事"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E4.BA.8B"></span>法事</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=42" title="编辑章节:法事"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>佛教儀式稱爲<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法事">法事</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%83" title="法會">法會</a>等,其中的軌則規範稱爲<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%AA%E8%BD%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="仪轨">儀軌</a>。不同宗派均有集結僧人和信徒共同誦經的法會儀式,以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9A%88%E4%BE%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="三皈依">三皈依</a>、授戒受戒的儀式,另有<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E5%A4%8F%E5%AE%89%E5%B1%85" title="結夏安居">結夏安居</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%96%A9" title="布薩">布薩</a>等傳統儀式。 </p><p>南傳佛教的宗教儀式較北傳簡單。如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="泰國">泰</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E6%97%8F" title="傣族">傣</a>地區有請僧人到家中念經祈福的儀式。 </p><p>北傳佛教中更注重儀軌,本土化特征明顯。如漢傳佛教吸收了大量<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a>儀軌,儀式先後次序和儀式性禮儀較強,本土創造出<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%9A" title="水陆法会">水陸法會</a>等法會儀式;也有一些印度傳來的儀式如日本密宗流行<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B7%E6%91%A9" title="護摩">護摩</a>;藏傳佛教吸收了<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E6%95%99" title="苯教">苯教</a>儀式,如<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A8%E6%A1%91" title="煨桑">煨桑</a>(煙祭)等習俗。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="宗教器具與標誌象征物"><span id=".E5.AE.97.E6.95.99.E5.99.A8.E5.85.B7.E8.88.87.E6.A8.99.E8.AA.8C.E8.B1.A1.E5.BE.81.E7.89.A9"></span>宗教器具與標誌象征物</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=43" title="编辑章节:宗教器具與標誌象征物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="法器、宗教工具"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.99.A8.E3.80.81.E5.AE.97.E6.95.99.E5.B7.A5.E5.85.B7"></span>法器、宗教工具</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=44" title="编辑章节:法器、宗教工具"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%99%A8" title="法器">法器</a></div> <p>佛教常見法器有<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%B5%E7%8F%A0" title="念珠">念珠</a>(佛珠)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E6%84%8F%E5%AE%9D%E7%8F%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="如意宝珠">摩尼宝石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%BC%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="法輪">法輪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%9E%BA" title="海螺">海螺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E6%9D%96" title="錫杖">锡杖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%88%9A%E6%9D%B5" title="金刚杵">金刚杵</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%92%E5%88%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戒刀(页面不存在)">戒刀</a>等,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%BC%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="法輪">法輪</a>更像一種象征物、吉祥物,爲佛教的象征之一。 </p><p>漢傳佛教另有<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E9%AD%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="木魚">木魚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%92%E5%B0%BA" title="戒尺">戒尺</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%92%92%E8%BC%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="咒輪(页面不存在)">咒輪</a>、裝有咒語的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8A%E5%A2%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吊墜(页面不存在)">吊墜</a>等;藏傳佛教有<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E5%99%A8" title="骨器">骨器</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%AA%A8%E6%B3%95%E5%99%A8" title="人骨法器">人骨法器</a>)、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%BC%93" title="法鼓">法鼓</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%8E%E4%B9%8C" title="嘎乌">嘎烏</a>(如同吊墜,可以裝寶石、咒語)等。 </p><p>敬奉莊嚴佛法僧,可以用<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99" title="香">香</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1" title="花">花</a>、清水、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%87%88%E7%87%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="燈燭(页面不存在)">燈燭</a>、飲食、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="幢">幢</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%A1" class="mw-disambig" title="幡">幡</a>等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="標誌物、象征物"><span id=".E6.A8.99.E8.AA.8C.E7.89.A9.E3.80.81.E8.B1.A1.E5.BE.81.E7.89.A9"></span>標誌物、象征物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=45" title="编辑章节:標誌物、象征物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教象征符號" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhist symbolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%81%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教象征符號(页面不存在)">佛教象征符號</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhist symbolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhist symbolism</span></a></span>)</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%BC%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="法輪">法輪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%97%97" title="国际佛教旗">国际佛教旗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="万字符">萬字符</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8D" title="卍">卍</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%93%AE%E8%8A%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="蓮花">蓮花</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%89%B2_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="五色 (佛教)">五色 (佛教)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%89%B2%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="五色線">五色線</a>,在中國古代,人們相信佩戴五色線有祛避邪祟的作用。根據某些佛經,也有五色線經唸誦真言咒加持後佩戴的密法。</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="圣地和人物"><span id=".E5.9C.A3.E5.9C.B0.E5.92.8C.E4.BA.BA.E7.89.A9"></span>圣地和人物</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=46" title="编辑章节:圣地和人物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="著名聖地"><span id=".E8.91.97.E5.90.8D.E8.81.96.E5.9C.B0"></span>著名聖地</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=47" title="编辑章节:著名聖地"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%81%96%E5%9C%B0" title="佛教聖地">佛教圣地</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%A3%E5%9C%B0" title="八大圣地">八大圣地</a></div> <p>佛教圣地较多,主要有: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E6%AF%97%E5%B0%BC%E5%9B%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="蓝毗尼园">蓝毗尼园</a>,释迦佛的降生地,昔为悉达多太子,甫一落地,就行走七步,步步脚下生出宝莲花,然后一手指天一手指地,口中出言「天上地下唯吾独尊」,预示着将成为最尊贵者。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E8%BF%A6%E8%80%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="菩提迦耶">菩提迦耶</a>,释迦佛成佛之处,昔在菩提树下成正觉。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BF%E9%87%8E%E8%8B%91" title="鹿野苑">鹿野苑</a>,释迦佛初转法轮(传授佛法)处,最早的弟子是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="五比丘">五比丘</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%98%E5%B0%B8%E9%82%A3%E6%8F%AD%E7%BD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="拘尸那揭罗">拘尸那揭罗</a>,释迦佛涅槃入灭处。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E7%83%82%E9%99%80%E5%AF%BA" title="那烂陀寺">那烂陀寺</a>,古印度佛教学术中心,毁於突厥穆斯林军队进犯的战火。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E4%BC%BD%E6%96%BD" title="桑伽施">桑伽施</a>,释迦佛从忉利天讲经返回处。</li> <li>大乘<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E9%81%93%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="四大菩薩道場">四大菩萨道场</a>:文殊道场<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%8F%B0%E5%B1%B1" title="五台山">五台山</a>,普贤道场<a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%A8%E7%9C%89%E5%B1%B1" title="峨眉山">峨眉山</a>,观音道场<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%99%80%E5%B1%B1" title="普陀山">普陀山</a>(在中国舟山,经中授记的是印度<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%99%80%E6%B4%9B%E8%BF%A6%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="普陀洛迦山">普陀洛迦山</a>),地藏道场<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%8D%8E%E5%B1%B1" title="九华山">九华山</a>。</li> <li>藏地<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%BE%BE%E6%8B%89%E5%AE%AB" title="布达拉宫">布达拉宫</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%8B%89%E5%AF%BA" title="色拉寺">色拉寺</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%87%E5%9B%AD%E7%B2%BE%E8%88%8D" title="祇园精舍">祇园精舍</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%B9%E6%9E%97%E7%B2%BE%E8%88%8D" title="竹林精舍">竹林精舍</a>。</li> <li>大迦叶尊者道场印度<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A1%E8%B6%B3%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="鸡足山">鸡足山</a>(摩揭陀国),云南应化道场<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A1%E8%B6%B3%E5%B1%B1_(%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97)" class="mw-redirect" title="鸡足山 (云南)">鸡足山 (云南)</a>(原九曲山)。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%89%99%E5%AF%BA" title="佛牙寺">佛牙寺</a>,斯里兰卡(锡兰)寺庙,供奉佛牙<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9" title="舍利">舍利</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="著名人物"><span id=".E8.91.97.E5.90.8D.E4.BA.BA.E7.89.A9"></span>著名人物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=48" title="编辑章节:著名人物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主分类:<a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9" title="Category:佛教人物">佛教人物</a></div> <p>佛教认为此方世界过去现在未来一直有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E4%BD%9B" title="三世佛">佛陀</a>出世,大乘佛教还认为他方世界也有无量无尽的佛陀出世,而在佛陀的教化下又有无量无尽的圣贤菩萨、声闻阿罗汉圣众,故此处无法悉數列举,只举出部分著名佛菩萨与從古至今部分出家在家圣贤。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E4%BD%9B" title="三世佛">三世佛</a>(縱三世佛:過去<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%83%E7%87%88%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="燃燈佛">燃燈佛</a>,現在<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="釋迦牟尼佛">釋迦牟尼佛</a>,未來<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%8C%E5%8B%92%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="彌勒佛">彌勒佛</a>);橫三世佛:中央釋迦牟尼佛,東方<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E5%B8%AB%E7%90%89%E7%92%83%E5%85%89%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="藥師琉璃光佛">藥師琉璃光佛</a>,西方<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BD%8C%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿彌陀佛">阿彌陀佛</a>〔無量光佛、無量壽佛〕。)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%89%E8%81%96" title="西方三聖">西方三聖</a>(中央<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B" title="阿弥陀佛">阿弥陀佛</a>,左方<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E4%B8%96%E9%9F%B3%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="觀世音菩薩">觀世音菩薩</a>,右方<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8B%A2%E8%87%B3%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="大勢至菩薩">大勢至菩薩</a>。)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E4%B8%83%E4%BD%9B" title="過去七佛">過去七佛</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E5%A9%86%E5%B0%B8%E4%BD%9B" title="毗婆尸佛">毗婆尸佛</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E6%A3%84%E4%BD%9B" title="尸棄佛">尸棄佛</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E8%88%8D%E6%B5%AE%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="毗舍浮佛">毗舍浮佛</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%98%E7%95%99%E5%AD%AB%E4%BD%9B" title="拘留孫佛">拘留孫佛</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%98%E9%82%A3%E5%90%AB%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="拘那含牟尼佛">拘那含牟尼佛</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E8%91%89%E4%BD%9B" title="迦葉佛">迦葉佛</a>。)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%87%83%E7%87%88%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="燃燈佛">燃燈佛</a>(過去世佛陀,曾為釋迦佛因地授記成佛。)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%99%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89" title="五百罗汉">五百羅漢</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E7%BE%85%E6%BC%A2" title="十六羅漢">十六羅漢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8" title="八大菩萨">八大菩薩</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="四大菩薩">四大菩薩</a>(文殊菩薩,普賢菩薩,觀音菩薩,地藏菩薩)</li> <li>釋迦佛的父王<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%80%E9%A5%AD%E7%8E%8B" title="净饭王">淨飯王</a>,母后<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="摩耶夫人">摩耶夫人</a>,出家前的三位妻子<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%BC%B8%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="耶輸陀羅">耶輸陀羅</a>、虞閉迦、蜜里誐惹,獨子<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%9D%BA%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="羅睺羅">羅睺羅</a>(出家為羅睺羅尊者)。</li> <li>後世著名僧人:<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A9%E6%91%A9%E7%BE%85%E4%BB%80" class="mw-redirect" title="鳩摩羅什">鳩摩羅什</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E8%80%B6%E8%88%8D" title="佛陀耶舍">佛陀耶舍</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="龍樹菩薩">龍樹菩薩</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%91%97%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="无著菩萨">無著菩薩</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E8%A6%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="世親">世親</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%98%BE" title="法显">法顯</a>法師,<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>法師,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%87%80" title="义净">義淨</a>法師,<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E9%A1%97" title="智顗">智顗</a>法師(智者大師),<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E7%A5%96%E6%85%A7%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="六祖慧能">六祖慧能</a>大師,<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B2%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="莲花生大士">蓮花生大士</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BA%95%E5%B3%BD" title="阿底峽">阿底峽</a></li> <li>後世著名護持者:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="梁武帝">梁武帝</a>。</li> <li>近現代著名僧人: <ul><li>南傳:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%9C%E6%9F%A5" title="阿姜查">阿姜查</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9%E9%9B%A3%E9%99%80" title="達摩難陀">達摩難陀</a>尊者,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="明昆·西亚多" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mingun Sayadaw"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%98%86%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明昆·西亚多(页面不存在)">明昆·西亚多</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingun_Sayadaw" class="extiw" title="en:Mingun Sayadaw"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mingun Sayadaw</span></a></span>)</span></span>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E9%9A%86%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%9A" title="宣隆·西亞多">宣隆·西亞多</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C_(%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8)" title="馬哈希 (緬甸)">馬哈希·西亞多</a></li> <li>漢傳:<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%99%9A%E4%BA%91" title="释虚云">釋虛雲</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E5%BC%98%E4%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="釋弘一">釋弘一</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E5%8D%B0%E5%85%89" title="释印光">釋印光</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E5%BB%A3%E6%AC%BD" title="釋廣欽">釋廣欽</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E5%A4%AA%E8%99%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="釋太虛">釋太虛</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E5%AE%A3%E5%8C%96" title="釋宣化">釋宣化</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E5%A4%A2%E5%8F%83" title="釋夢參">釋夢參</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="釋印順">釋印順</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="釋星雲">釋星雲</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E6%B7%A8%E7%A9%BA" title="釋淨空">釋淨空</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%81%96%E5%9A%B4" title="釋聖嚴">釋聖嚴</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E4%B8%80%E8%A1%8C" title="釋一行">釋一行</a>(越南)</li> <li>藏傳:<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96%E9%81%94%E8%B3%B4%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="第十四世達賴喇嘛">第十四世達賴喇嘛</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E8%96%A9%E8%94%A3%E6%8F%9A%E6%AC%BD%E5%93%B2%E4%BB%81%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%87" title="宗薩蔣揚欽哲仁波切">宗薩蔣揚欽哲仁波切</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E8%AF%9A%E7%BD%97%E7%8F%A0%E5%A0%AA%E5%B8%83" class="mw-redirect" title="慈诚罗珠堪布">慈誠羅珠堪布</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E8%BE%BE%E5%90%89%E5%A0%AA%E5%B8%83" title="索达吉堪布">索達吉堪布</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他人物或神祇"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E4.BA.BA.E7.89.A9.E6.88.96.E7.A5.9E.E7.A5.87"></span>其他人物或神祇</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=49" title="编辑章节:其他人物或神祇"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E5%85%AB%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="天龍八部">天龍八部</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%81%93" title="六道">六道</a></div> <p>佛教認為世界有諸天、地獄,與畜生、人等「物種」都屬於六道眾生。而有鬼神生活在諸天、人間、海洋、虛空中,作為護佑眾生、護持佛法的護法鬼神,一般認為有八個部衆,稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E5%85%AB%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="天龍八部">天龍八部</a>。佛教在後來發展中,還會吸納外道的神祇進入護法神體系中。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="受佛教影響的國家和地區"><span id=".E5.8F.97.E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF.E7.9A.84.E5.9C.8B.E5.AE.B6.E5.92.8C.E5.9C.B0.E5.8D.80"></span>受佛教影響的國家和地區</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=50" title="编辑章节:受佛教影響的國家和地區"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教國家(页面不存在)">佛教國家</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="各國佛教">各國佛教</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人口分布"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E5.8F.A3.E5.88.86.E5.B8.83"></span>人口分布</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=51" title="编辑章节:人口分布"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Buddhist_data_by_Pew_Research.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Buddhism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Buddhist_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/300px-Buddhism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Buddhist_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Buddhism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Buddhist_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/450px-Buddhism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Buddhist_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Buddhism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Buddhist_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/600px-Buddhism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Buddhist_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>佛教人口在不同地区所占比例(根据最高值估算)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Range_of_Religious_Freedom_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Range_of_Religious_Freedom-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>佛教在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="亞洲">亞洲</a>國家的影響最深,佛教思想已經融入信仰佛教國家的人民的生活中。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>雖曾為佛教的兴盛之地,但現今已經式微,只有在靠近中國的邊界處,佛教信仰才較為濃厚。 </p><p>目前佛教主要分布於<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国大陸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9F%93" class="mw-redirect" title="南韓">韓國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙古">蒙古</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="寮國">寮國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8" title="柬埔寨">柬埔寨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="泰國">泰國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="緬甸">緬甸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="新加坡">新加坡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="馬來西亞">馬來西亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1" title="斯里蘭卡">斯里蘭卡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="尼泊爾">尼泊爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9" title="不丹">不丹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%8E%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="文莱">文莱</a>和澳屬的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%AA%95%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="聖誕島">聖誕島</a>,同時亦在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="孟加拉">孟加拉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE" title="菲律宾">菲律宾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="印度尼西亞">印度尼西亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="哈薩克斯坦">哈薩克</a>等國境內有零星之分布,另外<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9F%93" class="mw-redirect" title="北韓">北韓</a>因為當地<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9F%93%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="北韓政府">北韓政府</a>的壓制,信仰佛教的人數變的十分稀少。99%的佛教徒住在亞洲。其中,佛教在柬埔寨和不丹被立为<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99" title="國教">國教</a>。近年来,佛教在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="澳大利亞">澳大利亞</a>等西方國家也有發展。72%的佛教徒在其居住國家屬於宗教少數群體,28%屬於宗教多數群體,居住於7個國家(蒙古、不丹、緬甸、泰國、寮國、柬埔寨、斯里蘭卡)。<sup id="cite_ref-pew_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>近年佛教信仰的傳播多數與慈善事業緊密結合,像是台灣佛教團體在世界各地積極傳播佛教及發展慈善事業,使得佛教信仰人口不再侷限亞洲地區,例如:知名慈濟功德會長年資助加勒比海的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0" title="海地">海地</a>、佛光山團體在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7" title="阿根廷">阿根廷</a>等地建立佛寺信仰據點。此外,ACC組織(阿彌陀佛關懷中心)在南非洲<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="馬拉威">馬拉威</a>建立第一座佛寺,逐漸拓展至<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E7%93%A6%E6%BF%9F%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="史瓦濟蘭">史瓦濟蘭</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E5%B7%B4%E5%A8%81" title="辛巴威">辛巴威</a>,開啟佛教信仰及慈善事業在非洲傳播工作。 </p><p>全球佛教徒達5億人,佛教徒人數遠少於<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>(約24億信眾)與<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭教">伊斯蘭教</a>(约15億信眾)<sup id="cite_ref-pew_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hkacm.org.hk_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hkacm.org.hk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-berkleycenter.georgetown.edu_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkleycenter.georgetown.edu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gordon–Conwell_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon–Conwell-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-merit-times.com.tw_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merit-times.com.tw-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,但是一般仍旧認為基督教、伊斯蘭教與佛教是世界三大宗教<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。这是因为雖然印度教信仰人口統計達10億人<sup id="cite_ref-merit-times.com.tw_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merit-times.com.tw-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>遠高於佛教,但是印度教具有民族限制,集中特定國家(例如:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="尼泊爾">尼泊爾</a>),而<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="猶太教">猶太教</a>亦有民族限制(例如:教規導致外邦人不易入教),相較之下佛教提倡平等、和平與博愛的思想,較無民族性限制,因此普遍認為佛教更適合与基督教和伊斯兰教並稱<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="世界三大宗教">世界三大宗教</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="印度"><span id=".E5.8D.B0.E5.BA.A6"></span>印度</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=52" title="编辑章节:印度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diksha_Bhumi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Diksha_Bhumi.jpg/250px-Diksha_Bhumi.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Diksha_Bhumi.jpg/375px-Diksha_Bhumi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Diksha_Bhumi.jpg/500px-Diksha_Bhumi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E6%A0%BC%E6%B5%A6%E5%B0%94" title="那格浦尔">那格浦尔</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E5%85%8B%E6%B2%99%E5%B8%83%E7%B1%B3" title="迪克沙布米">迪克沙布米</a>,1956年阿姆倍伽尔率领追随者们集体皈依佛教之处</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="印度佛教">印度佛教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E5%80%8D%E4%BC%BD%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="阿姆倍伽尔">阿姆倍伽尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E5%85%8B%E6%B2%99%E5%B8%83%E7%B1%B3" title="迪克沙布米">迪克沙布米</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" title="馬拉地佛教徒">馬拉地佛教徒</a></div> <p>佛教雖在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="印度河流域文明">古印度</a>經歷過無比的輝煌,其影響力也廣傳至<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="亞洲">亞洲</a>各地,但在印度本土卻逐漸衰微。 </p><p>佛教在古印度建立了第一流的學術中心,如<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E7%88%9B%E9%99%80%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="那爛陀寺">那爛陀寺</a>等大學就是教授佛法和當時科學及各家哲學的最高學府。但由於古印度佛教特重對出家人的教育以应对上层贵族,且熱衷於高深學術的思辨,而無形中相對忽視了對中下阶级的在家信徒的传播教育,僧團遂逐步成為與上层贵族在家信徒密切关系、疏遠对中下阶级民众的精英集團。 </p><p>因此佛教未能像婆罗门教(即现在的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>)等其他宗教那樣对上中下阶级大众建立為在家信徒的家庭傳統,這樣佛教在古印度就漸漸失去了民眾基礎。一旦失去<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="國王">國王</a>們和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F" title="貴族">貴族</a>的支持就更加速了佛教在古印度的衰落。 </p><p>從<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a>以來,佛教僧伽供養成習,12世紀晚期,信奉<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭教">伊斯蘭教</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5" class="mw-disambig" title="突厥">突厥</a>人入侵印度時,對佛教並不友善。<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E7%88%9B%E9%99%80%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="那爛陀寺">那爛陀寺</a>等佛教寺廟被穆斯林軍隊夷為平地。尤其是那爛陀寺的圖書館被付之一炬,致使佛教和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="印度河流域文明">古印度</a>文明的大量典籍從此消失。這一時期古印度佛教的典章文物幾乎喪失殆盡。不过有一批密宗僧侣逃到孟加拉地区得于幸免于难,从此这批僧侣改头换面平时服装跟平民一样,并娶妻生子,舍弃戒律避免回教徒的迫害,只有在信徒有婚丧喜庆才会恢复僧形做法事。印度残余佛教就这样苟延残喘保留下来,到上世纪时期缅甸僧王来孟加拉邦弘法,卡拉玛族全部改信上座部佛教。 </p><p>劫后的佛教學者多攜帶典籍遠走<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏">西藏</a>等地。佛教聖地,例如佛陀出生地的<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E6%AF%97%E5%B0%BC" title="藍毗尼">藍毗尼</a>,也淪為廢墟。到13世紀,佛教在其發源地印度已差不多消失得无影无踪了。直到19世纪末,在印度沉寂约700年的佛教出现了复兴运动。1957年印度佛教徒组织了佛教的政党<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度共和党" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Republican Party of India"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%85%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度共和党(页面不存在)">印度共和党</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_of_India" class="extiw" title="en:Republican Party of India"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Republican Party of India</span></a></span>)</span></span>。后来,其中一部分人因不满共和党的政治路线另组了困豹党。该党在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E4%B9%B0" title="孟买">孟买</a>等地有一定影响。根据1980年的统计,印度有佛教徒5,554,000人,约占总人口的0.8%。印度的佛教徒虽然所占的人口比例很少,但在印度的思想文化界颇有影响。 </p><p>1956年,BR安贝德卡 (<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E5%80%8D%E4%BC%BD%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="阿姆倍伽尔">阿姆倍伽尔</a> / B. R. Ambedkar)发起了达利特佛教运动,并以大约100万追随者信奉佛教。 安贝德卡(Ambedkar)是印度最伟大的领导人,人权活动家,《印度宪法》的作者和印度共和国的创建者。Ambedkar在印度复兴了佛教,他被称为菩萨。1951年,印度的佛教徒只有181,000名,此转变后,佛教徒从1600%增长到1961年的320万。<sup id="cite_ref-auto_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2011年,印度有8,500,000佛教徒,其中7,300,000(87%)是Ambedkar的支持者。<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>马拉地佛教社区是印度最大的佛教社区。2011年,马拉地佛教徒人数超过650万,在印度佛教徒总数中,仅马哈拉施特拉邦就有650万佛教徒(占77%)。 <sup id="cite_ref-auto2_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中國大陸"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.9C.8B.E5.A4.A7.E9.99.B8"></span>中國大陸</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=53" title="编辑章节:中國大陸"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2" title="中國佛教史">中國佛教史</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="漢代時期"><span id=".E6.BC.A2.E4.BB.A3.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>漢代時期</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=54" title="编辑章节:漢代時期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一般认为佛教是在西汉末,<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%8E%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="新莽">新莽</a>时和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89" title="东汉">东汉</a>前期时由印度经西域传入的。根据记载,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%93%80%E5%B8%9D" title="汉哀帝">汉哀帝</a>元寿元年(前2年)博士弟子<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AF%E5%8D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="景卢(页面不存在)">景卢</a>(秦景宪)出使<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="大月氏">大月氏</a>,大月氏王使者伊存口授佛教经典,汉史书称之为“浮屠经”,但未受到皇室信奉。到了东汉永平十年(67年),<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%9D" title="汉明帝">汉明帝</a>梦见金人飞於大殿,大臣<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85%E6%AF%85" title="傅毅">傅毅</a>告诉他是“佛”,于是他派<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E6%84%94" title="蔡愔">蔡愔</a>等人去<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%AB%BA" title="天竺">天竺</a>,迎来<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%8F%B6%E6%91%A9%E8%85%BE" title="迦叶摩腾">迦叶摩腾</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%BA%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0" title="竺法兰">竺法兰</a>两位高僧,并且带来了许多佛像和佛经,用白马驼回首都<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="洛阳">洛阳</a>,皇帝命人将自己避暑的行宫改为精舍让僧人入住<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,翻译《四十二章经》。也就是现在的<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E9%A9%AC%E5%AF%BA" title="白马寺">白马寺</a>。因此,在中国佛教史上,多以汉明帝永平十年作为佛教传入之年。白马寺成为中国第一座佛寺。《四十二章经》。后来楚王刘英利用<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E8%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="黄老">黄老</a>(早期道教)和新来的浮屠(佛陀)制造<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%B6%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="谶言">谶言</a>密谋造反失败,楚王流放自杀,皇帝下令禁止黄老道和佛教,但是黄老道和佛教在民间秘密流传。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%A1%93%E5%B8%9D" title="汉桓帝">汉桓帝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E7%81%B5%E5%B8%9D" title="汉灵帝">汉灵帝</a>时期敕令造了许多合祀<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%B8%9D" title="黄帝">黄帝</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90" title="老子">老子</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="佛陀">佛陀</a>的祠堂。汉末许多西域僧侣如<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%96%E9%AB%98" title="安世高">安世高</a>等佛教翻譯家已經開始將如何進行<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%9A" title="禪定">禪定</a>修佛教經典引入中國。安世高為佛教初期傳入最有聲望之譯者,其所譯禪籍多為聲聞禪,包括《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%AC%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="人本欲生經">人本欲生經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%88%AC%E5%AE%88%E6%84%8F%E7%B6%93" title="安般守意經">安般守意經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E6%8C%81%E5%85%A5%E7%B6%93" title="陰持入經">陰持入經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%E9%81%93%E5%9C%B0%E7%B6%93" title="修行道地經">修行道地經</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E6%9B%87%E4%BA%94%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%9B%E8%AB%A6%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿毘曇五法四諦經(页面不存在)">阿毘曇五法四諦經</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%A0%E7%B7%A3%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十二因緣經(页面不存在)">十二因緣經</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AB%E6%AD%A3%E9%81%93%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="八正道經(页面不存在)">八正道經</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%AA%E8%A1%8C%E6%B3%95%E6%83%B3%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="禪行法想經(页面不存在)">禪行法想經</a>》等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="魏晉南北朝佛教的興衰"><span id=".E9.AD.8F.E6.99.89.E5.8D.97.E5.8C.97.E6.9C.9D.E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99.E7.9A.84.E8.88.88.E8.A1.B0"></span>魏晉南北朝佛教的興衰</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=55" title="编辑章节:魏晉南北朝佛教的興衰"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>魏晉時期佛教在民間有了更深的普及 , 《隋書.經籍志四》記載:“魏黃初中,中國人始依佛戒,剃髮為僧”<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。南北朝時期,<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A9%E6%91%A9%E7%BE%85%E4%BB%80" class="mw-redirect" title="鳩摩羅什">鳩摩羅什</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E8%B7%8B%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="佛陀跋陀羅">佛陀跋陀羅</a>等佛教翻譯家来华传教使得佛教得到大力弘扬。鲜卑族拓跋部落入主中原后,承中原佛法之事,接受了佛教思想,用它来教导民俗,因此,从魏太祖拓跋珪开始,魏朝统治者大都敬礼佛徒沙门,拓跋焘继位之初也是如此,每引高德沙门,与共谈论。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F" title="北魏">北魏</a>太武帝在位期间锐志武功,统一长江以北。他初崇佛教,后因受<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%A3%AB" title="道士">道士</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%87%E8%B0%A6%E4%B9%8B" title="寇谦之">寇谦之</a>等的影响,转奉<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a>,并亲受符箓,於440年改年号为太平真君。认为佛教系“西戎虚诞”,“为世费害”<sup id="cite_ref-omia_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omia-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>太平真君五年,诏禁王公以下至庶人私养沙门,九月杀僧领<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%84%E9%AB%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="玄高(页面不存在)">玄高</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%85%A7%E5%B4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="慧崇(页面不存在)">慧崇</a>等。七年,太武帝西征到达<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%89" title="长安">长安</a>,见佛寺内藏有兵器,又查出酿酒、财宝,发现僧侣与室女私通,即立禁佛。<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>司徒<a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%94%E6%B5%A9" title="崔浩">崔浩</a>上疏请诛天下沙门,毁诸寺院经像<sup id="cite_ref-omia_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omia-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。三月,帝下诏诛长安沙门,并命留守平城的太子晃下令废除全国佛教<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。太子尊崇佛教,缓发诏书,使远近皆有所豫闻。<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>因此四方沙门多亡匿逃脱,金银佛像及经书被秘密收藏,仅有一部分僧人被戮,而魏境内寺宇建筑却多被毁<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。宦官<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%84%9B" title="宗愛">宗愛</a>謀殺太武帝,立南安王<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E5%8F%AF%E5%8D%9A%E7%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="拓跋可博真">拓跋可博真</a>為帝,又殺可博真,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="大臣">大臣</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-disambig" title="劉尼">劉尼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%90%E8%B3%80" title="源賀">源賀</a>等迎立太武帝太孫<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E6%BF%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="拓跋濬">拓跋濬</a>继位,是為文成帝,诏复佛法。佛教又得以恢复。 </p><p>后来北魏分裂成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%90" title="北齐">北齐</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%91%A8" title="北周">北周</a>,高洋曾下令灭道。北周一开始也尊奉佛教到了周武帝僧侣膨胀过多,于是为了一统天下有兴灭佛灭道,僧尼道士淘汰为平民或者充军,佛神像法器铸钱造成武器。后来武帝死后,隋文帝<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E5%9D%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="杨坚">杨坚</a>恢复佛教。 </p><p>南梁王朝梁武帝蕭衍提倡尊崇佛教,並曾多次捨身出家,除了自身奉佛,梁武帝還大力扶持佛教事業的發展。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="梁武帝">梁武帝</a>發表《斷酒肉文》前<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="漢傳佛教">漢傳佛教</a>「律中無有斷肉法」<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,梁武帝認為所有佛教僧侶都應該遵守<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98" class="mw-redirect" title="大乘">大乘</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%BB%8F_(%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98)" title="大般涅槃经 (大乘)">大般涅槃經</a>》不吃肉規定<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,因此頒布《斷酒肉文》禁止僧眾吃肉,自己也行素食,開啟了漢傳佛教素食的傳統,之後<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="漢傳佛教">漢傳佛教</a>僧團開始遵守<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E7%B6%B2%E7%B6%93_(%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="梵網經 (大乘佛教)">梵網經</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E6%88%92" title="菩薩戒">菩薩戒</a>不吃肉<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="禪宗的崛起"><span id=".E7.A6.AA.E5.AE.97.E7.9A.84.E5.B4.9B.E8.B5.B7"></span>禪宗的崛起</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=56" title="编辑章节:禪宗的崛起"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>南朝自晋朝<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A3%E5%86%A0%E5%8D%97%E6%B8%A1" title="衣冠南渡">衣冠南渡</a>,大量僧侣也随来传法,佛法兴盛一直到陈朝,最有名的就是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E5%AE%97_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="淨土宗 (中國)">净土宗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%97" title="天台宗">天台宗</a>也是在南朝发展起来,历代皇帝大力建造佛寺,供养僧侣。 </p><p>禅宗传说初祖<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="菩提達摩">菩提達摩</a>於中國<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D%E5%AE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="南朝宋">南朝宋</a>時,乘商船到達廣州,從學於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%82%E9%82%A3%E8%B7%8B%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97" title="求那跋陀罗">求那跋陀羅</a>,後以四卷《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E4%BC%BD%E7%B6%93" title="楞伽經">楞伽經</a>》教授弟子,屬當時的楞伽師之一。後<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="梁武帝">梁武帝</a>信奉佛法,於是至<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E5%BA%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="建康">建康</a>(今江蘇<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="南京">南京</a>)與其談法。當時梁武帝一心欽慕佛法,不論是建寺、造經、供僧,皆不遺餘力,因而自認很有功德,不知道這只是累積<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="福報">福報</a>,並非內心的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%BA%E6%82%9F" class="mw-disambig" title="覺悟">覺悟</a>。達摩卻一語道破,告訴梁武帝毫無功德,雙方不契。 </p><p>達摩深知梁武帝無法接受這樣先進的思想,於是離開南方,「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%8B%87%E6%B8%A1%E6%B1%9F" title="一苇渡江">一葦渡江</a>」,在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="河南">河南</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B5%A9%E5%B1%B1%E5%B0%91%E6%9E%97%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="嵩山少林寺">嵩山少林寺</a>的山洞中面壁九年,等待傳人。後傳二祖<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A7%E5%8F%AF" title="慧可">慧可</a>(487年-593年)、三祖<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E7%92%A8" title="僧璨">僧璨</a>(?-606年)、四祖<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E4%BF%A1" title="道信">道信</a>(580年-651年)、五祖<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%98%E5%BF%8D" title="弘忍">弘忍</a>(602年-675年)、六祖<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E8%83%BD" title="惠能">惠能</a>(638年-713年)。他將<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E4%BC%BD%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="楞伽宗">楞伽宗</a>傳播至中國北方,落地生根,成為一個獨特的門派。但是禅宗还是不普及,一直依附律宗,到了唐朝中期才有正式的禅寺。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="唐代儒釋衝突期"><span id=".E5.94.90.E4.BB.A3.E5.84.92.E9.87.8B.E8.A1.9D.E7.AA.81.E6.9C.9F"></span>唐代儒釋衝突期</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=57" title="编辑章节:唐代儒釋衝突期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>唐祚初建,問題已一一浮顯出來,但是朝任<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%B2%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="太史令">太史令</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85%E5%A5%95" title="傅奕">傅奕</a>等人认为佛教與<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a>都是违背<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="孔孟">孔孟</a>之道,对国家无益,于是下令曾敕令:“伪乱地僧,是非难识,州别一寺,留三十僧,餘皆从俗”。武德九年四月,高祖又颁布沙汰僧道诏:“京城留寺三所、观二所。其余天下诸州各留一所,余悉罢之。”太宗领兵攻入隋都时即命:“废诸道场,城中僧尼留有名德者各三十人,余皆返初。”太宗继位后又几次三番沙汰僧尼。据《续高僧传·明导传》记载:贞观初,明导行抵陈州,逢敕简僧,唯留三十。又据《智实传》记载:贞观元年,敕遣诏书侍御史杜正伦检校佛法,清肃非滥。《法冲传》记载:“贞观初年下敕,有私度者处以<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%81%E5%88%91" class="mw-redirect" title="极刑">极刑</a>。时峄阳山多有逃僧避难,资给告穷。”《法向传》也有记载:“贞观三年,天下大括义宁私度,不出者斩,闻此咸畏。還有<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%90%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="武后">武后</a>時的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" title="宰相">宰相</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E4%BB%81%E5%82%91" class="mw-redirect" title="狄仁傑">狄仁傑</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%B6%A0" title="李嶠">李嶠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E7%93%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇瓌">蘇瓌</a>,官至刺史、太子詹事的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E5%BB%B7%E7%8F%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="張廷珪">張廷珪</a>;中宗朝的宰相<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%93%E5%BD%A5%E7%AF%84" title="桓彥範">桓彥範</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A6%E5%97%A3%E7%AB%8B" title="韦嗣立">韋嗣立</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%9A%E5%B4%87" title="姚崇">姚崇</a>,御史<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E6%9B%BF%E5%90%A6" title="辛替否">辛替否</a>,侍御史<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%8B%99%E5%85%89" title="宋務光">宋務光</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%BA%90%E5%B0%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清源尉(页面不存在)">清源尉</a>、殿中侍御史內供奉<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E5%85%83%E6%B3%B0" title="呂元泰">呂元泰</a>;睿宗朝的宰相<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%9F%A5%E5%8F%A4" title="魏知古">魏知古</a>,中書舍人<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B4%E6%BC%BC" title="裴漼">裴漼</a>,侍郎<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E4%B9%82" title="李乂">李乂</a>,太子洗馬、諫議大夫<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%AF%E5%8E%9F%E6%82%8C" title="甯原悌">甯原悌</a>,太尉兼通事舍人<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A6%E5%87%91" title="韦凑">韋湊</a>;肅宗朝的宰相<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E9%95%90" title="张镐">張鎬</a>;代宗朝的宰相<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E8%A2%9E" title="常袞">常袞</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%83%A2" title="高郢">高郢</a>(德宗朝宰相),東川節度使<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%8F%94%E6%98%8E" title="李叔明">李叔明</a>;德宗朝的員外郎<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B4%E5%9E%8D" title="裴垍">裴伯言</a>(即憲宗朝宰相<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B4%E5%9E%8D" title="裴垍">裴垍</a>)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E5%81%83" title="彭偃">彭偃</a>,及郎中<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%B2%A9" title="李岩">李岩</a>(巖)等人。<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%90%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="武后">武后</a>營造大像,狄仁傑云:「如來設教,以慈悲為主,下濟群品,應是本心,豈欲勞人以存虛飾。」李嶠則直截指出:「法王慈敏,菩薩護持,唯擬饒益眾生,非要營修土木。」張廷珪更深入解釋:「夫佛者,以覺知為義,因心而成,不可以諸相見也。」高郢〈<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%AB%E9%80%A0%E7%AB%A0%E6%95%AC%E5%AF%BA%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="諫造章敬寺書(页面不存在)">諫造章敬寺書</a>〉則兼及二教,他指出「佛本無相,不可以有相求;道本無為,不可以有為得。」因此反對<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%AE%97" class="mw-disambig" title="德宗">德宗</a>為先太后造<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A0%E6%95%AC%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="章敬寺(页面不存在)">章敬寺</a>以興福除禍。從佛道本來應有的面貌,諷刺現今所為皆失其真。 </p><p>佛教普及後對中國的社會、經濟、文化、政治各方面所造成的影響讓<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E6%84%88" class="mw-redirect" title="韓愈">韓愈</a>感覺到重症應下猛藥醫,他不先從佛教教義上來解決思想問題,外在問題以外在手段解決,上書《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%AB%E8%BF%8E%E4%BD%9B%E9%AA%A8%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="諫迎佛骨表(页面不存在)">論佛骨表</a>》 (《諫迎佛骨表》),佛教教義中固然不乏精湛的玄理,但是宗教形式的不同與了脫生死之苦的教義,確實也對以農立國、勤奮務實的民族性帶來莫大的衝擊與誘惑。《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91" title="資治通鑑">資治通鑑</a>》卷二四〇記載:「中使迎佛骨至京師,上留禁中三日,乃歷送諸寺,<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="王公">王公</a>士民瞻奉施捨,惟恐弗及,有竭產充施者,有燃香臂頂供奉者。刑部侍郎韓愈上表切諫,……上得表大怒,出示宰相,將加愈極刑。」這樁公案雖然隨著韓愈的被貶<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="潮州">潮州</a>而暫趨平息,但是經由他的學生<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%BF%B1" title="李翱">李翱</a>,站在儒家的立場,擷取佛學精華,理性地調和儒釋衝突,「此後的儒家,一方面承襲了韓愈的道統思想,一方面依循著李翱所開闢的新路,生活在『靜則禪,動則儒』的境界中,他們把人生解脫和社會事功調和了起來,就成為宋明的理學。」<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="宋代禪思時期"><span id=".E5.AE.8B.E4.BB.A3.E7.A6.AA.E6.80.9D.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>宋代禪思時期</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=58" title="编辑章节:宋代禪思時期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%AA%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%AA%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%96.jpg/150px-%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%AA%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%96.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%AA%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%96.jpg/225px-%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%AA%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%AA%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%96.jpg/300px-%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%AA%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1688" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B" title="北宋">北宋</a>侯翌《如來說法圖》,<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AE%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2" title="國立故宮博物院">國立故宮博物院</a>藏</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋朝</a>时期因为经过唐朝武宗灭佛许多宗派都消失佛教元气大伤,到了五代十国北方周世宗柴荣为统一天下敕令灭佛道,佛神像法器铸钱铸造武器,僧侣道士还俗充军或者贬为平民,使得佛教更加雪上加霜。到了宋朝佛教只剩下禅宗和净土宗,还有微落的天台宗,大量佛教经文仪轨丧失,只得从印度重新翻译和高丽日本重输回来。此三宗以禅宗受到士大夫的青睐,净土宗深入广泛民众,天台宗也只是依附在禅宗之下毫无作为。虽然宋朝皇帝对佛教不错,当他们主要还是以道教为主;而佛教一直受到儒家和道教的攻击,而且佛教的禅宗主张明心见性反对僧侣信徒专研佛经,净土宗一门深入对许多经典也毫无精通,天台宗的传承早已断代后学者也只是靠自己的理解,面对儒家和道教的攻击只能尽力圆融三家以减少冲突。到了宋徽宗因为皇帝崇信道士林灵素,林灵素原本是沙弥因为偷喝酒被师傅教训,气愤去做道士据说修雷法有成,为了报复佛教请徽宗下令和尚改为德士,佛改天尊,菩萨改大士,罗汉改尊者。和尚的装扮要跟道士一样;此令一下有些和尚抗令自杀或者被流放。还是太子的钦宗请了一些西域修密宗胡僧跟林灵素斗法,约定如果胡僧赢了就把佛教恢复成原来的样子,去除道教化。可是修密宗的胡僧都被林灵素的雷法打败。一直到发生水灾,林灵素无法禳水灾,太子登城门拜四方大水退,徽宗才下令佛教恢复原来面目,不必受道录司管辖。 </p><p>南宋和金朝时期禅宗大兴,日本高丽的僧侣积极来华学习禅宗,但是佛教经过林灵素的道教化另两教在民间误认都是本来一家;僧侣只管打坐的习禅,一门深入的念佛,也不管这些。可是禅宗和净土宗内讧,禅宗看不起净土宗,禅僧认为无需去极乐世界,心净则净土所以不要去其他世界。净土宗斥责禅僧打坐无法了脱三界,更斥责禅宗不尊敬佛像经典,禅僧不礼佛不看诵经典;并举了禅宗高僧圆寂之后都是在轮回转世如五祖寺的主持戒禅师转为苏东坡,雁荡山僧转为秦桧等等的故事。净土宗和禅宗一直到明末的莲池大师主张禅净结合,两宗争论才结束。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="明代以後的世俗化"><span id=".E6.98.8E.E4.BB.A3.E4.BB.A5.E5.BE.8C.E7.9A.84.E4.B8.96.E4.BF.97.E5.8C.96"></span>明代以後的世俗化</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=59" title="编辑章节:明代以後的世俗化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a>的興起與元末信奉<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="明教">明教</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%93%AE%E6%95%99" title="白蓮教">白蓮教</a>的紅巾軍息息相關再加朱元璋就是红巾军出身,所以明太祖建立明朝後對宗教採取抑制和利用兼並的政策,除了将考试自由发挥改成八股文,并修订佛教道教的教规法事仪轨。而且每位皇子出世都要剃度一名僧侣;确认三教平分的地位,主要希望借此打压<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99" title="摩尼教">摩尼教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%93%AE%E6%95%99" title="白蓮教">白蓮教</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%8C%E5%8B%92%E6%95%99" title="彌勒教">彌勒教</a>等宗教組織再度變成反朝廷的起事軍,並且希望利用佛教、道教等宗教的力量來維護社會秩序,但是严禁僧道参政以及弘法遭到限制,于是得到「皇糧」全面保障的佛教與道教演變成缺乏精神上的創新追求,亦脫離廣大信眾,民眾轉而尋求民間宗教作為慰藉,而<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="北直隸">北直隸</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="軍人">軍人</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%B8%85" title="羅清">羅清</a>則採用禪宗思想,開創了知名的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%95%99" title="羅教">羅教</a>,羅教的<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%94%9F%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="無生父母">無生父母</a>之說,影響了所有的民間教派。 </p><p>明朝中期以後,佛教受皇室宗教活動加強的刺激與儒家的矛盾尖銳起來。這種矛盾促使部分<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%AB" title="士大夫">士大夫</a>強烈反對寺院修建並發表<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%97%A2%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="闢佛(页面不存在)">闢佛</a>言論。集中體現這些政策精神的仍是<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>政治社會理念並倚賴士大夫群體的努力<sup id="cite_ref-趙軼峰_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-趙軼峰-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。其變動因素和矛盾來源,則在諸教向國家政權機關的滲透、皇室特殊化行為、民間泛神論多元信仰傾向、部分士大夫的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%95%99%E5%90%88%E6%B5%81" title="三教合流">三教合流</a>信仰綜合主義,亦有一部分官员信仰天主教来寻找新的思想。大眾(眾生)求神拜佛拜泥菩薩的行為方式,本質上是對佛教的誤解。<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>明朝對藏傳佛教政策與對漢傳佛教政策有同有異。其重要差異之一是,明朝對<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳佛教</a>政策與對西部邊疆政策緊密相關,而對漢地佛教政策則於周邊關係政策基本無關。此外,部分士大夫以藏傳佛教為「番教」,認同程度遜於內地佛教。明朝一些<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="皇帝">皇帝</a>因藏傳佛教的<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="喇嘛">喇嘛</a>多擅長某些「<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A1%93" class="mw-disambig" title="法術">法術</a>」,對其有特殊興趣,並因而導致士大夫針對相關政策的批評。<sup id="cite_ref-趙軼峰_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-趙軼峰-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="臺灣"><span id=".E8.87.BA.E7.81.A3"></span>臺灣</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=60" title="编辑章节:臺灣"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="臺灣佛教">臺灣佛教</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a>佛教系統由大陆閩南地區傳來,世俗化的信仰體系(其中代表為<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99#巖仔" class="mw-redirect" title="臺灣佛教">巖仔</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99#高僧信仰" class="mw-redirect" title="臺灣佛教">高僧信仰</a>)為其一大特色,與以出家僧侶為主的叢林體系(以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8D%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣四大名山">四大法脈</a>為代表)並立。<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%88%B0%E5%BE%8C%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="臺灣戰後時期">臺灣戰後時期</a>,中國大陸傳入江浙系統的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="漢傳佛教">漢傳佛教</a>,蓋過原有本土佛教勢力,使得原有的本土佛教體系常遭誤解。<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="臺灣日治時期">日治時代</a>傳來<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="日本佛教">日本佛教</a>,共有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%AE%97%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E6%B4%BE" title="八宗十四派">八宗十四派</a>的日本佛教支派來臺傳教,戰後,因政治因素影響撤出臺灣,至解除<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81%E6%88%92%E5%9A%B4%E4%BB%A4" title="臺灣省戒嚴令">戒嚴</a>後,才又重回臺灣弘法。此外,尚有<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳佛教</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a>傳入。臺灣大約35%人口是佛教徒,不過,其<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="信仰">信仰</a>人數可能與<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E6%95%99_(%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="儒教 (宗教)">儒教</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%B4%AF%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="一贯道">一贯道</a>等其他<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="臺灣民間信仰">臺灣民間信仰</a>,甚至與其他<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%88%88%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="新興宗教">新興宗教</a>有重疊的情況。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="日本"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC"></span>日本</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=61" title="编辑章节:日本"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="日本佛教">日本佛教</a></div> <p>由朝鲜半岛傳入,曾经被本土<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="神道教">神道教</a>信仰者<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E9%83%A8%E6%B0%8F" title="物部氏">物部氏</a>排斥,跟信仰佛教的<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%88%91%E6%B0%8F" title="蘇我氏">苏我氏</a>打了長達十几年的战爭,最後物部氏的领导人遭到射杀,佛教才得以传播。到了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="平安时代">平安时代</a>日本两位高僧<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B5%B7" title="空海">空海</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E6%BE%84" title="最澄">最澄</a>前往中国学习密宗与天台宗,回到日本空海創立<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80%E5%AE%97" title="真言宗">真言宗</a>建立<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%87%8E%E5%B1%B1" title="高野山">高野山</a>为根本道场,最澄在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%8F%A1%E5%B1%B1" title="比叡山">比叡山</a>建立天台密宗道场成为一直到现今仍然日本佛教的两大丛林。近代<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%B0" title="明治维新">明治维新</a>兴起<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E4%BD%9B%E5%88%86%E9%9B%A2" title="神佛分離">废释毁佛</a>,隔年新任的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98" title="太政官">太政官</a>下令恢复佛教,并允许僧侣可以娶妻生子吃肉喝酒,形成現今的日本佛教。但日本佛教至今仍有严持戒律的僧侣。日本有約70%至80%人口佛教徒,日本人去世的时候,通常会举行佛教葬仪,故今日許多日本佛教徒不過是形式上的佛教徒,只參與喪禮與祭祖儀式等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="韓國"><span id=".E9.9F.93.E5.9C.8B"></span>韓國</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=62" title="编辑章节:韓國"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="朝鲜佛教">朝鮮佛教</a></div> <p>經中國傳入,在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮三國時代">三國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%BA%97_(918%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1392%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="高麗 (918年-1392年)">高麗時期</a>佛教興盛,到了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%88%90%E6%A1%82" title="李成桂">李成桂</a>建立<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮國">朝鮮國</a>時,因<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%83%E7%92%8B" title="朱元璋">朱元璋</a>斥責高麗王朝崇佛過度;李成桂採取崇儒抑佛政策,導致佛教遭到致命打擊,甚至有時連<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6" title="出家">出家</a>都被視為非法,而且如無特許,僧侶不得入京,僧侶地位根本是社會底層。一直到<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AD%E5%AF%87" title="倭寇">倭寇</a>入侵朝鮮時,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%99%E9%A6%99%E5%B1%B1%E6%99%AE%E8%B3%A2%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="妙香山普賢寺">妙香山普賢寺</a>的方丈西山和尚組織三千名<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E5%85%B5" class="mw-disambig" title="僧兵">僧兵</a>抵抗,得到朝廷褒獎,佛教才有喘息之機。進入<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="朝鮮日治時期">朝鮮日治時期</a>後,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮總督府">朝鮮總督府</a>解除對佛教的種種禁制,佛教得以大力傳播,總督府允許僧侶肉食與<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E5%A9%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="結婚">結婚</a>。目前<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="韓國人口">韓國人口</a>中有逾两成的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="佛教徒">佛教徒</a>,較<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92" title="基督徒">基督徒</a>少<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,現在「<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E6%BA%AA%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="曹溪宗">曹溪宗</a>」屬於<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="禪門">禪門</a>,是韓國25個佛教流派中最大、最權威的一支,各界均對其「敬而親之」。「曹溪宗」在韓極具影響力,被視為有左右<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="韓國">韓國</a>選舉的力量。總統候選人無論信佛與否,都一定會到「曹溪宗」的寺廟拜會,新任<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="韓國總統">韓國總統</a>就職後,也一定親自拜訪曹溪宗的寺廟。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国">朝鲜</a>,由於官方提倡<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="無神論">無神論</a>的關係,佛教则遭到限制。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="美國"><span id=".E7.BE.8E.E5.9C.8B"></span>美國</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=63" title="编辑章节:美國"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="美国佛教">美国佛教</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%AE%B4%E8%A8%80%E6%8A%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="基督教科学箴言报">基督教科學箴言報</a>》2006年9月14日指出佛教在美國近年快速發展,已有信徒150萬左右,是美國第四大宗教,其中有三分之一的是後來改信佛教的。並指出「佛教最吸引西方人的地方之一在於,人們認為像<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E5%A2%9E%E5%98%89%E6%8E%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="第十四世达赖喇嘛·丹增嘉措">达赖喇嘛</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E4%B8%80%E8%A1%8C" title="釋一行">一行禅师</a>這樣的傑出佛教大師們在向社會貢獻智慧,而不是在要求別人信奉什麼。」<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>據 Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies 2010年的調查,大部分美国佛教徒住在東西兩岸,約75%的佛教徒住在人口超過一百萬的都會區,而<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="加州">加州</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%8D%B7%E8%A5%BF_(%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E)" title="聖荷西 (加利福尼亞州)">聖荷西</a>是佛教徒人口比例最高的都會區,占1.25%。不少佛教徒是猶太人。<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="歐洲"><span id=".E6.AD.90.E6.B4.B2"></span>歐洲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=64" title="编辑章节:歐洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>歐洲的知識份子自1870年代以來對佛教感興趣,例如哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8F%94%E6%9C%AC%E5%8D%8E" title="阿图尔·叔本华">亞瑟·叔本華</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="弗里德里希·尼采">尼采</a>以及神秘主義者如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%80%AB%E5%A8%9C%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="海倫娜·布拉瓦茨基">海倫娜·布拉瓦茨基</a>都受到佛教影響。<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="歐洲佛教聯盟">歐洲佛教聯盟</a>是歐洲最大的佛教組織,根據其估計歐洲佛教徒約有1-4百萬。學術界的保守估計則是一百多萬。<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MeltonBaumann2010_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeltonBaumann2010-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_lantau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Buddha_lantau.jpg/220px-Buddha_lantau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Buddha_lantau.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%A3%87%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="天壇大佛">天壇大佛</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="宗派"><span id=".E5.AE.97.E6.B4.BE"></span>宗派</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=65" title="编辑章节:宗派"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="原始佛教"><span id=".E5.8E.9F.E5.A7.8B.E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99"></span>原始佛教</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=66" title="编辑章节:原始佛教"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="初期佛教">初期佛教</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="初期佛教">初期佛教</a>是學術界對佛教的歷史分期,指<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="釋迦牟尼">釋迦牟尼</a>創立佛教到佛教第一次分裂前的時期。 </p><p>傳說佛陀<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="般涅槃">般涅槃</a>三個月後,五百位<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BE%85%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="阿羅漢">阿羅漢</a>舉行<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次结集">第一次結集</a>,由<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%98%E6%B3%A2%E7%A6%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="优波离">优波离</a>诵出律藏,<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9A%BE" title="阿难">阿难</a>诵出經藏,以口頭传誦的方式流傳。主流的學術觀點認為<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%97%8F" title="論藏">論藏</a>是在部派分裂後才逐步完善建立。不過佛陀的時代可能已經有作為<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%97%E8%BE%BE%E6%91%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="阿毗达摩">阿毗達摩</a>雛型的<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%91%BE%E7%90%86%E8%BF%A6" title="摩呾理迦">論母</a>(mātŗkā)出現。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="部派佛教"><span id=".E9.83.A8.E6.B4.BE.E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99"></span>部派佛教</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=67" title="编辑章节:部派佛教"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派佛教</a></div> <p>佛教教團經過二百年发展发生<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="根本分裂">根本分裂</a>,由於戒律、教義見解不同,造成<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8" title="上座部">上座部</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E9%83%A8" title="大眾部">大眾部</a>分裂進入部派佛教時代。之後又陸續分裂,最後形成20(或說18)個部派。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>将兴起之前的傳統佛教教義視為只求自身救度的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="小乘佛教">小乘佛教</a>。不過,沒有自稱為「<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%B9%98" class="mw-redirect" title="小乘">小乘</a>」的佛教教團,「<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%B9%98" class="mw-redirect" title="小乘">小乘</a>」是大乘佛教對於其他佛教宗派的教義加以優劣判定的稱呼,其所破斥的對象尤指毗婆沙師,亦即<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="說一切有部">說一切有部</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。(當時各佛教教派都有宗派教義優劣判定的用語,例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="說一切有部">說一切有部</a>批<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%88%A5%E8%AA%AA%E9%83%A8" title="分別說部">分別說部</a>是無知果、是黑暗果,南傳上座部的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%B6%E5%8F%B2" title="島史">島史</a>》稱自己以外的部派是荊棘) </p><p>由於“<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%B9%98" class="mw-redirect" title="小乘">小乘</a>”一詞含有貶謫或宗派教義優劣判定的意義在,故學術界已漸漸不用此詞。<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="上座部佛教"><span id=".E4.B8.8A.E5.BA.A7.E9.83.A8.E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99"></span>上座部佛教</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=68" title="编辑章节:上座部佛教"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a></div> <p>上座部佛教,佛教宗派,現今流行於<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1" title="斯里蘭卡">斯里蘭卡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="緬甸">緬甸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="泰國">泰國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8" title="柬埔寨">柬埔寨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="寮國">寮國</a>、中國<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="雲南">雲南</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E6%97%8F" title="傣族">傣族</a>聚居區等地,還有一些古印度傳承殘存在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="孟加拉">孟加拉</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="吉大港">吉大港</a>山區(以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="尼泊爾">尼泊爾</a>和印度<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E4%BD%90%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E9%82%A6" title="米佐拉姆邦">米佐拉姆邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%AD%AF%E7%B4%8D%E6%81%B0%E7%88%BE%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="阿魯納恰爾邦">阿魯納恰爾邦</a>),與極度推崇菩薩乘教義的大乘佛教並列為現存佛教最基本的兩大教派。 </p><p>因其尊奉<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="巴利三藏">巴利三藏</a>,以<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="巴利文">巴利文</a>為聖典語言,因此又稱巴利語系佛教、巴利佛教。因其由印度南傳至錫蘭與東南亞一帶,又稱南傳佛教;與北傳至中亞、中國與東北亞的北傳佛教相對。現今上座部佛教,源自斯里蘭卡<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8" title="上座部">上座部</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%88%A5%E8%AA%AA%E9%83%A8" title="分別說部">分別說系</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E9%8A%85%E9%8D%B1%E9%83%A8" title="赤銅鍱部">赤铜鍱部</a>大寺派(Mahāvihāra-nikāya),上座部佛教中的主要教義內容以及大多數成員的修行方向是解脫道,但上座部佛教中仍然有菩薩道的教義部份,參見<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BC%A0%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="南传菩萨道">南傳菩薩道</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="大乘佛教"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E4.B9.98.E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99"></span>大乘佛教</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=69" title="编辑章节:大乘佛教"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a></div> <p>大乘佛教,佛教宗派。初、中期的大乘佛教流傳於中國大陸、香港、澳門、台灣、日本、朝鮮半島、新加坡、馬來西亞、越南等地,成為<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="漢傳佛教">漢傳佛教</a>。中、後期大乘佛教則傳入西藏、蒙古和俄羅斯部分地區,成為<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳佛教</a>,顯密並行。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E9%83%A8" title="大眾部">大眾部</a>佛教的修行目標為成佛,因此在修行方法上強調修持<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E4%B9%98" class="mw-redirect" title="菩萨乘">菩薩乘</a>,在教典上遵奉大乘佛教版本的大藏經內容,教理求自利利他,圓滿成佛,分為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%A7%80%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="中觀學派">中觀學派</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="唯識學派">唯識學派</a>(或認為有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E8%97%8F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="如來藏學派">如來藏學派</a>)。其教義是以三皈五戒十善、四聖諦、十二因緣為基礎,進學六度<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E8%9C%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="波羅蜜">波羅蜜</a>,以致圓滿相關波羅蜜(以及綜合達到佛法所說的其他要件)而成佛。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="中觀學派"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E8.A7.80.E5.AD.B8.E6.B4.BE"></span>中觀學派</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=70" title="编辑章节:中觀學派"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%A7%80%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="中觀學派">中觀學派</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%AB%96%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="三論宗">三論宗</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="唯識宗"><span id=".E5.94.AF.E8.AD.98.E5.AE.97"></span>唯識宗</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=71" title="编辑章节:唯識宗"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E8%AF%86%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="唯识宗">唯識宗</a></div> <p>為漢傳佛教宗派之一,由玄奘三藏自印度傳入中國,承傳<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%8C%E5%8B%92%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="彌勒菩薩">彌勒菩薩</a>所創唯識無境的宗師依次為無著、世親、陳那、護法、戒賢、玄奘、窺基、慧沼、智周。祖庭為<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%9D%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="陝西">陝西</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%85%88%E6%81%A9%E5%AF%BA" title="大慈恩寺">大慈恩寺</a>,故又稱慈恩宗。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="宗義"><span id=".E5.AE.97.E7.BE.A9"></span>宗義</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=72" title="编辑章节:宗義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>法相宗基本教義為「法相唯識所現」,基於此觀點而提出「三自性」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="法性宗"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E6.80.A7.E5.AE.97"></span>法性宗</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=73" title="编辑章节:法性宗"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E8%97%8F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="如來藏學派">如來藏學派</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="天台宗"><span id=".E5.A4.A9.E5.8F.B0.E5.AE.97"></span>天台宗</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=74" title="编辑章节:天台宗"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%97" title="天台宗">天台宗</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="華嚴宗"><span id=".E8.8F.AF.E5.9A.B4.E5.AE.97"></span>華嚴宗</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=75" title="编辑章节:華嚴宗"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9A%B4%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="華嚴宗">華嚴宗</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="禪宗"><span id=".E7.A6.AA.E5.AE.97"></span>禪宗</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=76" title="编辑章节:禪宗"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaolinsi_talin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Shaolinsi_talin.JPG/220px-Shaolinsi_talin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Shaolinsi_talin.JPG/330px-Shaolinsi_talin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Shaolinsi_talin.JPG/440px-Shaolinsi_talin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" title="河南省">河南省</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B5%A9%E5%B1%B1" title="嵩山">嵩山</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E6%9E%97%E5%AF%BA" title="少林寺">少林寺</a>塔林</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Island_Pagoda,_about_1871,_from_the_album,_Foochow_and_the_River_Min.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Island_Pagoda%2C_about_1871%2C_from_the_album%2C_Foochow_and_the_River_Min.jpg/220px-Island_Pagoda%2C_about_1871%2C_from_the_album%2C_Foochow_and_the_River_Min.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Island_Pagoda%2C_about_1871%2C_from_the_album%2C_Foochow_and_the_River_Min.jpg/330px-Island_Pagoda%2C_about_1871%2C_from_the_album%2C_Foochow_and_the_River_Min.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Island_Pagoda%2C_about_1871%2C_from_the_album%2C_Foochow_and_the_River_Min.jpg/440px-Island_Pagoda%2C_about_1871%2C_from_the_album%2C_Foochow_and_the_River_Min.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3055" /></a><figcaption>闽江<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%B1%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="金山寺">金山寺</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B9%AF%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE" title="約翰·湯姆森">約翰·湯姆森</a>摄于1871年</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="禪宗">禪宗</a></div> <p>傳說釋尊在靈山法會以佛心印心的方式,將佛陀心印傳給禪宗初祖摩訶迦葉尊者。爾後才由摩訶迦葉尊者創立禪宗門派,直至第28代禪宗祖師菩提達摩方傳至中國。其祖庭位于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81" title="湖北省">湖北省</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%A2%85%E5%8E%BF" title="黄梅县">黄梅县</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%A5%96%E9%95%87" title="五祖镇">五祖镇</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%A5%96%E5%AF%BA" title="五祖寺">五祖寺</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="宗義_2"><span id=".E5.AE.97.E7.BE.A9_2"></span>宗義</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=77" title="编辑章节:宗義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南北朝</a>時期,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>僧人<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="菩提達摩">菩提達摩</a>來到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>創立了中國的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="禪宗">禪宗</a>,提倡「不立文字,教外別傳;直指人心,見性成佛」的法門,亦成為禪宗基本教義。禪宗認為解脫不在身外,也無須借助經典的指導。解脫之道就在人的內心,只要能夠放下執著,放下<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91" title="自我">自我</a>,便是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E8%84%AB" title="解脫">解脫</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="教典"><span id=".E6.95.99.E5.85.B8"></span>教典</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=78" title="编辑章节:教典"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>禪宗會以《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%B6%93" title="金剛經">金剛經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E7%A5%96%E5%9D%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="六祖坛经">六祖壇經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E8%A7%89%E7%BB%8F" title="圆觉经">圓覺經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%91%A9%E8%A9%B0%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="維摩詰經">維摩詰經</a>》作為依據。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="修行方法"><span id=".E4.BF.AE.E8.A1.8C.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>修行方法</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=79" title="编辑章节:修行方法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>其修行方法主要為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%A6%AA%E5%85%AB%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="四禪八定">四禪八定</a>,包括為 </p> <ul><li>四禪:初禪、二禪、三禪、四禪。</li> <li>四無色定(四空定):空無邊處定、識無邊處定、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E8%99%95%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無所有處定(页面不存在)">無所有處定</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%83%B3%E9%9D%9E%E9%9D%9E%E6%83%B3%E8%99%95%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非想非非想處定(页面不存在)">非想非非想處定</a>。此四種禪定亦共外道</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%85%E7%9B%A1%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="滅盡定">滅盡定</a>:此唯<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%90%AB" title="阿那含">阿那含</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BE%85%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="阿羅漢">阿羅漢</a>的佛教修行者可證得。</li></ul> <p>九次第定中的四禪四無色定(四禪八定),並不是佛教獨有,在古印度諸宗教中皆有修行。但是滅盡定則佛教獨有,佛教認為九次第定皆是無欲界漏定,但滅盡定只有證<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%90%AB" title="阿那含">阿那含</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BE%85%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="阿羅漢">阿羅漢</a>的佛教聖者才能進入,而第四禪是修行智慧最適合的禪定。 </p><p>《大般涅盤經》敍述佛陀在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%98%E5%B0%B8%E9%82%A3%E4%BC%BD%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="拘尸那伽羅">拘尸那伽羅</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%91%E7%BE%85%E9%9B%99%E6%A8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="娑羅雙樹">娑羅雙樹</a>間入滅前,先進入九次第定,最後才入滅。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="分支"><span id=".E5.88.86.E6.94.AF"></span>分支</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=80" title="编辑章节:分支"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>根据禅宗传说,<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="菩提達摩">菩提達摩</a>为<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%87%E6%97%A6" title="震旦">震旦</a>(中国)的禅宗初祖,二祖<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A7%E5%8F%AF" title="慧可">慧可</a>、三祖<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E7%B2%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="僧粲">僧粲</a>、四祖<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E4%BF%A1" title="道信">道信</a>,五祖<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%98%E5%BF%8D" title="弘忍">弘忍</a>,弘忍<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>後,有兩大弟子<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%80" title="神秀">神秀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E8%83%BD" title="惠能">惠能</a>,兩位<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%B8%AB" title="禪師">禪師</a>各據一方,都被尊稱為六祖,分庭抗禮,有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%A7%80%E5%8D%97%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="北秀南能">北秀南能</a>之稱,这两个传承分别被称为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%97%E7%A6%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北宗禪(页面不存在)">北宗禪</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%97%E7%A6%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南宗禪(页面不存在)">南宗禪</a>。经历了一系列的辩论交锋最终以<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E8%83%BD" title="惠能">惠能</a>之徒<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8F%E6%B3%BD%E7%A5%9E%E4%BC%9A" title="菏泽神会">神会</a>在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%91%E5%8F%B0%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="滑台大会(页面不存在)">滑台大会</a>中辩论胜利为标志性事件,以<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E8%83%BD" title="惠能">惠能</a>为六祖的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%97" class="mw-disambig" title="南宗">南宗</a>后来居上,成为了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="中國禪宗">中國禅宗</a>的主流,「六祖」一詞才定於惠能一身。惠能不再將衣缽獨傳,讓各大弟子自由發揮,其宗派发展到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%83%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五家七派(页面不存在)">五家七派</a>的规模,蔚为大观。五家七派,主要出於<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E9%A0%AD%E5%AE%97" title="石頭宗">石頭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E5%B7%9E%E5%AE%97" title="洪州宗">洪州</a>二宗。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%A9%E4%BB%B0%E5%AE%97" title="沩仰宗">溈仰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E6%B5%8E%E5%AE%97" title="临济宗">臨濟</a>二宗出於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E5%B7%9E%E5%AE%97" title="洪州宗">洪州</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%A5%96%E9%81%93%E4%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="馬祖道一">道一</a>門下,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E6%B4%9E%E5%AE%97" title="曹洞宗">曹洞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E9%97%A8%E5%AE%97" title="云门宗">雲門</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%9C%BC%E5%AE%97" title="法眼宗">法眼</a>皆出於<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E9%A0%AD%E5%AE%97" title="石頭宗">石頭</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E9%A0%AD%E5%B8%8C%E9%81%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="石頭希遷">希遷</a>門下: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%A9%E4%BB%B0%E5%AE%97" title="沩仰宗">沩仰宗</a></b>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E4%B8%88%E6%80%80%E6%B5%B7" title="百丈怀海">百丈懷海</a>門下<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%88%E5%B1%B1%E9%9D%88%E7%A5%90" title="溈山靈祐">沩山灵祐</a>及其弟子<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B0%E5%B1%B1%E6%85%A7%E5%AF%82" title="仰山慧寂">仰山慧寂</a>创立于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="湖南">湖南</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E4%B9%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="宁乡">宁乡</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%A9%E5%B1%B1" title="沩山">沩山</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%8D%B0%E5%AF%BA" title="密印寺">密印寺</a>,慧寂治所在栖隐寺(今<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="江西">江西</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9C%E6%98%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="宜春">宜春</a>的太平兴国寺)。</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E6%B5%8E%E5%AE%97" title="临济宗">临济宗</a></b>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E4%B8%88%E6%80%80%E6%B5%B7" title="百丈怀海">百丈懷海</a>門下<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E8%98%97%E5%B8%8C%E8%BF%90" class="mw-redirect" title="黄蘗希运">黄蘗希运</a>禅师住持黄蘗寺(在今江西<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9C%E4%B8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="宜丰">宜丰</a>县)初露端倪,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E6%B5%8E%E4%B9%89%E7%8E%84" title="临济义玄">临济义玄</a>从希运学法33年之后往镇州(今河北<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="正定">正定</a>)<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%B9%E6%B2%B1%E6%B2%B3" title="滹沱河">滹沱河</a>畔建临济院创立。临济宗传至<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E9%9C%9C%E6%A5%9A%E5%9C%86" title="石霜楚圆">石霜楚圆</a>(986-1039) 门下,又分出黄龙派、杨岐派。 <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%BE%99%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="黄龙派">黄龙派</a></b>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%BE%8D%E6%85%A7%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="黃龍慧南">慧南</a>创立。因其住黄龙山(在今<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="江西">江西</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="九江">九江</a>市[修水]县[黄龙]乡)而得名。</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E5%B2%90%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="杨岐派">杨岐派</a></b>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E5%B2%90%E6%96%B9%E4%BC%9A" title="杨岐方会">方会</a>创立,因住杨岐山(治所在今<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="江西">江西</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8D%E4%B9%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="萍乡">萍乡</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%BF" title="上栗县">上栗縣</a>)而得名。後由<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%85%A7%E5%AE%97%E6%9D%B2" title="大慧宗杲">大慧宗杲</a>光大,傳授<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B1%E9%A0%AD%E7%A6%AA" title="話頭禪">話頭禪</a>法,大行於世。</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E6%B4%9E%E5%AE%97" title="曹洞宗">曹洞宗</a></b>。由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E5%B1%B1%E8%89%AF%E4%BB%B7" title="洞山良价">洞山良价</a>与其弟子<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E5%B1%B1%E6%9C%AC%E5%AF%82" title="曹山本寂">曹山本寂</a>创立,良价禅师治所在今江西<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9C%E4%B8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="宜丰">宜丰</a>县洞山,良价的弟子本寂(840-901)在洞山普利院学法数年,后到曹山(今江西<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9C%E9%BB%84" class="mw-redirect" title="宜黄">宜黄</a>境内)统扬师法,遂使宗风大举。由于良价住洞山,本寂居曹山,所以禅林中把师徒两人创立、弘扬的新禅宗称为“曹洞宗”。後傳於<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E6%99%BA%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%BA" title="宏智正覺">宏智正覺</a>禪師,建立<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E7%85%A7%E7%A6%AA" title="默照禪">默照禪</a>法。</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E9%97%A8%E5%AE%97" title="云门宗">云门宗</a></b>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E9%96%80%E6%96%87%E5%81%83" title="雲門文偃">文偃</a>创立。因文偃住韶州<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E9%97%A8%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="云门寺">云门山</a>(在今<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="广东">广东</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E6%BA%90" class="mw-redirect" title="乳源">乳源</a>瑶族自治县北)光泰禅院而得名。</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%9C%BC%E5%AE%97" title="法眼宗">法眼宗</a></b>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%9C%BC%E6%96%87%E7%9B%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="法眼文益">文益</a>创立。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%94%90" title="南唐">南唐</a>中主<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%92%9F" title="李璟">李璟</a>赐谥其为“大法眼禅师”而得名。</li></ul> <p>自<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="唐代">唐代</a>以降,禪宗在中國的發展非常興旺,禪宗思想本身也經歷了很大的發展,並對中國的文學、藝術、思想文化等產生了很大的影響,并传入<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮半島">朝鲜半島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%88" title="漢字文化圈">漢字文化圈</a>地區。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="淨土宗"><span id=".E6.B7.A8.E5.9C.9F.E5.AE.97"></span>淨土宗</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=81" title="编辑章节:淨土宗"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg/220px-Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg/330px-Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg/440px-Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4440" data-file-height="2960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%BA%9C" title="京都府">京都府</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%82" title="宇治市">宇治市</a>平等院,<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%87%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="日本净土宗">日本淨土宗</a>寺廟</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C" title="淨土崇拜">淨土崇拜</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="净土宗">净土宗</a></div> <p>广义的净土信仰主要包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%A8%82%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="極樂世界">西方净土</a>信仰、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A5%E5%8B%92%E5%87%80%E5%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="弥勒净土">弥勒净土</a>信仰、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%96%A6%E4%BD%9B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="阿閦佛国">不動淨土</a>信仰、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E7%90%89%E7%92%83%E5%85%89%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="东方琉璃光世界">藥師淨土</a>信仰等等,其共同点在于希望通过诸<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8" title="菩萨">菩萨</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%BF%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愿力(页面不存在)">愿力</a>,从这个世界(浊土)死后可以进入诸佛菩萨所在的净土。因此,<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%80%E5%9C%9F%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="净土信仰">净土信仰</a>是佛教中特殊提倡<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-disambig" title="他力">他力</a>的信仰形态。在诸多净土的信仰中,以西方净土信仰在中国最为兴盛,并发展为中国佛教八宗之一的“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E5%AE%97_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="淨土宗 (中國)">净土宗</a>”。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E5%AE%97_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="淨土宗 (中國)">淨土宗</a>因提倡<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E5%AE%97_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="淨土宗 (中國)">淨土法門</a>而得名。淨土法門主要是對<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BD%8C%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿彌陀佛">阿彌陀佛</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%A5%B5%E6%A8%82%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="西方極樂世界">西方極樂世界</a>的信仰,其初祖被认为为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%8B" title="东晋">东晋</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A7%E9%81%A0" title="慧遠">慧远</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%87%E9%B8%9E" title="曇鸞">昙鸾</a>,并经<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E7%BB%B0" title="道绰">道绰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%84%E5%AF%BC" title="善导">善导</a>等人发挥,进行理论上的论述,而成为一股重要的力量。其祖庭則位于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81" title="陕西省">陕西省</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%B8%82" title="西安市">西安市</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%80_(%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%B8%82)" class="mw-redirect" title="長安區 (西安市)">长安区</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E6%9D%9C%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93" title="郭杜街道">郭杜街道</a>神禾原的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E7%A7%AF%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="香积寺">香積寺</a>。 </p><p>净土思想源头虽在印度,而其成为宗派是在中国。其主要内容为依靠<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B" title="阿弥陀佛">阿弥陀佛</a>在修行时所发的四十八个大愿,通过“念佛”而往生西方净土,成为阿弥陀佛的眷属。关于念佛,包括“<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E6%83%B3%E5%BF%B5%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="观想念佛">观想念佛</a>”(念佛三昧)和“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E5%AE%97_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="淨土宗 (中國)">持名念佛</a>”(即诵阿弥陀佛名号)二种,学界一般认为观想念佛为早期净土宗的修行方式,而持名念佛则流行于道绰之后。 </p><p>净土宗对<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="日本佛教">日本佛教</a>有重大的影响,不仅传入了<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%AE%97_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="净土宗 (日本)">淨土宗</a>,并衍生出了称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%80%E5%9C%9F%E7%9C%9F%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="净土真宗">净土真宗</a>的重要宗派。對<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%93%AE%E5%AE%97" title="日蓮宗">日莲宗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80%E5%AE%97" title="真言宗">真言宗</a>等宗派的思想亦有影響。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="宗義_3"><span id=".E5.AE.97.E7.BE.A9_3"></span>宗義</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=82" title="编辑章节:宗義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>淨土宗義可概括為:「信受彌陀救度,專稱彌陀佛名;願生彌陀淨土,廣度十方眾生。」意即為「信」、「願」、「行」。相信有<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BD%8C%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿彌陀佛">阿彌陀佛</a>,並且相信他發了四十八大願,並經已圓滿,這是為信。然後依據《<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%A3%BD%E7%B6%93" title="無量壽經">無量壽經</a>》的第十八願生到<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="西方淨土">西方淨土</a>,這是為願。由於有臨終三隨,包括「隨重」、「隨習」及「隨念」,為了確保臨終得以往生,因此每天都會一心不亂稱<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BD%8C%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿彌陀佛">阿彌陀佛</a>的聖號,這是為「行」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="教典_2"><span id=".E6.95.99.E5.85.B8_2"></span>教典</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=83" title="编辑章节:教典"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>淨土宗亦會專依<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E4%BA%94%E7%B6%93%E4%B8%80%E8%AB%96" title="淨土五經一論">淨土五經一論</a>:《<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BD%8C%E9%99%80%E7%B6%93" title="阿彌陀經">阿彌陀經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E7%84%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%A3%BD%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="觀無量壽經">觀無量壽經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%A3%BD%E7%B6%93" title="無量壽經">無量壽經</a>》、《《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="華嚴經">華嚴經</a>》「<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E8%B3%A2%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E8%A1%8C%E9%A1%98%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="普賢菩薩行願品">普賢菩薩行願品</a>」》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="楞嚴經">楞嚴經</a>》「<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8B%A2%E8%87%B3%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E5%BF%B5%E4%BD%9B%E5%9C%93%E9%80%9A%E7%AB%A0" title="大勢至菩薩念佛圓通章">大勢至菩薩念佛圓通章</a>」、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="往生論">往生論</a>》作為教典。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="修行方法_2"><span id=".E4.BF.AE.E8.A1.8C.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95_2"></span>修行方法</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=84" title="编辑章节:修行方法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>淨土宗依據《<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%A3%BD%E7%B6%93" title="無量壽經">無量壽經</a>》及《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E7%84%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%A3%BD%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="觀無量壽經">觀無量壽經</a>》,可分為上、中、下生三輩,而各輩中又有上、中、下三品,因此可以稱為三輩九品。 而<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%80%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="净空">淨空</a>法師亦提出,淨土宗修行需依<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%80%E4%B8%9A%E4%B8%89%E7%A6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="净业三福">淨業三福</a>作為基礎,包括:孝養父母,奉事師長,慈心不殺,修十善業;二者受持三歸、具足眾戒、不犯威儀;三者發菩提心、深信因果、讀誦大乘、勸進行者。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="金剛乘佛教"><span id=".E9.87.91.E5.89.9B.E4.B9.98.E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99"></span>金剛乘佛教</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=85" title="编辑章节:金剛乘佛教"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">密宗</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳佛教</a></div> <p>現代學者認為大約在公元6、7世紀,密教興起。有人認為密教是大乘佛教吸收印度原始<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="婆羅門教">婆羅門教</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%8A%9B%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="性力派">性力派</a>的一些思想理論和修行方法後產生的。<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>其教義與大小乘佛教同樣是建立在三法印之上,為了希望迅速成佛,所以在修習大小乘共同道,在出離心、菩提心的基礎上以「持咒」、「觀想」等來修習止觀,從而迅速積累福德和智慧二種資糧。 </p><p>目前,漢傳佛教的密宗只保留在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="日本佛教">日本</a>,在中國已經失傳。而在藏傳佛教中密宗則占主流。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=86" title="编辑章节:参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="佛教历史">佛教歷史</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2" title="中國佛教史">中國佛教史</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4" title="对佛教的批判">对佛教的批判</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="佛教相关主题列表">佛教相关主题列表</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=87" title="编辑章节:注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">大乘佛教以往長期稱南傳佛教爲“小乘佛教”,此名被認作一種蔑稱,現代通常以“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a>”指稱,已較少使用小乘,唯有<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="学术研究">學術研究</a>上,在文獻資料中對於前人在先前文獻中已經使用的含有小乘字詞的句子做直接引述時、以及某些人在不願更改其既有用詞習慣的俗稱中,有時仍見此種說法。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=88" title="编辑章节:参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=89" title="编辑章节:引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zhs.dhammakaya.net/%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E3%80%8A%E8%BD%AC%E6%B3%95%E8%BD%AE%E7%BB%8F%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%9F-2/">什么是《转法轮经》? – 法身基金会</a>. 2022-07-05 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-11-18</span>]</span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到美国英语网页">(美国英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E3%80%8A%E8%BD%AC%E6%B3%95%E8%BD%AE%E7%BB%8F%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%9F+%E2%80%93+%E6%B3%95%E8%BA%AB%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A&rft.date=2022-07-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzhs.dhammakaya.net%2F%25E4%25BB%2580%25E4%25B9%2588%25E6%2598%25AF%25E3%2580%258A%25E8%25BD%25AC%25E6%25B3%2595%25E8%25BD%25AE%25E7%25BB%258F%25E3%2580%258B%25EF%25BC%259F-2%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lee, Axian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw/zh/T0112">CBETA 線上閱讀</a>. cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-11-18</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.atitle=CBETA+%E7%B7%9A%E4%B8%8A%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80&rft.aufirst=Axian&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcbetaonline.dila.edu.tw%2Fzh%2FT0112&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Peter, Harvey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC&redir_esc=y">An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices (佛教介绍)</a>. Cambridge University Press. 2013 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2015]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/ISBN+978-0-521-67674-8"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:ISBN 978-0-521-67674-8</span></a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|doi=</code>值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_doi" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices+%EF%BC%88%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D%EF%BC%89&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.sg%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du0sg9LV_rEgC%26redir_esc%3Dy&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2FISBN+978-0-521-67674-8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">人類簡史.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%B0%A1%E5%8F%B2&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524124724/http://www.uniqueroute.com/26143386422282324107_251042360130340310613536365306373292108332147_20839259913543038321.html">內文試閱</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-18</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uniqueroute.com/26143386422282324107_251042360130340310613536365306373292108332147_20839259913543038321.html">原始内容</a>存档于2022-05-24).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=%E5%85%A7%E6%96%87%E8%A9%A6%E9%96%B1&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniqueroute.com%2F26143386422282324107_251042360130340310613536365306373292108332147_20839259913543038321.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pew-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pew_7-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pew_7-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pew_7-2"><sup><b>6.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/"><i>The Global Religious Landscape</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%A4%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="皮尤研究中心">皮尤研究中心</a>. 2012-12-18 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-08-25</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140828202350/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/">存档</a>于2014-08-28).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=The+Global+Religious+Landscape&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%A4%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Fglobal-religious-landscape-exec%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/2014-01/2014-01-028-johnson.html"><i>Christianity 2014: Independent Christianity and Slum Dwellers</i></a>. <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="International Bulletin of Missionary Research" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="International Bulletin of Missionary Research"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Bulletin_of_Missionary_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Bulletin of Missionary Research(页面不存在)">International Bulletin of Missionary Research</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bulletin_of_Missionary_Research" class="extiw" title="en:International Bulletin of Missionary Research"><span lang="en" dir="auto">International Bulletin of Missionary Research</span></a></span>)</span></span>. January 2014, <b>38</b> (1): 28–29 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-06-29</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035526/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/2014-01/2014-01-028-johnson.html">存档</a>于2015-09-24).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.atitle=Christianity+2014%3A+Independent+Christianity+and+Slum+Dwellers&rft.date=2014-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22International+Bulletin+of+Missionary+Research%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22International+Bulletin+of+Missionary+Research%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EInternational+Bulletin+of+Missionary+Research%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EInternational+Bulletin+of+Missionary+Research%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pages=28-29&rft.volume=38&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalbulletin.org%2Fissues%2F2014-01%2F2014-01-028-johnson.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon–Conwell-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon–Conwell_9-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon–Conwell_9-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/StatusOfGlobalMission.pdf"><i>Status of Global Mission, 2014, in the Context of AD 1800-2025</i></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140823050151/http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/StatusOfGlobalMission.pdf">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>). <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Gordon–Conwell Theological Seminary" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gordon–Conwell Theological Seminary"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon%E2%80%93Conwell_Theological_Seminary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon–Conwell Theological Seminary(页面不存在)">Gordon–Conwell Theological Seminary</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%E2%80%93Conwell_Theological_Seminary" class="extiw" title="en:Gordon–Conwell Theological Seminary"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gordon–Conwell Theological Seminary</span></a></span>)</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hkacm.org.hk-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hkacm.org.hk_10-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hkacm.org.hk_10-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114808/http://www.hkacm.org.hk/News/2701/p2.pdf">2014全球差傳數據</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-08-25</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hkacm.org.hk/News/2701/p2.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2014-08-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=2014%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%B7%AE%E5%82%B3%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkacm.org.hk%2FNews%2F2701%2Fp2.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826160959/http://chinese.christianpost.com/article/%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%A4%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A332-%E6%98%AF%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92-%E7%B4%841-3%E7%A8%B1%E7%84%A1%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0-13692/">皮尤調查:世界人口32%是基督徒 約1/3稱無信仰</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-08-25</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinese.christianpost.com/article/%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%A4%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A332-%E6%98%AF%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92-%E7%B4%841-3%E7%A8%B1%E7%84%A1%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0-13692/">原始内容</a>存档于2014-08-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%A4%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A332%25%E6%98%AF%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92+%E7%B4%841%2F3%E7%A8%B1%E7%84%A1%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchinese.christianpost.com%2Farticle%2F%25E7%259A%25AE%25E5%25B0%25A4%25E8%25AA%25BF%25E6%259F%25A5-%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%2595%258C%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E5%258F%25A332-%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%259F%25BA%25E7%259D%25A3%25E5%25BE%2592-%25E7%25B4%25841-3%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E7%2584%25A1%25E4%25BF%25A1%25E4%25BB%25B0-13692%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_12-0"><sup><b>11.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_12-1"><sup><b>11.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826160739/http://china.ucanews.com/2012/12/27/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E9%80%BE%E5%85%AB%E6%88%90%E6%9C%89%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0/">美國調查指全球人口逾八成有宗教信仰</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-08-25</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://china.ucanews.com/2012/12/27/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E9%80%BE%E5%85%AB%E6%88%90%E6%9C%89%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0/">原始内容</a>存档于2014-08-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E9%80%BE%E5%85%AB%E6%88%90%E6%9C%89%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchina.ucanews.com%2F2012%2F12%2F27%2F%25E7%25BE%258E%25E5%259C%258B%25E8%25AA%25BF%25E6%259F%25A5%25E6%258C%2587%25E5%2585%25A8%25E7%2590%2583%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E5%258F%25A3%25E9%2580%25BE%25E5%2585%25AB%25E6%2588%2590%25E6%259C%2589%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599%25E4%25BF%25A1%25E4%25BB%25B0%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merit-times.com.tw/NewsPage.aspx?Unid=288324">全球宗教人口58億 佛教徒占5億</a>. 人間福報. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-08-25</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161323/http://www.merit-times.com.tw/NewsPage.aspx?Unid=288324">存档</a>于2014-08-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.atitle=%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A358%E5%84%84+%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92%E5%8D%A05%E5%84%84&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merit-times.com.tw%2FNewsPage.aspx%3FUnid%3D288324&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berkleycenter.georgetown.edu-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berkleycenter.georgetown.edu_14-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-berkleycenter.georgetown.edu_14-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120750/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/--1285">佛教人口分布</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-08-25</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/--1285">原始内容</a>存档于2014-08-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fessays%2F--1285&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey2012-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harvey2012_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Peter Harvey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC&pg=PA5"><span></span><i>An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</i><span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. 2012-11-22: 5. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-85942-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-85942-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-521-85942-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices&rft.date=2012-11-22&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85942-4&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du0sg9LV_rEgC%26pg%3DPA5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lipner, Julius. Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Routledge. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1135240604,_9781135240608" title="Special:网络书源/1135240604, 9781135240608"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1135240604, 9781135240608</a><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> 请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|isbn=</code>值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_isbn" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft.aulast=Lipner&rft.btitle=Hindus%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=11352406049781135240608&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-econ-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-econ_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ghanshyam Shah. Class, caste and community of South Indian industrialists: An examination of the Horatio Alger Model. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 20, No. 3: Economic and Political Weekly. 1985-01-19: 132–136 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Ghanshyam+Shah&rft.btitle=Class%2C+caste+and+community+of+South+Indian+industrialists%3A+An+examination+of+the+Horatio+Alger+Model&rft.date=1985-01-19&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=132-136&rft.place=Economic+and+Political+Weekly%2C+Vol.+20%2C+No.+3&rft.pub=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robin Rinehart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.my/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA23&dq=Caste+system+Brahmin+Kshatriya+Vaishya">Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice</a>. ABC-CLIO. 2004: 448 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-10-24</span>]</span>. 9781576079058. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731132016/http://books.google.com.my/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA23&dq=Caste+system+Brahmin+Kshatriya+Vaishya">存档</a>于2013-07-31) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Robin+Rinehart&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Hinduism%3A+Ritual%2C+Culture%2C+and+Practice&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.my%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhMPYnfS_R90C%26pg%3DPA23%26dq%3DCaste%2Bsystem%2BBrahmin%2BKshatriya%2BVaishya&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">上座部巴利经典-转法轮经<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhammatalks.org/dhamma/sutta/Dhammacakkappavattana.htm">Dhamma cakkapavattana Sutta</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100610161423/http://www.dhammatalks.org/dhamma/sutta/Dhammacakkappavattana.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《正信的佛教》,108自在语(第一集),<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%9A%B4%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="聖嚴法師">圣严法师</a>,P12-13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">在南傳佛教中,巴利文原文爲Sabba pāpassa akaraṇaṃ, kusalassa upasampadā. Sacitta pariyodapanaṃ, etaṃ buddhāna sāsanaṃ. 有多種翻譯。《教诫<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E6%8F%90%E6%9C%A8%E5%8F%89" title="波羅提木叉">巴帝摩卡</a>偈》(<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.doc88.com/p-5465881083686.html">[1]</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201214231146/http://www.doc88.com/p-5465881083686.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.doc88.com/p-570321199779.html">[2]</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201217021855/http://www.doc88.com/p-570321199779.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://wenku.baidu.com/view/b2c0e239f011f18583d049649b6648d7c1c708d9.html">[3]</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210515031913/https://wenku.baidu.com/view/b2c0e239f011f18583d049649b6648d7c1c708d9.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>))作:莫作一切恶,具足于诸善;净化其自心,此是诸佛教。《佛教的真髓》(財團法人安慧學苑文教基金會附設香光書鄉出版社,2002年11月)P157-160作:不造一切惡,具足諸善行,淨化自心,此是諸佛的教法,在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fzcl.org.cn/d/file/huandengpian/2017-04-02/085163bbe58c392f0a688b4ddad2b92c.jpg">中國上座部佛教的官網</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20211108001905/http://www.fzcl.org.cn/d/file/huandengpian/2017-04-02/085163bbe58c392f0a688b4ddad2b92c.jpg">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)上爲:不作諸恶,具足於善;净化自心,此诸佛教。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203234927/http://ctworld.org.tw/meditation/02_a05.htm">基本佛學第五課 四聖諦(一)苦諦</a>. 中台世界. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-02</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctworld.org.tw/meditation/02_a05.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2009-02-03) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(臺灣)网页">(中文(臺灣))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E8%AA%B2+%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%96%E8%AB%A6%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E8%8B%A6%E8%AB%A6&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctworld.org.tw%2Fmeditation%2F02_a05.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203234939/http://ctworld.org.tw/meditation/02_a06.htm">基本佛學第六課 四聖諦(二)集諦</a>. 中台世界. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-02</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctworld.org.tw/meditation/02_a06.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2009-02-03) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(臺灣)网页">(中文(臺灣))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E8%AA%B2%E3%80%80%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%96%E8%AB%A6%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E9%9B%86%E8%AB%A6&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctworld.org.tw%2Fmeditation%2F02_a06.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ctworld-a07-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ctworld-a07_24-0"><sup><b>23.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctworld-a07_24-1"><sup><b>23.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203234611/http://ctworld.org.tw/meditation/02_a07.htm">基本佛學第七課四聖諦(三)滅諦、道諦</a>. 中台世界. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-02</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctworld.org.tw/meditation/02_a07.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2009-02-03) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(臺灣)网页">(中文(臺灣))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E8%AA%B2%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%96%E8%AB%A6%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E6%BB%85%E8%AB%A6%E3%80%81%E9%81%93%E8%AB%A6&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctworld.org.tw%2Fmeditation%2F02_a07.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="雜阿含經">雜阿含經</a>》(八五四):無明滅則行滅,乃至生滅則老、病、死、憂、悲、惱、苦滅,如是苦陰滅。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lee, Axian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw/zh/ZW0048_001">CBETA 線上閱讀</a>. cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-11-18</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.atitle=CBETA+%E7%B7%9A%E4%B8%8A%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80&rft.aufirst=Axian&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcbetaonline.dila.edu.tw%2Fzh%2FZW0048_001&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_27-0"><sup><b>26.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_27-1"><sup><b>26.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="雜阿含經">雜阿含經</a>》(四九):佛告阿難:「善哉!善哉!應如是答。所以者何?色是生滅法,受、想、行、識是生滅法。知色是生滅法者,名為知色;知受、想、行、識是生滅法者,名為知識。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="雜阿含經">雜阿含經</a>》(九):爾時,世尊告諸比丘:「色無常,無常即苦,苦即非我,非我者亦非我所。如是觀者,名真實正觀。如是受、想、行、識無常,無常即苦,苦即非我,非我者亦非我所。如是觀者,名真實觀。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%AB%E8%AF%91%E6%9D%82%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%BB%8F" title="别译杂阿含经">別譯雜阿含經</a>》(一〇二):一時,佛在優樓頻螺聚落,泥連河側菩提樹下,成佛未久。佛於樹下,獨坐思惟,而作是念:「唯有一道,能淨眾生,使離苦惱,亦能除滅不善惡業,獲正法利,所言法者,即四念處。云何名為四念處耶?觀身念處、觀受念處、觀心念處、觀法念處。若人不修四念處者,為遠離賢聖之法,遠離聖道。若離聖道,即遠離甘露。若遠離甘露,則不免生老病死、憂悲苦惱。如是等人,我說終不能得離於一切諸苦。若修四念處,即親近賢聖法者,若親近賢聖法,即親近賢聖道。若親近賢聖道,即親近甘露法。若親近甘露法,即能得免生老病死、憂悲苦惱。若免生老病死、憂悲苦惱,如是等人,即說離苦。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="雜阿含經">雜阿含經</a>》(九):爾時,世尊告諸比丘:「色無常,無常即苦,苦即非我,非我者亦非我所。如是觀者,名真實正觀。如是受、想、行、識無常,無常即苦,苦即非我,非我者亦非我所。如是觀者,名真實觀。」「聖弟子!如是觀者,厭於色,厭受、想、行、識,厭故不樂,不樂故得解脫。解脫者真實智生:『我生已盡,梵行已立,所作已作,自知不受後有。』」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">明昆尊者《南傳菩薩道》:辟支菩薩(未來辟支佛)必須修習波羅蜜長達兩阿僧祇與十萬大劫。如果他們修習波羅蜜的時期少過兩個阿僧祇與十萬大劫,他們是不可能成為辟支佛的。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">明昆尊者《南傳菩薩道》:在這部經的註釋中也有解釋為何佛陀的出世是非常稀有的。單只說到十波羅蜜中的佈施波羅蜜,我們是不可能只修了一次,或兩次,或十次,或二十次,或五十次,或一百次,或一千次,或十萬次,或一千萬次,或十億次,或一千億次,或十萬億次就可成佛的。同樣地,我們是不可能只修了一天,或兩天,或十天,或二十天,或五十天,或一百天,或一千天,或十萬天,或十億天,或一個月,或兩個月,或十萬億個月,或一年,或兩年,或十萬億,或一個大劫,或兩個大劫,或十萬億個大劫,或一阿僧祇大劫,或兩阿僧祇大劫,或三阿僧祇大劫就可成佛。(其他的波羅蜜,即持戒、出離、智慧、精進、忍辱、真實、決意、慈與捨也是同樣的情形。)事實上最短的期限是四阿僧祇與十萬大劫。只有在這麼久的時間裡,非常恭敬、熱誠、認真、透徹與毫無間斷地圓滿諸波羅蜜之後才能成佛。這就是為什麼佛陀的出世是非常稀有的原因。這部經的疏鈔也強調只有至少修習諸波羅蜜四阿僧祇與十萬大劫之後才能成佛。除此之外,是沒有其他方法的。這是為何佛陀的出世是非常稀有的。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="雜阿含經">雜阿含經</a>》(四九八):佛告舍利弗:「如是,如是。舍利弗!過去、未來、今現在佛悉斷五蓋惱心,慧力羸、墮障礙品、不向涅槃者,住四念處,修七覺分,得阿耨多羅三藐三菩提。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">明昆尊者《南傳菩薩道》:然而,作為菩薩所修習的第四個波羅蜜的智慧,應該只是包括了道果智與一切知智之前的智慧。在此並沒有關係到菩薩在最後一世所證悟的智慧。在直到最後一世之前,菩薩所修的智慧波羅蜜只是到達觀智的行捨智的第一部份。後面部份的行捨智將會直接導向道智。所以在最後一世之前菩薩並不會嘗試去跨越第一部份,因為若他如此做,他就會證悟道果而成為聖者,以及證入涅槃。這樣他就不能成佛。因此我們應注意到菩薩所修的智慧波羅蜜只到行捨智的第一部份而已。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C_(%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8)" title="馬哈希 (緬甸)">馬哈希</a>尊者<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mbscnn.org/NewsList.aspx?CLASS=221">《毗婆舍那講記》</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171231212059/http://mbscnn.org/NewsList.aspx?CLASS=221">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>):菩薩觀見三界內外一切法之生、滅,藉此修習毗婆舍那。所以佛陀說:菩薩觀五取蘊生滅,依序引發諸毗婆舍那智,接著,先以「預流道」,證知涅槃。其後,他以同樣的方式修習毗婆舍那,並藉由「一來道」證知涅槃。再者,他又繼續修習毗婆舍那,再依「不還道」證知涅槃。然後,他又繼續修毗婆舍那,以稱為「漏盡智」的「阿羅漢道」證知涅槃,成為具備「一切知智」的佛陀。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《俱舍论》:所言成劫、谓从风起、乃至地狱始有情生。谓此世间灾所坏已;二十中劫,唯有虚空。过此长时,次应复有等住二十,成劫便至。一切有情业增上力,空中渐有微细风生;是器世间将成前相。风渐增盛,成立如前所说风轮水金轮等。然初成立大梵王宫,乃至夜摩宫。后起风轮等。是谓成立外器世间。初一有情,极光净没,生大梵处,为大梵王。后诸有情、亦从彼殁。有生梵辅,有生梵众,有生他化自在天宫,渐渐下生、乃至人趣俱卢牛货胜身赡部,后生饿鬼傍生地狱。法尔后坏,必最初成。若初一有情,生无间狱,二十中成劫,应知已满。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《世纪经》(起世经异译本):诸比丘,世间转已,如是成时,诸众生等,多得生于光音天上,是诸众生,生彼天时,身心欢愉,喜悦为食,自然光明,又有神通,乘空而行,得最胜色,年寿长远,安乐而往。诸比丘,尔时世间转坏已成,空无有物,诸梵宫中,未有众生。光音天上,福业尽者,乃复下生梵宫殿中,不从胎生,忽然化出,此初梵天名娑诃波帝。尔时,复有诸余众生,福寿尽者,从光音天,舍身命已,安于此生,身形端正,喜悦住持,以为饮食,自然光明,有神通力,腾空而行,身色最胜,即于其间,长久住持,彼诸众生于是住时。无有男女。无有良贱。唯有此名。名曰众生众生也。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《世纪经》:此大地上出生地肥,周遍凝住,譬如有人熟煎乳汁,其上便有薄膜停住,亦如水膜,停住水上,如是如是。复于后时,此大地上所生地肥,凝然停住,渐如钻酪,成就生酥,有如是等形色相貌,其味甘美,犹如上蜜。尔时众生其中忽有性贪嗜者,作如是念:我今亦可以指取此,试复尝之,令我得知,此是何物?时彼众生作是念已,即以其指深齐一节,沾取地味,吮而尝之,尝已意喜。如是一沾一吮,乃至再三,即生贪者,次以手抄,渐渐手掬,后遂多掬,恣意食之。时彼众生,如是抄掬,恣意食时,复有无量其余诸人,见彼众生如是食噉,亦即相学,竞取而食。”诸比丘,彼诸众生,取此地味,食之不已,其身自然渐渐涩恶,皮肤变厚,颜色暗浊,形貌致异,无复光明,亦更不能飞腾虚空,以地肥故,神通灭没。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《增一阿含经》:彼时天子欲意多者,便成女人,遂行情欲,共相娱乐。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-《巴利律藏》-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-《巴利律藏》_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tripitaka.cbeta.org/N05n0003_003">《巴利律藏·附隨·第三等起攝頌》</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171225042037/http://tripitaka.cbeta.org/N05n0003_003">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>):「一切眾生之慈愍者,一切有情之最尊者,獅子之鴦耆羅娑釋迦牟尼,宣說<b>三藏</b>,有經、<b>論</b>及大功德之律。」參見<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tipitaka.sutta.org/canon/vinaya/pariv%C4%81ra/samu%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81nas%C4%ABsasa%E1%B9%85khepo">巴利原文</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171225035356/http://tipitaka.sutta.org/canon/vinaya/pariv%C4%81ra/samu%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81nas%C4%ABsasa%E1%B9%85khepo">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tipitaka.sutta.org/canon/sutta/majjhima/m%C5%ABlapa%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87%C4%81sa/mah%C4%81yamakavaggo">中部32經</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="//web.archive.org/web/20171230230246/http://tipitaka.sutta.org/canon/sutta/a%E1%B9%85guttara/tikanip%C4%81ta/yodh%C4%81j%C4%ABvavaggo">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tipitaka.sutta.org/canon/sutta/a%E1%B9%85guttara/tikanip%C4%81ta/yodh%C4%81j%C4%ABvavaggo">增支部3集143經</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171230230246/http://tipitaka.sutta.org/canon/sutta/a%E1%B9%85guttara/tikanip%C4%81ta/yodh%C4%81j%C4%ABvavaggo">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tipitaka.sutta.org/canon/sutta/a%E1%B9%85guttara/chakkanip%C4%81ta/mah%C4%81vaggo">增支部6集60經</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171230230227/http://tipitaka.sutta.org/canon/sutta/a%E1%B9%85guttara/chakkanip%C4%81ta/mah%C4%81vaggo">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tipitaka.sutta.org/canon/sutta/a%E1%B9%85guttara/dasakanip%C4%81ta/akkosavaggo">增支部10集98經</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171230225842/http://tipitaka.sutta.org/canon/sutta/a%E1%B9%85guttara/dasakanip%C4%81ta/akkosavaggo">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-本生經-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-本生經_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tripitaka.cbeta.org/N31n0018_001">本生經第1卷</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171231021659/http://tripitaka.cbeta.org/N31n0018_001">存档</a>于2017-12-31). <q>燃燈世尊之後,經一阿僧祇劫,憍陳如佛出世。佛行三度弟子之集會。第一集會一兆人,第二集會百億人,第三集會九億人。爾時菩薩為轉輪王,名甚勝者。向佛及一兆比丘眾行大施食。佛向菩薩預言:「汝未來世,當得作佛。」彼聞佛說法,以國事托付大臣等而出家。彼學<b>三藏</b>,得八定及五神通,修禪不怠,生梵天界。<br /><br />此佛之後,有弗沙佛之出世。此佛亦三次行弟子之集會,第一集會六百萬,第二集五百萬,第三集三百二十萬比丘。爾時菩薩名已勝者王,棄大王國,於佛處出家。學<b>三藏</b>,為大眾說法,完成戒波羅蜜,佛亦與彼豫言。<br /><br />此佛之後,有迦葉佛之出世。佛亦有一次弟子之集會,集三萬之比丘。爾時青年菩薩名光護,通達三種吠陀奧義,善知地上與天界,為陶器師作瓶之友。彼與其友俱詣佛所,聞法話而出家,精進努力,修學<b>三藏</b>,遂行大小義務,為佛教添加光彩。佛亦授彼豫言。<br /><br />於第四七日間,天人等在菩提樹之西北方設「寶之家」,佛於此處結跏趺坐,詳察導人入涅槃及一切物根源之<b>阿毘曇藏</b>,經過七日。其後通阿毘曇諸人為兩種說明,即:「寶之家乃作寶之家,或謂佛會得七論之處為寶之家。」此二說明,於此處皆為相應,兩者均可採用。自此以來,其處被稱之為「寶家之祠」。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F%E7%B6%93%E7%AC%AC1%E5%8D%B7&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftripitaka.cbeta.org%2FN31n0018_001&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bhikkhu Karmananda Tanchangya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buddhistdoor.net/features/controversies-on-the-origin-of-the-theravda-abhidhamma-piaka"><i>Controversies on the Origin of the Theravada Abhidhamma-pitaka</i></a>. Buddhistdoor. 2013-04-19 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-11-07</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302221100/http://www.buddhistdoor.net/features/controversies-on-the-origin-of-the-theravda-abhidhamma-piaka">存档</a>于2016-03-02).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.atitle=Controversies+on+the+Origin+of+the+Theravada+Abhidhamma-pitaka&rft.au=Bhikkhu+Karmananda+Tanchangya&rft.date=2013-04-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buddhistdoor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhistdoor.net%2Ffeatures%2Fcontroversies-on-the-origin-of-the-theravda-abhidhamma-piaka&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>轉載Bodhi Journal, Issue 6, December 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bhikkhu Sujato; Bhikkhu Brahmali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150421202946/http://www.ocbs.org/lectures-a-articles-ocbsmain-121/online-publications/69-online-publications/339-the-authenticity-of-the-early-buddhist-texts"><i>The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts</i></a>. Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies (<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="牛津大學佛教研究中心">牛津大學佛教研究中心</a>). November 2013, <b>5</b> <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-06-29</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocbs.org/lectures-a-articles-ocbsmain-121/online-publications/69-online-publications/339-the-authenticity-of-the-early-buddhist-texts">原始内容</a>存档于2015-04-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.atitle=The+Authenticity+of+the+Early+Buddhist+Texts&rft.au=Bhikkhu+Brahmali&rft.au=Bhikkhu+Sujato&rft.date=2013-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Oxford+Centre+for+Buddhist+Studies&rft.volume=5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocbs.org%2Flectures-a-articles-ocbsmain-121%2Fonline-publications%2F69-online-publications%2F339-the-authenticity-of-the-early-buddhist-texts&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lewis Lancaster. <i>Buddhist Books and Texts: Canon and Canonization</i>. Lindsay Jones; Mircea Eliade; Charles J Adams (编). <span></span><i>Encyclopedia of religion</i><span></span>. volume 2 2nd. Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference. 2005: 1252.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Books+and+Texts%3A+Canon+and+Canonization&rft.au=Lewis+Lancaster&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+religion&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=1252&rft.place=Detroit%2C+MI&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">(英文)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《四分律》:过去诸佛着如是衣,得成佛道;未来诸佛亦当着如是衣,得成佛道。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agama.buddhason.org/MN/MN041.htm">《中部》41經沙拉經</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180115184834/http://agama.buddhason.org/MN/MN041.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)他捨斷邪淫後,是離邪淫者:他不與那些[被母親守護、被父親守護、被兄弟守護、被姊妹守護、被親族守護、被氏族守護、被法守護、有夫、有懲罰保護、乃至被套過花環(訂婚)]的女子性交。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BennMeeks2009-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BennMeeks2009_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">James A. Benn; Lori Meeks; James Robson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=rlJ5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA151"><span></span><i>Buddhist Monasticism in East Asia: Places of Practice</i><span></span></a>. Routledge. 2009-09-10: 151–152. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-134-00991-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-134-00991-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-134-00991-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=James+A.+Benn&rft.au=James+Robson&rft.au=Lori+Meeks&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Monasticism+in+East+Asia%3A+Places+of+Practice&rft.date=2009-09-10&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-134-00991-6&rft.pages=151-152&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrlJ5AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA151&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF郭良鋆" class="citation">郭良鋆, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cqvip.com/qk/92785x/198802/1002921031.html">梵语佛教文学概述</a>, 《南亚研究》1988年 第2期, <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-02-12</span>]</span>, (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212190439/http://www.cqvip.com/qk/92785x/198802/1002921031.html">存档</a>于2019-02-12)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=%E9%83%AD%E8%89%AF%E9%8B%86&rft.btitle=%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E3%80%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%80%8B1988%E5%B9%B4+%E7%AC%AC2%E6%9C%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cqvip.com%2Fqk%2F92785x%2F198802%2F1002921031.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF李谋" class="citation">李谋, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cqvip.com/qk/83159x/199903/4000779937.html">东南亚的佛教文学</a>, 《东方论坛:青岛大学学报》1999年 第3期, <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-02-12</span>]</span>, (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212190434/http://www.cqvip.com/qk/83159x/199903/4000779937.html">存档</a>于2019-02-12)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E8%B0%8B&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E8%AE%BA%E5%9D%9B%EF%BC%9A%E9%9D%92%E5%B2%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B1999%E5%B9%B4+%E7%AC%AC3%E6%9C%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cqvip.com%2Fqk%2F83159x%2F199903%2F4000779937.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF张先堂" class="citation">张先堂, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DHYJ604.006.htm">敦煌本唐代净土五会赞文与佛教文学</a>, 《敦煌研究》 1996年04期, <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-02-12</span>]</span>, (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212190427/http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DHYJ604.006.htm">存档</a>于2019-02-12)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=%E5%BC%A0%E5%85%88%E5%A0%82&rft.btitle=%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E6%9C%AC%E5%94%90%E4%BB%A3%E5%87%80%E5%9C%9F%E4%BA%94%E4%BC%9A%E8%B5%9E%E6%96%87%E4%B8%8E%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E3%80%8A%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%80%8B+1996%E5%B9%B404%E6%9C%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTotal-DHYJ604.006.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《開經偈》:無上甚深微妙法,百千萬劫難遭遇。我今見聞得受持,愿解如來真實義。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF周慶華" class="citation">周慶華, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/BDLM/toModule.do?prefix=/search&page=/search_detail.jsp?seq=298026">佛教與文學的系譜</a>, 里仁書局, <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-02-19</span>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9578352425" title="Special:网络书源/9578352425"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9578352425</a>, (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212190415/http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/BDLM/toModule.do?prefix=%2Fsearch&page=%2Fsearch_detail.jsp%3Fseq%3D298026">存档</a>于2019-02-12)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=%E5%91%A8%E6%85%B6%E8%8F%AF&rft.btitle=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E7%B3%BB%E8%AD%9C&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9578352425&rft.pub=%E9%87%8C%E4%BB%81%E6%9B%B8%E5%B1%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2FBDLM%2FtoModule.do%3Fprefix%3D%2Fsearch%26page%3D%2Fsearch_detail.jsp%3Fseq%3D298026&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF孫昌武" class="citation">孫昌武, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/BDLM/toModule.do?prefix=/search&page=/search_detail.jsp?seq=149316">佛教與中國文學</a>, 上海人民出版社, <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-02-19</span>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787208069602" title="Special:网络书源/9787208069602"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787208069602</a>, (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212190432/http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/BDLM/toModule.do?prefix=%2Fsearch&page=%2Fsearch_detail.jsp%3Fseq%3D149316">存档</a>于2019-02-12)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=%E5%AD%AB%E6%98%8C%E6%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787208069602&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2FBDLM%2FtoModule.do%3Fprefix%3D%2Fsearch%26page%3D%2Fsearch_detail.jsp%3Fseq%3D149316&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF谭桂林" class="citation">谭桂林, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cqvip.com/qk/81908x/201304/45457631.html">“五四”后中国佛教 文学思想的现代转型</a>, 《中国社会科学》2013年 第4期, <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-02-12</span>]</span>, (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190213005524/http://www.cqvip.com/qk/81908x/201304/45457631.html">存档</a>于2019-02-13)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=%E8%B0%AD%E6%A1%82%E6%9E%97&rft.btitle=%E2%80%9C%E4%BA%94%E5%9B%9B%E2%80%9D%E5%90%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99+%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E8%BD%AC%E5%9E%8B&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%8B2013%E5%B9%B4+%E7%AC%AC4%E6%9C%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cqvip.com%2Fqk%2F81908x%2F201304%2F45457631.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.douban.com/note/211622608/">《佛學研究》文章〈佛滅系年的考察——回顧與展望〉</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180920122838/https://www.douban.com/note/211622608/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>):即使如此重要,但佛滅系年的推定卻一直是學術界最為困擾的問題之一,較為保守的估計,也有數十種上下相差近千年的不同推算法。尤其是重要的是,起碼就筆者有限的知識范圍之內,華人世界的佛陀涅槃年代,尤其是大陸華語佛教研究界或許是受呂澂先生的研究影響,大致以公元480年左右的眾圣點記為核心。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0512/feature4/map.html">Buddha Rising, Buddhism in the West, map</a>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011054612/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0512/feature4/map.html">存档</a>于2011-10-11).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=Buddha+Rising%2C+Buddhism+in+the+West%2C+map&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2Fngm%2F0512%2Ffeature4%2Fmap.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oproject.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/mapofwar.jpg">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-04-26</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503171253/http://oproject.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/mapofwar.jpg">存档</a>于2012-05-03).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foproject.files.wordpress.com%2F2007%2F09%2Fmapofwar.jpg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapsofwar.com/ind/history-of-religion.html">History of Religion</a>. Maps of War. 2006-11-12 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-10-24</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028013819/http://mapsofwar.com/ind/history-of-religion.html">存档</a>于2011-10-28).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=History+of+Religion&rft.date=2006-11-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Maps+of+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapsofwar.com%2Find%2Fhistory-of-religion.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130618223858/http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/02016/images/map_of_religions.png">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-07-31</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/02016/images/map_of_religions.png">原始内容</a>存档于2013-06-18).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2F05aug%2F02016%2Fimages%2Fmap_of_religions.png&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081214054323/http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/31/3731-004.gif">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-12-10</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wadsworth.com/religion_d/special_features/popups/maps/matthews_world/images/w001.jpg">原始内容</a>存档于2008-12-14).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wadsworth.com%2Freligion_d%2Fspecial_features%2Fpopups%2Fmaps%2Fmatthews_world%2Fimages%2Fw001.jpg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wadsworth.com/religion_d/special_features/popups/maps/matthews_world/images/w091.jpg">Wads Worth - Religions in Asia</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-10-24</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114000932/http://www.wadsworth.com/religion_d/special_features/popups/maps/matthews_world/images/w091.jpg">存档</a>于2020-11-14).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=Wads+Worth+-+Religions+in+Asia&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wadsworth.com%2Freligion_d%2Fspecial_features%2Fpopups%2Fmaps%2Fmatthews_world%2Fimages%2Fw091.jpg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081214054323/http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/31/3731-004.gif">Britannica</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-04-26</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/31/3731-004.gif">原始内容</a>存档于2008-12-14).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia-2.web.britannica.com%2Feb-media%2F31%2F3731-004.gif&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Range_of_Religious_Freedom-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Range_of_Religious_Freedom_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003170011/http://crf.hudson.org/articledocs/TheRangeofReligiousFreedom.doc">The Range of Religious Freedom</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-10-24</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crf.hudson.org/articledocs/TheRangeofReligiousFreedom.doc">原始内容</a>存档于2011-10-03).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=The+Range+of+Religious+Freedom&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrf.hudson.org%2Farticledocs%2FTheRangeofReligiousFreedom.doc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826160959/http://chinese.christianpost.com/article/%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%A4%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A332-%E6%98%AF%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92-%E7%B4%841-3%E7%A8%B1%E7%84%A1%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0-13692/">皮尤调查:世界人口32%是基督徒 约1/3称无信仰</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-08-25</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinese.christianpost.com/article/%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%A4%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A332-%E6%98%AF%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92-%E7%B4%841-3%E7%A8%B1%E7%84%A1%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0-13692/">原始内容</a>存档于2014-08-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%A4%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A332%25%E6%98%AF%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92+%E7%BA%A61%2F3%E7%A7%B0%E6%97%A0%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchinese.christianpost.com%2Farticle%2F%25E7%259A%25AE%25E5%25B0%25A4%25E8%25AA%25BF%25E6%259F%25A5-%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%2595%258C%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E5%258F%25A332-%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%259F%25BA%25E7%259D%25A3%25E5%25BE%2592-%25E7%25B4%25841-3%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E7%2584%25A1%25E4%25BF%25A1%25E4%25BB%25B0-13692%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-merit-times.com.tw-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-merit-times.com.tw_66-0"><sup><b>65.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-merit-times.com.tw_66-1"><sup><b>65.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merit-times.com.tw/NewsPage.aspx?Unid=288324">全球宗教人口58億 佛教徒占5億</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-08-25</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161323/http://www.merit-times.com.tw/NewsPage.aspx?Unid=288324">存档</a>于2014-08-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A358%E5%84%84+%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92%E5%8D%A05%E5%84%84&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merit-times.com.tw%2FNewsPage.aspx%3FUnid%3D288324&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hshs.ntpc.edu.tw/mediafile/596/news/239/2013-4/42013-4-24-8-26-28-nf1.pdf">天主教徒分布圖</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-08-25</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019023000/http://www.hshs.ntpc.edu.tw/mediafile/596/news/239/2013-4/42013-4-24-8-26-28-nf1.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2020-10-19).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%9C%96&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hshs.ntpc.edu.tw%2Fmediafile%2F596%2Fnews%2F239%2F2013-4%2F42013-4-24-8-26-28-nf1.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The world's living religions page 335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An introduction to Hinduism page 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources of Japanese Tradition: From earliest times through the sixteenth century page 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sangharakshita. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e-b2EzNRxQIC&pg=PA164">Ambedkar and Buddhism</a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. 2006: 164 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-04-15</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-81-208-3023-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-81-208-3023-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-81-208-3023-3</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514222810/https://books.google.com/books?id=e-b2EzNRxQIC&pg=PA164">存档</a>于2021-05-14).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Sangharakshita&rft.btitle=Ambedkar+and+Buddhism&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3023-3&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De-b2EzNRxQIC%26pg%3DPA164&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Moudgil, Manu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thequint.com/news/india/dalits-converting-to-buddhism">Dalits Are Still Converting to Buddhism, but at a Dwindling Rate</a>. TheQuint. 2017年6月17日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2020年8月24日]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201214231506/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/dalits-converting-to-buddhism">存档</a>于2020年12月14日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.atitle=Dalits+Are+Still+Converting+to+Buddhism%2C+but+at+a+Dwindling+Rate&rft.aufirst=Manu&rft.aulast=Moudgil&rft.date=2017-06-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheQuint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thequint.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fdalits-converting-to-buddhism&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/dalits-who-converted-to-buddhism-better-off-in-literacy-and-well-being/745230/">Dalits who converted to Buddhism better off in literacy and well-being: Survey</a>. 2017年7月2日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2020年8月24日]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200903210259/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/dalits-who-converted-to-buddhism-better-off-in-literacy-and-well-being/745230/">存档</a>于2020年9月3日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=Dalits+who+converted+to+Buddhism+better+off+in+literacy+and+well-being%3A+Survey&rft.date=2017-07-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Findia-news%2Fdalits-who-converted-to-buddhism-better-off-in-literacy-and-well-being%2F745230%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/5-buddhism.html">Buddhist Religion in India - Statewise Census 2011</a>. www.census2011.co.in. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-08-24</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212073602/https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/5-buddhism.html">存档</a>于2020-12-12).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Religion+in+India+-+Statewise+Census+2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.census2011.co.in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census2011.co.in%2Fdata%2Freligion%2F5-buddhism.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7114" class="extiw" title="s:魏書/卷114">魏书·释老志</a>》:“汉武帝遣霍去病讨匈奴,获休屠王金人,以为大神,列于甘泉宫,不祭祀,但烧香礼拜而已。此则佛道流通之渐也。张骞使大夏,传其旁有<a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E6%AF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="身毒">身毒</a>国,一名<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%AB%BA" title="天竺">天竺</a>,始闻有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E5%B1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="浮屠">浮屠</a>之教。哀帝元寿元年,博士弟子秦景宪受大月氏王使伊存口授浮屠经,中国闻之,未信了也。后明帝夜梦金人,项有白光,飞行殿庭,乃访群臣,傅毅始以佛对。帝遣郎中蔡愔等使天竺,写浮屠遗范,仍与沙门摄摩腾、竺法兰东还洛阳,中国有沙门跪拜之法自此。”<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%8B" title="东晋">东晋</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E5%AE%8F" title="袁宏">袁宏</a>撰集《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E7%B4%80/%E5%8D%B710" class="extiw" title="s:後漢紀/卷10">后汉纪·孝明皇帝纪·下</a>》:“初,帝梦见金人长大,项有日月光,以问群臣。或曰西方有神,其名曰佛,其形长大。陛下所梦,得无是乎于是遣使天竺而问其道术,遂于中国而图其形象焉。有经数千万言,以虚无为宗,苞罗精粗,无所不统,善为宏阔胜大之言,所求在一体之内,而所明在视听之外,世俗之人,以为虚诞,然归于玄微深远,难得而测,故王公大人观死生报应之际,莫不矍然自失!”<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)" class="mw-redirect" title="宋 (南朝)">宋</a>时期的历史学家<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E6%99%94_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D%E5%AE%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="范晔 (南朝宋)">范晔</a>编撰的《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B742" class="extiw" title="s:後漢書/卷42">后汉书·卷四十二·光武十王列传</a>》也引<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E5%AE%8F" title="袁宏">袁宏</a>语:“浮屠,佛也,西域天竺國有佛道焉。佛者,漢言覺也,將以覺悟腢生也。其教以修善慈心為主,不殺生,專務清靜。其精者為沙門。沙門,漢言息也,蓋息意去欲而歸於無為。又以為人死精神不滅,隨復受形,生時善惡皆有報應,故貴行善修道,以煉精神,以至無生而得為佛也。佛長丈六尺,黃金色,項中佩日月光,變化無方,無所不入,而大濟腢生。初,明帝夢見金人長大,項有日月光,以問腢臣。或曰:『西方有神,其名曰佛。陛下所夢,得無是乎?』於是遣使天竺,問其道術而圖其形像焉。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="链接至维基文库" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E9%9A%8B%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B735#佛經" class="extiw" title="s:zh:隋書/卷35">《隋書/志/卷三十五志第三十/經籍四集道經佛經/佛經》</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">(中文)</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5B%5BFile%3AWikisource-logo.svg%7C12px%7Clink%3D%7Calt%3D%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E8%87%B3%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%7C%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D%26nbsp%3B%5B%5Bs%3Azh%3A%E9%9A%8B%E6%9B%B8%2F%E5%8D%B735%23%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93%7C-%7BR%7C%E3%80%8A%E9%9A%8B%E6%9B%B8%2F%E5%BF%97%2F%E5%8D%B7%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E5%BF%97%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%2F%E7%B6%93%E7%B1%8D%E5%9B%9B%E9%9B%86%E9%81%93%E7%B6%93%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93%2F%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93%E3%80%8B%7D-%5D%5D&rft.jtitle=%5B%5B%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/zh.wikipedia.org:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-omia-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-omia_77-0"><sup><b>76.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-omia_77-1"><sup><b>76.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7114" class="extiw" title="s:魏書/卷114">魏书·释老志</a>》:“世祖初继位,亦遵太祖、太宗之业,每引高德沙门,与共谈论。……及得寇谦之道,帝以清净无为,有仙化之证,遂信行其术。时司徒崔浩,博学多闻,帝每访以大事。浩奉谦之道,尤不信佛,与帝言,数加非毁,常谓虚诞,为世费害,帝以其辩博,颇信之。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《魏书·世祖纪下》:“会盖反杏城,关中骚动,帝乃西伐,至于长安。先是长安沙门种麦于寺内,御驺牧马于麦中,帝入观马。沙门饮从官酒,从官入其便室,见大有弓矢矛盾。出以奏闻。帝怒曰:‘此非沙门所用,当与盖吴通谋,规害人耳!’命有司徒案诛一寺,阅其财产,大得酿酒具及州郡牧守、富人所寄藏物,盖以万计。又为屈室,与贵室女私行淫乱。帝既忿沙门非法,浩时从行,因进其说。诏诛长安沙门,焚破佛像。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《滅佛法詔》:“有司宣告征镇诸军、刺史,诸有佛图形象及胡经,尽皆击破焚烧,沙门无少长悉坑之。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E9%AB%98%E5%83%A7%E5%82%B3/%E5%8D%B7%E5%8D%81#宋偽魏長安釋曇始" class="extiw" title="s:梁高僧傳/卷十">梁高僧傳·卷十</a>》:“以伪太平七年遂毁灭佛法,分遣军兵烧掠寺舍,统内僧尼悉令罢道,其有窜逸者,皆遣人追捕,得则必枭斩,一境之内无复沙门。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《魏书》:“诸有佛图、形像及胡经,尽皆击破、焚毁;沙门无少长,悉坑之!”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tripitaka.cbeta.org/T52n2103_026">《斷酒肉文》</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180316182308/http://tripitaka.cbeta.org/T52n2103_026">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)二十三日。<b>會其後諸僧尼</b>。<b>或猶云</b> 。<b>律中無斷肉事及懺悔食肉法</b>。其月二十九日。又勅請義學僧一百四十一人義學尼五十七人。於華林華光殿使莊嚴寺法超。奉誠寺僧辯。光宅寺寶度等三律師。昇高座御席地施座。餘僧尼亦爾。<br /> 制旨問法超等三律師曰。古人云。止沸莫若去薪。息過莫若無言。弟子無言乃復甚易。但欲成人之美使佛種相續與諸僧尼共弘法教。兼即事中亦不得默已。故今集會於大眾前。求律中意。聞諸。<br /> <b>僧道</b>。<b>律中無有斷肉法</b>。<b>又無懺悔食肉法</b>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%BB%8F_(%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98)" title="大般涅槃经 (大乘)">大般涅槃經</a>》:爾時,迦葉菩薩白佛言:「世尊!食肉之人不應施肉。何以故?我見不食肉者有大功德。」<br /> 佛讚迦葉:「善哉,善哉。汝今乃能善知我意,護法菩薩應當如是。善男子!<b>從今日始</b>,<b>不聽聲聞弟子食肉</b>。若受檀越信施之時,應觀是食如子肉想。」<br /> 迦葉菩薩復白佛言:「世尊!云何如來不聽食肉?」<br /> 「善男子!<b>夫食肉者</b>,<b>斷大慈種</b>。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%9A%B4%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="聖嚴法師">聖嚴法師</a>《律制生活》佛教的飲食規制:制斷肉食,皆出大乘經律,小乘國家未能見到大乘經律,故未斷除肉食,也是很難怪的,我們不必攻擊他們。<b>即在我們中國的佛教</b>,<b>從東漢開始</b>,<b>直到梁武帝時</b>,<b>所有的僧侶弟子</b>,<b>均未斷除肉食</b>,到了梁武帝捨道信佛,聽了《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%BB%8F_(%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98)" title="大般涅槃经 (大乘)">涅槃經</a>》以後,便極力主張素食,從他本人開始,並勸一切僧俗佛子,皆斷肉食,他以朝廷的力量,來影響社會,所收的效果,自然很大。從此之後,中國佛教的素食主義,也就形成風尚了。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%B5%E8%B5%B7%E9%88%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="張起鈞(页面不存在)">張起鈞</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B3%E6%80%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吳怡(页面不存在)">吳怡</a>. 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中國哲學史話(页面不存在)">中國哲學史話</a>》. : 頁三一〇.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=%E5%BC%B5%E8%B5%B7%E9%88%9E%E3%80%81%E5%90%B3%E6%80%A1&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2%E8%A9%B1%E3%80%8B&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=%E9%A0%81%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E3%80%87&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MISC/61252.htm">韓愈論佛骨表的緣起及其內容分析</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-10-13</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101207103618/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MISC/61252.htm">存档</a>于2010-12-07).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=%E9%9F%93%E6%84%88%E8%AB%96%E4%BD%9B%E9%AA%A8%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%84%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccbs.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-MISC%2F61252.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-趙軼峰-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-趙軼峰_87-0"><sup><b>86.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-趙軼峰_87-1"><sup><b>86.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">赵轶峰. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083659/http://hk.plm.org.cn/gnews/200944/200944118100.html">明朝宗教政策合论</a>. 《古代文明》. 2007年, (第2期) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-09-01</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hk.plm.org.cn/gnews/200944/200944118100.html">原始内容</a>存档于2016-03-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soas.nenu.edu.cn/kyss/asia/publish/journal/2007年第2期/2.8.htm">简明摘要</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.atitle=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%90%88%E8%AE%BA&rft.au=%E8%B5%B5%E8%BD%B6%E5%B3%B0&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=%E7%AC%AC2%E6%9C%9F&rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhk.plm.org.cn%2Fgnews%2F200944%2F200944118100.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">參見《中國哲學史》,胡適著,吉林出版社,2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/08/12/6-facts-about-christianity-in-south-korea/">6 facts about South Korea’s growing Christian population</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%A4%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="皮尤研究中心">皮尤研究中心</a>. 2014-08-12 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-04-28</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426214504/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/08/12/6-facts-about-christianity-in-south-korea/">存档</a>于2017-04-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=6+facts+about+South+Korea%E2%80%99s+growing+Christian+population&rft.date=2014-08-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%A4%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2014%2F08%2F12%2F6-facts-about-christianity-in-south-korea%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">(英文)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Jane Lampman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0914/p14s01-lire.html"><i>American Buddhism on the rise</i></a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%AE%B4%E8%A8%80%E6%8A%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="基督教科学箴言报">基督教科學箴言報</a>》. 2006年9月14日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-03-13</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314001806/http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0914/p14s01-lire.html">存档</a>于2014-03-14).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.atitle=American+Buddhism+on+the+rise&rft.au=Jane+Lampman&rft.date=2006-09-14&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2006%2F0914%2Fp14s01-lire.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">(英文)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Jahnabi Barooah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/10/most-and-least-buddhist-cities-in-america_n_2098813.html#slide=1740011"><i>Most And Least Buddhist Cities In America (PHOTOS)</i></a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%8A%AC%E9%A1%BF%E9%82%AE%E6%8A%A5" title="赫芬顿邮报">赫芬頓郵報</a>》. 2012-11-10 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-03-13</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314144110/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/10/most-and-least-buddhist-cities-in-america_n_2098813.html#slide=1740011">存档</a>于2014-03-14).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.atitle=Most+And+Least+Buddhist+Cities+In+America+%28PHOTOS%29&rft.au=Jahnabi+Barooah&rft.date=2012-11-10&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2012%2F11%2F10%2Fmost-and-least-buddhist-cities-in-america_n_2098813.html%23slide%3D1740011&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">(英文)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928020927/http://www.e-b-u.org/buddhism-europe.html">Buddhism in Europe</a>. 歐洲佛教聯盟. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-04-28</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-b-u.org/buddhism-europe.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2011-09-28).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+Europe&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-b-u.org%2Fbuddhism-europe.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">(英文)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MeltonBaumann2010-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MeltonBaumann2010_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">J. Gordon Melton; Martin Baumann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA1017"><span></span><i>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices</i><span></span></a> 2nd. ABC-CLIO. 2010-09-21: 1017. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-59884-204-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-59884-204-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-59884-204-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=J.+Gordon+Melton&rft.au=Martin+Baumann&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+World%3A+A+Comprehensive+Encyclopedia+of+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.date=2010-09-21&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-204-3&rft.pages=1017&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv2yiyLLOj88C%26pg%3DPA1017&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/buddhists/">The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050 - Buddhists</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%A4%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="皮尤研究中心">皮尤研究中心</a>. 2015-04-02 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-04-28</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170429183904/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/buddhists/">存档</a>于2017-04-29).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+World+Religions%3A+Population+Growth+Projections%2C+2010-2050+-+Buddhists&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%A4%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2015%2F04%2F02%2Fbuddhists%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">(英文)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">莊崑木譯,平川彰著《印度佛教史》第3章〈初期的大乘佛教〉:「大乘」是Mahayana(摩訶衍)的譯語,意為「大的交通工具(車)」;「小乘」是Hinayana的譯語,意為「小的交通工具」,而且Hina原意為「被丟棄的」,也有「卑下」、「劣等」的意思,所以Hinayana(小乘)是一種輕視的稱呼,大乘教徒輕視部派佛教,所以才會這樣稱呼他們。換句話說,不可能有教團自稱「小乘」。大乘教徒所稱的「小乘」,不知道是指整個部派佛教?還是指其中一部分?從《大智度論》等看來,其中所破斥的似乎專指毗婆沙師,亦即說一切有部。事實上,有部似乎真的被視為是小乘的代表,這件事也可以從大乘經典中廣為確定,但是不知道大眾部和上座部是否也被包括在「小乘」的範疇內?」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">參見<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E6%BE%82" title="呂澂">吕澂</a>《中國佛學源流略講》、《印度佛學源流略講》等書</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">印順法師在《妙雲集》中評論“密教具有印度教性力派教義。”</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=90" title="编辑章节:来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E6%BE%82" title="呂澂">吕澂</a>,《印度佛學源流略讲》,<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787208147447" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9787208147447</a></li> <li>吕澂,《中国佛学源流略讲》,<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789578352124" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9789578352124</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8E%8C%E7%94%B0%E8%8C%82%E9%9B%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鎌田茂雄(页面不存在)">鎌田茂雄</a>. 《中國佛教通史》. 由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%97%9C%E4%B8%96%E8%AC%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="關世謙(页面不存在)">關世謙</a>翻译. 台北: 佛光出版社. 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=%E9%8E%8C%E7%94%B0%E8%8C%82%E9%9B%84&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97&rft.pub=%E4%BD%9B%E5%85%89%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E9%A1%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="印顺">印顺</a>,《<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw/zh/Y0031">印度之佛教</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210616155721/https://cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw/zh/Y0031">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E9%A1%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="印顺">印顺</a>,《<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw/zh/Y0032">印度佛教思想史</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210616161117/https://cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw/zh/Y0032">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)》</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E5%8F%94%E8%BF%A6" title="周叔迦">周叔迦</a>. 《印度佛教史》. 中華書局. 2004-11-01. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7101005446" title="Special:网络书源/7101005446"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7101005446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=%E5%91%A8%E5%8F%94%E8%BF%A6&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2004-11-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7101005446&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%9B%B8%E5%B1%80&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E6%9D%B0" class="mw-disambig" title="任杰">任傑</a>《略講觀修三寶功德及其意義》</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%99%E6%A8%B8%E5%88%9D" title="趙樸初">趙樸初</a>. 《佛教常識答問》. 北京出版社. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7-200-04718-X" title="Special:网络书源/7-200-04718-X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7-200-04718-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=%E8%B6%99%E6%A8%B8%E5%88%9D&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%B8%B8%E8%AD%98%E7%AD%94%E5%95%8F%E3%80%8B&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7-200-04718-X&rft.pub=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8A%E4%BF%8A%E9%9D%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="野上俊靜(页面不存在)">野上俊靜</a>《中國佛教史概說》<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789570508123" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-957-05-0812-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%B7%9D%E5%BD%B0" title="平川彰">平川彰</a>《印度佛教史》<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789867892669" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-986-7892-66-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%9A%B4%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="聖嚴法師">聖嚴法師</a>《戒律學綱要》<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789575982096" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-957-598-209-6</a></li> <li>聖嚴法師《菩薩戒指要》<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789578473096" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-957-8473-09-6</a></li> <li>賴永海教授主編的《中國佛教通史》(2010年出版)</li> <li>季羨林教授主編的《中华佛教史》(2013年出版)</li> <li>魏道儒教授主編的《世界佛教通史》(2015年出版)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=91" title="编辑章节:延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks" style="float: right;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q748"><span class="nomobile">在维基数据</span>编<span class="nomobile">辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> </p> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本:" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8/%E7%A5%9E%E7%95%B0%E5%85%B8/%E9%87%8B%E6%95%99%E9%83%A8#佛教" class="extiw" title="s:欽定古今圖書集成/博物彙編/神異典/釋教部">欽定古今圖書集成·博物彙編·神異典·釋教部</a>》,出自<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E6%A2%A6%E9%9B%B7" title="陈梦雷">陈梦雷</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90" title="古今图书集成">古今圖書集成</a>》</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中文書籍"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E6.96.87.E6.9B.B8.E7.B1.8D"></span>中文書籍</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=92" title="编辑章节:中文書籍"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A9" title="方立天">方立天</a>. 《中國佛教簡史》. 中華人民共和國: <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="宗教文化出版社">宗教文化出版社</a>. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787801232281" title="Special:网络书源/9787801232281"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787801232281</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(中国大陆)网页">(中文(中国大陆))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=%E6%96%B9%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A9&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%B0%A1%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787801232281&rft.place=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B&rft.pub=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%96%E6%B0%B8%E6%B5%B7" title="赖永海">賴永海</a>. 《中國佛教百科全書》. 中華人民共和國: <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%8F%A4%E7%B1%8D%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="上海古籍出版社">上海古籍出版社</a>. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787532528707" title="Special:网络书源/9787532528707"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787532528707</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(中国大陆)网页">(中文(中国大陆))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=%E8%B3%B4%E6%B0%B8%E6%B5%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787532528707&rft.place=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%8F%A4%E7%B1%8D%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E7%BB%A7%E6%84%88" title="任继愈">任繼愈</a>. 《中國佛教史》. 中國社會科學出版社. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7500401787" title="Special:网络书源/7500401787"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7500401787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=%E4%BB%BB%E7%B9%BC%E6%84%88&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7500401787&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>《佛教入門》-聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《正信的佛教》-聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《學佛群疑》-聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《學佛知津》-聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《聖者的故事》-聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《念佛生淨土》-聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《神通與人通-宗教人生》-聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《制律生活》-聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《佛法綱要:四聖諦、六波羅蜜、四弘誓願講記》-聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《菩薩行願:觀音、地藏、普賢菩薩法門講記》-聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《三十七道品講記》-聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《佛陀遺教:四十二章經、佛遺教經、八大人覺經講記》-聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《觀音妙智:觀音菩薩耳根圓通法門講要》-聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《自家寶藏:如來藏經語體譯釋》-聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《華嚴心詮:原人論考釋》-聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《福慧自在:金剛經生活》-聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《修行在紅塵:維摩經六講》--聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《心的經典:心經新釋》-聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《48個願望:無量壽經講記》-聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《探索識界:八識規矩頌講記》-聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《絕妙說法:法華經講要》-聖嚴法師著法鼓文化出版</li> <li>《天台心鑰:教觀綱宗貫註》-聖嚴法師著 法鼓文化出版</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="外文書籍"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E6.96.87.E6.9B.B8.E7.B1.8D"></span>外文書籍</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=93" title="编辑章节:外文書籍"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bechert, Heinz & Richard Gombrich (ed.) (1984). <i>The World of Buddhism</i>, Thames & Hudson.</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Cousins, L. S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5vDULzfTE?url=http://indology.info/papers/cousins/">The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article</a>. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 1996,. Series 3 (6.1): 57–63 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-07-11</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indology.info/papers/cousins/">原始内容</a>存档于2010-12-24).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.atitle=The+Dating+of+the+Historical+Buddha%3A+A+Review+Article&rft.aufirst=L.+S.&rft.aulast=Cousins&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6.1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.pages=57-63&rft.volume=Series+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findology.info%2Fpapers%2Fcousins%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>; reprinted in Williams, <i>Buddhism</i>, volume I; NB in the online transcript a little text has been accidentally omitted: in section 4, between "... none of the other contributions in this section envisage a date before 420 B.C." and "to 350 B.C." insert "Akira Hirakawa defends the short chronology and Heinz Bechert himself sets a range from 400 B.C."</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Davidson, Ronald M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianesotericbu0000davi">Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0231126190" title="Special:网络书源/0231126190"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0231126190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Ronald+M.&rft.btitle=Indian+Esoteric+Buddhism%3A+A+Social+History+of+the+Tantric+Movement&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0231126190&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findianesotericbu0000davi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">de Give, Bernard. Les rapports de l'Inde et de l'Occident des origines au règne d'Asoka. Les Indes savants. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/2846540365" title="Special:网络书源/2846540365"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 2846540365</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到法语网页">(法语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=de+Give%2C+Bernard&rft.btitle=Les+rapports+de+l%27Inde+et+de+l%27Occident+des+origines+au+r%C3%A8gne+d%27Asoka&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=2846540365&rft.pub=Les+Indes+savants&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rupert_Gethin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rupert Gethin(页面不存在)">Gethin, Rupert</a>. Foundations of Buddhism. Oxford University Press. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780192892232" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-289223-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Gethin%2C+Rupert&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Buddhism&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Harvey, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontobu00harv_0">An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</a>. Cambridge University Press. 1990. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521313339" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-31333-9</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Peter&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontobu00harv_0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Lamotte, Étienne (trans. from French). Teaching of Vimalakirti. 由Sara Boin翻译. London: Pali Text Society. 1976: XCIII. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0710085400" title="Special:网络书源/0710085400"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0710085400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Lamotte%2C+%C3%89tienne+%28trans.+from+French%29&rft.btitle=Teaching+of+Vimalakirti&rft.date=1976&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0710085400&rft.pages=XCIII&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pali+Text+Society&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Skilton, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=GEKd4iqH3C0C&dq=history+of+buddhism">A Concise History of Buddhism</a>. Windhorse Publications. 1997 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-11-14</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0904766926" title="Special:网络书源/0904766926"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0904766926</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320141113/http://books.google.com/books?id=GEKd4iqH3C0C&dq=history+of+buddhism">存档</a>于2015-03-20).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Skilton%2C+Andrew&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Buddhism&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0904766926&rft.pub=Windhorse+Publications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGEKd4iqH3C0C%26dq%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bbuddhism&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Williams, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mahayanabuddhism0000will">Mahayana Buddhism: the doctrinal foundations</a>. London: Routledge. 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Williams%2C+Paul&rft.btitle=Mahayana+Buddhism%3A+the+doctrinal+foundations&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmahayanabuddhism0000will&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Williams, Paul (ed.) (2005). <i>Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies</i>, 8 volumes, Routledge, London & New York.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Armstrong, Karen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddha00arms">Buddha</a>. Penguin Books. 2001: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddha00arms/page/187">187</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-14-303436-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-14-303436-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-14-303436-7</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Karen&rft.btitle=Buddha&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-14-303436-7&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddha00arms&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Buswell, Robert E. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. MacMillan Reference Books. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0028657189" title="Special:网络书源/978-0028657189"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0028657189</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Buswell%2C+Robert+E.+%28ed.%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0028657189&rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Coogan, Michael D. (ed.). The Illustrated Guide to World Religions. Oxford University Press. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-84483-125-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-84483-125-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-84483-125-8</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Coogan%2C+Michael+D.+%28ed.%29&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Guide+to+World+Religions&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84483-125-8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Donath, Dorothy C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhismforwestt00dona">Buddhism for the West: Theravāda, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna; a comprehensive review of Buddhist history, philosophy, and teachings from the time of the Buddha to the present day</a>. Julian Press. 1971. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780070175334" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-07-017533-4</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Donath%2C+Dorothy+C.&rft.btitle=Buddhism+for+the+West%3A+Therav%C4%81da%2C+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+and+Vajray%C4%81na%3B+a+comprehensive+review+of+Buddhist+history%2C+philosophy%2C+and+teachings+from+the+time+of+the+Buddha+to+the+present+day&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Julian+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhismforwestt00dona&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%AF%B6%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%AB" title="德寶法師">Gunaratana, Bhante Henepola</a>. Mindfulness in Plain English. Wisdom Publications. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780861713219" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-86171-321-9</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Gunaratana%2C+Bhante+Henepola&rft.btitle=Mindfulness+in+Plain+English&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Also available on this websites: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061016172534/http://www.saigon.com/~anson/ebud/mfneng/mind0.htm">saigon.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma4/mpe.html">urbandharma.org</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201201190256/http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma4/mpe.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vipassana.com/meditation/mindfulness_in_plain_english.php">vipassana.com</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201217022341/http://www.vipassana.com/meditation/mindfulness_in_plain_english.php">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Juergensmeyer, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_i0h0">The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions</a>. Oxford Handbooks in Religion and Theology. Oxford University Press. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0195137989" title="Special:网络书源/978-0195137989"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0195137989</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Juergensmeyer%2C+Mark&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Global+Religions&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0195137989&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.series=Oxford+Handbooks+in+Religion+and+Theology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhandbookof0000unse_i0h0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Lowenstein, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionofbuddha0000lowe_d7j6">The Vision of the Buddha</a>. Duncan Baird Publishers. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781903296912" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-903296-91-2</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Lowenstein%2C+Tom&rft.btitle=The+Vision+of+the+Buddha&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Duncan+Baird+Publishers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisionofbuddha0000lowe_d7j6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kohn, Michael H. (trans.). The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen. Shambhala. 1991. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780877735205" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-87773-520-5</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Kohn%2C+Michael+H.+%28trans.%29&rft.btitle=The+Shambhala+Dictionary+of+Buddhism+and+Zen&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Morgan, Kenneth W. (ed), <i>The Path of the Buddha: Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists</i>, Ronald Press, New York, 1956; reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi; distributed by Wisdom Books</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Nattier, Jan. A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugrapariprccha). University of Hawai'i Press. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780824826079" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8248-2607-9</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Nattier%2C+Jan&rft.btitle=A+Few+Good+Men%3A+The+Bodhisattva+Path+according+to+The+Inquiry+of+Ugra+%28Ugrapariprccha%29&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Robinson, Richard H., and Johnson, Willard L. The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction. Wadsworth Publishing. 1982. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780534010270" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-534-01027-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Richard+H.%2C+and+Johnson%2C+Willard+L.&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Religion%3A+A+Historical+Introduction&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Sinha, H.P. Bhāratīya Darshan kī rūprekhā (Features of Indian Philosophy). Motilal Banarasidas Publ. 1993. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9788120821446" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-81-208-2144-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Sinha%2C+H.P.&rft.btitle=Bh%C4%81rat%C4%ABya+Darshan+k%C4%AB+r%C5%ABprekh%C4%81+%28Features+of+Indian+Philosophy%29&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarasidas+Publ.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Smith, Huston; Phillip Novak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhismconcisei00smit">Buddhism: A Concise Introduction</a>. HarperSanFrancisco. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0060730673" title="Special:网络书源/978-0060730673"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0060730673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Smith%2C+Huston&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+A+Concise+Introduction&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0060730673&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhismconcisei00smit&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanissaro_Bhikkhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu(页面不存在)">Thanissaro Bhikkhu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6HZMDQnai?url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/refuge.html#goi">Refuge: An Introduction to the Buddha, Dhamma, & Sangha</a> 3rd ed., rev. 2001 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-11-14</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/refuge.html#goi">原始内容</a>存档于2013-06-22).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Thanissaro+Bhikkhu&rft.btitle=Refuge%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Buddha%2C+Dhamma%2C+%26+Sangha&rft.date=2001&rft.edition=3rd+ed.%2C+rev.&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Flib%2Fauthors%2Fthanissaro%2Frefuge.html%23goi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Hanh_74" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thich_Nhat_Hanh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thich Nhat Hanh(页面不存在)">Thich Nhat Hanh</a>. The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching. Broadway Books. 1974. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7679-0369-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-7679-0369-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-7679-0369-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Thich+Nhat+Hanh&rft.btitle=The+Heart+of+the+Buddha%27s+Teaching&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7679-0369-2&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._F._Thurman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert A. F. Thurman(页面不存在)">Thurman, Robert A. F.</a>(translator). Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti: Mahayana Scripture. Pennsylvania State University Press. 1976. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780271006017" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-271-00601-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Thurman%2C+Robert+A.+F.%EF%BC%88translator%EF%BC%89&rft.btitle=Holy+Teaching+of+Vimalakirti%3A+Mahayana+Scripture&rft.date=1976&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Rahula_74" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walpola_Rahula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walpola Rahula(页面不存在)">Walpola Rahula</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatbuddhataught00walp">What the Buddha Taught</a>. Grove Press. 1974. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8021-3031-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-8021-3031-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-8021-3031-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Walpola+Rahula&rft.btitle=What+the+Buddha+Taught&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8021-3031-3&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatbuddhataught00walp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="White_74" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_White&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth White(页面不存在)">White, Kenneth</a>. The Role of Bodhicitta in Buddhist Enlightenment Including a Translation into English of Bodhicitta-sastra, Benkemmitsu-nikyoron, and Sammaya-kaijo. The Edwin Mellen Press. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7734-5985-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-7734-5985-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-7734-5985-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=White%2C+Kenneth&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Bodhicitta+in+Buddhist+Enlightenment+Including+a+Translation+into+English+of+Bodhicitta-sastra%2C+Benkemmitsu-nikyoron%2C+and+Sammaya-kaijo&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7734-5985-5&rft.pub=The+Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Yamamoto, Kosho (translation), revised and edited by Dr. Tony Page. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahayana_Mahaparinirvana_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra(页面不存在)">Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a>. (Nirvana Publications 1999-2000).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+Kosho+%28translation%29%2C+revised+and+edited+by+Dr.+Tony+Page&rft.btitle=The+Mahayana+Mahaparinirvana+Sutra&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%28Nirvana+Publications+1999-2000%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Yin_98" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yin_Shun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yin Shun(页面不存在)">Yin Shun</a>, Yeung H. Wing (translator). The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master. Wisdom Publications. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Yin+Shun%2C+Yeung+H.+Wing+%28translator%29&rft.btitle=The+Way+to+Buddhahood%3A+Instructions+from+a+Modern+Chinese+Master&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780861711338" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-86171-133-8</a>.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Indian Books Centre. Bibliotheca Indo Buddhica Series, Delhi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Indian+Books+Centre&rft.btitle=Bibliotheca+Indo+Buddhica+Series%2C+Delhi&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Ranjini. Jewels of the Doctrine. Buddhist Stories of the Thirteenth Century (Sri Satguru Publications).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.au=Ranjini&rft.btitle=Jewels+of+the+Doctrine&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Sri+Satguru+Publications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&section=94" title="编辑章节:外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E9%A9%AC%E8%AF%BA%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海马诺特派(页面不存在)">海马诺特派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymanot" class="extiw" title="en:Haymanot"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Haymanot</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E6%B4%BE" title="犹太教卡拉派">卡拉派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1%E6%B4%BE" title="猶太教正統派">正统派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E6%B4%BE" title="猶太教改革派">改革派</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督宗教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="西方基督教">西方基督教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="天主教會">天主教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" title="新教">新教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="舊天主教會">旧天主教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="独立天主教会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Independent Catholic churches"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="独立天主教会(页面不存在)">独立天主教会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Catholic_churches" class="extiw" title="en:Independent Catholic churches"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Independent Catholic churches</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="東方基督教">東方基督教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="東正教會">东正教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="東方正統教會">東方正統教會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%84%80%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="東儀天主教會">東儀天主教會</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%89%E4%BD%8D%E4%B8%80%E9%AB%94%E6%B4%BE" title="非三位一體派">非三位一體派</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%92%8C%E8%8F%AF%E8%A6%8B%E8%AD%89%E4%BA%BA" title="耶和華見證人">耶和華見證人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F%E8%81%96%E5%BE%92%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="後期聖徒運動">後期聖徒運動</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%88%BE%E9%96%80%E6%95%99" title="摩爾門教">摩爾門教</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="耶稣主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jesuism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耶稣主义(页面不存在)">耶稣主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuism" class="extiw" title="en:Jesuism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jesuism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" title="遜尼派">遜尼派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE" title="什叶派">什叶派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7%E6%B4%BE" title="伊巴德派">伊巴德派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="蘇非主義">苏菲派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%B5%AB%E8%BF%88%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9A" title="阿赫迈底亚">阿赫迈底亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E7%8D%A8%E5%8F%A4%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93" title="唯獨古蘭經">唯獨古蘭經</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E6%95%99" title="巴比教">巴比教</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艾扎勒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Azali"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E6%89%8E%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾扎勒(页面不存在)">艾扎勒巴比教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azali" class="extiw" title="en:Azali"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Azali</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="巴哈伊信仰">巴哈伊信仰</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%E5%85%B9%E6%B4%BE" title="德鲁兹派">德鲁兹教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E9%81%94%E5%AE%89%E6%95%99" title="曼達安教">曼達安教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%B3%95%E9%87%8C%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="拉斯塔法里运动">拉斯塔法里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%95%99" title="撒马利亚教">撒马利亚教</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">印欧宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度宗教信仰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indian religions"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度宗教信仰(页面不存在)">印度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_religions" class="extiw" title="en:Indian religions"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indian religions</span></a></span>)</span></span>-<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="伊朗宗教">伊朗</a>宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">密宗</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="吠陀宗教">吠陀宗教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E6%B9%BF%E5%A5%B4%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="毗湿奴派">毗湿奴派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%85%8B%E6%8F%90%E6%B4%BE" title="沙克提派">沙克達教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%95%E5%A9%86%E6%95%99" title="濕婆教">湿婆派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BA%9E%E7%93%A6%E8%8A%9D" title="阿亞瓦芝">阿亞瓦芝</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="师摩多派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Smartism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%88%E6%91%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="师摩多派(页面不存在)">师摩多派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartism" class="extiw" title="en:Smartism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Smartism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教">耆那教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%A1%A3%E6%B4%BE" title="天衣派">天衣派</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="白衣派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Śvētāmbara"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%A3%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="白衣派(页面不存在)">白衣派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara" class="extiw" title="en:Śvētāmbara"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Śvētāmbara</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%85%8B%E6%95%99" title="锡克教">锡克教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B9%E8%BF%AA" title="雅兹迪">雅兹迪教</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="以什克派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ishikism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A5%E4%BB%80%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="以什克派(页面不存在)">以什克派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikism" class="extiw" title="en:Ishikism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ishikism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E8%B5%9B%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" title="雅赛尼派">雅赛尼派</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%86%E6%95%99" title="祆教">祆教</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="歐洲民族">欧洲</a>宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亚美尼亚新异教运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Armenian neopaganism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚美尼亚新异教运动(页面不存在)">亚美尼亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_neopaganism" class="extiw" title="en:Armenian neopaganism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Armenian neopaganism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波罗的海新异教运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Baltic neopaganism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波罗的海新异教运动(页面不存在)">波罗的海</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" class="extiw" title="en:Baltic neopaganism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Baltic neopaganism</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="狄耶夫图里巴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dievturība"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%84%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB%E5%9B%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%B7%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="狄耶夫图里巴(页面不存在)">狄耶夫图里</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" class="extiw" title="en:Dievturība"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dievturība</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德鲁维" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Druwi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%E7%BB%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德鲁维(页面不存在)">德鲁维</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druwi" class="extiw" title="en:Druwi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Druwi</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%A7%86%E7%93%A6_(%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)" title="洛姆瓦 (宗教)">洛姆瓦</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="高加索新异教运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Caucasian neopaganism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高加索新异教运动(页面不存在)">高加索</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" class="extiw" title="en:Caucasian neopaganism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Caucasian neopaganism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="凯尔特新异教运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Celtic neopaganism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%AF%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="凯尔特新异教运动(页面不存在)">凯尔特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" class="extiw" title="en:Celtic neopaganism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Celtic neopaganism</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%BE%B7%E9%AD%AF%E4%BC%8A%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="新德魯伊信仰">德鲁伊</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="日耳曼多神教運動">日耳曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99_(%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88)" title="希臘多神教 (復興)">希腊</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="意大利-罗马新异教运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Italo-Roman neopaganism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9-%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利-罗马新异教运动(页面不存在)">意大利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Roman_neopaganism" class="extiw" title="en:Italo-Roman neopaganism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Italo-Roman neopaganism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="扎尔莫西安运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Zalmoxianism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8E%E5%B0%94%E8%8E%AB%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="扎尔莫西安运动(页面不存在)">罗马尼亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalmoxianism" class="extiw" title="en:Zalmoxianism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Zalmoxianism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F%E6%95%99" title="斯拉夫本土教">斯拉夫</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="东亚宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="East Asian religions"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%9A%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="东亚宗教(页面不存在)">东亚宗教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_religions" class="extiw" title="en:East Asian religions"><span lang="en" dir="auto">East Asian religions</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E6%95%99" title="儒教">儒教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%81%93" title="神道">神道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="中國秘密宗教">中國秘密宗教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%95%99" title="羅教">羅教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8B%E6%95%99" title="齋教">齋教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E9%81%93" title="先天道">先天道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%B2%AB%E9%81%93" title="一貫道">一貫道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%95%99" title="理教">理教</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真空教(页面不存在)">真空教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="中国民间信仰">中国民间信仰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="臺灣民間信仰">臺灣民間信仰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%B3%9B%E9%9D%88%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="臺灣原住民族泛靈信仰">臺灣原住民信仰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E6%95%99" title="三一教">三一教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%AB%E8%A6%A1%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="巫覡宗教">巫教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%B7%AB%E6%95%99" title="朝鮮巫教">巫堂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="天道教">天道教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E8%87%BA%E6%95%99" title="高臺教">高臺教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%A5%BD%E6%95%99" title="和好教">和好教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E9%81%93" title="母道">母道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="本主教">本主教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E6%91%A9" title="毕摩">毕摩教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E6%95%99" title="苯教">苯教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B7%B4%E6%95%99" title="東巴教">東巴教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="赫蒙族宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ua Dab"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E8%92%99%E6%97%8F%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赫蒙族宗教(页面不存在)">赫蒙族宗教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ua_Dab" class="extiw" title="en:Ua Dab"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ua Dab</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">中亚与北亚宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="白教 (阿尔泰)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Burkhanism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BD%E6%95%99_(%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="白教 (阿尔泰)(页面不存在)">白教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhanism" class="extiw" title="en:Burkhanism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Burkhanism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瓦提森雅利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vattisen Yaly"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E6%8F%90%E6%A3%AE%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦提森雅利(页面不存在)">楚瓦什</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" class="extiw" title="en:Vattisen Yaly"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vattisen Yaly</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%97%8F%E8%90%A8%E6%BB%A1%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="满族萨满教">满族</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蒙古萨满教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mongolian shamanism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%90%A8%E6%BB%A1%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒙古萨满教(页面不存在)">蒙古</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" class="extiw" title="en:Mongolian shamanism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mongolian shamanism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西伯利亚萨满教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Shamanism in Siberia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%90%A8%E6%BB%A1%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西伯利亚萨满教(页面不存在)">西伯利亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" class="extiw" title="en:Shamanism in Siberia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Shamanism in Siberia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BE%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="腾格里信仰">腾格里信仰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">乌拉尔宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="芬兰新异教运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Finnish neopaganism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="芬兰新异教运动(页面不存在)">芬兰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism" class="extiw" title="en:Finnish neopaganism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Finnish neopaganism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="匈牙利新异教运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hungarian neopaganism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="匈牙利新异教运动(页面不存在)">匈牙利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_neopaganism" class="extiw" title="en:Hungarian neopaganism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hungarian neopaganism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乌拉尔新异教运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Uralic neopaganism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乌拉尔新异教运动(页面不存在)">乌拉尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" class="extiw" title="en:Uralic neopaganism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Uralic neopaganism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">非洲宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="非洲傳統宗教">传统</a>宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿坎神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Akan mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%9D%8E%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿坎神话(页面不存在)">阿坎族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Akan mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Akan mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E5%B7%B4%E6%97%8F" title="坎巴族">坎巴族</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卢巴神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Baluba mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A2%E5%B7%B4%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卢巴神话(页面不存在)">卢巴族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Baluba mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Baluba mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="班图神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bantu mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%AD%E5%9B%BE%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="班图神话(页面不存在)">班图族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Bantu mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bantu mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="柏柏尔神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Berber mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%9F%8F%E5%B0%94%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柏柏尔神话(页面不存在)">柏柏尔族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Berber mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Berber mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="库巴神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bushongo mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E5%B7%B4%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="库巴神话(页面不存在)">库巴族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Bushongo mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bushongo mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瓦格 (宗教)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Waaq"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E6%A0%BC_(%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦格 (宗教)(页面不存在)">库希特人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waaq" class="extiw" title="en:Waaq"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Waaq</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丁卡神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dinka mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%81%E5%8D%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丁卡神话(页面不存在)">丁卡族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinka_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Dinka mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dinka mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃菲克神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Efik mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E8%8F%B2%E5%85%8B%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃菲克神话(页面不存在)">埃菲克族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efik_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Efik mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Efik mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="达荷美神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dahomey mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%BE%E8%8D%B7%E7%BE%8E%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="达荷美神话(页面不存在)">达荷美族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomey_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Dahomey mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dahomey mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="关契人教会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Church of the Guanche People"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B3%E5%A5%91%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="关契人教会(页面不存在)">关契族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" class="extiw" title="en:Church of the Guanche People"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Church of the Guanche People</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奥迪纳尼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Odinani"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E8%BF%AA%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥迪纳尼(页面不存在)">伊博族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odinani" class="extiw" title="en:Odinani"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Odinani</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E9%9C%8D%E5%8D%9A%E6%97%8F" title="烏爾霍博族">伊索科族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E4%BC%8A%E7%A7%91%E4%BC%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="科伊科伊人原始宗教">科伊科伊族</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="洛图科神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lotuko mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%9B%E5%9B%BE%E7%A7%91%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洛图科神话(页面不存在)">洛图科族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Lotuko mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lotuko mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="洛齐神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lozi mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%9B%E9%BD%90%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洛齐神话(页面不存在)">洛齐族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozi_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Lozi mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lozi mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卢格巴拉神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lugbara mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A2%E6%A0%BC%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卢格巴拉神话(页面不存在)">卢格巴拉族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Lugbara mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lugbara mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马赛神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maasai mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%9B%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马赛神话(页面不存在)">马赛族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Maasai mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maasai mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="姆布蒂神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mbuti mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%86%E5%B8%83%E8%92%82%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="姆布蒂神话(页面不存在)">姆布蒂族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Mbuti mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mbuti mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="塞雷尔宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Serer religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞雷尔宗教(页面不存在)">塞雷尔族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Serer religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Serer religion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="图姆布卡神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tumbuka mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BE%E5%A7%86%E5%B8%83%E5%8D%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="图姆布卡神话(页面不存在)">图姆布卡族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Tumbuka mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tumbuka mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约鲁巴宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yoruba religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E9%B2%81%E5%B7%B4%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约鲁巴宗教(页面不存在)">约鲁巴族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Yoruba religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yoruba religion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="祖鲁神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Zulu mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%96%E9%B2%81%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="祖鲁神话(页面不存在)">祖鲁族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Zulu mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Zulu mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非美宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Afro-American religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非美宗教(页面不存在)">流散</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-American_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Afro-American religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Afro-American religion</span></a></span>)</span></span>宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="坎冬博宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Candomblé"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%8E%E5%86%AC%E5%8D%9A%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="坎冬博宗教(页面不存在)">坎冬博</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="en:Candomblé"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Candomblé</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="库米纳" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kumina"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E7%B1%B3%E7%BA%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="库米纳(页面不存在)">库米纳</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumina" class="extiw" title="en:Kumina"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kumina</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奥比亚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Obeah"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥比亚(页面不存在)">奥比亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obeah" class="extiw" title="en:Obeah"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Obeah</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="金斑达" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quimbanda"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E6%96%91%E8%BE%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金斑达(页面不存在)">金斑达</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimbanda" class="extiw" title="en:Quimbanda"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quimbanda</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="帕洛 (宗教)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Palo (religion)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E6%B4%9B_(%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕洛 (宗教)(页面不存在)">帕洛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_(religion)" class="extiw" title="en:Palo (religion)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Palo (religion)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="桑特里亚教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Santería"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A1%91%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="桑特里亚教(页面不存在)">桑特里亚教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="en:Santería"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Santería</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="恩斑达" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Umbanda"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%A9%E6%96%91%E8%BE%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恩斑达(页面不存在)">恩斑达</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbanda" class="extiw" title="en:Umbanda"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Umbanda</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E9%83%BD%E6%95%99" title="伏都教">伏都教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%B7%AB%E6%AF%92" title="海地巫毒">海地伏都教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="路易斯安那伏都教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Louisiana Voodoo"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E4%BC%8F%E9%83%BD%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路易斯安那伏都教(页面不存在)">路易斯安那伏都教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" class="extiw" title="en:Louisiana Voodoo"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Louisiana Voodoo</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文提教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Winti"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E6%8F%90%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文提教(页面不存在)">文提教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winti" class="extiw" title="en:Winti"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Winti</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴多信仰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bathouism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%A4%9A%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴多信仰(页面不存在)">巴多信仰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathouism" class="extiw" title="en:Bathouism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bathouism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蒙 (宗教)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mun (religion)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%99_(%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒙 (宗教)(页面不存在)">邦廷教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mun_(religion)" class="extiw" title="en:Mun (religion)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mun (religion)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日月教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Donyi-Polo"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%88%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日月教(页面不存在)">日月教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donyi-Polo" class="extiw" title="en:Donyi-Polo"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Donyi-Polo</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="达罗毗荼民间宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dravidian folk religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%AF%97%E8%8D%BC%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="达罗毗荼民间宗教(页面不存在)">达罗毗荼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Dravidian folk religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dravidian folk religion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="克拉底信仰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kirant Mundhum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克拉底信仰(页面不存在)">克拉底</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirant_Mundhum" class="extiw" title="en:Kirant Mundhum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kirant Mundhum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="萨那马希信仰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sanamahism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E9%82%A3%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%8C%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨那马希信仰(页面不存在)">萨那马希</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanamahism" class="extiw" title="en:Sanamahism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sanamahism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="萨奈信仰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sarnaism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E5%A5%88%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨奈信仰(页面不存在)">萨奈信仰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnaism" class="extiw" title="en:Sarnaism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sarnaism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="缅甸民间信仰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Burmese folk religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="缅甸民间信仰(页面不存在)">缅甸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Burmese folk religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Burmese folk religion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E8%AF%AD%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="台语民族民间信仰">老挝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%95%99" title="摩教">师公教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="马来西亚民间信仰">马来西亚</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度尼西亚民间信仰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aliran kepercayaan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度尼西亚民间信仰(页面不存在)">印度尼西亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliran_kepercayaan" class="extiw" title="en:Aliran kepercayaan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aliran kepercayaan</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴廷信仰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kebatinan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%BB%B7%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴廷信仰(页面不存在)">巴廷信仰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebatinan" class="extiw" title="en:Kebatinan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kebatinan</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="澳大利亚原住民神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Australian Aboriginal mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="澳大利亚原住民神话(页面不存在)">澳大利亚原住民</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Australian Aboriginal mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Australian Aboriginal mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="美洲原住民宗教">美洲原住民</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中部美洲宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mesoamerican religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中部美洲宗教(页面不存在)">中部美洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Mesoamerican religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mesoamerican religion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="菲律宾神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philippine mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菲律宾神话(页面不存在)">菲律宾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Philippine mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philippine mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波利尼西亚神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Polynesian narrative"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波利尼西亚神话(页面不存在)">波利尼西亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_narrative" class="extiw" title="en:Polynesian narrative"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Polynesian narrative</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C" title="貨物崇拜">貨物崇拜</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%88%88%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="新興宗教">新興宗教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E8%92%82%E4%BA%9A%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="狄斯科蒂亚信仰">不和教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃坎卡" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eckankar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%9D%8E%E5%8D%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃坎卡(页面不存在)">埃坎卡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckankar" class="extiw" title="en:Eckankar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eckankar</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%BA%AA%E5%85%83%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="新纪元运动">新纪元运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%BC%AA%E5%8A%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="法輪功">法輪功</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E6%97%A6%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C" title="撒旦崇拜">撒旦崇拜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E6%B5%AE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="幽浮宗教">幽浮宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E7%88%BE%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="雷爾運動">雷爾運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E4%BF%AE" title="奧修">羅傑尼希教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%94%E5%9F%BA" title="山達基">山達基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%E7%91%AA" title="泰勒瑪">泰勒瑪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%95%91%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%8D%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99" title="普救一位神教">一神普救派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%8D%A1%E6%95%99" title="威卡教">威卡教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE%E7%BD%95%E6%95%99" title="布爾罕教">布爾罕教</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;;;;"><div id="历史宗教" class="" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2" title="宗教史">历史宗教</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="史前宗教">史前宗教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="旧石器时代宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Paleolithic religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旧石器时代宗教(页面不存在)">旧石器时代宗教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Paleolithic religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Paleolithic religion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古代近东宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Religions of the ancient Near East"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%9C%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古代近东宗教(页面不存在)">近东宗教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" class="extiw" title="en:Religions of the ancient Near East"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Religions of the ancient Near East</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="古埃及宗教">古埃及宗教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古美索不达米亚宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古美索不达米亚宗教(页面不存在)">美索不达米亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient Mesopotamian religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古闪米特宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ancient Semitic religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E9%97%AA%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古闪米特宗教(页面不存在)">闪米特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient Semitic religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ancient Semitic religion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="原始印欧宗教">原始印欧宗教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">亚洲宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原始印伊宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E4%BC%8A%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始印伊宗教(页面不存在)">原始印伊宗教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Proto-Indo-Iranian religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Proto-Indo-Iranian religion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亚美尼亚神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Armenian mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚美尼亚神话(页面不存在)">亚美尼亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Armenian mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Armenian mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奥塞梯神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ossetian mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E5%A1%9E%E6%A2%AF%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥塞梯神话(页面不存在)">奥塞梯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Ossetian mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ossetian mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="吠陀宗教">吠陀宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%86%E6%95%99" title="祆教">琐罗亚斯德教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%95%99" title="密特拉教">密特拉教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="祖梵教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Zurvanism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%96%E6%A2%B5%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="祖梵教(页面不存在)">祖梵教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvanism" class="extiw" title="en:Zurvanism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Zurvanism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%95%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="諾斯底主義">諾斯底主義</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99" title="摩尼教">摩尼教</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">欧洲宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="凯尔特多神教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Celtic polytheism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%AF%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="凯尔特多神教(页面不存在)">凯尔特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="extiw" title="en:Celtic polytheism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Celtic polytheism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99" title="日耳曼多神教">日耳曼</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="盎格鲁-撒克逊异教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anglo-Saxon paganism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81-%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%80%8A%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盎格鲁-撒克逊异教(页面不存在)">盎格鲁-撒克逊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" class="extiw" title="en:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anglo-Saxon paganism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大陆日耳曼神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Continental Germanic mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大陆日耳曼神话(页面不存在)">大陆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Continental Germanic mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Continental Germanic mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AC%A7%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99" title="北欧多神教">诺斯</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="古希臘宗教">古希臘宗教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%95%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="諾斯底主義">諾斯底主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新柏拉图主义">新柏拉图主义</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99" title="摩尼教">摩尼教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="史前巴尔干神话">巴尔干</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="古羅馬宗教">古羅馬宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="斯拉夫神話">斯拉夫</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99" title="斯拉夫多神教">東斯拉夫</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;;;;"><div id="主题" class="" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">主题</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">方面</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%9B%E6%95%99" title="叛教">叛教</a> / <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="离教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Religious disaffiliation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%BB%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="离教(页面不存在)">离教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" class="extiw" title="en:Religious disaffiliation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Religious disaffiliation</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教行为" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Religious behaviour"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教行为(页面不存在)">行为</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_behaviour" class="extiw" title="en:Religious behaviour"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Religious behaviour</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%81%8C%E8%80%85" title="圣职者">圣职者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E5%AE%97" title="改宗">转化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E" title="神">神灵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%B4%E5%B9%BB%E5%8A%91" title="宗教致幻劑">宗教致幻劑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE" title="教派">教派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="信仰">信仰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E7%84%B0%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C" title="火焰崇拜">火焰崇拜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E_(%E4%B8%80%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99)" title="神 (一神教)">神</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A5%E6%83%B3" title="冥想">冥想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="修行制度">修行制度</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA" title="出家人">修士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E5%A5%B3" title="修女">修女</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%98%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="神秘主義">神秘主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教与神话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Religion and mythology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教与神话(页面不存在)">神话</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Religion and mythology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Religion and mythology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C" title="自然崇拜">自然崇拜</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="圣职授任" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ordination"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E8%81%8C%E6%8E%88%E4%BB%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圣职授任(页面不存在)">圣职授任</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination" class="extiw" title="en:Ordination"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ordination</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1_(%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0)" title="正統 (信仰)">正统</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="正行 (信仰)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Orthopraxy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E8%A1%8C_(%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正行 (信仰)(页面不存在)">正行</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopraxy" class="extiw" title="en:Orthopraxy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Orthopraxy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%B7%E5%91%8A" title="祷告">祷告</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97" title="宗教經驗">宗教体验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%AA%E5%BC%8F" title="仪式">仪式</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E6%8B%9C%E5%84%80%E5%BC%8F" title="禮拜儀式">禮拜儀式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%BA%E7%89%B2" title="牺牲">牺牲</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E6%80%A7" title="靈性">靈性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="超自然现象">超自然</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教符号" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Religious symbolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教符号(页面不存在)">符号</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_symbolism" class="extiw" title="en:Religious symbolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Religious symbolism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教真理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Religious views on truth"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教真理(页面不存在)">真理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" class="extiw" title="en:Religious views on truth"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Religious views on truth</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水与宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Water and religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8E%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水与宗教(页面不存在)">水</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_and_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Water and religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Water and religion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C" title="崇拜">崇拜</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="有神论">有神论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E9%9D%88%E8%AB%96" title="泛靈論">泛靈論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="自然神论">自然神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="二元论">二元论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="主神论">主神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="一神論">一神論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%9C%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="非有神论">非有神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E6%9C%89%E5%9C%A8%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="萬有在神論">万有在神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="泛神论">泛神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="多神论">多神论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超越神论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transtheism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E8%B6%8A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超越神论(页面不存在)">超越神论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtheism" class="extiw" title="en:Transtheism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transtheism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="无神论">无神论</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世俗主义">世俗主义</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="反宗教">反宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="自然神论">自然神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AE%BA" title="不可知论">不可知论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="无神论">无神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E8%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2%E6%9D%A1%E6%80%AA%E7%89%A9" title="飞行面条怪物">飞行面条怪物</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="人文犹太教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Humanistic Judaism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人文犹太教(页面不存在)">人文犹太教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" class="extiw" title="en:Humanistic Judaism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Humanistic Judaism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>无属</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="新無神論">新無神論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E4%B8%96%E8%AE%BA" title="顺世论">順世派</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉维撒旦主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="LaVeyan Satanism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E6%92%92%E6%97%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉维撒旦主义(页面不存在)">拉维撒旦主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism" class="extiw" title="en:LaVeyan Satanism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">LaVeyan Satanism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教与解构主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Deconstruction and religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教与解构主义(页面不存在)">解构主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstruction_and_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Deconstruction and religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Deconstruction and religion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="各国无宗教状况" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Irreligion by country"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%A0%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%8A%B6%E5%86%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="各国无宗教状况(页面不存在)">各国无宗教状况</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_by_country" class="extiw" title="en:Irreligion by country"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Irreligion by country</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="客觀主義">客觀主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世俗人文主义">世俗人文主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="世俗神学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Secular theology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世俗神学(页面不存在)">世俗神学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_theology" class="extiw" title="en:Secular theology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Secular theology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E5%8C%96" title="世俗化">世俗化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%95%99%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB" title="政教分离">政教分离</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99#宗教的批判" title="宗教">批判</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E6%98%8E%E7%B2%89%E7%B4%85%E7%8D%A8%E8%A7%92%E7%8D%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="透明粉紅獨角獸">透明粉紅獨角獸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教学">宗教学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教人类学">宗教人类学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教认知科学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cognitive science of religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教认知科学(页面不存在)">认知科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Cognitive science of religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cognitive science of religion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83" title="宗教比較">比较学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2" title="宗教史">宗教史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="宗教的進化起源">宗教的進化起源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教演化心理學">宗教演化心理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教哲学">哲学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教神经学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neurotheology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教神经学(页面不存在)">神经学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotheology" class="extiw" title="en:Neurotheology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neurotheology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教心理學">宗教心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教社会学">宗教社会学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="神學">神學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Theories of religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教理论(页面不存在)">理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Theories of religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Theories of religion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="女性与宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Women and religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%8E%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="女性与宗教(页面不存在)">女性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_and_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Women and religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Women and religion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="Category:宗教與社會">宗教与社会</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教与农业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Religion and agriculture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教与农业(页面不存在)">农业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" class="extiw" title="en:Religion and agriculture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Religion and agriculture</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教与经济" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Religion and business"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教与经济(页面不存在)">经济</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_business" class="extiw" title="en:Religion and business"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Religion and business</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%81%8C%E8%80%85" title="圣职者">圣职者</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93" class="mw-disambig" title="修道">修行制度</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="圣职授任" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ordination"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E8%81%8C%E6%8E%88%E4%BB%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圣职授任(页面不存在)">圣职授任</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination" class="extiw" title="en:Ordination"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ordination</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E5%AE%97" title="改宗">转化</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3" title="傳福音">傳福音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E6%95%99%E5%A3%AB" title="传教士">传教士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%B8%E8%AA%98%E6%94%B9%E5%AE%97" title="勸誘改宗">勸誘改宗</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教教育" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Religious education"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教教育(页面不存在)">教育</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_education" class="extiw" title="en:Religious education"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Religious education</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%8B%82%E7%83%AD" title="宗教狂热">狂热</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="宗教自由">自由</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="宗教多元主义">多元主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%9C%E6%94%9D" title="綜攝">綜攝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BD%E5%AE%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="宽容">宽容</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="普世主义">普世主义</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%95%99%E6%97%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="原教旨主義">原教旨主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%9C%80%E5%BF%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="发展最快的宗教">发展</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E5%B9%B8%E7%A6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="宗教与幸福">幸福</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80" title="宗教與同性戀">同性恋</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="少数群体宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Minority religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="少数群体宗教(页面不存在)">少数群体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Minority religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Minority religion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="民族教會">民族教會</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="各国宗教重要程度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Importance of religion by country"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="各国宗教重要程度(页面不存在)">各国信仰程度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" class="extiw" title="en:Importance of religion by country"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Importance of religion by country</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教政治科学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Political science of religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教政治科学(页面不存在)">政治科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science_of_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Political science of religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Political science of religion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="宗教人口列表">人口</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="教派分裂">教派分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教与科学">科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99" title="國教">国家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%9D%83%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="神权政治">神权政治</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教与素食主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vegetarianism and religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E7%B4%A0%E9%A3%9F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教与素食主义(页面不存在)">素食主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Vegetarianism and religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vegetarianism and religion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教中心主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Religiocentrism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教中心主义(页面不存在)">宗教中心主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religiocentrism" class="extiw" title="en:Religiocentrism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Religiocentrism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B" title="宗教暴力">暴力</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%BF%AB%E5%AE%B3" title="宗教迫害">迫害</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教恐怖主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Religious terrorism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教恐怖主义(页面不存在)">恐怖主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_terrorism" class="extiw" title="en:Religious terrorism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Religious terrorism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="宗教战争">战争</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教与财富" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wealth and religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E8%B4%A2%E5%AF%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教与财富(页面不存在)">财富</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Wealth and religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wealth and religion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8D%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%BA%AB%E4%BB%BD%E8%AA%8D%E5%90%8C" title="多重宗教身份認同">多重宗教身份認同</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="世界基督教">世界基督教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="政治神学">政治神学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="公共神學">公共神學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E4%BF%A1%E5%BE%92" title="第二代信徒">第二代信徒</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">概观<br />及<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="Category:宗教相關列表">列表</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教相关条目索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of religion-related articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教相关条目索引(页面不存在)">索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of religion-related articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of religion-related articles</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教概述" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教概述(页面不存在)">概述</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of religion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="宗教年表">年表</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亚伯拉罕诸教先知列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%E8%AF%B8%E6%95%99%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚伯拉罕诸教先知列表(页面不存在)">亚伯拉罕诸教先知</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" class="extiw" title="en:Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E7%A5%9E%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="被神化的人列表">神化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="神列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of deities"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神列表(页面不存在)">神</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deities" class="extiw" title="en:List of deities"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of deities</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%88%9B%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="主要宗教创始人列表">创始人</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="史上最大和平集会列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of largest peaceful gatherings in history"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E9%9B%86%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="史上最大和平集会列表(页面不存在)">大型集会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings_in_history" class="extiw" title="en:List of largest peaceful gatherings in history"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of largest peaceful gatherings in history</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新兴宗教运动列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of new religious movements"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E5%85%B4%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新兴宗教运动列表(页面不存在)">新兴宗教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" class="extiw" title="en:List of new religious movements"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of new religious movements</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教组织列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of religious organizations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教组织列表(页面不存在)">宗教组织</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" class="extiw" title="en:List of religious organizations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of religious organizations</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教及传统" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of religions and spiritual traditions"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%8F%8A%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教及传统(页面不存在)">宗教及传统</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" class="extiw" title="en:List of religions and spiritual traditions"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of religions and spiritual traditions</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教学学者列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of religious studies scholars"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教学学者列表(页面不存在)">学者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_religious_studies_scholars" class="extiw" title="en:List of religious studies scholars"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of religious studies scholars</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="Category:宗教">类目</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="Portal:宗教">主题</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="class=noviewer&#124;16x16px_佛教主题" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffeec2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Template:佛教主题"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:佛教主题(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:佛教主题"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="class=noviewer&#124;16x16px_佛教主题" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Portal:佛教">佛教主题</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛學大綱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛學大綱(页面不存在)">佛學大綱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%9D_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="三宝 (佛教)">三宝</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="释迦牟尼">佛</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E5%90%8D%E8%99%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="佛陀名號列表">諸佛</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="法 (佛教)">法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD" title="僧伽">僧</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B" title="四谛">四圣谛</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="苦 (佛教)">苦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B#集諦" title="四谛">集</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="滅諦" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nirodha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AD%E8%B0%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="灭谛">滅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirodha" class="extiw" title="en:Nirodha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nirodha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B#道諦" title="四谛">道</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%81%96%E9%81%93%E5%88%86" title="八聖道分">八正道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%A0%E7%BC%98" title="十二因缘">十二因缘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8A" title="蘊">五蘊</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="色 (佛教)">色</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97" title="受">受</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="想 (佛教)">想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E8%98%8A" title="行蘊">行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%98" title="識">識</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%95%8C" title="十八界">十八界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7" title="緣起">緣起</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%B8" title="三學">三學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86" title="波羅密">波罗密</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%BA%A6" title="六度">六度</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%B0" title="三法印">三法印</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="空 (佛教)">空性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">真如</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%81%93_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="中道 (佛教)">中道</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="释迦牟尼">釋迦牟尼佛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛陀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5" title="如来">如来</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%95" title="佛誕">佛誕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%96%80%E9%81%8A%E8%A7%80" title="四門遊觀">四門遊觀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%81%E7%A8%AE%E5%A5%BD" title="三十二相八十種好">三十二相八十種好</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%B6%B3%E7%9F%B3" title="佛足石">足印</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛陀的神迹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E%E8%BF%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛陀的神迹(页面不存在)">神迹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Miracles of Gautama Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Miracles of Gautama Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛陀的家庭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Family of Gautama Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛陀的家庭(页面不存在)">家庭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Family of Gautama Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Family of Gautama Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%80%E9%A5%AD%E7%8E%8B" title="净饭王">净饭王<small>(父亲)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="摩耶夫人">摩耶夫人 <small>(母亲)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E6%B3%A2%E9%97%8D%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90" title="摩訶波闍波提">摩訶波闍波提<small>(姨母,庶母)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%BE%93%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97" title="耶输陀罗">耶输陀罗 <small>(妻子)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E7%9D%BA%E7%BD%97" title="罗睺罗">罗睺罗 <small>(儿子)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9A%BE" title="阿难">阿难 <small>(堂弟)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%A9%86%E9%81%94%E5%A4%9A" title="提婆達多">提婆達多 <small>(堂弟)</small></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%">佛陀弟子</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90" title="十大弟子">十大弟子</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%A6%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="大迦葉">大迦葉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E7%8A%8D%E9%80%A3" title="目犍連">目犍連</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E6%A8%93%E9%82%A3" title="富樓那">富樓那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%88%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90" class="mw-redirect" title="須菩提">須菩提</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97" title="舍利弗">舍利弗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%9D%BA%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="羅睺羅">羅睺羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%A3%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="阿難陀">阿難陀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E9%9B%A2" title="優婆離">優婆離</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿那律">阿那律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%83%E5%BB%B6" title="迦旃延">迦旃延</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="五比丘">五比丘</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%A5%E6%86%8D%E9%99%88%E5%A6%82" title="阿若憍陈如">憍陳如</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%8B%E6%8F%90" title="跋提">跋提</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%8B%E6%B3%A2" title="跋波">跋波</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%AA%AA%E7%A4%BA" title="阿說示">阿說示</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E7%94%B7" title="摩訶男">摩訶男</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E5%88%A9%E6%A7%83%E7%89%B9" title="周利槃特">周利槃特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AE%E6%8E%98%E9%AD%94%E7%BE%85" title="央掘魔羅">央掘魔羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%83%E5%BB%B6" title="迦旃延">迦旃延</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教人物列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Buddhists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教人物列表(页面不存在)">佛教人物列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" class="extiw" title="en:List of Buddhists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Buddhists</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="佛教用语列表">术语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="三相 (佛教)">三相</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%B8%B8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="无常 (佛教)">无常</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="苦 (佛教)">苦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%88%91" title="非我">非我</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7" title="緣起">緣起</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8A" title="蘊">蕴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="因果论 (佛教)">因果论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E7%94%9F" title="結生">結生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E5%9B%9E_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="轮回 (佛教)">轮回</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-disambig" title="行">行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A9%E6%83%B1_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="煩惱 (佛教)">烦恼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%98%8E" title="无明">无明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="愛 (佛教)">贪爱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%93%8B" title="五蓋">五蓋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="結 (佛教)">結</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="根 (佛教)">根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%8A%E6%AD%A3%E7%AD%89%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%BA" title="無上正等正覺">無上正等正覺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="般涅槃">般涅槃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">真如</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%AB%A6" title="二諦">二諦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="空 (佛教)">空性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E5%BF%83" title="菩提心">菩提心</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8" title="菩萨">菩萨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%80%A7" title="佛性">佛性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%9B%B8%E7%BA%8C" title="心相續">心相續</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%86%E6%BB%A1" title="大圆满">大圆满</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%">倫理和世界觀</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教伦理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhist ethics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教伦理(页面不存在)">佛教伦理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhist ethics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhist ethics</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%B6%E7%9C%BE" title="在家眾">在家眾</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB" title="居士">居士</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A1%9E" title="優婆塞">優婆塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A4%B7" title="優婆夷">優婆夷</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%91%A9%E8%A9%B0%E6%89%80%E8%AA%AA%E7%B6%93" title="維摩詰所說經">维摩经</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%91%A9%E8%A9%B0%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="維摩詰菩薩">維摩詰菩薩</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88%E5%B0%B8%E8%BF%A6%E7%BE%85%E8%B6%8A%E7%B6%93" title="教授尸迦羅越經">善生經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB%E6%88%92" title="居士戒">居士戒</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%88%92" title="五戒">五戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E9%97%9C%E9%BD%8B%E6%88%92" title="八關齋戒">八戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%96%84" title="十善">十善業戒</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E6%88%92" title="菩薩戒">菩薩戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="因果论 (佛教)">佛教因果論</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%AD_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="業 (佛教)">業與業力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%A0%E4%BA%94%E6%9E%9C" title="六因五果">六因五果</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%88%91" title="非我">非我</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%B8%B8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="无常 (佛教)">無常</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E9%81%93" title="菩薩道">菩薩道</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E6%82%B2" title="慈悲">慈悲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%88%E6%96%BD" title="佈施">佈施</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E5%9B%9E_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="轮回 (佛教)">轮回</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E4%B8%96" title="轉世">轉世</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A1%E4%BA%BA%E8%90%BD%E9%81%93" title="亡人落道">亡人落道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%93%B6%E6%8E%A3%E7%B1%A4" title="金瓶掣籤">金瓶掣籤</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%8F%A4" title="祖古">活佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E4%B8%96%E7%81%B5%E7%AB%A5" title="转世灵童">转世灵童</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%95%8C" title="法界">法界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E9%96%93" title="世間">世間</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E4%B8%96%E9%96%93" title="出世間">出世間</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%83%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="大千世界">大千世界</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%91%E5%A9%86%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="娑婆世界">娑婆世界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BB%E5%BC%A5%E5%B1%B1" title="须弥山">须弥山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%B2" title="四大部洲">四大部洲</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E7%95%8C" title="十界">十法界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%95%8C_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="三界 (佛教)">三界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%B2%E7%95%8C" title="欲界">欲界</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%B2%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A9" title="欲界天">欲界天</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%81%93" title="六道">五道</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%81%93" title="六道">六道</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="天人 (佛教)">天道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="人道 (佛教)">人道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BF%AE%E7%BD%97_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="阿修罗 (佛教)">阿修罗道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A4%93%E9%AC%BC" title="餓鬼">餓鬼道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%9C%E7%94%9F" title="畜生">畜生道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%8D%84_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="地獄 (佛教)">地獄道</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="福德 (佛教)">功德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%80%A7" title="佛性">佛性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E4%BE%9B_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="法供 (佛教)">供养</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="Category:佛教神話">佛教神話</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教與暴力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and violence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教與暴力(页面不存在)">佛教與暴力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and violence"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and violence</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%A2%AE%E8%83%8E" title="佛教與墮胎">佛教與墮胎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" title="佛教與自殺">佛教與自盡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%8B%E9%A3%9F" title="斋食">斋食</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E7%94%9F" title="放生">放生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%92%B0%E4%BF%9D%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="佛教環保運動">佛教環保運動</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教中的女性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Women in Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教中的女性(页面不存在)">佛教中的女性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Women in Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Women in Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%95%AC%E6%B3%95" title="八敬法">八敬法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%84%E5%A5%B3%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%BE%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83" title="善女子佛教女眾國際協會">善女子佛教女眾國際協會</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教与身体" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and the body"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E8%BA%AB%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教与身体(页面不存在)">佛教与身体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_body" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and the body"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and the body</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教和性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and sexuality"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%92%8C%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教和性(页面不存在)">佛教和性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexuality" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and sexuality"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and sexuality</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80%E8%88%87%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="同性戀與佛教">同性戀與佛教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="佛教经济学">佛教经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="佛教哲学">佛教哲学</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教和西方哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and Western philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%92%8C%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教和西方哲学(页面不存在)">佛教和西方哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and Western philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and Western philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教和心理学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%92%8C%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教和心理学(页面不存在)">佛教和心理学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教和科学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%92%8C%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教和科学(页面不存在)">佛教和科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and science</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%81%96%E5%9C%B0" title="佛教聖地">佛教聖地</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="佛教修行制度">修行制度</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="比丘">比丘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98%E5%B0%BC" title="比丘尼">比丘尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%BD%8C" title="沙彌">沙彌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%BD%8C%E5%B0%BC" title="沙彌尼">沙彌尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6%E7%9C%BE" title="出家眾">出家人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%9C" title="阿姜">阿姜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%9A" title="西亞多">西亞多</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%88" title="三藏法师">三藏法师</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%B8%AB" title="禪師">禪師</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="老師 (禅宗)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rōshi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E5%B8%AB_(%E7%A6%85%E5%AE%97)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老師 (禅宗)(页面不存在)">老师</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" class="extiw" title="en:Rōshi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rōshi</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="喇嘛">喇嘛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%87" title="仁波切">仁波切</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%A5%BF" title="格西">格西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%8F%A4" title="祖古">祖古</a>(活佛)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8" title="菩萨">菩萨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%B6%E7%9C%BE" title="在家眾">在家眾</a>/ <a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB" title="居士">居士</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A1%9E" title="優婆塞">優婆塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A4%B7" title="優婆夷">優婆夷</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%BB" title="声闻">声闻</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%E6%B3%95%E9%96%80" title="Category:佛教修行法門">修行法门</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%AD%B7%E8%A1%9B%E7%A6%AA" title="四護衛禪">四護衛禪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%A2%B5%E4%BD%8F" title="四梵住">四梵住</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="慈 (佛教)">慈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%B2_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="悲 (佛教)">悲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="喜 (佛教)">喜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="捨 (佛教)">捨</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%B8" title="三學">三學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85" title="尸羅">戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%91%A9%E5%9C%B0" title="三摩地">定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="慧 (佛教)">慧</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E5%88%86%E6%B3%95" title="三十七菩提分法">三十七菩提分法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BF%B5%E4%BD%8F" title="四念住">四念住</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%AD%A3%E5%8B%A4" title="四正勤">四正勤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%A5%9E%E8%B6%B3" title="四神足">四神足</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="力 (佛教)">五力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E8%A6%BA%E6%94%AF" title="七覺支">七覺支</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%81%96%E9%81%93%E5%88%86" title="八聖道分">八正道</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86" title="波羅密">波罗密</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%88%E6%96%BD" title="佈施">佈施</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85" title="尸羅">持戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%8D_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="忍 (佛教)">忍辱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E8%BF%9B" title="精进">精进</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%9A" title="禪定">禪定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="慧 (佛教)">般若</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%88%E4%BE%9D" title="皈依">皈依</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E4%BE%9D%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%9D" title="四依四不依">四依四不依</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="献身 (佛教)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhist devotion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8C%AE%E8%BA%AB_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="献身 (佛教)(页面不存在)">献身</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhist devotion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhist devotion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%83" title="法會">法會</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="祭品 (佛教)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Offering (Buddhism)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%AD%E5%93%81_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="祭品 (佛教)(页面不存在)">祭品</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="extiw" title="en:Offering (Buddhism)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Offering (Buddhism)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="跪拜 (佛教)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prostration (Buddhism)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AA%E6%8B%9C_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="跪拜 (佛教)(页面不存在)">跪拜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" class="extiw" title="en:Prostration (Buddhism)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prostration (Buddhism)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85" title="尸羅">持戒</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%88%92" title="五戒">五戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E6%88%92" title="菩薩戒">菩薩戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E6%8F%90%E6%9C%A8%E5%8F%89" title="波羅提木叉">波羅提木叉</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="福德 (佛教)">功德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="护卫经" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Paritta"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%A4%E5%8D%AB%E7%BB%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="护卫经(页面不存在)">护卫经</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paritta" class="extiw" title="en:Paritta"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Paritta</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E9%9B%A2" title="出離">出離</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="力 (佛教)">五学力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="信 (佛教)">信</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AD%B8" title="禪學">禪學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%A6_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8)" title="諦 (印度哲學)">諦 (印度哲學)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="諦 (佛教)">諦 (佛教)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%9A" title="禪定">禪定</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E6%80%9B%E7%BE%85" title="曼怛羅">曼怛羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9A%E5%A4%84" title="业处">四十业处</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E5%BF%B5" title="随念">随念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E8%88%AC%E9%82%A3%E5%BF%B5" title="安那般那念">安那般那念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A2%E6%91%A9%E4%BB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="奢摩他">奢摩他</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="觀 (佛教)">觀 (佛教)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E7%85%A7%E7%A6%AA" title="默照禪">默照禪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%9D%90" class="mw-redirect" title="禪坐">禪坐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%A1%88" title="公案">公案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E8%8D%BC%E7%BE%85" title="曼荼羅">曼荼羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E4%BB%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E6%B3%95" title="自他交換法">自他交換法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9B%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86%E6%95%99" title="怛特羅密教">怛特羅密教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E8%97%8F%E5%B8%AB" title="伏藏師">伏藏師</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E8%97%8F" title="伏藏">伏藏</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%B5%E4%BD%9B" title="念佛">念佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E6%B3%95%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="淨土法門">淨土法門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%8F%E6%82%94" title="忏悔">忏悔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6%E8%A1%8C" title="苦行">苦行</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="頭陀">頭陀</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E9%87%8F" title="現量">證量</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛陀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9F%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="辟支佛">辟支佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E9%81%93#菩薩位階" title="菩薩道">菩萨位</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%90%91%E5%9B%9B%E6%9E%9C" title="四向四果">四向四果</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%88%E9%99%80%E6%B4%B9" title="須陀洹">須陀洹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%99%80%E5%90%AB" title="斯陀含">斯陀含</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%90%AB" title="阿那含">阿那含</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89" title="阿罗汉">阿罗汉</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="般涅槃">般涅槃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E5%9C%B0" title="悉地">悉地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E6%AC%A1%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%9A" title="九次第定">九次第定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%80%9A" title="神通">神通</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%98%8E%E5%85%AD%E9%80%9A" title="三明六通">三明六通</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E4%BD%8D" title="果位">果位</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B3%E8%BA%AB%E6%88%90%E4%BD%9B" title="即身成佛">即生成佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89%E8%BA%AB%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="肉身菩薩">肉身菩薩</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="佛经">經典</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="三藏">三藏</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E8%97%8F" title="经藏">经藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="律藏">律藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%97%8F" title="論藏">論藏</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="大藏经">大藏经</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="巴利三藏">巴利三藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%B0%E8%84%A9%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93" title="大正新脩大藏經">大正藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93" title="乾隆大藏經">乾隆大藏經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="藏文大藏经">藏文大藏经</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="初期佛教">原始佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="阿含經">阿含經</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%9F%AF%E8%80%B6" title="尼柯耶">巴利經藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%A5%E7%B6%93" title="法句經">法句經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="本生 (佛教)">本生經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%88%86%E5%BE%8B" title="四分律">四分律</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%88%86%E5%BE%8B" title="五分律">五分律</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="巴利律藏">巴利律藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8" title="阿毘達磨">阿毘達磨</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="華嚴經">華嚴經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%91%A9%E8%A9%B0%E6%89%80%E8%AA%AA%E7%B6%93" title="維摩詰所說經">維摩經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="大般若经">大般若经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%B6%93" title="金剛經">金剛經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E8%9C%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%B6%93" title="般若波羅蜜多心經">心經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E7%A5%96%E5%9D%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="六祖坛经">六祖坛经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%99%E6%B3%95%E8%8E%B2%E5%8D%8E%E7%BB%8F" title="妙法莲华经">妙法莲华经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E4%BA%94%E7%B6%93%E4%B8%80%E8%AB%96" title="淨土五經一論">淨土三經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E7%B6%B2%E7%B6%93" class="mw-disambig" title="梵網經">梵網經</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">金剛乘佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E7%B6%93" title="大日經">大日經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E7%B6%93" title="金光明經">金光明經</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%88%86%E6%95%99" title="九分教">九分教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E6%95%99" title="十二分教">十二分教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%88%A4" title="教判">判教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%97%E5%88%A4%E6%95%99" title="天台宗判教">天台宗判教</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%AB" title="佛教派别">流派與系統</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B9%98" title="三乘">三乘</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%BB" title="声闻">聲聞乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9F%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="辟支佛">緣覺乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E9%81%93" title="菩薩道">菩薩道</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BC%A0%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="南传菩萨道">南传菩萨道</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%9B%E4%B9%98" title="一佛乘">一佛乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="小乘佛教">小乘佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="北傳佛教">北傳佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="汉传佛教">漢傳大乘佛教</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E6%B4%BE" title="漢傳佛教宗派">十宗</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">漢傳密宗</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%AF%86" title="唐密">唐密</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="东密">东密</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="台密">台密</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%85%E5%AE%97" title="禅宗">禅宗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E5%AE%97" title="淨土宗">淨土宗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%97" title="律宗">律宗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%97" title="天台宗">天台宗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%9B%B8%E5%AE%97" title="法相宗">唯識宗</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="藏傳密宗">金刚乘佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E7%8E%9B%E6%B4%BE" title="宁玛派">宁玛派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E8%88%89%E6%B4%BE" title="噶舉派">噶舉派</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="Category:佛教組織">佛教组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="佛教现代主义">佛教现代主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="佛教历史">歷史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="初期佛教">初期佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">金剛乘佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="结集">結集</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%88%8D%E5%9F%8E%E7%B5%90%E9%9B%86" title="王舍城結集">第一次結集</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="第二次结集">第二次结集</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="第三次结集">第三次结集</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%AC%A1%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="第四次结集">第四次结集</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8B" title="十事">十事非法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="根本分裂">根本分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%9B%A3" title="法難">法難</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%AD%A6%E7%81%AD%E4%BD%9B" title="三武灭佛">三武一宗滅佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E9%9D%9E%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E8%AB%96%E8%AB%8D" title="大乘非佛說論諍">大乘非佛說論諍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%AF%86" title="上座部佛教与大乘佛教的基本共识">上座部佛教与大乘佛教的基本共识</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%9F%E6%B3%95%E8%BF%90" title="三期法运">三期法运</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%">地区/国别</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南亞佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in South Asia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南亞佛教(页面不存在)">南亞佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Asia" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in South Asia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in South Asia</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="印度佛教">印度佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="阿富汗佛教">阿富汗佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="孟加拉國佛教">孟加拉國佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="尼泊尔佛教">尼泊尔佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="巴基斯坦佛教">巴基斯坦佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="斯里兰卡佛教">斯里兰卡佛教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="东南亚佛教">东南亚佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="泰國佛教">泰國佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="緬甸佛教">緬甸佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="柬埔寨佛教">柬埔寨佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="寮國佛教">寮國佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="越南佛教">越南佛教</a>中、南部</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="印尼佛教">印尼佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="马来西亚佛教">马来西亚佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="新加坡佛教">新加坡佛教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="菲律宾佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in the Philippines"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菲律宾佛教(页面不存在)">菲律宾佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in the Philippines"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in the Philippines</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文莱佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Brunei"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%8E%B1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文莱佛教(页面不存在)">文莱佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brunei" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Brunei"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Brunei</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马尔代夫佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in the Maldives"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%AB%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马尔代夫佛教(页面不存在)">马尔代夫佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in the Maldives"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in the Maldives</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="東亞佛教">東亞佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="中国佛教">中国佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="日本佛教">日本佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="朝鲜佛教">朝鲜佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="台灣佛教">台灣佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="越南佛教">越南佛教</a>北部</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏地佛教</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藏地佛教史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藏地佛教史(页面不存在)">藏地佛教史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:History of Tibetan Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="不丹佛教">不丹佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="蒙古國佛教">蒙古佛教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="內蒙古宗教#佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Religion_in_Inner_Mongolia#Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內蒙古宗教(页面不存在)">內蒙古佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Inner_Mongolia#Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Religion in Inner Mongolia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Religion_in_Inner_Mongolia#Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="俄罗斯佛教">俄罗斯佛教</a>西、南部</li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中亞佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Central Asia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中亞佛教(页面不存在)">中亞佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Central Asia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Central Asia</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E8%8C%B2%E5%88%A5%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="烏茲別克斯坦佛教">烏茲別克斯坦佛教</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中东佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in the Middle East"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中东佛教(页面不存在)">中东佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in the Middle East"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in the Middle East</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="伊朗佛教">伊朗佛教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">西方佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="美国佛教">美国佛教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英国佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英国佛教(页面不存在)">英国佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in the United Kingdom"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in the United Kingdom</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国佛教(页面不存在)">法国佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in France</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="比利时佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Belgium"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比利时佛教(页面不存在)">比利时佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Belgium" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Belgium"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Belgium</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="澳大利亚佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Australia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="澳大利亚佛教(页面不存在)">澳大利亚佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Australia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Australia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿根廷佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Argentina"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿根廷佛教(页面不存在)">阿根廷佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Argentina"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Argentina</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴西佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Brazil"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴西佛教(页面不存在)">巴西佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Brazil"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Brazil</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="委内瑞拉佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Venezuela"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%94%E5%86%85%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="委内瑞拉佛教(页面不存在)">委内瑞拉佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Venezuela"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Venezuela</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%">藝術</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="佛教藝術">佛教藝術</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教象征符号" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhist symbolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%81%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教象征符号(页面不存在)">符号</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhist symbolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhist symbolism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教建築" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhist architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教建築(页面不存在)">佛教建築</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhist architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhist architecture</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%AF%BA" title="佛寺">寺院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="日本佛教建築">日本佛教建築</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藏地佛教建築" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藏地佛教建築(页面不存在)">藏地佛教建築</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Tibetan Buddhist architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="佛教音樂">佛教音樂</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E5%94%84" title="梵唄">梵唄</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%99%A8" title="法器">法器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%83%8F" title="佛像">佛像</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91" title="中国佛教雕塑">中国佛教雕塑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%B6%B3%E7%9F%B3" title="佛足石">佛足石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%A2%98%E6%9D%90%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81" title="Category:佛教题材作品">佛教題材作品</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E8%8A%82" title="Category:佛教电影节">佛教電影節</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffeec2;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Buddhism_dham_jak.gif/20px-Buddhism_dham_jak.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Buddhism_dham_jak.gif/30px-Buddhism_dham_jak.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Buddhism_dham_jak.gif/40px-Buddhism_dham_jak.gif 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li> <li><b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛學大綱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛學大綱(页面不存在)">提纲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Category:佛教">分类</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="佛教用语列表">詞表</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="汉传佛教"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/20px-Dharma_Wheel.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/30px-Dharma_Wheel.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/40px-Dharma_Wheel.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></li> <li><b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教相关條目索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of Buddhism-related articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教相关條目索引(页面不存在)">索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of Buddhism-related articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of Buddhism-related articles</span></a></span>)</span></span></b></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Buddhism" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Buddhism"><b>共享</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Buddhism" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Buddhism"><b>语录</b></a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏传佛教"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tibetian_Wheel.gif/20px-Tibetian_Wheel.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tibetian_Wheel.gif/30px-Tibetian_Wheel.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tibetian_Wheel.gif/40px-Tibetian_Wheel.gif 2x" 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href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560947">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="buddhismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114205&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810656712405606">波兰</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300073738">AAT</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div 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