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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tongba</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tongba" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tongba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tongba" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%99%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="तोङवा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तोङवा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tongba" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tongba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tongba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Тонгба – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тонгба" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Тонгба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тонгба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2658587#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn ingredient">Tongba</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tongba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tongba.jpg/200px-Tongba.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tongba.jpg/300px-Tongba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tongba.jpg/400px-Tongba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3514" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepalese</a> tongba in its namesake vessel.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Country of origin </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span>   </span><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Limbuwan" title="Limbuwan">Limbuwan</a> ( ᤕᤠᤀᤷᤓᤢᤅ ᤗᤠᤈᤣ) present day <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Nepal">Eastern Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbu people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">Alcohol by volume</a> </span></th><td class="infobox-data">2–5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_proof" title="Alcohol proof">Proof (US)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4–10°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Colour</th><td class="infobox-data">milky white</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> etc.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chhaang" title="Chhaang">Chhaang</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tongba</b> (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">तोङबा</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ne-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali" title="Help:IPA/Nepali">[toŋba]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverage</a> found in the eastern mountainous region of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and neighbouring Indian regions of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-myrepublica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myrepublica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is a sign of respect to a guest, and the drink is also an important element of special occasions and festivals. It is the <a href="/wiki/Traditional" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional">traditional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> drink of the <a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbu people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-myrepublica_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myrepublica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongba&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tongba_-_Nepalese_fermented_millet_beer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tongba_-_Nepalese_fermented_millet_beer.jpg/250px-Tongba_-_Nepalese_fermented_millet_beer.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tongba_-_Nepalese_fermented_millet_beer.jpg/500px-Tongba_-_Nepalese_fermented_millet_beer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>Tongba: <a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbu</a> style, hot millet beer</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Tongba</i> is actually the name of the vessel that holds the fermented millet beverage known as <i>mandokpenaa thee</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tongba is prepared from brown finger millet (<i><a href="/wiki/Finger_millet" title="Finger millet">Eleusine coracana</a></i>, also known as ragi in India or kodo in Nepal) grown in hilly regions, and it is cooked and combined with traditionally cultured khesung, which is a microbial colony or starter culture. 'Khesung' is the Limbu version of the Nepali term 'murcha'; the Lepchas call it 'thamik', and Bhutias refer to it as 'phab'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethno-medicinal_properties">Ethno-medicinal properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongba&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ethno-medicinal properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tongba is a fermented millet beer from the Himalayas that contains biologically active components that may have therapeutic properties against <a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">high-altitude illnesses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tongba is made by steeping fermented millet for a few minutes, then sucking the resulting cloudy liquid through a bamboo straw with a seed-filtering bottom. It is slightly alcoholic, smooth, and has a mild, milky, mushroomy taste with some bready hints.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tongba is a staple for travelers who carry their meals on their backs. It is also good for people who live in colder regions because it helps with digestion and boosts immunity<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Tongba contains glycoside, amino acids, fatty acids, terpenoids, and phenol, which have antioxidant and antibacterial potential<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therapeutic properties against <a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">high-altitude illnesses</a> including body moisture retention property in high-altitude cold and dry weather. Studies have also shown that tongba is metabolomically similar to Japanese <a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">sake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongba&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/40px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=David+Crossley%27s+Wide+World+of+Wine&rft.atitle=Tongba%2C+A+Study+of+Emptiness&rft.date=2016-01-04&rft.au=dccrossley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwideworldofwine.co%2F2016%2F01%2F04%2Ftongba-a-study-of-emptiness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/foods/tongba-millet-beer-nepal">"Nepal's Bottomless Beer"</a>. <i>Atlas Obscura</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=Nepal%27s+Bottomless+Beer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Ffoods%2Ftongba-millet-beer-nepal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMajumderGhoshSahaAcharyya2024" class="citation journal cs1">Majumder, Soumya; Ghosh, Arindam; Saha, Sumedha; Acharyya, Sukanya; Chakraborty, Sourav; Subba, Preeti; Nandi, Sudeshna; Sarkar, Sahadeb; Bhattacharya, Malay (2024-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs43014-023-00184-7">"In vitro bioactivities and gastrointestinal simulation validate ethnomedicinal efficacy of five fermented kodo-based Himalayan traditional drinks and bioaccessibility of bioactive components"</a>. <i>Food Production, Processing and Nutrition</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs43014-023-00184-7">10.1186/s43014-023-00184-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2661-8974">2661-8974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Production%2C+Processing+and+Nutrition&rft.atitle=In+vitro+bioactivities+and+gastrointestinal+simulation+validate+ethnomedicinal+efficacy+of+five+fermented+kodo-based+Himalayan+traditional+drinks+and+bioaccessibility+of+bioactive+components&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2024-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs43014-023-00184-7&rft.issn=2661-8974&rft.aulast=Majumder&rft.aufirst=Soumya&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+Arindam&rft.au=Saha%2C+Sumedha&rft.au=Acharyya%2C+Sukanya&rft.au=Chakraborty%2C+Sourav&rft.au=Subba%2C+Preeti&rft.au=Nandi%2C+Sudeshna&rft.au=Sarkar%2C+Sahadeb&rft.au=Bhattacharya%2C+Malay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1186%252Fs43014-023-00184-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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