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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_in_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Return to India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_adult_life_(1882–1914)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_adult_life_(1882–1914)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early adult life (1882–1914) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_adult_life_(1882–1914)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early adult life (1882–1914) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_adult_life_(1882–1914)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Return_to_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Return to London </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 London </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Life_in_New_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_New_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Life in New England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_in_New_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Devon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visits_to_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visits_to_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Visits to South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visits_to_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sussex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sussex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Sussex </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sussex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speculative_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speculative_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Speculative fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speculative_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_laureate_and_beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_laureate_and_beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Nobel laureate and beyond </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_laureate_and_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freemasonry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freemasonry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Freemasonry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freemasonry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War_(1914–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War_(1914–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 First World War (1914–1918) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_World_War_(1914–1918)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle First World War (1914–1918) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-First_World_War_(1914–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_of_John_Kipling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_John_Kipling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Death of John Kipling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_John_Kipling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_war_(1918–1936)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_war_(1918–1936)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 After the war (1918–1936) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_war_(1918–1936)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Links_with_camping_and_scouting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links_with_camping_and_scouting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Links with camping and scouting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_with_camping_and_scouting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kipling's_Burwash_home" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kipling's_Burwash_home"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Kipling's Burwash home </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kipling's_Burwash_home-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Reputation in India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screen_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screen_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Screen portrayals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screen_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rudyard Kipling</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 119 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" > 119 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%B5%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8A%AD%E1%8D%95%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D" title="ራድየርድ ክፕሊንግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ራድየርድ ክፕሊንግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA" title="روديارد كبلينغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روديارد كبلينغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A7%D6%86_%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A8%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%94%D5%AB%D6%83%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Ժոզէֆ Ռատիըրտ Քիփլինկ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ժոզէֆ Ռատիըրտ Քիփլինկ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redyard_Kiplinq" title="Redyard Kiplinq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Redyard Kiplinq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82" title="رودیارد کیپلینق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رودیارد کیپلینق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="রুডইয়ার্ড কিপলিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রুডইয়ার্ড কিপলিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Редьярд Киплинг – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Редьярд Киплинг" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Джозеф Рэдзьярд Кіплінг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джозеф Рэдзьярд Кіплінг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B4%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Рэд’ярд Кіплінг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэд’ярд Кіплінг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="रडयार्ड किपलिंग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रडयार्ड किपलिंग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ръдиард Киплинг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ръдиард Киплинг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9A%CE%AF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Ράντγιαρντ Κίπλινγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ράντγιαρντ Κίπλινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="رودیارد کیپلینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رودیارد کیپلینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1_%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97" title="રુડયાર્ડ કિપલિંગ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રુડયાર્ડ કિપલિંગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EB%94%94%EC%96%B4%EB%93%9C_%ED%82%A4%ED%94%8C%EB%A7%81" title="러디어드 키플링 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러디어드 키플링" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%94%D5%AB%D6%83%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Ռեդյարդ Քիփլինգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռեդյարդ Քիփլինգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="रुडयार्ड किपलिंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रुडयार्ड किपलिंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="רודיארד קיפלינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רודיארד קיפלינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ರುಡ್ಯಾರ್ಡ್ ಕಿಪ್ಲಿಂಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರುಡ್ಯಾರ್ಡ್ ಕಿಪ್ಲಿಂಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="რადიარდ კიპლინგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რადიარდ კიპლინგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Редьярд Киплинг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Редьярд Киплинг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Редьярд Киплинг – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Редьярд Киплинг" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radjards_Kiplings" title="Radjards Kiplings – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Radjards Kiplings" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Радјард Киплинг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Радјард Киплинг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="റുഡ്യാർഡ് കിപ്ലിംഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റുഡ്യാർഡ് കിപ്ലിംഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="रुडयार्ड किप्लिंग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रुडयार्ड किप्लिंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="რადიარდ კიპლინგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რადიარდ კიპლინგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="روديارد كبلينج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روديارد كبلينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="رودیارد کیپلینگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رودیارد کیپلینگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ရတ်ဒ်ယတ် ကစ်ပလင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရတ်ဒ်ယတ် ကစ်ပလင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%89%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ラドヤード・キップリング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラドヤード・キップリング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਰੁਡਯਾਰਡ ਕਿਪਲਿੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੁਡਯਾਰਡ ਕਿਪਲਿੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88_%DA%A9%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AF" title="رڈیارڈ کپلنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رڈیارڈ کپلنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%89%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%89_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%90%D9%86%DA%AB" title="روډیارډ کیپلېنګ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روډیارډ کیپلېنګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redyard_Kipling" title="Redyard Kipling – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Redyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Киплинг, Редьярд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Киплинг, Редьярд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ڕودیارد کیپلینگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕودیارد کیپلینگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Радјард Киплинг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Радјард Киплинг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="இரட்யார்ட் கிப்ளிங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரட்யார்ட் கிப்ளிங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redyard_Kipling" title="Redyard Kipling – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Redyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="రుడ్యార్డ్ కిప్లింగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రుడ్యార్డ్ కిప్లింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="รัดยาร์ด คิปลิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัดยาร์ด คิปลิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ҷозеф Радиярд Киплинг – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷозеф Радиярд Киплинг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Редьярд Кіплінг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Редьярд Кіплінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88_%DA%A9%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AF" title="رڈیارڈ کپلنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رڈیارڈ کپلنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%8D%9C%E6%9E%97" title="鲁德亚德·吉卜林 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鲁德亚德·吉卜林" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Rudyard Kipling" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%99%BE%E9%BD%A1" title="吉百齡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="吉百齡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%9E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%8D%9C%E6%9E%97" title="魯德亞德·吉卜林 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="魯德亞德·吉卜林" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English writer and poet (1865–1936)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kipling" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kipling_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kipling (disambiguation)">Kipling (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Rudyard Kipling</div> <div class="honorific-suffix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature">FRSL</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudyard_Kipling_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kipling in 1895"><img alt="Kipling in 1895" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rudyard_Kipling_%28portrait%29.jpg/220px-Rudyard_Kipling_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rudyard_Kipling_%28portrait%29.jpg/330px-Rudyard_Kipling_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rudyard_Kipling_%28portrait%29.jpg/440px-Rudyard_Kipling_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="1689" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Kipling in 1895</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Joseph Rudyard Kipling (1865-12-30)30 December 1865 <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Hill" title="Malabar Hill">Malabar Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">18 January 1936(1936-01-18) (aged 70) <a href="/wiki/Fitzrovia" title="Fitzrovia">Fitzrovia</a>, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Poets%27_Corner" title="Poets' Corner">Poets' Corner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Short-story writer</li><li>novelist</li><li>poet</li><li>journalist</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">children's literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">travel</a> <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Just_So_Stories" title="Just So Stories">Just So Stories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_(novel)" title="Kim (novel)">Kim</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Captains_Courageous" title="Captains Courageous">Captains Courageous</a></li><li>"<a href="/wiki/If%E2%80%94" title="If—">If—</a>"</li><li>"<a href="/wiki/Gunga_Din" title="Gunga Din">Gunga Din</a>"</li><li>"<a href="/wiki/Mandalay_(poem)" title="Mandalay (poem)">Mandalay</a>"</li><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden" title="The White Man's Burden">The White Man's Burden</a>"</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> 1907 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Starr_Balestier_Kipling" title="Caroline Starr Balestier Kipling">Caroline Starr Balestier</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1892)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">3, including <a href="/wiki/Elsie_Bambridge" title="Elsie Bambridge">Elsie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Kipling" title="John Kipling">John</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Lockwood_Kipling" title="John Lockwood Kipling">John Lockwood Kipling</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Kipling" title="Alice Kipling">Alice MacDonald</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudyard_Kipling_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rudyard_Kipling_signature.svg/150px-Rudyard_Kipling_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rudyard_Kipling_signature.svg/225px-Rudyard_Kipling_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rudyard_Kipling_signature.svg/300px-Rudyard_Kipling_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="158" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Joseph Rudyard Kipling (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈrʌdjərd/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">RUD-yərd</a>; 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936)<a href="#cite_note-thetimes-1">[1]</a> was an English journalist, novelist, poet, and short-story writer. He was born in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>, which inspired much of his work. Kipling's works of fiction include the Jungle Book <a href="/wiki/-logy" title="-logy">duology</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a>, 1894; <a href="/wiki/The_Second_Jungle_Book" title="The Second Jungle Book">The Second Jungle Book</a>, 1895), <a href="/wiki/Kim_(novel)" title="Kim (novel)">Kim</a> (1901), the <a href="/wiki/Just_So_Stories" title="Just So Stories">Just So Stories</a> (1902) and many short stories, including "<a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Would_Be_King" title="The Man Who Would Be King">The Man Who Would Be King</a>" (1888).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> His poems include "<a href="/wiki/Mandalay_(poem)" title="Mandalay (poem)">Mandalay</a>" (1890), "<a href="/wiki/Gunga_Din" title="Gunga Din">Gunga Din</a>" (1890), "<a href="/wiki/The_Gods_of_the_Copybook_Headings" title="The Gods of the Copybook Headings">The Gods of the Copybook Headings</a>" (1919), "<a href="/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden" title="The White Man's Burden">The White Man's Burden</a>" (1899), and "<a href="/wiki/If%E2%80%94" title="If—">If—</a>" (1910). He is seen as an innovator in the art of the short story.<a href="#cite_note-rutherford-3">[3]</a> His children's books are classics; one critic noted "a versatile and luminous narrative gift".<a href="#cite_note-plainsintro-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Kipling in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was among the United Kingdom's most popular writers.<a href="#cite_note-rutherford-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a> said "Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius, as distinct from fine intelligence, that I have ever known."<a href="#cite_note-rutherford-3">[3]</a> In 1907, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>, as the first English-language writer to receive the prize, and at 41, its youngest recipient to date.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-6">[6]</a> He was also sounded out for the <a href="/wiki/Poet_Laureate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom">British Poet Laureateship</a> and several times for a <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom#Knighthood" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom">knighthood</a>, but declined both.<a href="#cite_note-birkenhead-7">[7]</a> Following his death in 1936, his ashes were interred at <a href="/wiki/Poets%27_Corner" title="Poets' Corner">Poets' Corner</a>, part of the South Transept of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. Kipling's subsequent reputation has changed with the political and social climate of the age.<a href="#cite_note-lewis-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-quigley-9">[9]</a> The contrasting views of him continued for much of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-said-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-sandison-11">[11]</a> Literary critic <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Kerr" title="Douglas Kerr">Douglas Kerr</a> wrote: "[Kipling] is still an author who can inspire passionate disagreement and his place in literary and cultural history is far from settled. But as the age of the European empires recedes, he is recognised as an incomparable, if controversial, interpreter of how empire was experienced. That, and an increasing recognition of his extraordinary narrative gifts, make him a force to be reckoned with."<a href="#cite_note-kerr-12">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood_(1865–1882)">Childhood (1865–1882)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Childhood (1865–1882)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malabarpoint_governmenthouse_bombay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Malabarpoint_governmenthouse_bombay.jpg/250px-Malabarpoint_governmenthouse_bombay.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Malabarpoint_governmenthouse_bombay.jpg/375px-Malabarpoint_governmenthouse_bombay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Malabarpoint_governmenthouse_bombay.jpg/500px-Malabarpoint_governmenthouse_bombay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Hill" title="Malabar Hill">Malabar Point</a>, Bombay, 1865</figcaption></figure> Rudyard Kipling was born on 30 December 1865 in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Alice_Kipling" title="Alice Kipling">Alice Kipling</a> (born MacDonald) and <a href="/wiki/John_Lockwood_Kipling" title="John Lockwood Kipling">John Lockwood Kipling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-carrington-13">[13]</a> Alice (one of the four noted <a href="/wiki/MacDonald_sisters" title="MacDonald sisters">MacDonald sisters</a>)<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> was a vivacious woman,<a href="#cite_note-gilmour-15">[15]</a> of whom <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava" title="Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava">Lord Dufferin</a> would say, "Dullness and Mrs Kipling cannot exist in the same room."<a href="#cite_note-rutherford-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> John Lockwood Kipling, a sculptor and pottery designer, was the Principal and Professor of Architectural Sculpture at the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Sir_Jamsetjee_Jeejebhoy_School_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art">Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art</a> in Bombay.<a href="#cite_note-gilmour-15">[15]</a> John Lockwood and Alice met in 1863 and courted at <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Lake" title="Rudyard Lake">Rudyard Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rudyard,_Staffordshire" title="Rudyard, Staffordshire">Rudyard, Staffordshire</a>, England. They married and moved to India in 1865 after John Lockwood had accepted the position as Professor at the School of Art.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> They had been so moved by the beauty of the Rudyard Lake area that they named their first child after it, Joseph Rudyard. Two of Alice's sisters were married to artists: <a href="/wiki/Georgiana_Burne-Jones" title="Georgiana Burne-Jones">Georgiana</a> to the painter <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a>, and her sister Agnes to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Poynter" title="Edward Poynter">Edward Poynter</a>. A third sister, Louisa, was the mother of Kipling's most prominent relative, his first cousin <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> three times in the 1920s and 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Kipling's birth home on the campus of the J. J. School of Art in Bombay was for many years used as the dean's residence.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Although a cottage bears a plaque noting it as his birth site, the original one may have been torn down and replaced decades ago.<a href="#cite_note-rkbirthplace-21">[21]</a> Some historians and conservationists take the view that the bungalow marks a site merely close to the home of Kipling's birth, as it was built in 1882 – about 15 years after Kipling was born. Kipling seems to have said as much to the dean when visiting J. J. School in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_british_india_kipling_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Map_british_india_kipling_en.svg/250px-Map_british_india_kipling_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Map_british_india_kipling_en.svg/375px-Map_british_india_kipling_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Map_british_india_kipling_en.svg/500px-Map_british_india_kipling_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Map of places visited by Kipling in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a></figcaption></figure> Kipling wrote of Bombay: <blockquote><div class="poem"> Mother of Cities to me, For I was born in her gate, Between the palms and the sea, Where the world-end steamers wait.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </div></blockquote> According to Bernice M. Murphy, "Kipling's parents considered themselves '<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian#Terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indians</a>' [a term used in the 19th century for people of British origin living in India] and so too would their son, though he spent the bulk of his life elsewhere. Complex issues of identity and national allegiance would become prominent in his fiction."<a href="#cite_note-murphy-24">[24]</a> Kipling referred to such conflicts. For example: "In the afternoon heats before we took our sleep, she (the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Amah_(occupation)" title="Amah (occupation)">ayah</a>, or nanny) or Meeta (the Hindu bearer, or male attendant) would tell us stories and Indian nursery songs all unforgotten, and we were sent into the dining-room after we had been dressed, with the caution 'Speak English now to Papa and Mamma.' So one spoke 'English', haltingly translated out of the vernacular idiom that one thought and dreamed in."<a href="#cite_note-autobio-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_in_Britain">Education in Britain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education in Britain">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudyard_Kipling_1865-1936_writer_and_Nobel_Laureate_lived_here_as_a_boy_1871-1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rudyard_Kipling_1865-1936_writer_and_Nobel_Laureate_lived_here_as_a_boy_1871-1877.jpg/170px-Rudyard_Kipling_1865-1936_writer_and_Nobel_Laureate_lived_here_as_a_boy_1871-1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rudyard_Kipling_1865-1936_writer_and_Nobel_Laureate_lived_here_as_a_boy_1871-1877.jpg/255px-Rudyard_Kipling_1865-1936_writer_and_Nobel_Laureate_lived_here_as_a_boy_1871-1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rudyard_Kipling_1865-1936_writer_and_Nobel_Laureate_lived_here_as_a_boy_1871-1877.jpg/340px-Rudyard_Kipling_1865-1936_writer_and_Nobel_Laureate_lived_here_as_a_boy_1871-1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> marking Kipling's time in Southsea, Portsmouth</figcaption></figure> Kipling's days of "strong light and darkness" in Bombay ended when he was five.<a href="#cite_note-autobio-25">[25]</a> As was the custom in British India, he and his three-year-old sister Alice ("Trix") were taken to the United Kingdom – in their case to <a href="/wiki/Southsea" title="Southsea">Southsea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> – to live with a couple who <a href="/wiki/Boarding_house" title="Boarding house">boarded</a> children of British nationals living abroad.<a href="#cite_note-oxdnb-26">[26]</a> For the next six years (from October 1871 to April 1877), the children lived with the couple – Captain Pryse Agar Holloway, once an officer in the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Navy_(United_Kingdom)" title="Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)">merchant navy</a>, and Sarah Holloway – at their house, Lorne Lodge, 4 Campbell Road, Southsea.<a href="#cite_note-Kipling_R_–_A_Very_Young_Person-27">[27]</a> Kipling referred to the place as "the House of Desolation".<a href="#cite_note-autobio-25">[25]</a> In his autobiography published 65 years later, Kipling recalled the stay with horror, and wondered if the combination of cruelty and neglect that he experienced there at the hands of Mrs Holloway might not have hastened the onset of his literary life: "If you cross-examine a child of seven or eight on his day's doings (specially when he wants to go to sleep) he will contradict himself very satisfactorily. If each contradiction be set down as a lie and retailed at breakfast, life is not easy. I have known a certain amount of <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, but this was calculated <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> – religious as well as scientific. Yet it made me give attention to the lies I soon found it necessary to tell: and this, I presume, is the foundation of literary effort."<a href="#cite_note-autobio-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiplingsengland3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Kiplingsengland3.jpg/300px-Kiplingsengland3.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Kiplingsengland3.jpg/450px-Kiplingsengland3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a7/Kiplingsengland3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Kipling's England: A map of England showing Kipling's homes</figcaption></figure> Trix fared better at Lorne Lodge; Mrs Holloway apparently hoped that Trix would eventually marry the Holloways' son.<a href="#cite_note-oxfordchildren-28">[28]</a> The two Kipling children, however, had no relatives in England they could visit, except that they spent a month each Christmas with a maternal aunt Georgiana ("Georgy") and her husband, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a>, at their house, The Grange, in <a href="/wiki/Fulham" title="Fulham">Fulham</a>, London, which Kipling called "a paradise which I verily believe saved me".<a href="#cite_note-autobio-25">[25]</a> In the spring of 1877, Alice returned from India and removed the children from Lorne Lodge. Kipling remembers "Often and often afterwards, the beloved Aunt would ask me why I had never told any one how I was being treated. Children tell little more than animals, for what comes to them they accept as eternally established. Also, badly-treated children have a clear notion of what they are likely to get if they betray the secrets of a prison-house before they are clear of it."<a href="#cite_note-autobio-25">[25]</a> Alice took the children during spring 1877 to Goldings Farm at <a href="/wiki/Loughton" title="Loughton">Loughton</a>, where a carefree summer and autumn was spent on the farm and adjoining Forest, some of the time with <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>. In January 1878, Kipling was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_Services_College" title="United Services College">United Services College</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westward_Ho!" title="Westward Ho!">Westward Ho!</a>, Devon, a school recently founded to prepare boys for the army. It proved rough going for him at first, but later led to firm friendships and provided the setting for his schoolboy stories <a href="/wiki/Stalky_%26_Co." title="Stalky & Co.">Stalky & Co.</a> (1899).<a href="#cite_note-oxfordchildren-28">[28]</a> While there, Kipling met and fell in love with Florence Garrard, who was boarding with Trix at Southsea (to which Trix had returned). Florence became the model for Maisie in Kipling's first novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Light_That_Failed" title="The Light That Failed">The Light That Failed</a> (1891).<a href="#cite_note-oxfordchildren-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_India">Return to India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Return to India">edit</a>]</div> Near the end of his schooling, it was decided that Kipling did not have the academic ability to get into Oxford University on a scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-oxfordchildren-28">[28]</a> His parents lacked the wherewithal to finance him,<a href="#cite_note-gilmour-15">[15]</a> and so Kipling's father obtained a job for him in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, where the father served as Principal of the <a href="/wiki/National_College_Of_Arts,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="National College Of Arts, Lahore">Mayo College of Art</a> and Curator of the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Museum" title="Lahore Museum">Lahore Museum</a>. Kipling was to be <a href="/wiki/Sub-editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-editor">assistant editor</a> of a local newspaper, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_Military_Gazette" title="Civil and Military Gazette">Civil and Military Gazette</a>. He sailed for India on 20 September 1882 and arrived in Bombay on 18 October. He described the moment years later: "So, at sixteen years and nine months, but looking four or five years older, and adorned with real whiskers which the scandalised Mother abolished within one hour of beholding, I found myself at Bombay where I was born, moving among sights and smells that made me deliver in the vernacular sentences whose meaning I knew not. Other Indian-born boys have told me how the same thing happened to them."<a href="#cite_note-autobio-25">[25]</a> This arrival changed Kipling, as he explains: "There were yet three or four days' rail to Lahore, where my people lived. After these, my English years fell away, nor ever, I think, came back in full strength."<a href="#cite_note-autobio-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_adult_life_(1882–1914)">Early adult life (1882–1914)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early adult life (1882–1914)">edit</a>]</div> From 1883 to 1889, Kipling worked in British India for local newspapers such as the <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_Military_Gazette" title="Civil and Military Gazette">Civil and Military Gazette</a> in Lahore and <a href="/wiki/The_Pioneer_(India)" title="The Pioneer (India)">The Pioneer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autobio-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lahore_railway_station1880s.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lahore_railway_station1880s.JPG/250px-Lahore_railway_station1880s.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lahore_railway_station1880s.JPG/375px-Lahore_railway_station1880s.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Lahore_railway_station1880s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Junction_railway_station" title="Lahore Junction railway station">Lahore Railway Station</a> in the 1880s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukh_Niwas_Palace,_Bundi,_circa_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sukh_Niwas_Palace%2C_Bundi%2C_circa_1900.jpg/250px-Sukh_Niwas_Palace%2C_Bundi%2C_circa_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sukh_Niwas_Palace%2C_Bundi%2C_circa_1900.jpg/375px-Sukh_Niwas_Palace%2C_Bundi%2C_circa_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sukh_Niwas_Palace%2C_Bundi%2C_circa_1900.jpg/500px-Sukh_Niwas_Palace%2C_Bundi%2C_circa_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bundi" title="Bundi">Bundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajputana_Agency" title="Rajputana Agency">Rajputana</a>, where Kipling was inspired to write <a href="/wiki/Kim_(novel)" title="Kim (novel)">Kim</a></figcaption></figure> The former, which was the newspaper Kipling was to call his "mistress and most true love",<a href="#cite_note-autobio-25">[25]</a> appeared six days a week throughout the year, except for one-day breaks for Christmas and Easter. Stephen Wheeler, the editor, worked Kipling hard, but Kipling's need to write was unstoppable. In 1886, he published his first collection of verse, Departmental Ditties. That year also brought a change of editors at the newspaper; <a href="/wiki/E._Kay_Robinson" title="E. Kay Robinson">Kay Robinson</a>, the new editor, allowed more creative freedom and Kipling was asked to contribute short stories to the newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-plainsintro-4">[4]</a> In an article printed in the <a href="/wiki/Chums_(paper)" title="Chums (paper)">Chums</a> boys' annual, an ex-colleague of Kipling's stated that "he never knew such a fellow for ink – he simply revelled in it, filling up his pen viciously, and then throwing the contents all over the office, so that it was almost dangerous to approach him."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The anecdote continues: "In the hot weather when he (Kipling) wore only white trousers and a thin vest, he is said to have resembled a <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_dog" title="Dalmatian dog">Dalmatian dog</a> more than a human being, for he was spotted all over with ink in every direction." In the summer of 1883, Kipling visited Simla (today's <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a>), a well-known <a href="/wiki/Hill_station" title="Hill station">hill station</a> and the summer capital of British India. By then it was the practice for the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a> and government to move to Simla for six months, and the town became a "centre of power as well as pleasure".<a href="#cite_note-plainsintro-4">[4]</a> Kipling's family became annual visitors to Simla, and Lockwood Kipling was asked to serve in <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_(Shimla)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ Church (Shimla)">Christ Church</a> there. Rudyard Kipling returned to Simla for his annual leave each year from 1885 to 1888, and the town featured prominently in many stories he wrote for the Gazette.<a href="#cite_note-plainsintro-4">[4]</a> "My month's leave at Simla, or whatever Hill Station my people went to, was pure joy – every golden hour counted. It began in heat and discomfort, by rail and road. It ended in the cool evening, with a wood fire in one's bedroom, and next morn – thirty more of them ahead! – the early cup of tea, the Mother who brought it in, and the long talks of us all together again. One had leisure to work, too, at whatever play-work was in one's head, and that was usually full."<a href="#cite_note-autobio-25">[25]</a> Back in Lahore, 39 of his stories appeared in the Gazette between November 1886 and June 1887. Kipling included most of them in <a href="/wiki/Plain_Tales_from_the_Hills" title="Plain Tales from the Hills">Plain Tales from the Hills</a>, his first prose collection, published in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> in January 1888, a month after his 22nd birthday. Kipling's time in Lahore, however, had come to an end. In November 1887, he was moved to the Gazette's larger sister newspaper, The Pioneer, in <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces</a>, where he worked as assistant editor and lived in Belvedere House from 1888 to 1889.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Lockwood_Kipling_%C3%A9s_Rudyard_Kipling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/John_Lockwood_Kipling_%C3%A9s_Rudyard_Kipling.jpg/170px-John_Lockwood_Kipling_%C3%A9s_Rudyard_Kipling.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/John_Lockwood_Kipling_%C3%A9s_Rudyard_Kipling.jpg/255px-John_Lockwood_Kipling_%C3%A9s_Rudyard_Kipling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/John_Lockwood_Kipling_%C3%A9s_Rudyard_Kipling.jpg/340px-John_Lockwood_Kipling_%C3%A9s_Rudyard_Kipling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="1891" /></a><figcaption>Rudyard Kipling (right) with his father John Lockwood Kipling (left), c. 1890</figcaption></figure> Kipling's writing continued at a frenetic pace. In 1888, he published six collections of short stories: <a href="/wiki/Soldiers_Three" title="Soldiers Three">Soldiers Three</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Gadsbys" title="The Story of the Gadsbys">The Story of the Gadsbys</a>, <a href="/wiki/In_Black_and_White_(short_story_collection)" title="In Black and White (short story collection)">In Black and White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Under_the_Deodars" title="Under the Deodars">Under the Deodars</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_%27Rickshaw_and_other_Eerie_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="The Phantom 'Rickshaw and other Eerie Tales">The Phantom Rickshaw</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wee_Willie_Winkie_and_Other_Child_Stories" title="Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories">Wee Willie Winkie</a>. These contain a total of 41 stories, some quite long. In addition, as The Pioneer's special correspondent in the western region of <a href="/wiki/Rajputana_Agency" title="Rajputana Agency">Rajputana</a>, he wrote many sketches that were later collected in Letters of Marque and published in <a href="/wiki/From_Sea_to_Sea_and_Other_Sketches,_Letters_of_Travel" title="From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel">From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-plainsintro-4">[4]</a> Kipling was discharged from The Pioneer in early 1889 after a dispute. By this time, he had been increasingly thinking of his future. He sold the rights to his six volumes of stories for £200 and a small royalty, and the Plain Tales for £50; in addition, he received six-months' salary from The Pioneer, in lieu of notice.<a href="#cite_note-autobio-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_London">Return to London</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return to London">edit</a>]</div> Kipling decided to use the money to move to London, the literary centre of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. On 9 March 1889, he left India, travelling first to San Francisco via <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Rangoon</a>, Singapore, Hong Kong and Japan. Kipling was favourably impressed by Japan, calling its people and ways "gracious folk and fair manners".<a href="#cite_note-auto1-32">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize</a> committee cited Kipling's writing on the manners and customs of the Japanese when they awarded his Nobel Prize in Literature in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Kipling later wrote that he "had lost his heart" to a <a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">geisha</a> whom he called O-Toyo, writing while in the United States during the same trip across the Pacific, "I had left the innocent East far behind.... Weeping softly for O-Toyo.... O-Toyo was a darling."<a href="#cite_note-auto1-32">[32]</a> Kipling then travelled through the United States, writing articles for The Pioneer that were later published in <a href="/wiki/From_Sea_to_Sea_and_Other_Sketches,_Letters_of_Travel" title="From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel">From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pinney1-34">[34]</a> Starting his North American travels in San Francisco, Kipling went north to <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, Washington, up to <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, British Columbia, through <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Hat" title="Medicine Hat">Medicine Hat</a>, Alberta, back into the US to <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>, down to <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, then east to <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a> and on to Chicago, then to <a href="/wiki/Beaver,_Pennsylvania" title="Beaver, Pennsylvania">Beaver, Pennsylvania</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> to visit the Hill family -- Mrs. Edmonia 'Ted' Hill, "eight years older than [him, who had] become Kipling's closest confidante, friend and sometimes collaborator" in British India, and her husband, Professor S. A. Hill, who [had] taught Physical Science at Muir College in Alhallabad.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> From Beaver, Kipling went to <a href="/wiki/Chautauqua,_New_York" title="Chautauqua, New York">Chautauqua</a> with Professor Hill, and later to <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a>, Toronto, Washington, D.C., New York, and Boston.<a href="#cite_note-pinney1-34">[34]</a> In the course of this journey he met <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Elmira,_New_York" title="Elmira, New York">Elmira, New York</a>, and was deeply impressed. Kipling arrived unannounced at Twain's home, and later wrote that as he rang the doorbell, "It occurred to me for the first time that Mark Twain might possibly have other engagements other than the entertainment of escaped lunatics from India, be they ever so full of admiration."<a href="#cite_note-auto2-36">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collier_1891_rudyard-kipling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Collier_1891_rudyard-kipling.jpg/170px-Collier_1891_rudyard-kipling.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Collier_1891_rudyard-kipling.jpg/255px-Collier_1891_rudyard-kipling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Collier_1891_rudyard-kipling.jpg/340px-Collier_1891_rudyard-kipling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of Kipling by <a href="/wiki/John_Collier_(Pre-Raphaelite_painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Collier (Pre-Raphaelite painter)">John Collier</a>, c. 1891</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudyard_Kipling_three_quarter_length_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rudyard_Kipling_three_quarter_length_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Rudyard_Kipling_three_quarter_length_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rudyard_Kipling_three_quarter_length_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Rudyard_Kipling_three_quarter_length_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rudyard_Kipling_three_quarter_length_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Rudyard_Kipling_three_quarter_length_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption>Rudyard Kipling, by the <a href="/wiki/Bourne_%26_Shepherd" title="Bourne & Shepherd">Bourne & Shepherd</a> studio, Calcutta (1892)</figcaption></figure> As it was, Twain gladly welcomed Kipling and had a two-hour conversation with him on trends in Anglo-American literature and about what Twain was going to write in a sequel to <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Sawyer" title="The Adventures of Tom Sawyer">Tom Sawyer</a>, with Twain assuring Kipling that a sequel was coming, although he had not decided upon the ending: either Sawyer would be elected to Congress or he would be hanged.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-36">[36]</a> Twain also passed along the literary advice that an author should "get your facts first and then you can distort 'em as much as you please."<a href="#cite_note-auto2-36">[36]</a> Twain, who rather liked Kipling, later wrote of their meeting: "Between us, we cover all knowledge; he covers all that can be known and I cover the rest."<a href="#cite_note-auto2-36">[36]</a> Kipling then crossed the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> in October 1889. He soon made his début in the London literary world, to great acclaim.<a href="#cite_note-rutherford-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="London">London</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: London">edit</a>]</div> In London, Kipling had several stories accepted by magazines. He found a place to live for the next two years at <a href="/wiki/Villiers_Street" title="Villiers Street">Villiers Street</a>, near Charing Cross (in a building subsequently named Kipling House): <blockquote>"Meantime, I had found me quarters in <a href="/wiki/Villiers_Street" title="Villiers Street">Villiers Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">Strand</a>, which forty-six years ago was primitive and passionate in its habits and population. My rooms were small, not over-clean or well-kept, but from my desk I could look out of my window through the <a href="/wiki/Fanlight" title="Fanlight">fanlight</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross_Music_Hall" title="Charing Cross Music Hall">Gatti's Music-Hall</a> entrance, across the street, almost on to its stage. The <a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross" title="Charing Cross">Charing Cross</a> trains rumbled through my dreams on one side, the boom of the Strand on the other, while, before my windows, <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Father Thames</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Shot_tower" title="Shot tower">Shot tower</a> walked up and down with his traffic."<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></blockquote> In the next two years, he published a novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Light_That_Failed" title="The Light That Failed">The Light That Failed</a>, had a <a href="/wiki/Nervous_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervous breakdown">nervous breakdown</a>, and met an American writer and publishing agent, <a href="/wiki/Wolcott_Balestier" title="Wolcott Balestier">Wolcott Balestier</a>, with whom he collaborated on a novel, The Naulahka (a title which he uncharacteristically misspelt; see below).<a href="#cite_note-gilmour-15">[15]</a> In 1891, as advised by his doctors, Kipling took another sea voyage, to South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and once again India.<a href="#cite_note-gilmour-15">[15]</a> He cut short his plans to spend Christmas with his family in India when he heard of Balestier's sudden death from <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a> and decided to return to London immediately. Before his return, he had used the <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy#Telegram_services" title="Telegraphy">telegram</a> to propose to, and be accepted by, Wolcott's sister, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Starr_Balestier_Kipling" title="Caroline Starr Balestier Kipling">Caroline Starr Balestier</a> (1862–1939), called "Carrie", whom he had met a year earlier, and with whom he had apparently been having an intermittent romance.<a href="#cite_note-gilmour-15">[15]</a> Meanwhile, late in 1891, a collection of his short stories on the British in India, Life's Handicap, was published in London.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> On 18 January 1892, Carrie Balestier (aged 29) and Rudyard Kipling (aged 26) married in London, in the "thick of an influenza epidemic, when the undertakers had run out of black horses and the dead had to be content with brown ones."<a href="#cite_note-autobio-25">[25]</a> The wedding was held at <a href="/wiki/All_Souls_Church,_Langham_Place" title="All Souls Church, Langham Place">All Souls Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Langham_Place,_London" title="Langham Place, London">Langham Place</a>, central London. <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a> gave away the bride.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudyard_Kipling_in_his_study_at_Naulakha_Dummerston_VT_circa_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rudyard_Kipling_in_his_study_at_Naulakha_Dummerston_VT_circa_1895.jpg/170px-Rudyard_Kipling_in_his_study_at_Naulakha_Dummerston_VT_circa_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rudyard_Kipling_in_his_study_at_Naulakha_Dummerston_VT_circa_1895.jpg/255px-Rudyard_Kipling_in_his_study_at_Naulakha_Dummerston_VT_circa_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rudyard_Kipling_in_his_study_at_Naulakha_Dummerston_VT_circa_1895.jpg/340px-Rudyard_Kipling_in_his_study_at_Naulakha_Dummerston_VT_circa_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Kipling in his study at Naulakha, Vermont, US, 1895</figcaption></figure> Kipling and his wife settled upon a honeymoon that took them first to the United States (including a stop at the Balestier family estate near <a href="/wiki/Brattleboro,_Vermont" title="Brattleboro, Vermont">Brattleboro, Vermont</a>) and then to Japan.<a href="#cite_note-gilmour-15">[15]</a> On arriving in <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, they discovered that their bank, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Bank_Corporation" title="Oriental Bank Corporation">The New Oriental Banking Corporation</a>, had failed. Taking this loss in their stride, they returned to the U.S., back to Vermont – Carrie by this time was pregnant with their first child – and rented a small cottage on a farm near Brattleboro for $10 a month.<a href="#cite_note-autobio-25">[25]</a> According to Kipling, "We furnished it with a simplicity that fore-ran the <a href="/wiki/Hire-purchase" class="mw-redirect" title="Hire-purchase">hire-purchase</a> system. We bought, second or third hand, a huge, hot-air stove which we installed in the cellar. We cut generous holes in our thin floors for its eight-inch [20 cm] tin pipes (why we were not burned in our beds each week of the winter I never can understand) and we were extraordinarily and self-centredly content."<a href="#cite_note-autobio-25">[25]</a> In this house, which they called Bliss Cottage, their first child, Josephine, was born "in three-foot of snow on the night of 29th December, 1892. Her Mother's birthday being the 31st and mine the 30th of the same month, we congratulated her on her sense of the fitness of things..."<a href="#cite_note-autobio-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiplingseastcoast2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kiplingseastcoast2.JPG/300px-Kiplingseastcoast2.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kiplingseastcoast2.JPG/450px-Kiplingseastcoast2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Kiplingseastcoast2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>Rudyard Kipling's America 1892–1896, 1899</figcaption></figure> It was also in this cottage that the first dawnings of <a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Books</a> came to Kipling: "The workroom in the Bliss Cottage was seven feet by eight, and from December to April, the snow lay level with its window-sill. It chanced that I had written a tale about Indian Forestry work which included a boy who had been brought up by wolves. In the stillness, and suspense, of the winter of '92 some memory of the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Masonic</a> Lions of my childhood's magazine, and a phrase in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rider_Haggard" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Rider Haggard">Haggard's</a> <a href="/wiki/Nada_the_Lily" title="Nada the Lily">Nada the Lily</a>, combined with the echo of this tale. After blocking out the main idea in my head, the pen took charge, and I watched it begin to write stories about <a href="/wiki/Mowgli" title="Mowgli">Mowgli</a> and animals, which later grew into the two Jungle Books."<a href="#cite_note-autobio-25">[25]</a> With Josephine's arrival, Bliss Cottage was felt to be congested, so eventually the couple bought land – 10 acres (4.0 ha) on a rocky hillside overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a> – from Carrie's brother Beatty Balestier and built their own house. Kipling named this <a href="/wiki/Naulakha_(Rudyard_Kipling_House)" title="Naulakha (Rudyard Kipling House)">Naulakha</a>, in honour of Wolcott and of their collaboration, and this time the name was spelt correctly.<a href="#cite_note-gilmour-15">[15]</a> From his early years in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> (1882–87), Kipling had become enamoured with the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> especially the <a href="/wiki/Naulakha_pavilion" class="mw-redirect" title="Naulakha pavilion">Naulakha pavilion</a> situated in <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a>, which eventually inspired the title of his novel as well as the house.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The house still stands on Kipling Road, three miles (4.8 km) north of Brattleboro in <a href="/wiki/Dummerston,_Vermont" title="Dummerston, Vermont">Dummerston, Vermont</a>: a big, secluded, dark-green house, with shingled roof and sides, which Kipling called his "ship", and which brought him "sunshine and a mind at ease".<a href="#cite_note-gilmour-15">[15]</a> His seclusion in Vermont, combined with his healthy "sane clean life", made Kipling both inventive and prolific. In a mere four years he produced, along with the Jungle Books, a book of short stories (<a href="/wiki/The_Day%27s_Work" title="The Day's Work">The Day's Work</a>), a novel (<a href="/wiki/Captains_Courageous" title="Captains Courageous">Captains Courageous</a>), and a profusion of poetry, including the volume <a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Seas_(poetry_collection)" title="The Seven Seas (poetry collection)">The Seven Seas</a>. The collection of <a href="/wiki/Barrack-Room_Ballads" title="Barrack-Room Ballads">Barrack-Room Ballads</a> was issued in March 1892, first published individually for the most part in 1890, and contained his poems "<a href="/wiki/Mandalay_(poem)" title="Mandalay (poem)">Mandalay</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Gunga_Din" title="Gunga Din">Gunga Din</a>". He especially enjoyed writing the Jungle Books and also corresponding with many children who wrote to him about them.<a href="#cite_note-gilmour-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Life_in_New_England">Life in New England</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Life in New England">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caroline_Starr_Balestier,_Mrs_Rudyard_Kipling_(1862-1939).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Caroline_Starr_Balestier%2C_Mrs_Rudyard_Kipling_%281862-1939%29.jpg/170px-Caroline_Starr_Balestier%2C_Mrs_Rudyard_Kipling_%281862-1939%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Caroline_Starr_Balestier%2C_Mrs_Rudyard_Kipling_%281862-1939%29.jpg/255px-Caroline_Starr_Balestier%2C_Mrs_Rudyard_Kipling_%281862-1939%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Caroline_Starr_Balestier%2C_Mrs_Rudyard_Kipling_%281862-1939%29.jpg/340px-Caroline_Starr_Balestier%2C_Mrs_Rudyard_Kipling_%281862-1939%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Kipling's wife, Caroline Starr Balestier, by his cousin Sir <a href="/wiki/Philip_Burne-Jones" title="Philip Burne-Jones">Philip Burne-Jones</a></figcaption></figure> The writing life in Naulakha was occasionally interrupted by visitors, including <a href="/wiki/John_Lockwood_Kipling" title="John Lockwood Kipling">his father</a>, who visited soon after his retirement in 1893,<a href="#cite_note-gilmour-15">[15]</a> and the British writer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, who brought his golf clubs, stayed for two days, and gave Kipling an extended golf lesson.<a href="#cite_note-mallett-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-ricketts-43">[43]</a> Kipling seemed to take to golf, occasionally practising with the local <a href="/wiki/Congregational" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational">Congregational</a> minister and even playing with red-painted balls when the ground was covered in snow.<a href="#cite_note-carrington-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-ricketts-43">[43]</a> However, winter golf was "not altogether a success because there were no limits to a drive; the ball might skid two miles (3.2 km) down the long slope to <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Connecticut river">Connecticut river</a>."<a href="#cite_note-carrington-13">[13]</a> Kipling loved the outdoors,<a href="#cite_note-gilmour-15">[15]</a> not least of whose marvels in <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> was the turning of the leaves each fall. He described this moment in a letter: "A little <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a> began it, flaming blood-red of a sudden where he stood against the dark green of a pine-belt. Next morning there was an answering signal from the swamp where the <a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">sumacs</a> grow. Three days later, the hill-sides as fast as the eye could range were afire, and the roads paved, with crimson and gold. Then a wet wind blew, and ruined all the uniforms of that gorgeous army; and the <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a>, who had held themselves in reserve, buckled on their dull and bronzed <a href="/wiki/Cuirass" title="Cuirass">cuirasses</a> and stood it out stiffly to the last blown leaf, till nothing remained but pencil-shadings of bare boughs, and one could see into the most private heart of the woods."<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Rudyard_Kipling,_Vanity_Fair,_1894-06-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Joseph_Rudyard_Kipling%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1894-06-07.jpg/170px-Joseph_Rudyard_Kipling%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1894-06-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Joseph_Rudyard_Kipling%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1894-06-07.jpg/255px-Joseph_Rudyard_Kipling%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1894-06-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Joseph_Rudyard_Kipling%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1894-06-07.jpg/340px-Joseph_Rudyard_Kipling%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1894-06-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of Kipling in the London magazine <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>, 7 June 1894</figcaption></figure> In February 1896, <a href="/wiki/Elsie_Kipling" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsie Kipling">Elsie Kipling</a> was born, the couple's second daughter. By this time, according to several biographers, their marital relationship was no longer light-hearted and spontaneous.<a href="#cite_note-carrie-45">[45]</a> Although they would always remain loyal to each other, they seemed now to have fallen into set roles.<a href="#cite_note-gilmour-15">[15]</a> In a letter to a friend who had become engaged around this time, the 30‑year‑old Kipling offered this sombre counsel: marriage principally taught "the tougher virtues – such as humility, restraint, order, and forethought."<a href="#cite_note-pinney-46">[46]</a> Later in the same year, he temporarily taught at <a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_College_School" title="Bishop's College School">Bishop's College School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naulakha_jsephne_loggia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dc/Naulakha_jsephne_loggia.jpg/170px-Naulakha_jsephne_loggia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dc/Naulakha_jsephne_loggia.jpg/255px-Naulakha_jsephne_loggia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/dc/Naulakha_jsephne_loggia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>The Kiplings' first daughter Josephine, 1895. She died of pneumonia in 1899 aged 7.</figcaption></figure> The Kiplings loved life in Vermont and might have lived out their lives there, were it not for two incidents – one of global politics, the other of family discord. By the early 1890s, the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> were in a border dispute involving <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a>. The U.S. had made several offers to arbitrate, but in 1895, the new American Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Richard Olney</a> upped the ante by arguing for the American "right" to arbitrate on grounds of sovereignty on the continent (see the <a href="/wiki/Olney_interpretation" title="Olney interpretation">Olney interpretation</a> as an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>).<a href="#cite_note-gilmour-15">[15]</a> This raised hackles in Britain, and the situation grew into a major <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Venezuelan_and_Alaska_border_disputes" title="United Kingdom–United States relations">Anglo-American crisis</a>, with talk of war on both sides. Although the crisis eased into greater United States–British co-operation, Kipling was bewildered by what he felt was persistent anti-British sentiment in the U.S., especially in the press.<a href="#cite_note-gilmour-15">[15]</a> He wrote in a letter that it felt like being "aimed at with a decanter across a friendly dinner table."<a href="#cite_note-pinney-46">[46]</a> By January 1896, he had decided<a href="#cite_note-carrington-13">[13]</a> to end his family's "good wholesome life" in the U.S. and seek their fortunes elsewhere. A family dispute became the final straw. For some time, relations between Carrie and her brother Beatty Balestier had been strained, owing to his drinking and insolvency. In May 1896, an inebriated Beatty encountered Kipling on the street and threatened him with physical harm.<a href="#cite_note-gilmour-15">[15]</a> The incident led to Beatty's eventual arrest, but in the subsequent hearing and the resulting publicity, Kipling's privacy was destroyed, and he was left feeling miserable and exhausted. In July 1896, a week before the hearing was to resume, the Kiplings packed their belongings, left the United States and returned to England.<a href="#cite_note-carrington-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devon">Devon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Devon">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1082515.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Rock_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1082515.jpg/220px-Rock_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1082515.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Rock_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1082515.jpg/330px-Rock_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1082515.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Rock_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1082515.jpg/440px-Rock_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1082515.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Kipling's Torquay house, with a blue plaque on the wall</figcaption></figure> By September 1896, the Kiplings were in <a href="/wiki/Torquay" title="Torquay">Torquay</a>, Devon, on the south-western coast of England, in a hillside home (Rock House, Maidencombe) overlooking the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. Although Kipling did not much care for his new house, whose design, he claimed, left its occupants feeling dispirited and gloomy, he managed to remain productive and socially active.<a href="#cite_note-gilmour-15">[15]</a> Kipling was now a famous man, and in the previous two or three years had increasingly been making political pronouncements in his writings. The Kiplings had welcomed their first son, <a href="/wiki/John_Kipling" title="John Kipling">John</a>, in August 1897. Kipling had begun work on two poems, "<a href="/wiki/Recessional_(poem)" title="Recessional (poem)">Recessional</a>" (1897) and "<a href="/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden" title="The White Man's Burden">The White Man's Burden</a>" (1899), which were to create controversy when published. Regarded by some as anthems for enlightened and duty-bound empire-building (capturing the mood of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>), the poems were seen by others as propaganda for brazen-faced <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and its attendant racial attitudes; still others saw irony in the poems and warnings of the perils of empire.<a href="#cite_note-gilmour-15">[15]</a> <blockquote><div class="poem"> Take up the White Man's burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child. —The White Man's Burden<a href="#cite_note-wmb-48">[48]</a> </div></blockquote> There was also foreboding in the poems, a sense that all could yet come to naught.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <blockquote><div class="poem"> Far-called, our navies melt away; On dune and headland sinks the fire: Lo, all our pomp of yesterday Is one with <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>! Judge of the Nations, spare us yet. Lest we forget – lest we forget! —Recessional<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </div></blockquote> A prolific writer during his time in Torquay, he also wrote Stalky & Co., a collection of <a href="/wiki/School_stories" class="mw-redirect" title="School stories">school stories</a> (born of his experience at the <a href="/wiki/United_Services_College" title="United Services College">United Services College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westward_Ho!" title="Westward Ho!">Westward Ho!</a>), whose juvenile protagonists display a know-it-all, cynical outlook on patriotism and authority. According to his family, Kipling enjoyed reading aloud stories from Stalky & Co. to them and often went into spasms of laughter over his own jokes.<a href="#cite_note-gilmour-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visits_to_South_Africa">Visits to South Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Visits to South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralph,_Landon,_Gwynne_and_Kipling_1900-1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ralph%2C_Landon%2C_Gwynne_and_Kipling_1900-1901.jpg/170px-Ralph%2C_Landon%2C_Gwynne_and_Kipling_1900-1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ralph%2C_Landon%2C_Gwynne_and_Kipling_1900-1901.jpg/255px-Ralph%2C_Landon%2C_Gwynne_and_Kipling_1900-1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ralph%2C_Landon%2C_Gwynne_and_Kipling_1900-1901.jpg/340px-Ralph%2C_Landon%2C_Gwynne_and_Kipling_1900-1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>H.A. Gwynne, Julian Ralph, Perceval Landon, and Rudyard Kipling in South Africa, 1900–1901</figcaption></figure> In early 1898, the Kiplings travelled to South Africa for their winter holiday, so beginning an annual tradition which (except the following year) would last until 1908. They would stay in "The Woolsack", a house on <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>'s estate at <a href="/wiki/Groote_Schuur" title="Groote Schuur">Groote Schuur</a> (now a student residence for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a>), within walking distance of Rhodes' mansion.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> With his new reputation as Poet of the Empire, Kipling was warmly received by some of the influential politicians of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>, including Rhodes, Sir <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Milner" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Milner">Alfred Milner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leander_Starr_Jameson" title="Leander Starr Jameson">Leander Starr Jameson</a>. Kipling cultivated their friendship and came to admire the men and their politics. The period 1898–1910 was crucial in the history of South Africa and included the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902), the ensuing peace treaty, and the 1910 formation of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>. Back in England, Kipling wrote poetry in support of the British cause in the Boer War and on his next visit to South Africa in early 1900, became a correspondent for The Friend newspaper in <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a>, which had been commandeered by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Lord Roberts</a> for British troops.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Although his journalistic stint was to last only two weeks, it was Kipling's first work on a newspaper staff since he left The Pioneer in <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a> more than ten years before.<a href="#cite_note-gilmour-15">[15]</a> At The Friend, he made lifelong friendships with <a href="/wiki/Perceval_Landon" title="Perceval Landon">Perceval Landon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howell_Arthur_Gwynne" class="mw-redirect" title="Howell Arthur Gwynne">H. A. Gwynne</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> He also wrote articles published more widely expressing his views on the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1900-54">[54]</a> Kipling penned an inscription for the <a href="/wiki/Honoured_Dead_Memorial" title="Honoured Dead Memorial">Honoured Dead Memorial</a> (Siege memorial) in Kimberley. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sussex">Sussex</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sussex">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudyard_Kipling_by_Sir_Philip_Burne-Jones_1899.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rudyard_Kipling_by_Sir_Philip_Burne-Jones_1899.jpeg/170px-Rudyard_Kipling_by_Sir_Philip_Burne-Jones_1899.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rudyard_Kipling_by_Sir_Philip_Burne-Jones_1899.jpeg/255px-Rudyard_Kipling_by_Sir_Philip_Burne-Jones_1899.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Rudyard_Kipling_by_Sir_Philip_Burne-Jones_1899.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Kipling at his desk, 1899. Portrait by Burne-Jones.</figcaption></figure> In 1897, Kipling moved from <a href="/wiki/Torquay" title="Torquay">Torquay</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rottingdean" title="Rottingdean">Rottingdean</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, East Sussex – first to North End House and then to the Elms.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 1902, Kipling bought <a href="/wiki/Bateman%27s" title="Bateman's">Bateman's</a>, a house built in 1634 and located in rural <a href="/wiki/Burwash" title="Burwash">Burwash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Bateman's was Kipling's home from 1902 until his death in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-nationaltrust1-57">[57]</a> The house and its surrounding buildings, the mill and 33 acres (13 ha), were bought for £9,300. It had no bathroom, no running water upstairs and no electricity, but Kipling loved it: "Behold us, lawful owners of a grey stone lichened house – A.D. 1634 over the door – beamed, panelled, with old oak staircase, and all untouched and unfaked. It is a good and peaceable place. We have loved it ever since our first sight of it" (from a November 1902 letter).<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-nationaltrust1-57">[57]</a> In the non-fiction realm, he became involved in the debate over the British response to the rise in German naval power known as the <a href="/wiki/Tirpitz_Plan" title="Tirpitz Plan">Tirpitz Plan</a>, to build a fleet to challenge the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, publishing a series of articles in 1898 collected as A Fleet in Being.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> On a visit to the United States in 1899, Kipling and his daughter Josephine developed <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, from which she eventually died.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Kim%27s_Gun%22_in_1903_detail,_from-_Leisure_and_gossip_by_the_old_Zamzamah_gun_that_roared_in_the_Battle_of_Puniput_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22Kim%27s_Gun%22_in_1903_detail%2C_from-_Leisure_and_gossip_by_the_old_Zamzamah_gun_that_roared_in_the_Battle_of_Puniput_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%22Kim%27s_Gun%22_in_1903_detail%2C_from-_Leisure_and_gossip_by_the_old_Zamzamah_gun_that_roared_in_the_Battle_of_Puniput_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22Kim%27s_Gun%22_in_1903_detail%2C_from-_Leisure_and_gossip_by_the_old_Zamzamah_gun_that_roared_in_the_Battle_of_Puniput_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-%22Kim%27s_Gun%22_in_1903_detail%2C_from-_Leisure_and_gossip_by_the_old_Zamzamah_gun_that_roared_in_the_Battle_of_Puniput_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/%22Kim%27s_Gun%22_in_1903_detail%2C_from-_Leisure_and_gossip_by_the_old_Zamzamah_gun_that_roared_in_the_Battle_of_Puniput_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>("Kim's Gun" as seen in 1903) "He sat in defiance of municipal orders, astride the gun <a href="/wiki/Zam-Zammeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Zam-Zammeh">Zam-Zammeh</a>, on her old platform, opposite the old Ajaibgher, the Wonder House, as the natives called the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Museum" title="Lahore Museum">Lahore Museum</a>." -<a href="/wiki/Kim_(novel)" title="Kim (novel)">Kim</a></figcaption></figure> In the wake of his daughter's death, Kipling concentrated on collecting material for what became <a href="/wiki/Just_So_Stories" title="Just So Stories">Just So Stories</a> for Little Children, published in 1902, the year after <a href="/wiki/Kim_(novel)" title="Kim (novel)">Kim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Writers_History_–_Kipling_Rudyard-61">[61]</a> The American art historian Janice Leoshko and the American literary scholar David Scott have argued that Kim disproves the claim by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a> that Kipling was a promoter of <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a>, since Kipling – who was deeply interested in Buddhism – presented Tibetan Buddhism in a fairly sympathetic light and aspects of the novel appeared to reflect a Buddhist understanding of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Kipling was offended by the German Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hun_speech" title="Hun speech">Hun speech</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnenrede" class="extiw" title="de:Hunnenrede">Hunnenrede</a>) in 1900, urging German troops being sent to China to crush the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> to behave like "Huns" and take no prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-64">[64]</a> In a 1902 poem, The Rowers, Kipling attacked the Kaiser as a threat to Britain and made the first use of the term "<a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_used_for_Germans" title="List of terms used for Germans">Hun</a>" as an anti-German insult, using Wilhelm's own words and the actions of German troops in China to portray Germans as essentially <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-64">[64]</a> In an interview with the French newspaper <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a>, the Francophile Kipling called Germany a menace and called for an Anglo-French alliance to stop it.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-64">[64]</a> In another letter at the same time, Kipling described the "unfrei peoples of Central Europe" as living in "the Middle Ages with machine guns".<a href="#cite_note-auto3-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speculative_fiction">Speculative fiction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Speculative fiction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Strang_The_author_Rudyard_Kipling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/William_Strang_The_author_Rudyard_Kipling.jpg/170px-William_Strang_The_author_Rudyard_Kipling.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/William_Strang_The_author_Rudyard_Kipling.jpg/255px-William_Strang_The_author_Rudyard_Kipling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/William_Strang_The_author_Rudyard_Kipling.jpg/340px-William_Strang_The_author_Rudyard_Kipling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1069" data-file-height="1241" /></a><figcaption>Kipling as seen in 1901 by <a href="/wiki/William_Strang" title="William Strang">William Strang</a></figcaption></figure> Kipling wrote a number of <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a> short stories, including "<a href="/wiki/The_Army_of_a_Dream" title="The Army of a Dream">The Army of a Dream</a>", in which he sought to show a more efficient and responsible army than the hereditary bureaucracy of England at the time, and two <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> stories: "<a href="/wiki/With_the_Night_Mail" title="With the Night Mail">With the Night Mail</a>" (1905) and "As Easy As A.B.C." (1912). Both were set in the 21st century in Kipling's <a href="/wiki/Aerial_Board_of_Control" title="Aerial Board of Control">Aerial Board of Control</a> universe. They read like modern <a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">hard science fiction</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> and introduced<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> the literary technique known as <a href="/wiki/Indirect_exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect exposition">indirect exposition</a>, which would later become one of science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Heinlein" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Heinlein">Robert Heinlein</a>'s hallmarks. This technique is one that Kipling picked up in India, and used to solve the problem of his English readers not understanding much about Indian society when writing The Jungle Book.<a href="#cite_note-lerner-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nobel_laureate_and_beyond">Nobel laureate and beyond</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nobel laureate and beyond">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1907_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1907 Nobel Prize in Literature">1907 Nobel Prize in Literature</a></div> In 1907, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, having been nominated in that year by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Oman" title="Charles Oman">Charles Oman</a>, professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The prize citation said it was "in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author." Nobel prizes had been established in 1901 and Kipling was the first English-language recipient. At the award ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> on 10 December 1907, the Permanent Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_af_Wirs%C3%A9n" title="Carl David af Wirsén">Carl David af Wirsén</a>, praised both Kipling and three centuries of <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a>: <blockquote>The Swedish Academy, in awarding the Nobel Prize in Literature this year to Rudyard Kipling, desires to pay a tribute of homage to the literature of England, so rich in manifold glories, and to the greatest genius in the realm of narrative that that country has produced in our times.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></blockquote> To "book-end" this achievement came the publication of two connected poetry and story collections: <a href="/wiki/Puck_of_Pook%27s_Hill" title="Puck of Pook's Hill">Puck of Pook's Hill</a> (1906), and <a href="/wiki/Rewards_and_Fairies" title="Rewards and Fairies">Rewards and Fairies</a> (1910). The latter contained the poem "<a href="/wiki/If%E2%80%94" title="If—">If—</a>". In a 1995 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> opinion poll, it was voted the UK's favourite poem.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-70">[70]</a> This exhortation to self-control and stoicism is arguably Kipling's most famous poem.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-70">[70]</a> Such was Kipling's popularity that he was asked by his friend <a href="/wiki/Max_Aitken,_Lord_Beaverbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Aitken, Lord Beaverbrook">Max Aitken</a> to intervene in the <a href="/wiki/1911_Canadian_federal_election" title="1911 Canadian federal election">1911 Canadian election</a> on behalf of the Conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-MacKenzie,_David_page_211-71">[71]</a> In 1911, the major issue in Canada was a <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(Canadian_politics)" title="Reciprocity (Canadian politics)">reciprocity</a> treaty with the United States signed by the Liberal Prime Minister Sir <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a> and vigorously opposed by the Conservatives under Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a>. On 7 September 1911, the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Star" title="Montreal Star">Montreal Daily Star</a> newspaper published a front-page appeal against the agreement by Kipling, who wrote: "It is her own soul that Canada risks today. Once that soul is pawned for any consideration, Canada must inevitably conform to the commercial, legal, financial, social, and ethical standards which will be imposed on her by the sheer admitted weight of the United States."<a href="#cite_note-MacKenzie,_David_page_211-71">[71]</a> At the time, the Montreal Daily Star was Canada's most read newspaper. Over the next week, Kipling's appeal was reprinted in every English newspaper in Canada and is credited with helping to turn Canadian public opinion against the Liberal government.<a href="#cite_note-MacKenzie,_David_page_211-71">[71]</a> Kipling sympathised with the anti-<a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule</a> stance of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Unionists">Irish Unionists</a>, who opposed Irish autonomy. He was friends with <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Edward Carson</a>, the Dublin-born leader of <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Unionism">Ulster Unionism</a>, who raised the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteers" title="Ulster Volunteers">Ulster Volunteers</a> to prevent Home Rule in Ireland. Kipling wrote in a letter to a friend that Ireland was not a nation, and that before the English arrived in 1169, the Irish were a gang of cattle thieves living in savagery and killing each other while "writing dreary poems" about it all. In his view it was only British rule that allowed Ireland to advance.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> A visit to Ireland in 1911 confirmed Kipling's prejudices. He wrote that the Irish countryside was beautiful, but spoiled by what he called the ugly homes of Irish farmers, with Kipling adding that God had made the Irish into poets having "deprived them of love of line or knowledge of colour."<a href="#cite_note-auto5-73">[73]</a> In contrast, Kipling had nothing but praise for the "decent folk" of the Protestant minority and Unionist Ulster, free from the threat of "constant mob violence".<a href="#cite_note-auto5-73">[73]</a> Kipling wrote the poem "Ulster" in 1912, reflecting his Unionist politics. Kipling often referred to the Irish Unionists as "our party".<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Kipling had no sympathy or understanding for <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a>, seeing Home Rule as an act of treason by the government of the Liberal Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a> that would plunge Ireland into the Dark Ages and allow the Irish Catholic majority to oppress the Protestant minority.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The scholar <a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Gilmour,_4th_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir David Gilmour, 4th Baronet">David Gilmour</a> wrote that Kipling's lack of understanding of Ireland could be seen in his attack on <a href="/wiki/John_Redmond" title="John Redmond">John Redmond</a> – the Anglophile leader of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a> who wanted Home Rule because he believed it was the best way of keeping the United Kingdom together – as a traitor working to break up the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-76">[76]</a> Ulster was first publicly read at an Unionist rally in Belfast, where the largest Union Jack ever made was unfolded.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-76">[76]</a> Kipling admitted it was meant to strike a "hard blow" against the Asquith government's Home Rule bill: "Rebellion, rapine, hate, Oppression, wrong and greed, Are loosed to rule our fate, By England's act and deed."<a href="#cite_note-auto5-73">[73]</a> Ulster generated much controversy with the Conservative MP Sir <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sykes" title="Mark Sykes">Mark Sykes</a> – who as a Unionist was opposed to the Home Rule bill – condemning Ulster in <a href="/wiki/The_Morning_Post" title="The Morning Post">The Morning Post</a> as a "direct appeal to ignorance and a deliberate attempt to foster religious hate."<a href="#cite_note-auto4-76">[76]</a> Kipling was a staunch opponent of <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a>, a position which he shared with his friend <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rider_Haggard" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Rider Haggard">Henry Rider Haggard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The two had bonded on Kipling's arrival in London in 1889, largely on the strength of their shared opinions, and remained lifelong friends.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Freemasonry">edit</a>]</div> According to the English magazine Masonic Illustrated, Kipling became a <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemason</a> in about 1885, before the usual minimum age of 21,<a href="#cite_note-Mackey-81">[81]</a> being initiated into <a href="/wiki/Masonic_Temple_(Lahore)" title="Masonic Temple (Lahore)">Hope and Perseverance Lodge No. 782</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahore,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore, Pakistan">Lahore</a>. He later wrote to <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, "I was Secretary for some years of the Lodge... which included Brethren of at least four creeds. I was entered [as an Apprentice] by a member from <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Somaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmo Somaj">Brahmo Somaj</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, passed [to the degree of Fellow Craft] by a <a href="/wiki/Mohammedan" title="Mohammedan">Mohammedan</a>, and raised [to the degree of Master Mason] by an Englishman. Our <a href="/wiki/Tyler_(Masonic)" title="Tyler (Masonic)">Tyler</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Jew">Indian Jew</a>." Kipling received not only the three degrees of Craft Masonry but also the side degrees of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Master_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Master Mason">Mark Master Mason</a> and Royal Ark Mariner.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Kipling so loved his Masonic experience that he memorialised its ideals in his poem "The Mother Lodge",<a href="#cite_note-Mackey-81">[81]</a> and used the fraternity and its symbols as vital plot devices in his novella <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Would_Be_King" title="The Man Who Would Be King">The Man Who Would Be King</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_World_War_(1914–1918)">First World War (1914–1918)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: First World War (1914–1918)">edit</a>]</div> At the beginning of the First World War, like many other writers, Kipling wrote pamphlets and poems enthusiastically supporting the UK war aims of restoring Belgium, after it had been <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">occupied by Germany</a>, together with generalised statements that Britain was standing up for the cause of good. In September 1914, Kipling was asked by the government to write <a href="/wiki/British_propaganda_during_World_War_I" title="British propaganda during World War I">propaganda</a>, an offer that he accepted.<a href="#cite_note-Bilsing_2000-84">[84]</a> Kipling's pamphlets and stories were popular with the British people during the war, his major themes being to glorify the British military as the place for heroic men to be, while citing German atrocities against Belgian civilians and the stories of women brutalised by a horrific war unleashed by Germany, yet surviving and triumphing in spite of their suffering.<a href="#cite_note-Bilsing_2000-84">[84]</a> Kipling was enraged by reports of the <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">the sinking</a> of the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS Lusitania</a> in 1915, which he saw as a deeply inhumane act, which led him to see the war as a crusade for civilisation against barbarism.<a href="#cite_note-Gilmour,_David_page_250-85">[85]</a> In a 1915 speech, Kipling declared, "There was no crime, no cruelty, no abomination that the mind of men can conceive of which the German has not perpetrated, is not perpetrating, and will not perpetrate if he is allowed to go on... Today, there are only two divisions in the world... human beings and Germans."<a href="#cite_note-Gilmour,_David_page_250-85">[85]</a> Alongside his passionate <a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">antipathy towards Germany</a>, Kipling was privately deeply critical of how the war was being fought by the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>. Shocked by the heavy losses that the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">British Expeditionary Force</a> had taken by the autumn of 1914, he blamed the entire pre-war generation of British politicians who, Kipling argued, had failed to learn the lessons of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Boer War</a>. Thus thousands of British soldiers were now paying with their lives for their failure in the fields of France and Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-Gilmour,_David_page_251-86">[86]</a> Kipling had scorn for men who shirked duty in the First World War. In "The New Army in Training"<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> (1915), Kipling concluded by saying: <blockquote>This much we can realise, even though we are so close to it, the old safe instinct saves us from triumph and exultation. But what will be the position in years to come of the young man who has deliberately elected to outcaste himself from this all-embracing brotherhood? What of his family, and, above all, what of his descendants, when the books have been closed and the last balance struck of sacrifice and sorrow in every hamlet, village, parish, suburb, city, shire, district, province, and Dominion throughout the Empire?</blockquote> In 1914, Kipling was one of 53 leading British authors – a number that included <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a> – who signed their names to the "Authors' Declaration." This manifesto declared that the German invasion of Belgium had been a brutal crime, and that Britain "could not without dishonour have refused to take part in the present war."<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_John_Kipling">Death of John Kipling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Death of John Kipling">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:My_Boy_Jack_John_Kipling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/My_Boy_Jack_John_Kipling.jpg/170px-My_Boy_Jack_John_Kipling.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/My_Boy_Jack_John_Kipling.jpg/255px-My_Boy_Jack_John_Kipling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/My_Boy_Jack_John_Kipling.jpg/340px-My_Boy_Jack_John_Kipling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>2nd Lt John Kipling</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_to_John_Kipling_at_Burwash_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573481.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Memorial_to_John_Kipling_at_Burwash_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573481.jpg/170px-Memorial_to_John_Kipling_at_Burwash_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573481.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Memorial_to_John_Kipling_at_Burwash_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573481.jpg/255px-Memorial_to_John_Kipling_at_Burwash_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573481.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Memorial_to_John_Kipling_at_Burwash_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573481.jpg/340px-Memorial_to_John_Kipling_at_Burwash_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573481.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to 2nd Lt John Kipling in <a href="/wiki/Burwash" title="Burwash">Burwash</a> Parish Church, Sussex, England</figcaption></figure> Kipling's only son <a href="/wiki/John_Kipling" title="John Kipling">John</a> was killed in action at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a> in September 1915, at age 18. John initially wanted to join the Royal Navy, but having had his application turned down after a failed medical examination due to poor eyesight, he opted to apply for military service as an army officer. Again, his eyesight was an issue during the medical examination. In fact, he tried twice to enlist, but was rejected. His father had been lifelong friends with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Lord Roberts</a>, former commander-in-chief of the British Army, and colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Guards" title="Irish Guards">Irish Guards</a>, and at Rudyard's request, John was accepted into the Irish Guards.<a href="#cite_note-Bilsing_2000-84">[84]</a> John Kipling was sent to Loos two days into the battle in a reinforcement contingent. He was last seen stumbling through the mud blindly, with a possible facial injury. A body identified as his was found in 1992, although that identification has been challenged.<a href="#cite_note-John-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Grave_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth War Grave Commission">Commonwealth War Grave Commission</a> confirmed that it had correctly identified the burial place of John Kipling;<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> they record his date of death as 27 September 1915, and that he is buried at St Mary's A.D.S. Cemetery, <a href="/wiki/Haisnes" title="Haisnes">Haisnes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> After his son's death, in a poem titled "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/57409/epitaphs-of-the-war">Epitaphs of the War</a>", Kipling wrote "If any question why we died / Tell them, because our fathers lied." Critics have speculated that these words may express Kipling's guilt over his role in arranging John's commission.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Professor Tracy Bilsing contends that the line refers to Kipling's disgust that British leaders failed to learn the lessons of the Boer War, and were unprepared for the struggle with Germany in 1914, with the "lie" of the "fathers" being that the British Army was prepared for any war when it was not.<a href="#cite_note-Bilsing_2000-84">[84]</a> John's death has been linked to Kipling's 1916 poem "<a href="/wiki/My_Boy_Jack_(poem)" title="My Boy Jack (poem)">My Boy Jack</a>", notably in the play <a href="/wiki/My_Boy_Jack_(play)" title="My Boy Jack (play)">My Boy Jack</a> and its subsequent <a href="/wiki/My_Boy_Jack_(film)" title="My Boy Jack (film)">television adaptation</a>, along with the documentary <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling:_A_Remembrance_Tale" title="Rudyard Kipling: A Remembrance Tale">Rudyard Kipling: A Remembrance Tale</a>. However, the poem was originally published at the head of a story about the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a> and appears to refer to a death at sea; the "Jack" referred to may be the boy VC <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cornwell" title="Jack Cornwell">Jack Cornwell</a>, or perhaps a generic "<a href="/wiki/Jack_Tar" title="Jack Tar">Jack Tar</a>".<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In the Kipling family, Jack was the name of the family dog, while John Kipling was always John, making the identification of the protagonist of "My Boy Jack" with John Kipling questionable. However, Kipling was indeed emotionally devastated by the death of his son. He is said to have assuaged his grief by reading the novels of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a> aloud to his wife and daughter.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> During the war, he wrote a booklet <a href="/wiki/The_Fringes_of_the_Fleet" title="The Fringes of the Fleet">The Fringes of the Fleet</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> containing essays and poems on various nautical subjects of the war. Some of these were set to music by the English composer <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BritishLibrary-98">[98]</a> Kipling became friends with a French soldier named Maurice Hammoneau, whose life had been saved in the First World War when his copy of Kim, which he had in his left breast pocket, stopped a bullet. Hammoneau presented Kipling with the book, with bullet still embedded, and his <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre" title="Croix de Guerre">Croix de Guerre</a> as a token of gratitude. They continued to correspond, and when Hammoneau had a son, Kipling insisted on returning the book and medal.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> On 1 August 1918, the poem "The Old Volunteer" appeared under his name in <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. The next day, he wrote to the newspaper to disclaim authorship and a correction appeared. Although The Times employed a private detective to investigate, the detective appears to have suspected Kipling of being the author, and the identity of the hoaxer was never established.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_war_(1918–1936)">After the war (1918–1936)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: After the war (1918–1936)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kipling_TIME_cover_19260927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kipling_TIME_cover_19260927.jpg/170px-Kipling_TIME_cover_19260927.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kipling_TIME_cover_19260927.jpg/255px-Kipling_TIME_cover_19260927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kipling_TIME_cover_19260927.jpg/340px-Kipling_TIME_cover_19260927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Kipling, aged 60, on the cover of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine, 27 September 1926</figcaption></figure> Partly in response to John's death, Kipling joined Sir <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Ware" title="Fabian Ware">Fabian Ware</a>'s Imperial War Graves Commission (now the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a>), the group responsible for the garden-like British war graves that can be found to this day dotted along the former <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> and the other places in the world where British Empire troops lie buried. His main contributions to the project were his selection of the biblical phrase, "<a href="/wiki/Their_Name_Liveth_For_Evermore" class="mw-redirect" title="Their Name Liveth For Evermore">Their Name Liveth For Evermore</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirach">Ecclesiasticus</a> 44.14, KJV), found on the <a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Remembrance" title="Stone of Remembrance">Stones of Remembrance</a> in larger war cemeteries, and his suggestion of the phrase "Known unto God" for the gravestones of unidentified servicemen. He also chose the inscription "The Glorious Dead" on the <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph#The_Cenotaph,_London" title="Cenotaph">Cenotaph</a>, Whitehall, London. Additionally, he wrote a two-volume history of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Guards" title="Irish Guards">Irish Guards</a>, his son's regiment, published in 1923 and seen as one of the finest examples of regimental history.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Kipling's short story "The Gardener" depicts visits to the war cemeteries, and the poem "<a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Pilgrimage" title="The King's Pilgrimage">The King's Pilgrimage</a>" (1922) a journey which <a href="/wiki/King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a> made, touring the cemeteries and memorials under construction by the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Imperial War Graves Commission</a>. With the increasing prevalence of the automobile, Kipling became a motoring correspondent for the British press, writing enthusiastically of trips around England and abroad, though he was usually driven by a chauffeur. After the war, Kipling was sceptical of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> and the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, but had hopes that the United States would abandon isolationism and the post-war world be dominated by an Anglo-French-American alliance.<a href="#cite_note-Gilmour,_David_page_273-102">[102]</a> He hoped the United States would take on a League of Nations mandate for <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> as the best way of preventing isolationism, and hoped that <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, whom Kipling admired, would again become president.<a href="#cite_note-Gilmour,_David_page_273-102">[102]</a> Kipling was saddened by Roosevelt's death in 1919, believing him to be the only American politician capable of keeping the United States in the "game" of world politics.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Kipling was hostile towards <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, writing of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik take-over</a> in 1917 that one sixth of the world had "passed bodily out of civilization".<a href="#cite_note-auto6-104">[104]</a> In a 1918 poem, Kipling wrote of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> that everything good in Russia had been destroyed by the Bolsheviks – all that was left was "the sound of weeping and the sight of burning fire, and the shadow of a people trampled into the mire."<a href="#cite_note-auto6-104">[104]</a> In 1920, Kipling co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_League_(Historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty League (Historic)">Liberty League</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> with <a href="/wiki/H._Rider_Haggard" title="H. Rider Haggard">Haggard</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Clarke,_1st_Baron_Sydenham_of_Combe" title="George Clarke, 1st Baron Sydenham of Combe">Lord Sydenham</a>. This short-lived enterprise focused on promoting classic liberal ideals as a response to the rising power of communist tendencies within Great Britain, or as Kipling put it, "to combat the advance of Bolshevism."<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudyard_Kipling_at_St_Andrews_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rudyard_Kipling_at_St_Andrews_1923.jpg/220px-Rudyard_Kipling_at_St_Andrews_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rudyard_Kipling_at_St_Andrews_1923.jpg/330px-Rudyard_Kipling_at_St_Andrews_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Rudyard_Kipling_at_St_Andrews_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Kipling (second from left) as rector of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>, Scotland, in 1923</figcaption></figure> In 1922, Kipling, having referred to the work of <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineers</a> in some of his poems, such as "The Sons of Martha", "Sappers", and "<a href="/wiki/McAndrew%27s_Hymn" title="McAndrew's Hymn">McAndrew's Hymn</a>",<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> and in other writings, including short-story anthologies such as The Day's Work,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> was asked by a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> civil engineering professor, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._T._Haultain" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert E. T. Haultain">Herbert E. T. Haultain</a>, for assistance in developing a dignified obligation and ceremony for graduating engineering students. Kipling was enthusiastic in his response and shortly produced both, formally titled "<a href="/wiki/The_Ritual_of_the_Calling_of_an_Engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer">The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer</a>". Today, engineering graduates all across Canada are presented with an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Ring" title="Iron Ring">iron ring</a> at a ceremony to remind them of their obligation to society.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In 1922, Kipling became <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Rector of the University of St Andrews">Lord Rector of the University of St Andrews</a> in Scotland, a three-year position. Kipling, as a <a href="/wiki/Francophile" title="Francophile">Francophile</a>, argued strongly for an Anglo-French alliance to uphold the peace, calling Britain and France in 1920 the "twin fortresses of European civilization".<a href="#cite_note-Gilmour,_David_pages_300-112">[112]</a> Similarly, Kipling repeatedly warned against revising the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> in Germany's favour, which he predicted would lead to a new world war.<a href="#cite_note-Gilmour,_David_pages_300-112">[112]</a> An admirer of <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a>, Kipling was one of few British intellectuals who supported the French <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr" title="Occupation of the Ruhr">Occupation of the Ruhr</a> in 1923, at a time when the British government and most public opinion was against the French position.<a href="#cite_note-Gilmour,_David_pages_300-301-113">[113]</a> In contrast to the popular British view of Poincaré as a cruel bully intent on impoverishing Germany with unreasonable reparations, Kipling argued that he was rightfully trying to preserve France as a great power in the face of an unfavourable situation.<a href="#cite_note-Gilmour,_David_pages_300-301-113">[113]</a> Kipling argued that even before 1914, Germany's larger economy and higher birth rate had made that country stronger than France; with much of France devastated by war and the French suffering heavy losses meant that its low birth rate would give it trouble, while Germany was mostly undamaged and still with a higher birth rate. So he reasoned that the future would bring German domination if Versailles were revised in Germany's favour, and it was madness for Britain to press France to do so.<a href="#cite_note-Gilmour,_David_pages_300-301-113">[113]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudyard_Kipling,_by_Elliott_%26_Fry_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Rudyard_Kipling%2C_by_Elliott_%26_Fry_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Rudyard_Kipling%2C_by_Elliott_%26_Fry_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Rudyard_Kipling%2C_by_Elliott_%26_Fry_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Rudyard_Kipling%2C_by_Elliott_%26_Fry_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Rudyard_Kipling%2C_by_Elliott_%26_Fry_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Rudyard_Kipling%2C_by_Elliott_%26_Fry_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1694" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Kipling late in his life, portrait by <a href="/wiki/Elliott_%26_Fry" title="Elliott & Fry">Elliott & Fry</a></figcaption></figure> In 1924, Kipling was opposed to the Labour government of <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> as "Bolshevism without bullets". He believed that Labour was a communist front organisation, and "excited orders and instructions from Moscow" would expose Labour as such to the British people.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Kipling's views were on the right. Though he admired <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> to some extent in the 1920s, he was against fascism, calling <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a> "a bounder and an arriviste". By 1935, he was calling Mussolini a deranged and dangerous egomaniac and in 1933 wrote, "The Hitlerites are out for blood".<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Despite his <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>, Kipling was popular with Russian readers in the interwar period. Many younger Russian poets and writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Simonov" title="Konstantin Simonov">Konstantin Simonov</a>, were influenced by him.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-116">[116]</a> Kipling's clarity of style, use of colloquial language and employment of rhythm and rhyme were seen as major innovations in poetry that appealed to many younger Russian poets.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Though it was obligatory for Soviet journals to begin translations of Kipling with an attack on him as a "<a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">fascist</a>" and an "imperialist", such was Kipling's popularity with Russian readers that his works were not banned in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> until 1939, with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-116">[116]</a> The ban was lifted in 1941 after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, when Britain become a Soviet ally, but imposed again with the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kipling_swastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kipling_swastika.svg/170px-Kipling_swastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kipling_swastika.svg/255px-Kipling_swastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kipling_swastika.svg/340px-Kipling_swastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>A left-facing <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> in 1911, an Indian symbol of good luck</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kipling_cover_art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kipling_cover_art.jpg/220px-Kipling_cover_art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kipling_cover_art.jpg/330px-Kipling_cover_art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kipling_cover_art.jpg/440px-Kipling_cover_art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>Covers of two of Kipling's books from 1919 (l) and 1930 (r), showing the removal of the swastika</figcaption></figure> Many older editions of Rudyard Kipling's books have a <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> printed on the cover, associated with a picture of an elephant carrying a lotus flower, reflecting the influence of Indian culture. Kipling's use of the swastika was based on the Indian sun symbol conferring good luck and the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word meaning "fortunate" or "well-being".<a href="#cite_note-Smith-119">[119]</a> He used the swastika symbol in both right and left-facing forms, and it was in general use by others at the time.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In a note to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bok" title="Edward Bok">Edward Bok</a> after the death of Lockwood Kipling in 1911, Rudyard said: "I am sending with this for your acceptance, as some little memory of my father to whom you were so kind, the original of one of the plaques that he used to make for me. I thought it being the Swastika would be appropriate for your Swastika. May it bring you even more good fortune."<a href="#cite_note-Smith-119">[119]</a> Once the swastika had become widely associated with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a>, Kipling ordered that it should no longer adorn his books.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-119">[119]</a> Less than a year before his death, Kipling gave a speech (titled "An Undefended Island") to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_St_George" title="Royal Society of St George">Royal Society of St George</a> on 6 May 1935, warning of the danger which <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> posed to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Kipling scripted the first <a href="/wiki/Royal_Christmas_Message" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Christmas Message">Royal Christmas Message</a>, delivered via the BBC's <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">Empire Service</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-Knight-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In 1934, he published a short story in <a href="/wiki/The_Strand_Magazine" title="The Strand Magazine">The Strand Magazine</a>, "Proofs of Holy Writ", postulating that <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> had helped to polish the prose of the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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.trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kipling%27s_grave_in_Poets_Corner.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kipling%27s_grave_in_Poets_Corner.png/230px-Kipling%27s_grave_in_Poets_Corner.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kipling%27s_grave_in_Poets_Corner.png/345px-Kipling%27s_grave_in_Poets_Corner.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kipling%27s_grave_in_Poets_Corner.png/460px-Kipling%27s_grave_in_Poets_Corner.png 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="549" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Kipling's grave (right) in <a href="/wiki/Poets%27_Corner" title="Poets' Corner">Poets' Corner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, London</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kipling_plaque_at_Fitzrovia_Chapel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kipling_plaque_at_Fitzrovia_Chapel.jpg/230px-Kipling_plaque_at_Fitzrovia_Chapel.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kipling_plaque_at_Fitzrovia_Chapel.jpg/345px-Kipling_plaque_at_Fitzrovia_Chapel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kipling_plaque_at_Fitzrovia_Chapel.jpg/460px-Kipling_plaque_at_Fitzrovia_Chapel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2685" data-file-height="1684" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Plaque at <a href="/wiki/Fitzrovia_Chapel" title="Fitzrovia Chapel">Fitzrovia Chapel</a>, Westminster, commemorating Kipling's body resting there following his death</div></div></div></div></div> Kipling kept writing until the early 1930s, but at a slower pace and with less success than before. On the night of 12 January 1936, he suffered a haemorrhage in his small intestine. He underwent surgery, but died at <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_Hospital" title="Middlesex Hospital">Middlesex Hospital</a> in London less than a week later on 18 January 1936, at the age of 70, of a <a href="/wiki/Perforated_ulcer" title="Perforated ulcer">perforated</a> <a href="/wiki/Duodenal_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Duodenal ulcer">duodenal ulcer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ricketts2000-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Kipling's body lay in state in the <a href="/wiki/Fitzrovia_Chapel" title="Fitzrovia Chapel">Fitzrovia Chapel</a>, part of Middlesex Hospital, after his death, and is commemorated with a plaque near the altar. His death had previously been <a href="/wiki/List_of_premature_obituaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of premature obituaries">incorrectly announced</a> in a magazine, to which he wrote, "I've just read that I am dead. Don't forget to delete me from your list of subscribers."<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The pallbearers at the funeral included Kipling's cousin, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>, and the marble casket was covered by a <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-westminster-130">[130]</a> Kipling was cremated at <a href="/wiki/Golders_Green_Crematorium" title="Golders Green Crematorium">Golders Green Crematorium</a> in north-west London, and his ashes interred at <a href="/wiki/Poets%27_Corner" title="Poets' Corner">Poets' Corner</a>, part of the south transept of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, next to the graves of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-westminster-130">[130]</a> Kipling's will was proven on 6 April, with his estate valued at £168,141 2s. 11d. (roughly equivalent to £14,430,543 in 2023<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-131">[131]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-probate-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> In 2002, Kipling's <a href="/wiki/Just_So_Stories" title="Just So Stories">Just So Stories</a> featured on a <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_commemorative_stamps_2000%E2%80%932009" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Britain commemorative stamps 2000–2009">series of UK postage stamps</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a> to mark the centenary of the publication of the book.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> approved the naming of a crater on the planet <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> after Kipling – one of ten newly discovered <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact craters</a> observed by the <a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a> spacecraft in 2008–2009.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In 2012, an extinct species of crocodile, <a href="/wiki/Goniopholis_kiplingi" class="mw-redirect" title="Goniopholis kiplingi">Goniopholis kiplingi</a>, was named in his honour "in recognition for his enthusiasm for natural sciences."<a href="#cite_note-BBC-135">[135]</a> More than 50 unpublished poems by Kipling, discovered by the American scholar Thomas Pinney, were released for the first time in March 2013.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Kipling's writing has strongly influenced that of others. His stories for adults remain in print and have garnered high praise from writers such as <a href="/wiki/Randall_Jarrell" title="Randall Jarrell">Randall Jarrell</a>, who wrote: "After you have read Kipling's fifty or seventy-five best stories you realize that few men have written this many stories of this much merit, and that very few have written more and better stories."<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> His children's stories remain popular and his Jungle Books made into several films. The <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling%27s_Jungle_Book" title="Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book">first</a> was made by producer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korda" title="Alexander Korda">Alexander Korda</a>. Other films have been produced by <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a>. A number of his poems were set to music by <a href="/wiki/Percy_Grainger" title="Percy Grainger">Percy Grainger</a>. A series of short films based on some of his stories was broadcast by the BBC in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Kipling's work is still popular today. The poet <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> edited <a href="/wiki/A_Choice_of_Kipling%27s_Verse" title="A Choice of Kipling's Verse">A Choice of Kipling's Verse</a> (1941) with an introductory essay.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Eliot was aware of the complaints that had been levelled against Kipling and he dismissed them one by one: that Kipling is "a Tory" using his verse to transmit right wing political views, or "a journalist" pandering to popular taste; while Eliot writes: "I cannot find any justification for the charge that he held a doctrine of race superiority."<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Eliot finds instead: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">An immense gift for using words, an amazing curiosity and power of observation with his mind and with all his senses, the mask of the entertainer, and beyond that a queer gift of second sight, of transmitting messages from elsewhere, a gift so disconcerting when we are made aware of it that thenceforth we are never sure when it is not present: all this makes Kipling a writer impossible wholly to understand and quite impossible to belittle.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>T. S. Eliot<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Of Kipling's verse, such as his <a href="/wiki/Barrack-Room_Ballads" title="Barrack-Room Ballads">Barrack-Room Ballads</a>, Eliot writes "of a number of poets who have written great poetry, only... a very few whom I should call great verse writers. And unless I am mistaken, Kipling's position in this class is not only high, but unique."<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In response to Eliot, <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> wrote a long consideration of Kipling's work for <a href="/wiki/Horizon_(British_magazine)" title="Horizon (British magazine)">Horizon</a> in 1942, noting that although as a "jingo imperialist" Kipling was "morally insensitive and aesthetically disgusting", his work had many qualities which ensured that while "every enlightened person has despised him... nine-tenths of those enlightened persons are forgotten and Kipling is in some sense still there.": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">One reason for Kipling's power [was] his sense of responsibility, which made it possible for him to have a world-view, even though it happened to be a false one. Although he had no direct connexion with any political party, Kipling was a Conservative, a thing that does not exist nowadays. Those who now call themselves Conservatives are either Liberals, Fascists or the accomplices of Fascists. He identified himself with the ruling power and not with the opposition. In a gifted writer this seems to us strange and even disgusting, but it did have the advantage of giving Kipling a certain grip on reality. The ruling power is always faced with the question, 'In such and such circumstances, what would you do?', whereas the opposition is not obliged to take responsibility or make any real decisions. Where it is a permanent and pensioned opposition, as in England, the quality of its thought deteriorates accordingly. Moreover, anyone who starts out with a pessimistic, reactionary view of life tends to be justified by events, for Utopia never arrives and 'the gods of the copybook headings', as Kipling put it, always return. Kipling sold out to the British governing class, not financially but emotionally. This warped his political judgement, for the British ruling class were not what he imagined, and it led him into abysses of folly and snobbery, but he gained a corresponding advantage from having at least tried to imagine what action and responsibility are like. It is a great thing in his favour that he is not witty, not 'daring', has no wish to <a href="/wiki/%C3%89pater_la_bourgeoisie" title="Épater la bourgeoisie">épater les bourgeois</a>. He dealt largely in platitudes, and since we live in a world of platitudes, much of what he said sticks. Even his worst follies seem less shallow and less irritating than the 'enlightened' utterances of the same period, such as Wilde's epigrams or the collection of cracker-mottoes at the end of <a href="/wiki/Man_and_Superman" title="Man and Superman">Man and Superman</a>.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>George Orwell<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In 1939, the poet <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> celebrated Kipling in a similarly ambiguous way in his elegy for <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a>. Auden deleted this section from more recent editions of his poems. <blockquote><div class="poem"> Time, that is intolerant Of the brave and innocent, And indifferent in a week To a beautiful physique, Worships language, and forgives Everyone by whom it lives; Pardons cowardice, conceit, Lays its honours at his feet. Time, that with this strange excuse, Pardoned Kipling and his views, And will pardon <a href="/wiki/Paul_Claudel" title="Paul Claudel">Paul Claudel</a>, Pardons him for writing well.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> </div></blockquote> The poet <a href="/wiki/Alison_Brackenbury" title="Alison Brackenbury">Alison Brackenbury</a> writes "Kipling is poetry's Dickens, an outsider and journalist with an unrivalled ear for sound and speech."<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The English folk singer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bellamy" title="Peter Bellamy">Peter Bellamy</a> was a lover of Kipling's poetry, much of which he believed to have been influenced by English traditional folk forms. He recorded several albums of Kipling's verse set to traditional airs, or to tunes of his own composition written in traditional style.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> However, in the case of the bawdy folk song, "<a href="/wiki/The_Bastard_King_of_England" title="The Bastard King of England">The Bastard King of England</a>", which is commonly credited to Kipling, it is believed that the song is actually misattributed.<a href="#cite_note-bastardking-147">[147]</a> Kipling often is quoted in discussions of contemporary British political and social issues. In 1911, Kipling wrote the poem "The Reeds of Runnymede" that celebrated <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, and summoned up a vision of the "stubborn Englishry" determined to defend their rights. In 1996, the following verses of the poem were quoted by former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> warning against the encroachment of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> on national sovereignty: <blockquote><div class="poem"> At Runnymede, at Runnymede, Oh, hear the reeds at Runnymede: 'You musn't sell, delay, deny, A freeman's right or liberty. It wakes the stubborn Englishry, We saw 'em roused at Runnymede! ... And still when Mob or Monarch lays Too rude a hand on English ways, The whisper wakes, the shudder plays, Across the reeds at Runnymede. And Thames, that knows the mood of kings, And crowds and priests and suchlike things, Rolls deep and dreadful as he brings Their warning down from Runnymede!<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> </div></blockquote> Political singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Billy_Bragg" title="Billy Bragg">Billy Bragg</a>, who attempts to build a left-wing <a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English nationalism</a> in contrast with the more common right-wing English nationalism, has attempted to 'reclaim' Kipling for an inclusive sense of Englishness.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Kipling's enduring relevance has been noted in the United States, as it has become involved in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and other areas about which he wrote.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Links_with_camping_and_scouting">Links with camping and scouting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Links with camping and scouting">edit</a>]</div> In 1903, Kipling gave permission to Elizabeth Ford Holt to borrow themes from the Jungle Books to establish <a href="/wiki/Camp_Mowglis" title="Camp Mowglis">Camp Mowglis</a>, a summer camp for boys on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Newfound_Lake" title="Newfound Lake">Newfound Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>. Throughout their lives, Kipling and his wife Carrie maintained an active interest in Camp Mowglis, which still continues the traditions that Kipling inspired. Buildings at Mowglis have names such as <a href="/wiki/Akela_(The_Jungle_Book)" title="Akela (The Jungle Book)">Akela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toomai_of_the_Elephants" title="Toomai of the Elephants">Toomai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baloo" title="Baloo">Baloo</a>, and Panther. The campers are referred to as "the Pack", from the youngest "Cubs" to the oldest living in "Den".<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Kipling's links with the <a href="/wiki/Scouting" title="Scouting">Scouting</a> movements were also strong. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Baden-Powell">Robert Baden-Powell</a>, founder of Scouting, used many themes from Jungle Book stories and Kim in setting up his junior Wolf Cubs. These ties still exist, such as the popularity of "<a href="/wiki/Kim%27s_Game" title="Kim's Game">Kim's Game</a>". The movement is named after <a href="/wiki/Mowgli" title="Mowgli">Mowgli</a>'s adopted wolf family, and adult helpers of Wolf Cub (now Cub Scout) Packs take names from The Jungle Book, especially the adult leader called <a href="/wiki/Akela_(The_Jungle_Book)" title="Akela (The Jungle Book)">Akela</a> after the leader of the Seeonee wolf pack.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kipling's_Burwash_home">Kipling's Burwash home</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Kipling's Burwash home">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bateman%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bateman%27s.jpg/220px-Bateman%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bateman%27s.jpg/330px-Bateman%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bateman%27s.jpg/440px-Bateman%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4581" data-file-height="2901" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bateman%27s" title="Bateman's">Bateman's</a>, Kipling's beloved home – which he referred to as "A good and peaceable place" – in <a href="/wiki/Burwash,_East_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="Burwash, East Sussex">Burwash</a>, East Sussex, is now a public museum dedicated to the author.<a href="#cite_note-nationaltrust.org.uk-155">[155]</a></figcaption></figure> After the death of Kipling's wife in 1939, his house, <a href="/wiki/Bateman%27s" title="Bateman's">Bateman's</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burwash,_East_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="Burwash, East Sussex">Burwash, East Sussex</a>, where he had lived from 1902 until 1936, was bequeathed to the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a>. It is now a public museum dedicated to the author. <a href="/wiki/Elsie_Bambridge" title="Elsie Bambridge">Elsie Bambridge</a>, his only child who lived to maturity, died childless in 1976, and bequeathed her copyrights to the National Trust, which in turn donated them to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a> to ensure better public access.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Novelist and poet Sir <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Amis" title="Kingsley Amis">Kingsley Amis</a> wrote a poem, "Kipling at Bateman's", after visiting Burwash (where Amis's father lived briefly in the 1960s) as part of a BBC television series on writers and their houses.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In 2003, actor <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Fiennes" title="Ralph Fiennes">Ralph Fiennes</a> read excerpts from Kipling's works from the study in Bateman's, including The Jungle Book, Something of Myself, Kim, and The Just So Stories, and poems, including <a href="/wiki/If-" class="mw-redirect" title="If-">"If ..."</a> and "My Boy Jack", for a CD published by the National Trust.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reputation_in_India">Reputation in India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Reputation in India">edit</a>]</div> In modern-day India, whence he drew much of his material, Kipling's reputation remains controversial, especially among modern nationalists and some post-colonial critics. It has long been alleged that Rudyard Kipling was a prominent supporter of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer">Reginald Dyer</a>, who was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> (in the province of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">Punjab</a>), and that Kipling called Dyer "the man who saved India" and initiated collections for the latter's homecoming prize.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Kim Wagner, senior lecturer in British Imperial History at <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London" title="Queen Mary University of London">Queen Mary University of London</a>, says that while Kipling did make a £10 donation, he never made that remark.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Similarly, author Derek Sayer states that Dyer was "widely lauded as the saviour of Punjab", that Kipling had no part in organizing The Morning Post fund, and that Kipling only sent £10, making the laconic observation: "He did his duty, as he saw it."<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Subhash Chopra also writes in his book Kipling Sahib – the Raj Patriot that the benefit fund was started by The Morning Post newspaper, not by Kipling.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a> attributes the phrase "The Man Who Saved India" along with the Dyer benefit fund to The Morning Post as well.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Many contemporary Indian intellectuals, such as <a href="/wiki/Ashis_Nandy" title="Ashis Nandy">Ashis Nandy</a>, have a nuanced view of Kipling's legacy. <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, the first prime minister of independent India, often described Kipling's novel <a href="/wiki/Kim_(novel)" title="Kim (novel)">Kim</a> as one of his favourite books.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/G._V._Desani" title="G. V. Desani">G. V. Desani</a>, an Indian writer of fiction, had a more negative opinion of Kipling. He alludes to Kipling in his novel <a href="/wiki/All_About_H._Hatterr" title="All About H. Hatterr">All About H. Hatterr</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I happen to pick up R. Kipling's autobiographical Kim. Therein, this self-appointed whiteman's burden-bearing sherpa feller's stated how, in the Orient, blokes hit the road and think nothing of walking a thousand miles in search of something.</blockquote> Indian writer <a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Khushwant Singh</a> wrote in 2001 that he considers Kipling's "<a href="/wiki/If%E2%80%94" title="If—">If—</a>" "the essence of the message of The Gita in English",<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> referring to the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, an ancient Indian scripture. Indian writer <a href="/wiki/R._K._Narayan" title="R. K. Narayan">R. K. Narayan</a> (1906–2001) said: "Kipling, the supposed expert writer on India, showed a better understanding of the mind of the animals in the jungle than of the men in an Indian home or the marketplace."<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The Indian politician and writer <a href="/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor" title="Shashi Tharoor">Shashi Tharoor</a> commented "Kipling, that flatulent voice of Victorian imperialism, would wax eloquent on the noble duty to bring law to those without it".<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> In November 2007, it was announced that Kipling's birth home in the campus of the <a href="/wiki/Sir_J.J._Institute_of_Applied_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art">J. J. School of Art</a> in Mumbai would be turned into a museum celebrating the author and his works.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> Though best known as an author, Kipling was also an accomplished artist. Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Beardsley" title="Aubrey Beardsley">Aubrey Beardsley</a>, Kipling produced many illustrations for his stories, for example a 1926 edition of his Just So Stories.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Screen_portrayals">Screen portrayals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Screen portrayals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Sheffield" title="Reginald Sheffield">Reginald Sheffield</a> portrayed Kipling in <a href="/wiki/Gunga_Din_(film)" title="Gunga Din (film)">Gunga Din</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Scardon" title="Paul Scardon">Paul Scardon</a> portrayed Kipling in <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Mark_Twain_(1944_film)" title="The Adventures of Mark Twain (1944 film)">The Adventures of Mark Twain</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Watson_(actor)" title="David Watson (actor)">David Watson</a> portrayed Kipling in <a href="/wiki/The_Time_Tunnel" title="The Time Tunnel">The Time Tunnel</a> episode: "Night of the Long Knives", (1966)<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Plummer" title="Christopher Plummer">Christopher Plummer</a> portrayed Kipling in <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Would_Be_King_(film)" title="The Man Who Would Be King (film)">The Man Who Would Be King</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Haig" title="David Haig">David Haig</a> portrayed Kipling in <a href="/wiki/My_Boy_Jack_(film)" title="My Boy Jack (film)">My Boy Jack</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Cullen" title="Seán Cullen">Seán Cullen</a> portrayed Kipling in a season 16 episode of <a href="/wiki/Murdoch_Mysteries" title="Murdoch Mysteries">Murdoch Mysteries</a> (2023)<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling_bibliography" title="Rudyard Kipling bibliography">Rudyard Kipling bibliography</a></div> Kipling's bibliography includes fiction (including novels and short stories), non-fiction, and poetry. Several of his works were collaborations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/28px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/42px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/56px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kipling_Trail" title="Kipling Trail">Kipling Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">List of Nobel laureates in Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Birkenhead_(1845)" title="HMS Birkenhead (1845)">HMS Birkenhead (1845)</a> – ship mentioned in one of Kipling's poems</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-thetimes-1"><a href="#cite_ref-thetimes_1-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, (London) 18 January 1936, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kipling.org.uk/rg_wouldbeking_notes.htm">"The Man who would be King"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520115440/http://www.kipling.org.uk/rg_wouldbeking_notes.htm">Archived</a> 20 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Notes on the text by John McGivering. kiplingsociety.co.uk. </li> <li id="cite_note-rutherford-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rutherford_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rutherford_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rutherford_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rutherford_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rutherford_3-4">e</a> Rutherford, Andrew (1987). General Preface to the Editions of Rudyard Kipling, in "Puck of Pook's Hill and Rewards and Fairies", by Rudyard Kipling. Oxford University Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-282575-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-282575-5">0-19-282575-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-plainsintro-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plainsintro_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plainsintro_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plainsintro_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plainsintro_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plainsintro_4-4">e</a> Rutherford, Andrew (1987). Introduction to the Oxford World's Classics edition of 'Plain Tales from the Hills', by Rudyard Kipling. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-281652-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-281652-7">0-19-281652-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> considered <a href="/wiki/Tolstoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a>, Kipling and <a href="/wiki/D%27Annunzio" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a> the "three writers of the nineteenth century who had the greatest natural talents", but that they "did not fulfill that promise". He also noted their "semi-fanatic ideas about religion, or about patriotism". Diary of David Fleischman, 21 July 1938, quoted in <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce_(biography)" title="James Joyce (biography)">James Joyce</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ellmann" title="Richard Ellmann">Richard Ellmann</a>, p. 661, Oxford University Press (1983) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-281465-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-281465-6">0-19-281465-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-6"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_Nobel_Foundation" class="citation web cs1">Alfred Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925202706/http://nobelprize.org/contact/faq/index.html#3b">"Who is the youngest ever to receive a Nobel Prize, and who is the oldest?"</a>. Nobelprize.com. p. 409. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/contact/faq/index.html#3b">the original</a> on 25 September 2006. Retrieved 30 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+is+the+youngest+ever+to+receive+a+Nobel+Prize%2C+and+who+is+the+oldest%3F&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=Nobelprize.com&rft.au=Alfred+Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fcontact%2Ffaq%2Findex.html%233b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-birkenhead-7"><a href="#cite_ref-birkenhead_7-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Smith,_2nd_Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="Frederick Smith, 2nd Earl of Birkenhead">Birkenhead, Lord</a> (1978). Rudyard Kipling, Appendix B, "Honours and Awards". Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London; Random House Inc., New York. </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis-8"><a href="#cite_ref-lewis_8-0">^</a> Lewis, Lisa (1995). Introduction to the Oxford World"s Classics edition of "Just So Stories", by Rudyard Kipling. Oxford University Press, pp. xv–xlii. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-282276-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-282276-4">0-19-282276-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-quigley-9"><a href="#cite_ref-quigley_9-0">^</a> Quigley, Isabel (1987). Introduction to the Oxford World's Classics edition of "The Complete Stalky & Co.", by Rudyard Kipling. Oxford University Press, pp. xiii–xxviii. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-281660-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-281660-8">0-19-281660-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-said-10"><a href="#cite_ref-said_10-0">^</a> Said, Edward (1993). Culture and Imperialism. London: Chatto & Windus, p. 196. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-75054-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-75054-1">0-679-75054-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-sandison-11"><a href="#cite_ref-sandison_11-0">^</a> Sandison, Alan (1987). Introduction to the Oxford World's Classics edition of Kim, by Rudyard Kipling. Oxford University Press. pp. xiii–xxx. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-281674-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-281674-8">0-19-281674-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-kerr-12"><a href="#cite_ref-kerr_12-0">^</a> Douglas Kerr, University of Hong Kong (30 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=4913">"Rudyard Kipling."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190726110730/https://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=4913">Archived</a> 26 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Literary Encyclopedia. The Literary Dictionary Company. 26 September 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-carrington-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carrington_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-carrington_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-carrington_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-carrington_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-carrington_13-4">e</a> <a href="/wiki/C._E._Carrington" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Carrington">Carrington, C.E.</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/poetsandprose/carrington.htm">Charles Edmund</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130813075823/http://firstworldwar.com/poetsandprose/carrington.htm">Archived</a> 13 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) (1955). Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Work. Macmillan & Co. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Flanders, Judith (2005). A Circle of Sisters: Alice Kipling, Georgiana Burne-Jones, Agnes Poynter, and Louisa Baldwin. W. W. Norton and Company, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05210-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05210-9">0-393-05210-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-gilmour-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_15-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_15-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_15-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_15-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_15-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_15-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_15-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_15-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_15-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_15-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_15-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_15-19">t</a> <a href="#Gilmour">Gilmour</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_rival1.htm">"My Rival" 1885</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051457/http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_rival1.htm">Archived</a> 22 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Notes edited by John Radcliffe. kiplingsociety.co.uk </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#Gilmour">Gilmour</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKastan2006" class="citation book cs1">Kastan, David Scott (2006). The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature Volume 1. Oxford University Press. p. 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+British+Literature+Volume+1&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kastan&rft.aufirst=David+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFthepotteries.org2002" class="citation web cs1">thepotteries.org (13 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepotteries.org/did_you/002.htm">"did you know..."</a> The potteries.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120526040100/http://www.thepotteries.org/did_you/002.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=did+you+know...&rft.pub=The+potteries.org&rft.date=2002-01-13&rft.au=thepotteries.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepotteries.org%2Fdid_you%2F002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2007" class="citation news cs1">Ahmed, Zubair (27 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7095922.stm">"Kipling's India home to become museum"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107091311/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7095922.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Kipling%27s+India+home+to+become+museum&rft.date=2007-11-27&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Zubair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fsouth_asia%2F7095922.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rkbirthplace-21"><a href="#cite_ref-rkbirthplace_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_J._J._College_of_Architecture2006" class="citation web cs1">Sir J. J. College of Architecture (30 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728025442/http://www.sirjjarchitecture.org/v2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21&Itemid=30">"Campus"</a>. Sir J. J. College of Architecture, Mumbai. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sirjjarchitecture.org/v2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21&Itemid=30">the original</a> on 28 July 2011. 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Oxford University Press, pp. 296–297. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192115820" title="Special:BookSources/0192115820">0192115820</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Chums, No. 256, Vol. V, 4 August 1897, p. 798. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeelam2008" class="citation news cs1">Neelam, S (8 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/rudyard-kipling-s-allahabad-bungalow-in-shambles/article1-316198.aspx">"Rudyard Kipling's Allahabad bungalow in shambles"</a>. Hindustan Times. 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Macmillan & Co., London and NY. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplegate" class="citation web cs1">Applegate, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bcpahistory.org/beavercounty/BeaverCountyTopical/notablepeople/KiplingsBeaverConnection/KiplingsBeaverConnection.html">"Rudyard Kipling's Beaver Connection"</a>. bcpahistory.org. Milestones (Vol 34 No. 2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806165630/https://www.bcpahistory.org/beavercounty/BeaverCountyTopical/notablepeople/KiplingsBeaverConnection/KiplingsBeaverConnection.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2023. 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Fairleigh University Press, p. 130. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/083863754X" title="Special:BookSources/083863754X">083863754X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/a-sensitive-bounder/">"A sensitive bounder"</a>. Spectator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230721140630/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/a-sensitive-bounder/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spectator&rft.atitle=A+sensitive+bounder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fa-sensitive-bounder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Kaplan, Robert D. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEFD91039F93AA15752C0A96F948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">"Lahore as Kipling Knew It".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206165705/https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEFD91039F93AA15752C0A96F948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">Archived</a> 6 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 9 March 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Kipling, Rudyard (1996). Writings on Writing. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44527-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-44527-2">0-521-44527-2</a>, pp. 36 and 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-mallett-42"><a href="#cite_ref-mallett_42-0">^</a> Mallet, Phillip (2003). Rudyard Kipling: A Literary Life. 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Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Archives&rft.atitle=Batemans+and+adjoining+land%2C+Park+House+Watermill+and+part+of+Dudwell+Farm%2C+purchased+by+Rudyard+Kipling+on+28+Jul+1902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2F0719dec7-4708-4d90-b3c2-c99aaaed3180%2332-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationaltrust1-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nationaltrust1_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nationaltrust1_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/batemans/">"Bateman's"</a>. 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The Kipling Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/facts_scifi.htm">the original</a> on 21 February 2020. 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Retrieved 2 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator+Archive&rft.atitle=The+Times+of+Wednesday+publishes+a+letter+signed+by+Sir...&rft.date=1920-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2F6th-march-1920%2F2%2Fthe-times-of-wednesday-publishes-a-letter-signed-b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiplingHaggard1965" class="citation book cs1">Kipling, Rudyard; Haggard, Henry Rider (1965). Cohen, Morton (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Rudyard_Kipling_to_Rider_Haggard/BGhdPAAACAAJ?hl=en">Rudyard Kipling to Rider Haggard: The Record of a Friendship</a>. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 110–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-6881-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-6881-8"><bdi>978-0-8386-6881-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rudyard+Kipling+to+Rider+Haggard%3A+The+Record+of+a+Friendship&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-6881-8&rft.aulast=Kipling&rft.aufirst=Rudyard&rft.au=Haggard%2C+Henry+Rider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FRudyard_Kipling_to_Rider_Haggard%2FBGhdPAAACAAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeibfried2000" class="citation book cs1">Leibfried, Philip (2000). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Rudyard_Kipling_and_Sir_Henry_Rider_Hagg/xP5aAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=RUDYARD%20KIPLING%20AND%20SIR%20HENRY%20RIDER%20HAGGARD%20ON%20SCREEN">Rudyard Kipling and Sir Henry Rider Haggard on Screen, Stage, Radio, and Television</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0707-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0707-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-0707-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Rudyard+Kipling+and+Sir+Henry+Rider+Haggard+on+Screen%2C+Stage%2C+Radio%2C+and+Television&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0707-1&rft.aulast=Leibfried&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FRudyard_Kipling_and_Sir_Henry_Rider_Hagg%2FxP5aAAAAMAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0%26bsq%3DRUDYARD%2520KIPLING%2520AND%2520SIR%2520HENRY%2520RIDER%2520HAGGARD%2520ON%2520SCREEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiplingHaggard1965" class="citation book cs1">Kipling, Rudyard; Haggard, Henry Rider (1965). "Introduction". In Cohen, Morton (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Rudyard_Kipling_to_Rider_Haggard/BGhdPAAACAAJ?hl=en">Rudyard Kipling to Rider Haggard: The Record of a Friendship</a>. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-6881-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-6881-8"><bdi>978-0-8386-6881-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Rudyard+Kipling+to+Rider+Haggard%3A+The+Record+of+a+Friendship&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-6881-8&rft.aulast=Kipling&rft.aufirst=Rudyard&rft.au=Haggard%2C+Henry+Rider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FRudyard_Kipling_to_Rider_Haggard%2FBGhdPAAACAAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackey-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mackey_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackey_81-1">b</a> Mackey, Albert G. (1946). Encyclopedia of Freemasonry, Vol. 1. Chicago: The Masonic History Co. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://albertpike.wordpress.com/kipling-mason/">Our brother Rudyard Kipling. Masonic lecture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308201720/http://albertpike.wordpress.com/kipling-mason/">Archived</a> 8 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Albertpike.wordpress.com (7 October 2011). Retrieved on 4 May 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamiltondistrictcmasons.org/upload/lecture_file111.pdf">"Official Visit to Meridian Lodge No. 687"</a> (PDF). 12 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915161025/http://www.hamiltondistrictcmasons.org/upload/lecture_file111.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Visit+to+Meridian+Lodge+No.+687&rft.date=2014-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hamiltondistrictcmasons.org%2Fupload%2Flecture_file111.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bilsing_2000-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bilsing_2000_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bilsing_2000_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bilsing_2000_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bilsing_2000_84-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilsing2000" class="citation web cs1">Bilsing, Tracey (Summer 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402195831/http://www.wlajournal.com/12_1/Bilsing.pdf">"The Process of Manufacture of Rudyard Kipling's Private Propaganda"</a> (PDF). War Literature and the Arts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wlajournal.com/12_1/Bilsing.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Process+of+Manufacture+of+Rudyard+Kipling%27s+Private+Propaganda&rft.pub=War+Literature+and+the+Arts&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bilsing&rft.aufirst=Tracey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wlajournal.com%2F12_1%2FBilsing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilmour,_David_page_250-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilmour,_David_page_250_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilmour,_David_page_250_85-1">b</a> <a href="#Gilmour">Gilmour</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilmour,_David_page_251-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Gilmour,_David_page_251_86-0">^</a> <a href="#Gilmour">Gilmour</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/newarmyintrainin00kiplrich/newarmyintrainin00kiplrich_djvu.txt">"Full text of 'The new army in training'"</a>. archive.org. 1915.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=Full+text+of+%27The+new+army+in+training%27&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnewarmyintrainin00kiplrich%2Fnewarmyintrainin00kiplrich_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/10/british-authors-and-wwi-propaganda-manifesto-signed-by-h-g-wells-arthur-conan-doyle-rudyard-kipling.html">"1914 Authors' Manifesto Defending Britain's Involvement in WWI, Signed by H. G. Wells and Arthur Conan Doyle"</a>. Slate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227070407/https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/10/british-authors-and-wwi-propaganda-manifesto-signed-by-h-g-wells-arthur-conan-doyle-rudyard-kipling.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=1914+Authors%27+Manifesto+Defending+Britain%27s+Involvement+in+WWI%2C+Signed+by+H.+G.+Wells+and+Arthur+Conan+Doyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fhuman-interest%2F2014%2F10%2Fbritish-authors-and-wwi-propaganda-manifesto-signed-by-h-g-wells-arthur-conan-doyle-rudyard-kipling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-John-89"><a href="#cite_ref-John_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2006" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Jonathan (28 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/the-great-war-and-its-aftermath-the-son-who-haunted-kipling-413795.html">"The Great War and its aftermath: The son who haunted Kipling"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180503182230/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/the-great-war-and-its-aftermath-the-son-who-haunted-kipling-413795.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018. <q>It was only his father's intervention that allowed John Kipling to serve on the Western Front – and the poet never got over his death.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+Great+War+and+its+aftermath%3A+The+son+who+haunted+Kipling&rft.date=2006-08-28&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbooks%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-great-war-and-its-aftermath-the-son-who-haunted-kipling-413795.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinlan2007" class="citation web cs1">Quinlan, Mark (11 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukniwm.wordpress.com/2007/12/11/the-controversy-over-john-kiplings-burial-place/">"The controversy over John Kipling's burial place"</a>. War Memorials Archive Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918194146/https://ukniwm.wordpress.com/2007/12/11/the-controversy-over-john-kiplings-burial-place/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+Memorials+Archive+Blog&rft.atitle=The+controversy+over+John+Kipling%27s+burial+place&rft.date=2007-12-11&rft.aulast=Quinlan&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukniwm.wordpress.com%2F2007%2F12%2F11%2Fthe-controversy-over-john-kiplings-burial-place%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-35321716">"Solving the mystery of Rudyard Kipling's son"</a>. BBC News Magazine. 18 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420023628/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-35321716">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Magazine&rft.atitle=Solving+the+mystery+of+Rudyard+Kipling%27s+son&rft.date=2016-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-35321716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGreevy2015" class="citation news cs1">McGreevy, Ronan (25 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/grave-of-rudyard-kipling-s-son-correctly-named-says-authority-1.2366673">"Grave of Rudyard Kipling's son correctly named, says authority"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180503180620/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/grave-of-rudyard-kipling-s-son-correctly-named-says-authority-1.2366673">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Grave+of+Rudyard+Kipling%27s+son+correctly+named%2C+says+authority&rft.date=2015-09-25&rft.aulast=McGreevy&rft.aufirst=Ronan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fireland%2Firish-news%2Fgrave-of-rudyard-kipling-s-son-correctly-named-says-authority-1.2366673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/3078953/kipling,-john/">"Casualty record: Lieutenant Kipling, John"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504010850/https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/3078953/kipling,-john/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casualty+record%3A+Lieutenant+Kipling%2C+John&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-war-dead%2Fcasualty%2F3078953%2Fkipling%2C-john%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Webb, George (1997). Foreword to: Kipling, Rudyard. The Irish Guards in the Great War. 2 vols. Spellmount. p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoutham2010" class="citation web cs1">Southam, Brian (6 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114033829/http://www.kipling.org.uk/rg_jack1.htm">"Notes on "My Boy Jack""</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kipling.org.uk/rg_jack1.htm">the original</a> on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notes+on+%22My+Boy+Jack%22&rft.date=2010-03-06&rft.aulast=Southam&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kipling.org.uk%2Frg_jack1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> "The Many Lovers of Miss Jane Austen", BBC2 broadcast, 9 pm 23 December 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> The Fringes of the Fleet, Macmillan & Co., 1916. </li> <li id="cite_note-BritishLibrary-98"><a href="#cite_ref-BritishLibrary_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElgarKipling" class="citation web cs1">Elgar, Edward; Kipling, Rudyard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211007202556/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/fringes-of-fleet">"'Fringes of the Fleet' by Edward Elgar and Rudyard Kipling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Enoch" title="Kurt Enoch">Enoch and Sons</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/fringes-of-fleet">the original</a> on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Fringes+of+the+Fleet%27+by+Edward+Elgar+and+Rudyard+Kipling&rft.pub=Enoch+and+Sons&rft.aulast=Elgar&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Kipling%2C+Rudyard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fcollection-items%2Ffringes-of-fleet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Original correspondence between Kipling and Maurice Hammoneau and his son Jean Hammoneau concerning the affair at the Library of Congress under the title: How "Kim" saved the life of a French soldier: a remarkable series of autograph letters of Rudyard Kipling, with the soldier's Croix de Guerre, 1918–1933. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2007566938">2007-566938</a>. The library also possesses the actual French 389-page paperback edition of Kim that saved Hammoneau's life, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2007581430">2007-581430</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmers,_George1918" class="citation web cs1">Simmers, George (27 May 1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greatwarfiction.wordpress.com/2007/08/23/a-kipling-hoax/">"A Kipling Hoax"</a>. The Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140303171721/http://greatwarfiction.wordpress.com/2007/08/23/a-kipling-hoax/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=A+Kipling+Hoax&rft.date=1918-05-27&rft.au=Simmers%2C+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreatwarfiction.wordpress.com%2F2007%2F08%2F23%2Fa-kipling-hoax%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Kipling, Rudyard (1923). The Irish Guards in the Great War. 2 vols. London. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilmour,_David_page_273-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilmour,_David_page_273_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilmour,_David_page_273_102-1">b</a> <a href="#Gilmour">Gilmour</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="#Gilmour">Gilmour</a>, pp. 273–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_104-1">b</a> <a href="#Hodgson">Hodgson</a>, p. 1060. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jot101.com/2015/11/the-liberty-league-campaign-agains/">"The Liberty League – a campaign against Bolshevism"</a>. jot101.com. 20 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103003545/http://jot101.com/2015/11/the-liberty-league-campaign-agains/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jot101.com&rft.atitle=The+Liberty+League+%E2%80%93+a+campaign+against+Bolshevism&rft.date=2015-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjot101.com%2F2015%2F11%2Fthe-liberty-league-campaign-agains%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Miller, David and Dinan, William (2008) A Century of Spin. Pluto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2688-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2688-7">978-0-7453-2688-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a href="#Gilmour">Gilmour</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Kipling, Rudyard (1940) The Definitive edition of Rudyard Kipling's verse. Hodder & Stoughton. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dayswork04kiplgoog">"The day's work"</a>. 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Kipling.org. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Schliemann, H, Troy and its Remains, London: Murray, 1875, pp. 102, 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxer2000" class="citation news cs1">Boxer, Sarah (29 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/library/arts/072900tank-swastika.html">"One of the World's Great Symbols Strives for a Comeback"</a>. Think Tank. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118172914/http://www.nytimes.com/library/arts/072900tank-swastika.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Think+Tank&rft.atitle=One+of+the+World%27s+Great+Symbols+Strives+for+a+Comeback&rft.date=2000-06-29&rft.aulast=Boxer&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Farts%2F072900tank-swastika.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Rudyard Kipling, War Stories and Poems (Oxford Paperbacks, 1999), pp. xxiv–xxv. </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Knight_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2017" class="citation web cs1">Knight, Sam (17 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/mar/16/what-happens-when-queen-elizabeth-dies-london-bridge">"'London Bridge is down': the secret plan for the days after the Queen's death"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527080852/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/mar/16/what-happens-when-queen-elizabeth-dies-london-bridge">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27London+Bridge+is+down%27%3A+the+secret+plan+for+the+days+after+the+Queen%27s+death&rft.date=2017-03-17&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2017%2Fmar%2F16%2Fwhat-happens-when-queen-elizabeth-dies-london-bridge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rose" title="Kenneth Rose">Rose, Kenneth</a> (1983). King George V. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-001-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-001-9"><bdi>978-1-84212-001-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+George+V&rft.place=London&rft.pages=394&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-001-9&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Short Stories from the Strand, The Folio Society, 1992. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricketts2000-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Ricketts2000_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Ricketts2000" class="citation book cs1">Harry Ricketts (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rudyardkipling00harr">Rudyard Kipling: A Life</a>. Carroll & Graf. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rudyardkipling00harr/page/388">388</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0830-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0830-7"><bdi>978-0-7867-0830-7</bdi></a>. 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ONS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814130541/https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=5HnmpXgPiYPt0hHpduoYbg&scan=1">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FreeBMD&rft.atitle=Index+entry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freebmd.org.uk%2Fcgi%2Finformation.pl%3Fcite%3D5HnmpXgPiYPt0hHpduoYbg%26scan%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Chernega, Carol (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=77YpJytZXhUC&pg=PA90">A Dream House: Exploring the Literary Homes of England</a>. p. 90. Dog Ear Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1457502461" title="Special:BookSources/1457502461">1457502461</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-westminster-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westminster_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westminster_130-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/rudyard-kipling">"History – Rudyard Kipling"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120817071938/http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/rudyard-kipling">Archived</a> 17 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Westminster abbey.org. </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UK-131"><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_131-0">^</a> UK <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a> inflation figures are based on data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a>. 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London: New Millennium. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1858454405" title="Special:BookSources/978-1858454405"><bdi>978-1858454405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kipling+Sahib%3A+the+Raj+patriot&rft.place=London&rft.pub=New+Millennium&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1858454405&rft.au=Subhash+Chopra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-when-a-british-newspaper-collected-rs-26000-pounds-for-general-dyer/articleshow/68866316.cms?from=mdr">"Jallianwala Bagh massacre: When a British newspaper collected 26,000 pounds for General Dyer"</a>. The Economic Times. 13 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011105310/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-when-a-british-newspaper-collected-rs-26000-pounds-for-general-dyer/articleshow/68866316.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Jallianwala+Bagh+massacre%3A+When+a+British+newspaper+collected+26%2C000+pounds+for+General+Dyer&rft.date=2019-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fjallianwala-bagh-massacre-when-a-british-newspaper-collected-rs-26000-pounds-for-general-dyer%2Farticleshow%2F68866316.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpring2001" class="citation book cs1">Spring, Joel H. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AtESAq0zPZAC&pg=PA137">Globalization and educational rights: an intercivilizational analysis</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781410606020" title="Special:BookSources/9781410606020"><bdi>9781410606020</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+educational+rights%3A+an+intercivilizational+analysis&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781410606020&rft.aulast=Spring&rft.aufirst=Joel+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAtESAq0zPZAC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r6hlAAAAMAAJ">Post independence voices in South Asian writings</a>, Malashri Lal, <a href="/wiki/Alamg%C4%ABr_Hashm%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamgīr Hashmī">Alamgīr Hashmī</a>, Victor J. Ramraj, 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Khushwant Singh</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?211656">"Review of The Book of Prayer by Renuka Narayanan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213061351/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?211656">Archived</a> 13 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> , 2001; review and Gita reference cited in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiacurrents.com/if-you-can-keep-your-head-when-all-about-you-are-losing-theirs/">"If – You Can Keep Your Head When All About You Are Losing Theirs"</a> by Mukund Acharya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiacurrents.com&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indiacurrents.com (page does not exist)">indiacurrents.com</a>, December 26, 2023 (possibly sourced to Wikipedia).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon2014" class="citation news cs1">Menon, Nitya (11 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-malgudi-man-courted-controversy/article6492181.ece?homepage=true">"When Malgudi man courted controversy"</a>. The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141013000955/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-malgudi-man-courted-controversy/article6492181.ece?homepage=true">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=When+Malgudi+man+courted+controversy&rft.date=2014-10-11&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=Nitya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fwhen-malgudi-man-courted-controversy%2Farticle6492181.ece%3Fhomepage%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharoor2017" class="citation news cs1">Tharoor, Shashi (8 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/08/india-britain-empire-railways-myths-gifts">"'But what about the railways ...?' The myth of Britain's gifts to India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200501202303/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/08/india-britain-empire-railways-myths-gifts">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27But+what+about+the+railways+...%3F%27+The+myth+of+Britain%27s+gifts+to+India&rft.date=2017-03-08&rft.aulast=Tharoor&rft.aufirst=Shashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fmar%2F08%2Findia-britain-empire-railways-myths-gifts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2007" class="citation news cs1">Ahmed, Zubair (27 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7095922.stm">"Kipling's India home to become museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107091311/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7095922.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Kipling%27s+India+home+to+become+museum&rft.date=2007-11-27&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Zubair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fsouth_asia%2F7095922.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/art/illustration/kipling/index.html">"Illustrations by Rudyard Kipling"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200914221520/http://www.victorianweb.org/art/illustration/kipling/index.html">Archived</a> 14 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Victorian Web. Retrieved 1 October 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scifi-movies.com/en/season/0000206/1/the-time-tunnel-1966/">"The Time Tunnel - Irwin Allen (1966) - Episode guide from season 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321094234/https://www.scifi-movies.com/en/season/0000206/1/the-time-tunnel-1966/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Time+Tunnel+-+Irwin+Allen+%281966%29+-+Episode+guide+from+season+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scifi-movies.com%2Fen%2Fseason%2F0000206%2F1%2Fthe-time-tunnel-1966%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrokaw2023" class="citation web cs1">Brokaw, Francine (3 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldextra.com/entertainment/movies-tv/2023/feb/08/brokaw-murdoch-mysteries-returns-for-season-16/">"Brokaw: 'Murdoch Mysteries' returns for season 16"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Herald_(Utah)" title="Daily Herald (Utah)">Daily Herald</a>. Retrieved 25 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Herald&rft.atitle=Brokaw%3A+%27Murdoch+Mysteries%27+returns+for+season+16&rft.date=2023-02-03&rft.aulast=Brokaw&rft.aufirst=Francine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldextra.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies-tv%2F2023%2Ffeb%2F08%2Fbrokaw-murdoch-mysteries-returns-for-season-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Eliot" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T.S._Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S. Eliot">Eliot, T.S.</a> (1941). A Choice of Kipling's Verse, made by T. S. Eliot with an essay on Rudyard Kipling. Faber and Faber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Choice+of+Kipling%27s+Verse%2C+made+by+T.+S.+Eliot+with+an+essay+on+Rudyard+Kipling&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1941&rft.au=Eliot%2C+T.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gilmour" class="citation book cs1">Gilmour, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pPhD2yKzvhYC&pg=PA32">The long recessional: the imperial life of Rudyard Kipling</a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466830004" title="Special:BookSources/978-1466830004"><bdi>978-1466830004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+long+recessional%3A+the+imperial+life+of+Rudyard+Kipling&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1466830004&rft.au=Gilmour%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpPhD2yKzvhYC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hodgson" class="citation journal cs1">Hodgson, Katherine (October 1998). "The Poetry of Rudyard Kipling in Soviet Russia". The Modern Language Review. 93 (4): 1058–1071. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3736277">10.2307/3736277</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3736277">3736277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Language+Review&rft.atitle=The+Poetry+of+Rudyard+Kipling+in+Soviet+Russia&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1058-%3C%2Fspan%3E1071&rft.date=1998-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3736277&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3736277%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Hodgson%2C+Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Scott" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, David (June 2011). "Kipling, the Orient, and Orientals: 'Orientalism' Reoriented?". Journal of World History. 22 (2): 299–328 [315]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2011.0036">10.1353/jwh.2011.0036</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23011713">23011713</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143705079">143705079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=Kipling%2C+the+Orient%2C+and+Orientals%3A+%27Orientalism%27+Reoriented%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=299-328+315&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143705079%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23011713%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.2011.0036&rft.au=Scott%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Biography and criticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_(writer)" title="Charles Allen (writer)">Allen, Charles</a> (2007). Kipling Sahib: India and the Making of Rudyard Kipling, Abacus. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11685-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11685-3">978-0-349-11685-3</a></li> <li>Bauer, Helen Pike (1994). Rudyard Kipling: A Study of the Short Fiction. New York: Twayne</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Smith,_2nd_Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="Frederick Smith, 2nd Earl of Birkenhead">Birkenhead, Lord</a> (1978). Rudyard Kipling. Worthing: Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-77535-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-77535-5">978-0-297-77535-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carrington_(British_Army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Carrington (British Army officer)">Carrington, Charles</a> (1955). Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Work. London: Macmillan & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rudyard+Kipling%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Co.&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudyard+Kipling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Croft-Cooke" title="Rupert Croft-Cooke">Croft-Cooke, Rupert</a> (1948). Rudyard Kipling (London: Home & Van Thal Ltd.) "The English Novelists series"</li> <li>David, C. (2007). Rudyard Kipling: a critical study, New Delhi: Anmol. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-261-3101-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-261-3101-2">81-261-3101-2</a></li> <li>Dillingham, William B (2005). Rudyard Kipling: Hell and Heroism New York: Palgrave Macmillan[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Gilbert, Elliot L. ed. (1965). Kipling and the Critics (New York: New York University Press)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Gilmour,_4th_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir David Gilmour, 4th Baronet">Gilmour, David</a> (2003). The Long Recessional: The Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-52896-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-52896-9">0-374-52896-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lancelyn_Green" title="Roger Lancelyn Green">Green, Roger Lancelyn</a>, ed. (1971). Kipling: the Critical Heritage. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.</li> <li>Gross, John, ed. (1972). Rudyard Kipling: the Man, his Work and his World. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Sajjad_Hussain" title="Syed Sajjad Hussain">Hussain, Syed Sajjad</a> (1964). Kipling and India: An Inquiry into the Nature and Extent of Kipling's Knowledge of the Indian Sub-Continent Dacca: Dacca University Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Kemp" title="Sandra Kemp">Kemp, Sandra</a> (1988). Kipling's Hidden Narratives Oxford: Blackwell</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lycett" title="Andrew Lycett">Lycett, Andrew</a> (1999). Rudyard Kipling. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-81907-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-81907-0">0-297-81907-0</a></li> <li>Lycett, Andrew (ed.) (2010). Kipling Abroad, I. B. Tauris. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-072-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-072-9">978-1-84885-072-9</a></li> <li>Mallett, Phillip (2003). Rudyard Kipling: A Literary Life Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan</li> <li>Montefiore, Jan (ed.) (2013). In Time's Eye: Essays on Rudyard Kipling. Manchester: Manchester University Press</li> <li>Narita, Tatsushi (2011). T. S. Eliot and his Youth as 'A Literary Columbus'. Nagoya: Kougaku Shuppan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Nicolson" title="Adam Nicolson">Nicolson, Adam</a> (2001). Carrie Kipling 1862–1939 : The Hated Wife. Faber & Faber, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-20835-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-20835-5">0-571-20835-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Ricketts" title="Harry Ricketts">Ricketts, Harry</a> (2001). Rudyard Kipling: A Life. New York: Da Capo Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-0830-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-0830-1">0-7867-0830-1</a></li> <li>Rooney, Caroline, and Kaori Nagai, eds. (2011). Kipling and Beyond: Patriotism, Globalisation, and Postcolonialism. Palgrave Macmillan; 214 pp.; scholarly essays on Kipling's "boy heroes of empire", Kipling and C.L.R. James, and Kipling and the new American empire, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rutherford_(English_scholar)" title="Andrew Rutherford (English scholar)">Rutherford, Andrew</a>, ed. (1964). Kipling's Mind and Art. Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd</li> <li>Sergeant, David (2013). Kipling's Art of Fiction 1884–1901 Oxford: Oxford University Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Seymour-Smith" title="Martin Seymour-Smith">Seymour-Smith, Martin</a> (1990). Rudyard Kipling, [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Shippey, Tom</a>, "Rudyard Kipling", in: Cahier Calin: Makers of the Middle Ages. Essays in Honor of William Calin, ed. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Utz" title="Richard Utz">Richard Utz</a> and Elizabeth Emery (Kalamazoo, MI: Studies in Medievalism, 2011), pp. 21–23.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._S._Tompkins" title="J. M. S. Tompkins">Tompkins, J. M. S.</a> (1959). The Art of Rudyard Kipling. London: Methuen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6061068">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120615184125/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6061068">Archived</a> 15 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Walsh, Sue (2010). Kipling's Children's Literature: Language, Identity, and Constructions of Childhood Farnham: Ashgate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Wilson" title="Angus Wilson">Wilson, Angus</a> (1978). The Strange Ride of Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Works New York: The Viking Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-67701-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-67701-9">0-670-67701-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudyard_Kipling&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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.sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Rudyard Kipling at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" class="extiw" title="c:Rudyard Kipling">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" class="extiw" title="q:Rudyard Kipling">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Rudyard_Kipling" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Rudyard Kipling">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/q34743" class="extiw" title="d:q34743">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/">The Kipling Society website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/577">Rudyard Kipling</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34743#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sf-encyclopedia.uk/fe.php?nm=kipling_rudyard">Rudyard Kipling</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621191923/http://sf-encyclopedia.uk/fe.php?nm=kipling_rudyard">Archived</a> 21 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/kipling_rudyard">Rudyard Kipling</a> at the <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102514">Rudyard Kipling recordings</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Discography_of_American_Historical_Recordings" title="Discography of American Historical Recordings">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a>.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Rudyard Kipling <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Rudyard+Kipling">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Rudyard+Kipling&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Works</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/rudyard-kipling">Works by Rudyard Kipling in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/132">Works by Rudyard Kipling</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalgreyebooks.com/rudyard-kipling-books.html">Rudyard Kipling</a> at Global Grey Ebooks</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noblib.internet-box.ch/NLEW.php?authorid=8">List of works at the Works Catalogues of Laureates of the Nobel Prize for Literature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Kipling%2C%20Rudyard%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Rudyard%20Kipling%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kipling%2C%20Rudyard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Rudyard%20Kipling%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kipling%2C%20R%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Rudyard%20Kipling%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Kipling%2C%20Rudyard%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Rudyard%20Kipling%22%29%20OR%20%28%221865-1936%22%20AND%20Kipling%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Rudyard Kipling</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/144">Works by Rudyard Kipling</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikilivres.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling">Works by Rudyard Kipling</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] (not public domain in US, so not available on Wikisource)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Resources</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thekeep.info/collections/keep-partners/university-of-sussex-special-collections/kipling-papers-wimpole-archive-sxms-38/">Rudyard Kipling Papers and other Kipling related collections</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122074820/https://www.thekeep.info/collections/keep-partners/university-of-sussex-special-collections/kipling-papers-wimpole-archive-sxms-38/">Archived</a> 22 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Keep,_Brighton" title="The Keep, Brighton">The Keep</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309171106/http://www.marlboro.edu/resources/library/collections/kipling/">The Rudyard Kipling Collection</a> maintained by Marlboro College.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poemist.com/rudyard-kipling/poems">The Rudyard Kipling Poems</a> by Poemist.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110925191249/http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/digitallibrary/kipling.html">Rudyard Kipling: The Books I Leave Behind</a> exhibition, related podcast, and digital images maintained by the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Yale University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?Rudyard_Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/134.html">The Rudyard Kipling Collections</a> From the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/">Rare Book and Special Collections Division</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li>Archival material at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore/8697">Leeds University Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/009606">Newspaper clippings about Rudyard Kipling</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.kiplingwatt" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.kiplingwatt">A. P. Watt & Son records relating to Rudyard Kipling</a>. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rudyard_Kipling" title="Template:Rudyard Kipling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rudyard_Kipling" title="Template talk:Rudyard Kipling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rudyard_Kipling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rudyard Kipling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rudyard_Kipling67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rudyard Kipling</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_That_Failed" title="The Light That Failed">The Light That Failed</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Naulahka:_A_Story_of_West_and_East" title="The Naulahka: A Story of West and East">The Naulahka: A Story of West and East</a> (co-author, <a href="/wiki/Wolcott_Balestier" title="Wolcott Balestier">Wolcott Balestier</a>, 1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captains_Courageous" title="Captains Courageous">Captains Courageous</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_(novel)" title="Kim (novel)">Kim</a> (1901)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plain_Tales_from_the_Hills" title="Plain Tales from the Hills">Plain Tales from the Hills</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_Three" title="Soldiers Three">Soldiers Three</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Gadsbys" title="The Story of the Gadsbys">The Story of the Gadsbys</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Black_and_White_(short_story_collection)" title="In Black and White (short story collection)">In Black and White</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_%27Rickshaw_and_Other_Tales" title="The Phantom 'Rickshaw and Other Tales">The Phantom 'Rickshaw and Other Tales</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Deodars" title="Under the Deodars">Under the Deodars</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wee_Willie_Winkie_and_Other_Child_Stories" title="Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories">Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_Sea_to_Sea_and_Other_Sketches,_Letters_of_Travel" title="From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel">From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrack-Room_Ballads" title="Barrack-Room Ballads">Barrack-Room Ballads</a> (1892, poetry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Many_Inventions" title="Many Inventions">Many Inventions</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a> (1894) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Mowgli%27s_Brothers" title="Mowgli's Brothers">Mowgli's Brothers</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kaa%27s_Hunting" title="Kaa's Hunting">Kaa's Hunting</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tiger!_Tiger!_(Kipling_short_story)" title="Tiger! Tiger! (Kipling short story)">Tiger! Tiger!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rikki-Tikki-Tavi" title="Rikki-Tikki-Tavi">Rikki-Tikki-Tavi</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Jungle_Book" title="The Second Jungle Book">The Second Jungle Book</a> (1895) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Letting_in_the_Jungle" title="Letting in the Jungle">Letting in the Jungle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Red_Dog_(Kipling_short_story)" title="Red Dog (Kipling short story)">Red Dog</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_Mowgli_Stories" title="All the Mowgli Stories">All the Mowgli Stories</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Seas_(poetry_collection)" title="The Seven Seas (poetry collection)">The Seven Seas</a> (1896, poetry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Day%27s_Work" title="The Day's Work">The Day's Work</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalky_%26_Co." title="Stalky & Co.">Stalky & Co.</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_So_Stories" title="Just So Stories">Just So Stories</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Nations" title="The Five Nations">The Five Nations</a> (1903, poetry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puck_of_Pook%27s_Hill" title="Puck of Pook's Hill">Puck of Pook's Hill</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewards_and_Fairies" title="Rewards and Fairies">Rewards and Fairies</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fringes_of_the_Fleet" title="The Fringes of the Fleet">The Fringes of the Fleet</a> (1915, non-fiction)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debits_and_Credits_(book)" title="Debits and Credits (book)">Debits and Credits</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limits_and_Renewals" title="Limits and Renewals">Limits and Renewals</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling%27s_Verse:_Definitive_Edition" title="Rudyard Kipling's Verse: Definitive Edition">Rudyard Kipling's Verse: Definitive Edition</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_of_Kipling%27s_Verse" title="A Choice of Kipling's Verse">A Choice of Kipling's Verse</a> (by T. S. Eliot, 1941)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Absent-Minded_Beggar" title="The Absent-Minded Beggar">The Absent-Minded Beggar</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_the_%22Clampherdown%22" title="The Ballad of the "Clampherdown"">The Ballad of the 'Clampherdown'</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_East_and_West" title="The Ballad of East and West">The Ballad of East and West</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Beginnings" title="The Beginnings">The Beginnings</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Buoy" title="The Bell Buoy">The Bell Buoy</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Betrothed_(poem)" title="The Betrothed (poem)">The Betrothed</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Big_Steamers" title="Big Steamers">Big Steamers</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Boots_(poem)" title="Boots (poem)">Boots</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cold_Iron_(poem)" title="Cold Iron (poem)">Cold Iron</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dane-geld_(poem)" title="Dane-geld (poem)">Dane-geld</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Danny_Deever" title="Danny Deever">Danny Deever</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Death-Bed" title="A Death-Bed">A Death-Bed</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Female_of_the_Species_(poem)" title="The Female of the Species (poem)">The Female of the Species</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fuzzy-Wuzzy" title="Fuzzy-Wuzzy">Fuzzy-Wuzzy</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gentleman_ranker" title="Gentleman ranker">Gentleman ranker</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Gods_of_the_Copybook_Headings" title="The Gods of the Copybook Headings">The Gods of the Copybook Headings</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gunga_Din" title="Gunga Din">Gunga Din</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hymn_Before_Action" title="Hymn Before Action">Hymn Before Action</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/If%E2%80%94" title="If—">If—</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_the_Neolithic_Age" title="In the Neolithic Age">In the Neolithic Age</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Pilgrimage" title="The King's Pilgrimage">The King's Pilgrimage</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Light_Brigade" title="The Last of the Light Brigade">The Last of the Light Brigade</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Lowestoft_Boat" title="The Lowestoft Boat">The Lowestoft Boat</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mandalay_(poem)" title="Mandalay (poem)">Mandalay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Mary_Gloster" title="The Mary Gloster">The Mary Gloster</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/McAndrew%27s_Hymn" title="McAndrew's Hymn">McAndrew's Hymn</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Boy_Jack_(poem)" title="My Boy Jack (poem)">My Boy Jack</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Recessional_(poem)" title="Recessional (poem)">Recessional</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Song_in_Storm" title="A Song in Storm">A Song in Storm</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sons_of_Martha" title="The Sons of Martha">The Sons of Martha</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Submarines_(poem)" title="Submarines (poem)">Submarines</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sweepers_(poem)" title="The Sweepers (poem)">The Sweepers</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tommy_(Kipling_poem)" title="Tommy (Kipling poem)">Tommy</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ubique_(poem)" title="Ubique (poem)">Ubique</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden" title="The White Man's Burden">The White Man's Burden</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/.007" title=".007">.007</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Arrest_of_Lieutenant_Golightly" title="The Arrest of Lieutenant Golightly">The Arrest of Lieutenant Golightly</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Baa_Baa,_Black_Sheep_(short_story)" title="Baa Baa, Black Sheep (short story)">Baa Baa, Black Sheep</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bread_upon_the_Waters" title="Bread upon the Waters">Bread upon the Waters</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Broken-Link_Handicap" title="The Broken-Link Handicap">The Broken-Link Handicap</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Butterfly_that_Stamped" title="The Butterfly that Stamped">The Butterfly that Stamped</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consequences_(Kipling_story)" title="Consequences (Kipling story)">Consequences</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Conversion_of_Aurelian_McGoggin" title="The Conversion of Aurelian McGoggin">The Conversion of Aurelian McGoggin</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cupid%27s_Arrows" title="Cupid's Arrows">Cupid's Arrows</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Devil_and_the_Deep_Sea" title="The Devil and the Deep Sea">The Devil and the Deep Sea</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Drums_of_the_Fore_and_Aft" title="The Drums of the Fore and Aft">The Drums of the Fore and Aft</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fairy-Kist" title="Fairy-Kist">Fairy-Kist</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/False_Dawn_(short_story)" title="False Dawn (short story)">False Dawn</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Germ-Destroyer" title="A Germ-Destroyer">A Germ-Destroyer</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/His_Chance_in_Life" title="His Chance in Life">His Chance in Life</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/His_Wedded_Wife" title="His Wedded Wife">His Wedded Wife</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_the_House_of_Suddhoo" title="In the House of Suddhoo">In the House of Suddhoo</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kidnapped_(short_story)" title="Kidnapped (short story)">Kidnapped</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Learoyd,_Mulvaney_and_Ortheris" title="Learoyd, Mulvaney and Ortheris">Learoyd, Mulvaney and Ortheris</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lispeth" title="Lispeth">Lispeth</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Would_Be_King" title="The Man Who Would Be King">The Man Who Would Be King</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Matter_of_Fact" title="A Matter of Fact">A Matter of Fact</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Miss_Youghal%27s_Sais" title="Miss Youghal's Sais">Miss Youghal's Sais</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Mother_Hive" title="The Mother Hive">The Mother Hive</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Other_Man_(short_story)" title="The Other Man (short story)">The Other Man</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Rescue_of_Pluffles" title="The Rescue of Pluffles">The Rescue of Pluffles</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Ship_that_Found_Herself" title="The Ship that Found Herself">The Ship that Found Herself</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sing-Song_of_Old_Man_Kangaroo" title="The Sing-Song of Old Man Kangaroo">The Sing-Song of Old Man Kangaroo</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Taking_of_Lungtungpen" title="The Taking of Lungtungpen">The Taking of Lungtungpen</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Three_and_%E2%80%93_an_Extra" title="Three and – an Extra">Three and – an Extra</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(short_story)" title="The Three Musketeers (short story)">The Three Musketeers</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Thrown_Away" title="Thrown Away">Thrown Away</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Toomai_of_the_Elephants" title="Toomai of the Elephants">Toomai of the Elephants</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Watches_of_the_Night" title="Watches of the Night">Watches of the Night</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wireless_(short_story)" title="Wireless (short story)">Wireless</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Yoked_with_an_Unbeliever" title="Yoked with an Unbeliever">Yoked with an Unbeliever</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling_bibliography" title="Rudyard Kipling bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateman%27s" title="Bateman's">Bateman's (house)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Railway_Library" title="Indian Railway Library">Indian Railway Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_of_the_Calling_of_an_Engineer" title="Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer">Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Ring" title="Iron Ring">Iron Ring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_jungle" title="Law of the jungle">Law of the jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_Board_of_Control" title="Aerial Board of Control">Aerial Board of Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Boy_Jack_(play)" title="My Boy Jack (play)">My Boy Jack</a> (1997 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling:_A_Remembrance_Tale" title="Rudyard Kipling: A Remembrance Tale">Rudyard Kipling: A Remembrance Tale</a> (2006 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Boy_Jack_(film)" title="My Boy Jack (film)">My Boy Jack</a> (2007 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Starr_Balestier_Kipling" title="Caroline Starr Balestier Kipling">Caroline Starr Balestier Kipling</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Bambridge" title="Elsie Bambridge">Elsie Bambridge</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kipling" title="John Kipling">John Kipling</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lockwood_Kipling" title="John Lockwood Kipling">John Lockwood Kipling</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDonald_sisters" title="MacDonald sisters">MacDonald sisters</a> (mother's family)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> (cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiana_Burne-Jones" title="Georgiana Burne-Jones">Georgiana Burne-Jones</a> (aunt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a> (uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Burne-Jones" title="Philip Burne-Jones">Philip Burne-Jones</a> (cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Poynter" title="Edward Poynter">Edward Poynter</a> (uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baldwin_(politician)" title="Alfred Baldwin (politician)">Alfred Baldwin</a> (uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rudyard_Kipling&#039;s_The_Jungle_Book200" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Jungle_Book" title="Template:The Jungle Book"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Jungle_Book" title="Template talk:The Jungle Book"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Jungle_Book" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Jungle Book"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rudyard_Kipling&#039;s_The_Jungle_Book200" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Jungle_Book" title="The Second Jungle Book">The Second Jungle Book</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_Mowgli_Stories" title="All the Mowgli Stories">All the Mowgli Stories</a> (1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mowgli stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Mowgli%27s_Brothers" title="Mowgli's Brothers">Mowgli's Brothers</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kaa%27s_Hunting" title="Kaa's Hunting">Kaa's Hunting</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tiger!_Tiger!_(Kipling_short_story)" title="Tiger! Tiger! (Kipling short story)">Tiger! Tiger!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Letting_in_the_Jungle" title="Letting in the Jungle">Letting in the Jungle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Red_Dog_(Kipling_short_story)" title="Red Dog (Kipling short story)">Red Dog</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Jungle_Book_characters" title="List of The Jungle Book characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mowgli" title="Mowgli">Mowgli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloo" title="Baloo">Baloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheera" title="Bagheera">Bagheera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akela_(The_Jungle_Book)" title="Akela (The Jungle Book)">Akela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_(The_Jungle_Book)" title="Raksha (The Jungle Book)">Raksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaa" title="Kaa">Kaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathi" title="Hathi">Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shere_Khan" title="Shere Khan">Shere Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar-log" title="Bandar-log">Bandar-log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Louie" title="King Louie">King Louie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations of Mowgli stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Disneyfranchise75" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(franchise)" title="The Jungle Book (franchise)">Disney franchise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)" title="The Jungle Book (1967 film)">The Jungle Book</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1994_film)" title="The Jungle Book (1994 film)">The Jungle Book</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book:_Mowgli%27s_Story" title="The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story">The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_2" title="The Jungle Book 2">The Jungle Book 2</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(2016_film)" title="The Jungle Book (2016 film)">The Jungle Book</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TaleSpin" title="TaleSpin">TaleSpin</a> (1990–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Cubs" title="Jungle Cubs">Jungle Cubs</a> (1996–1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soundtracks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_soundtrack)" title="The Jungle Book (1967 soundtrack)">The Jungle Book</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(2016_soundtrack)" title="The Jungle Book (2016 soundtrack)">The Jungle Book</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Colonel_Hathi%27s_March_(The_Elephant_Song)" title="Colonel Hathi's March (The Elephant Song)">Colonel Hathi's March</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bare_Necessities" title="The Bare Necessities">The Bare Necessities</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Wan%27na_Be_Like_You_(The_Monkey_Song)" title="I Wan'na Be Like You (The Monkey Song)">I Wan'na Be like You</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Trust_in_Me_(The_Python%27s_Song)" title="Trust in Me (The Python's Song)">Trust in Me</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/That%27s_What_Friends_Are_For_(The_Vulture_Song)" title="That's What Friends Are For (The Vulture Song)">That's What Friends Are For</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Own_Home" title="My Own Home">My Own Home</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TaleSpin_(Capcom_video_game)" title="TaleSpin (Capcom video game)">TaleSpin</a> (Nintendo) (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TaleSpin_(video_game)" title="TaleSpin (video game)">TaleSpin</a> (TurboGrafx-16) (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TaleSpin_(video_game)" title="TaleSpin (video game)">TaleSpin</a> (Sega) (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(video_game)" title="The Jungle Book (video game)">The Jungle Book</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_Groove_Party" title="The Jungle Book Groove Party">The Jungle Book Groove Party</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Related7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Infinity_3.0" title="Disney Infinity 3.0">Disney Infinity 3.0</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Magic_Kingdoms" title="Disney Magic Kingdoms">Disney Magic Kingdoms</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Mirrorverse" title="Disney Mirrorverse">Disney Mirrorverse</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Speedstorm" title="Disney Speedstorm">Disney Speedstorm</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book:_Alive_with_Magic" title="The Jungle Book: Alive with Magic">The Jungle Book: Alive with Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Hathi%27s_Pizza_Outpost" title="Colonel Hathi's Pizza Outpost">Colonel Hathi's Pizza Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Studio" title="Once Upon a Studio">Once Upon a Studio</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live-action film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling%27s_Jungle_Book" title="Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book">Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Jungle_Book:_Mowgli_%26_Baloo" title="The Second Jungle Book: Mowgli & Baloo">The Second Jungle Book: Mowgli & Baloo</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mowgli:_Legend_of_the_Jungle" title="Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle">Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animated film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Mowgli" title="Adventures of Mowgli">Adventures of Mowgli</a> (1967–1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mowgli%27s_Brothers_(TV_special)" title="Mowgli's Brothers (TV special)">Mowgli's Brothers</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1989_TV_series)" title="The Jungle Book (1989 TV series)">Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli</a> (1989–90) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jungle_Book_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Mowgli_episodes" title="List of Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mowgli:_The_New_Adventures_of_the_Jungle_Book" title="Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book">Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(2010_TV_series)" title="The Jungle Book (2010 TV series)">The Jungle Book</a> (2010–2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Rikki-Tikki-Tavi" title="Rikki-Tikki-Tavi">Rikki-Tikki-Tavi</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Toomai_of_the_Elephants" title="Toomai of the Elephants">Toomai of the Elephants</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations of other stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_Boy_(film)" title="Elephant Boy (film)">Elephant Boy</a> (1937 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_Boy_(TV_series)" title="Elephant Boy (TV series)">Elephant Boy</a> (1973 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_White_Seal" class="mw-redirect" title="The White Seal">The White Seal</a> (1975 animated film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikki-Tikki-Tavi_(picture_book)" title="Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (picture book)">Rikki-Tikki-Tavi</a> (1997 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Third_Jungle_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="The Third Jungle Book">The Third Jungle Book</a> (1992) (Book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_dzsungel_k%C3%B6nyve" title="A dzsungel könyve">A dzsungel könyve</a> (Musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djungelboken" title="Djungelboken">Djungelboken</a> (Play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheera_Fountain" title="Bagheera Fountain">Bagheera Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_jungle" title="Law of the jungle">Law of the jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_and_Scouting" title="The Jungle Book and Scouting">The Jungle Book and Scouting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Wolf_Cub%27s_Handbook" title="The Wolf Cub's Handbook">The Wolf Cub's Handbook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mowgli_syndrome" title="Mowgli syndrome">Mowgli syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rudyard_Kipling&#039;s_The_Light_That_Failed56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible 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href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Anthony_Froude" title="James Anthony Froude">James Anthony Froude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neaves,_Lord_Neaves" title="Charles Neaves, Lord Neaves">Charles Neaves, Lord Neaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Penrhyn_Stanley" title="Arthur Penrhyn Stanley">Arthur Penrhyn Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundell_Palmer,_1st_Earl_of_Selborne" title="Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne">Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Theodore_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Theodore Martin">Sir Theodore Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Mackay,_11th_Lord_Reay" title="Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay">Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava" title="Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava">Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crichton-Stuart,_3rd_Marquess_of_Bute" title="John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute">John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stuart_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Stuart (scientist)">James Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton-Gordon,_1st_Marquess_of_Aberdeen_and_Temair" title="John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair">John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Barrie" title="J. M. Barrie">Sir J. M. Barrie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rudyard Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Wilfred_Grenfell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Wilfred Grenfell">Wilfred Grenfell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_MacGregor_Mitchell,_Lord_MacGregor_Mitchell" title="Robert MacGregor Mitchell, Lord MacGregor Mitchell">Robert MacGregor Mitchell, Lord MacGregor Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Munro_(physician)" title="David Munro (physician)">Sir David Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cunningham_(civil_servant)" title="George Cunningham (civil servant)">Sir George Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cecil,_6th_Marquess_of_Exeter" title="David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter">David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lindsay,_28th_Earl_of_Crawford" title="David Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford">David Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Maxwell_Fyfe,_1st_Earl_of_Kilmuir" title="David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir">David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boothby,_Baron_Boothby" title="Robert Boothby, Baron Boothby">Robert Boothby, Baron Boothby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._P._Snow" title="C. P. Snow">C. P. Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rothenstein" title="John Rothenstein">Sir John Rothenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learie_Constantine" title="Learie Constantine">Learie Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Coren" title="Alan Coren">Alan Coren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Muir" title="Frank Muir">Frank Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Brooke-Taylor" title="Tim Brooke-Taylor">Tim Brooke-Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Whitehorn" title="Katharine Whitehorn">Katharine Whitehorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Adams_(whistleblower)" title="Stanley Adams (whistleblower)">Stanley Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Parsons" title="Nicholas Parsons">Nicholas Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Campbell" title="Nicky Campbell">Nicky Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Findlay" title="Donald Findlay">Donald Findlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Neil" title="Andrew Neil">Andrew Neil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Freud" title="Clement Freud">Sir Clement Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Pepper" title="Simon Pepper">Simon Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Dunion" title="Kevin Dunion">Kevin Dunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Moffat" title="Alistair Moffat">Alistair Moffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Stihler" title="Catherine Stihler">Catherine Stihler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sr%C4%91a_Popovi%C4%87_(activist)" title="Srđa Popović (activist)">Srđa Popović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla_Hussein" title="Leyla Hussein">Leyla Hussein</a></li> <li>Stella Maris</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link 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plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature168" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1920</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1901 Nobel Prize in Literature">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sully_Prudhomme" title="Sully Prudhomme">Sully Prudhomme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1902 Nobel Prize in Literature">1902</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1903 Nobel Prize in Literature">1903</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1904 Nobel Prize in Literature">1904</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mistral" title="Frédéric Mistral">Frédéric Mistral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Echegaray" title="José Echegaray">José Echegaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1905 Nobel Prize in Literature">1905</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1906 Nobel Prize in Literature">1906</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1907 Nobel Prize in Literature">1907</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rudyard Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1908 Nobel Prize in Literature">1908</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Eucken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1909 Nobel Prize in Literature">1909</a>: <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1910 Nobel Prize in Literature">1910</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1911 Nobel Prize in Literature">1911</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1912 Nobel Prize in Literature">1912</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1913 Nobel Prize in Literature">1913</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1914 Nobel Prize in Literature">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1915 Nobel Prize in Literature">1915</a>: <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1916 Nobel Prize in Literature">1916</a>: <a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Verner von Heidenstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1917 Nobel Prize in Literature">1917</a>: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Adolph_Gjellerup" title="Karl Adolph Gjellerup">Karl Gjellerup</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Pontoppidan" title="Henrik Pontoppidan">Henrik Pontoppidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1918 Nobel Prize in Literature">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1919 Nobel Prize in Literature">1919</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1920 Nobel Prize in Literature">1920</a>: <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1921–1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1921_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1921 Nobel Prize in Literature">1921</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1922 Nobel Prize in Literature">1922</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Benavente" title="Jacinto Benavente">Jacinto Benavente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1923</a>: <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1924</a>: <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont" title="Władysław Reymont">Władysław Reymont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1925 Nobel Prize in Literature">1925</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1926 Nobel Prize in Literature">1926</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1927 Nobel Prize in Literature">1927</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1928 Nobel Prize in Literature">1928</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Undset" title="Sigrid Undset">Sigrid Undset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1929 Nobel Prize in Literature">1929</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1930 Nobel Prize in Literature">1930</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1931 Nobel Prize in Literature">1931</a>: <a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a> (posthumously)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1932 Nobel Prize in Literature">1932</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1933 Nobel Prize in Literature">1933</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bunin" title="Ivan Bunin">Ivan Bunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1934 Nobel Prize in Literature">1934</a>: <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1935 Nobel Prize in Literature">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1936 Nobel Prize in Literature">1936</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1937 Nobel Prize in Literature">1937</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Martin_du_Gard" title="Roger Martin du Gard">Roger Martin du Gard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1938 Nobel Prize in Literature">1938</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1939 Nobel Prize in Literature">1939</a>: <a href="/wiki/Frans_Eemil_Sillanp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Frans Eemil Sillanpää">Frans Eemil Sillanpää</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1940 Nobel Prize in Literature">1940</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1941–1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1941_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1941 Nobel Prize in Literature">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1942 Nobel Prize in Literature">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1943 Nobel Prize in Literature">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1944 Nobel Prize in Literature">1944</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_V._Jensen" title="Johannes V. Jensen">Johannes V. Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1945 Nobel Prize in Literature">1945</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Mistral" title="Gabriela Mistral">Gabriela Mistral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1946 Nobel Prize in Literature">1946</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1947 Nobel Prize in Literature">1947</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1948 Nobel Prize in Literature">1948</a>: <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1949 Nobel Prize in Literature">1949</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1950 Nobel Prize in Literature">1950</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1951 Nobel Prize in Literature">1951</a>: <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lagerkvist" title="Pär Lagerkvist">Pär Lagerkvist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1952 Nobel Prize in Literature">1952</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mauriac" title="François Mauriac">François Mauriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1953 Nobel Prize in Literature">1953</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1954 Nobel Prize in Literature">1954</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1955 Nobel Prize in Literature">1955</a>: <a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness" title="Halldór Laxness">Halldór Laxness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1956 Nobel Prize in Literature">1956</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1957 Nobel Prize in Literature">1957</a>: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1958 Nobel Prize in Literature">1958</a>: <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1959 Nobel Prize in Literature">1959</a>: <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1960 Nobel Prize in Literature">1960</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint-John_Perse" title="Saint-John Perse">Saint-John Perse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1961_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1961 Nobel Prize in Literature">1961</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1962 Nobel Prize in Literature">1962</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1963 Nobel Prize in Literature">1963</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Giorgos Seferis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1964 Nobel Prize in Literature">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (declined award)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1965 Nobel Prize in Literature">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Sholokhov" title="Mikhail Sholokhov">Mikhail Sholokhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1966 Nobel Prize in Literature">1966</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon" title="Shmuel Yosef Agnon">Shmuel Yosef Agnon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1967 Nobel Prize in Literature">1967</a>: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1968 Nobel Prize in Literature">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata" title="Yasunari Kawabata">Yasunari Kawabata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1969 Nobel Prize in Literature">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1970 Nobel Prize in Literature">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1971 Nobel Prize in Literature">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1972 Nobel Prize in Literature">1972</a>: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1973 Nobel Prize in Literature">1973</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1974 Nobel Prize in Literature">1974</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson" title="Eyvind Johnson">Eyvind Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Martinson" title="Harry Martinson">Harry Martinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1975 Nobel Prize in Literature">1975</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montale" title="Eugenio Montale">Eugenio Montale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1976 Nobel Prize in Literature">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1977 Nobel Prize in Literature">1977</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Aleixandre" title="Vicente Aleixandre">Vicente Aleixandre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1978 Nobel Prize in Literature">1978</a>: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1979 Nobel Prize in Literature">1979</a>: <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Odysseas Elytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1980 Nobel Prize in Literature">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1981_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1981 Nobel Prize in Literature">1981</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1982 Nobel Prize in Literature">1982</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1983 Nobel Prize in Literature">1983</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1984 Nobel Prize in Literature">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Seifert" title="Jaroslav Seifert">Jaroslav Seifert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1985 Nobel Prize in Literature">1985</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Simon" title="Claude Simon">Claude Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1986 Nobel Prize in Literature">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1987 Nobel Prize in Literature">1987</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1988 Nobel Prize in Literature">1988</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1989 Nobel Prize in Literature">1989</a>: <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1990 Nobel Prize in Literature">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1991 Nobel Prize in Literature">1991</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1992 Nobel Prize in Literature">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1993 Nobel Prize in Literature">1993</a>: <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1994 Nobel Prize in Literature">1994</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1995 Nobel Prize in Literature">1995</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1996 Nobel Prize in Literature">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1997 Nobel Prize in Literature">1997</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1998 Nobel Prize in Literature">1998</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1999 Nobel Prize in Literature">1999</a>: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2000 Nobel Prize in Literature">2000</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian">Gao Xingjian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2001 Nobel Prize in Literature">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V. S. Naipaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2002 Nobel Prize in Literature">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="Imre Kertész">Imre Kertész</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2003 Nobel Prize in Literature">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2004 Nobel Prize in Literature">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2005 Nobel Prize in Literature">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2006 Nobel Prize in Literature">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2007 Nobel Prize in Literature">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2008 Nobel Prize in Literature">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._G._Le_Cl%C3%A9zio" title="J. M. G. Le Clézio">J. M. G. Le Clézio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2009 Nobel Prize in Literature">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2010 Nobel Prize in Literature">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2011 Nobel Prize in Literature">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2012 Nobel Prize in Literature">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mo_Yan" title="Mo Yan">Mo Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2013 Nobel Prize in Literature">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2014 Nobel Prize in Literature">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Modiano" title="Patrick Modiano">Patrick Modiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2015 Nobel Prize in Literature">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2016 Nobel Prize in Literature">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2017 Nobel Prize in Literature">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro" title="Kazuo Ishiguro">Kazuo Ishiguro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2018 Nobel Prize in Literature">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk" title="Olga Tokarczuk">Olga Tokarczuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2019 Nobel Prize in Literature">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Literature">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louise_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Louise Glück">Louise Glück</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Literature">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abdulrazak_Gurnah" title="Abdulrazak Gurnah">Abdulrazak Gurnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Literature">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Annie_Ernaux" title="Annie Ernaux">Annie Ernaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Literature">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jon_Fosse" title="Jon Fosse">Jon Fosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2024 Nobel Prize in Literature">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Han_Kang" title="Han Kang">Han Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2025 Nobel Prize in Literature">2025</a>: to be determined</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1907_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1907_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1907 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1907_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1907 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1907_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1907 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1907_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1907 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Eduard Buchner</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1907_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1907 Nobel Prize in Literature">1907</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rudyard Kipling</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Teodoro Moneta</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert Abraham Michelson</a> (United States/Poland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1902_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1902 Nobel Prize winners">1902</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1903_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1903 Nobel Prize winners">1903</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1904_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1904 Nobel Prize winners">1904</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1905_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1905 Nobel Prize winners">1905</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1906_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1906 Nobel Prize winners">1906</a></dd> <dd>1907 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1908_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1908 Nobel Prize winners">1908</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1909_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1909 Nobel Prize winners">1909</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1910_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1910 Nobel Prize winners">1910</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1911_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1911 Nobel Prize winners">1911</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1912_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1912 Nobel Prize winners">1912</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobel_Laureates_in_English_Literature286" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Laureates_in_English_Literature" title="Template:Nobel Laureates in English Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Laureates_in_English_Literature" title="Template talk:Nobel Laureates in English Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Laureates_in_English_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Laureates in English Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobel_Laureates_in_English_Literature286" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Nobel Laureates</a> in <a href="/wiki/English_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="English Literature">English Literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1907_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1907 Nobel Prize in Literature">1907</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1913 Nobel Prize in Literature">1913</a>: <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj"><img alt="British Raj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1923</a>: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State"><img alt="Irish Free State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1925 Nobel Prize in Literature">1925</a>: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State"><img alt="Irish Free State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1930 Nobel Prize in Literature">1930</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1932 Nobel Prize in Literature">1932</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">Galsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1936 Nobel Prize in Literature">1936</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1938 Nobel Prize in Literature">1938</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1948 Nobel Prize in Literature">1948</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1949 Nobel Prize in Literature">1949</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1950 Nobel Prize in Literature">1950</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1953 Nobel Prize in Literature">1953</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1954 Nobel Prize in Literature">1954</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1962 Nobel Prize in Literature">1962</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">Steinbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1969 Nobel Prize in Literature">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1973 Nobel Prize in Literature">1973</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1976 Nobel Prize in Literature">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1983 Nobel Prize in Literature">1983</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">Golding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1986 Nobel Prize in Literature">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Soyinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1987 Nobel Prize in Literature">1987</a>: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Brodsky</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1991 Nobel Prize in Literature">1991</a>: <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Gordimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1992 Nobel Prize in Literature">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia"><img alt="Saint Lucia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Walcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1993 Nobel Prize in Literature">1993</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1995 Nobel Prize in Literature">1995</a>: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Heaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2001 Nobel Prize in Literature">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago"><img alt="Trinidad and Tobago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/V.S._Naipaul" class="mw-redirect" title="V.S. Naipaul">Naipaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2003 Nobel Prize in Literature">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a> <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2005 Nobel Prize in Literature">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Pinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2007 Nobel Prize in Literature">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2013 Nobel Prize in Literature">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2016 Nobel Prize in Literature">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2017 Nobel Prize in Literature">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro" title="Kazuo Ishiguro">Ishiguro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Literature">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Louise_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Louise Glück">Glück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Literature">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdulrazak_Gurnah" title="Abdulrazak Gurnah">Gurnah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>† Tagore, Beckett, and Brodsky also wrote in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> languages respectively alongside English.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Victorian-era_children&#039;s_literature74" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Victorian_children%27s_literature" title="Template:Victorian children's literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Victorian_children%27s_literature" title="Template talk:Victorian children's literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Victorian_children%27s_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Victorian children's literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Victorian-era_children&#039;s_literature74" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Victorian-era children's literature</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cadwallader_Adams" title="Henry Cadwallader Adams">Henry Cadwallader Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Ballantyne" title="R. M. Ballantyne">R. M. Ballantyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Lyttelton_Cameron" title="Lucy Lyttelton Cameron">Lucy Lyttelton Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christabel_Rose_Coleridge" title="Christabel Rose Coleridge">Christabel Rose Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Collingwood" title="Harry Collingwood">Harry Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Cowper" title="E. E. Cowper">E. E. Cowper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Cowper" title="Frank Cowper">Frank Cowper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Everett-Green" title="Evelyn Everett-Green">Evelyn Everett-Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliana_Horatia_Ewing" title="Juliana Horatia Ewing">Juliana Horatia Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Farrar" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic William Farrar">Frederic W. Farrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Farrow" title="G. E. Farrow">G. E. Farrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Giberne" title="Agnes Giberne">Agnes Giberne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Hall" title="Anna Maria Hall">Anna Maria Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._T._Meade" title="L. T. Meade">L. T. Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._A._Henty" title="G. A. Henty">G. A. Henty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Hodgson_Burnett" title="Frances Hodgson Burnett">Frances Hodgson Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hughes" title="Thomas Hughes">Thomas Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Jefferies" title="Richard Jefferies">Richard Jefferies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Giles_Kingston" title="William Henry Giles Kingston">W. H. G. Kingston</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rudyard Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marryat" title="Frederick Marryat">Frederick Marryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald" title="George MacDonald">George MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louisa_Molesworth" title="Mary Louisa Molesworth">Mary Louisa Molesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Munroe" title="Kirk Munroe">Kirk Munroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Nesbit" title="E. Nesbit">E. Nesbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Mary_Peard" title="Frances Mary Peard">Frances Mary Peard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Potter" title="Beatrix Potter">Beatrix Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brighty_Rands" title="William Brighty Rands">William Brighty Rands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbot_Baines_Reed" title="Talbot Baines Reed">Talbot Baines Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Missing_Sewell" title="Elizabeth Missing Sewell">Elizabeth Missing Sewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sewell" title="Anna Sewell">Anna Sewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Martha_Sherwood" title="Mary Martha Sherwood">Mary Martha Sherwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Annie_Steel" title="Flora Annie Steel">Flora Annie Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesba_Stretton" title="Hesba Stretton">Hesba Stretton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Elizabeth_Tonna" title="Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna">Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Maria_Tucker" title="Charlotte Maria Tucker">Charlotte Maria Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Mary_Yonge" title="Charlotte Mary Yonge">Charlotte Mary Yonge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Bethell" title="Augusta Bethell">Augusta Bethell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illustrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Vere_Boyle" title="Eleanor Vere Boyle">Eleanor Vere Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Browne" title="Gordon Browne">Gordon Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Caldecott" title="Randolph Caldecott">Randolph Caldecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crane_(1843%E2%80%931903)" title="Thomas Crane (1843–1903)">Thomas Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Crane" title="Walter Crane">Walter Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cruikshank" title="George Cruikshank">George Cruikshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dalziel" title="Thomas Dalziel">Thomas Dalziel</a> (engraver)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Doyle_(illustrator)" title="Richard Doyle (illustrator)">Richard Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hetherington_Emmerson" title="Henry Hetherington Emmerson">H. H. Emmerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Evans" title="Edmund Evans">Edmund Evans</a> (engraver)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Greenaway" title="Kate Greenaway">Kate Greenaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Prior_Hall" title="Sydney Prior Hall">Sydney Prior Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lear" title="Edward Lear">Edward Lear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Robert_Millar" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Robert Millar">Harold Robert Millar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_George_Sowerby" title="John George Sowerby">J. G. Sowerby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millicent_Sowerby" title="Millicent Sowerby">Millicent Sowerby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tenniel" title="John Tenniel">John Tenniel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_19th-century_British_children%27s_literature_titles" title="List of 19th-century British children's literature titles">List of 19th-century British children's literature titles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toy_book" title="Toy book">Toy book</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackie_%26_Son" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackie & Son">Blackie & Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Ward_%26_Co." title="Marcus Ward & Co.">Marcus Ward & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Warne_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Warne & Co">Frederick Warne & Co</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34743#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4919" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34743#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4919" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34743#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120989213">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7524679">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/42357/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw4DBTdWGvcryBCb48KVC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118562290">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79103792">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13091505s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13091505s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00445744">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV009380">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35272795">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990004353&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1719503">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/24768">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069062315">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90088673">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000012147&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000040030&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000037839">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=62086">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000034491">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199634785">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/c9prs2zw087p291">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810543241705606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/111131">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007263986305171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000136842">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514154006706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14126279">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0046379X?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500524424">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7e2f7b7e-0441-4777-bd5e-b4c8d82eaccd">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/119903">Musée d'Orsay</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102514">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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