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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Algemene_kenmerken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algemene_kenmerken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Algemene kenmerken</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algemene_kenmerken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koningstijd_en_vroege_republiek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koningstijd_en_vroege_republiek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Koningstijd en vroege republiek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koningstijd_en_vroege_republiek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republiek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republiek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Republiek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republiek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_republiek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_republiek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Late republiek</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Late_republiek-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Late republiek-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Late_republiek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Lucius Cornelius Sulla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tweede_Triumviraat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tweede_Triumviraat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tweede Triumviraat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tweede_Triumviraat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principaat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principaat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Principaat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principaat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominaat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominaat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dominaat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominaat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Noten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Referenties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Imperium (Rome)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 34 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="إمبريوم – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبريوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mperi" title="İmperi – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İmperi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Империум – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Империум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperium" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rium" title="Impérium – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Impérium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_(Rom)" title="Imperium (Rom) – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Imperium (Rom)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_(Rom)" title="Imperium (Rom) – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Imperium (Rom)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Imperium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiumo" title="Imperiumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Imperiumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperium" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeerium" title="Impeerium – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Impeerium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Imperium" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="ایمپریوم – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایمپریوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Imperium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimsr%C3%ADki" title="Heimsríki – Faeröers" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Heimsríki" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faeröers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Imperium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אימפריום – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אימפריום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Imperium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Imperium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Imperium" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="インペリウム – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インペリウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="იმპერიუმი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იმპერიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Империум – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Империум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_(w%C5%82adza)" title="Imperium (władza) – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imperium (władza)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Imperium" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperium" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Империй – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Империй" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Imperium" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rium_(zvrchovan%C3%A1_moc)" title="Impérium (zvrchovaná moc) – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Impérium (zvrchovaná moc)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Империјум – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Империјум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Imperium" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Імперій – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імперій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E6%9D%83" title="帝权 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="帝权" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p>Het <b>imperium</b> was in het oude Rome de term die men gebruikte om de formeel toegekende militaire (en politieke) <a href="/wiki/Macht_(politiek)" title="Macht (politiek)">macht</a> mee aan te duiden. De betekenis van de term heeft in de loop van de tijd een zekere ontwikkeling doorgemaakt. In brede zin betekent het elk militaire opperbevel dat aan een (ook niet-Romeins) bevelhebber werd gegeven. In enge zin heeft het betrekking op het militair opperbevel toegekend aan de hoogste <a href="/wiki/Magistratus" title="Magistratus">republikeinse ambtenaren</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Consul_(Rome)" title="Consul (Rome)">consul</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dictator_(Rome)" title="Dictator (Rome)">dictator</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">magister equitum</a></i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Algemene_kenmerken">Algemene kenmerken</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Algemene kenmerken" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Algemene kenmerken"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In de vroege republiek was het <i>imperium</i> een aspect van het <i>auspicium</i> (beschikkingsrecht) van een opperbevelhebber. Ten laatste vanaf de <a href="/wiki/4e_eeuw_v.Chr." title="4e eeuw v.Chr.">4e eeuw v.Chr.</a> werd ook het <i>auspicium imperiumque</i> (<a href="/wiki/Titus_Maccius_Plautus" title="Titus Maccius Plautus">Plaut.</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Amphitruo_(Plautus)" title="Amphitruo (Plautus)">Amph.</a></i> 192, 196.) toegekend aan opperbevelhebbers in buitenlandse oorlogen. In de late republiek was het <i>imperium</i> een begrip dat zowel militair als civiel beschikkingsrecht van een magistraat inhield<sup id="cite_ref-Bleicken1981_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bleicken1981-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Het zogenaamde "totale <i>imperium</i>" behoorde dus niet tot de koningstijd of vroege republiek, maar was het resultaat van een politieke evolutie in de late republiek<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De <i>iurisdictio</i> (recht om recht te spreken) was niet in dit <i>imperium</i> inbegrepen<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Junia31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Junia31.jpg/250px-Junia31.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Junia31.jpg/375px-Junia31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Junia31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>Een <i>denarius</i> met op de keerzijde consul <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Iunius_Brutus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Iunius Brutus">Lucius Iunius Brutus</a>, tussen twee <i>lictores</i>, voorafgegaan door een <i>accensus</i> met BRVTVS in de <a href="/wiki/Afsnede" title="Afsnede">afsnede</a> (<a href="/wiki/54_v.Chr." title="54 v.Chr.">54 v.Chr.</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>De magistraten <i>cum imperio</i> ("met <i>imperium</i>") werden vergezeld van <i><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">lictores</a></i> met <i><a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">fasces</a></i>, die de <i>coercitio</i> (recht om burgers te <a href="/wiki/Tucht" title="Tucht">tuchtigen</a>) van de magistraat <i>cum imperio</i> ten uitvoer moesten brengen. Deze <i>coercitio</i> werd echter sinds <a href="/wiki/300_v.Chr." title="300 v.Chr.">300 v.Chr.</a> ingeperkt door het <i>ius provocationis</i> (het recht op <i>provocatio ad Populum</i> (beroep bij het volk) tegen een uitspraak van een ambtenaar)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De magistraten (<i>cum imperio</i>) waren gebonden aan <a href="/wiki/Collegialiteit" title="Collegialiteit">collegialiteit</a> en <a href="/wiki/Annu%C3%AFteit" title="Annuïteit">annuïteit</a> van hun ambt en gehouden aan het verbod op <a href="/w/index.php?title=Continuering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Continuering (de pagina bestaat niet)">continuering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iteratie" title="Iteratie">iteratie</a> (herhaling) en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumulatie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cumulatie (de pagina bestaat niet)">cumulatie</a> van hun ambt<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De lagere ambten hadden ook het <i>ius <a href="/wiki/Intercessio" title="Intercessio">intercessionis</a></i> (het recht tot <i>intercessio</i> ("tussenkomst"); o.a voor <i><a href="/wiki/Tribunus_plebis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunus plebis">tribunus plebis</a></i> ("volkstribuun")). De ambtsbevoegdheden werden bepaald door de <i>potestas</i> ("gezag") van de ambtenaar, dat <i>maior</i> (hoger) of <i>minor</i> (lager) was<sup id="cite_ref-Bleicken1981_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bleicken1981-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>De ambtenaren <i>cum imperio</i> werden gekozen in de <i><a href="/wiki/Comitia_centuriata" title="Comitia centuriata">comitia centuriata</a></i>, waarbij zij ook het <i>auspicium</i> (het recht om de vlucht van vogels te bestuderen) kregen. De <i>auspicia militiae</i> (militaire competenties) werden pas ná de verkiezing in de <i>comitia centuriata</i> door een door de <i><a href="/wiki/Comitia_curiata" title="Comitia curiata">comitia curiata</a></i> gestemde <i>lex curiata de imperio</i> toegekend. Dit was nog een overblijfsel uit de tijd dat de hoge ambtenaren in de <i>comitia curiata</i> werden gekozen<sup id="cite_ref-Bleicken1981_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bleicken1981-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Koningstijd_en_vroege_republiek">Koningstijd en vroege republiek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Koningstijd en vroege republiek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Koningstijd en vroege republiek"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Romeins_Koninkrijk" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeins Koninkrijk">Romeins Koninkrijk</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Het <a href="/wiki/Romeins_Koninkrijk" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeins Koninkrijk">Romeins Koninkrijk</a> (ca. 800-510 v.Chr.) werd oorspronkelijk bestuurd door een Indo-Europese <i>rex</i> (koning), die gekozen werd door de vergadering van weerbare mannen van Rome (<i><a href="/wiki/Curia_(bestuurlijke_indeling)" title="Curia (bestuurlijke indeling)">curia</a></i>). Deze bekleedde de <i>rex</i> met het <i>imperium</i>. Bovendien bezat de <i>rex</i>, wiens ambtswoning de <i><a href="/wiki/Regia" title="Regia">regia</a></i> was, ook een religieuze functie. De <i>rex</i> werd in zijn regeringstaken bijgestaan door een raad van afgevaardigden uit de <i><a href="/wiki/Tribus_(Rome)" title="Tribus (Rome)">tribus</a></i> ("stammen") van Rome: de <i><a href="/wiki/Senaat_(Rome)" title="Senaat (Rome)">senatus</a></i> ("senaat"). </p><p>De <i>rex</i> zou rond 500 v.Chr. stilaan zijn bevoegdheden verliezen, waaronder zijn <i>imperium</i> dat aan een <i><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a> maximus</i> zou zijn toegevallen (cf. <a href="/wiki/Titus_Livius" title="Titus Livius">Liv.</a>, VII 5-7.). Uiteindelijk zou enkel het religieuze ambt van <i><a href="/wiki/Rex_sacrorum" title="Rex sacrorum">rex sacrorum</a></i> overblijven als restant van het koningschap. Men is het er echter niet over eens of de voorvermelde <i>praetor maximus</i> de enige ambtenaar was of dat hij deel uitmaakte van een college van ambtenaren (twee of drie <i>praetores</i>). Sommigen menen dat <i>praetor maximus</i> simpelweg een andere naam is voor consul, terwijl anderen ervan overtuigd zijn dat het om een apart ambt ging. In ieder geval zou het <i>imperium</i> niet langer meer voor het leven worden verleend (Liv., II 1.7.)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republiek">Republiek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Republiek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Republiek"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In de republiek hadden de magistraten <i>cum imperio</i> vooral militaire, maar ook steeds meer administratieve bevoegdheden in de gebieden buiten Rome (<i>militae</i>). </p><p>Rond het midden van de <a href="/wiki/3e_eeuw_v.Chr." title="3e eeuw v.Chr.">3e eeuw v.Chr.</a> werden andere voorwaarden verbonden aan de nieuwe ambten van de <i><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a> peregrinus</i> en de <i>praetores</i> voor de <i><a href="/wiki/Provincia" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia">provinciae</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Romeinse_provincie)" title="Sicilia (Romeinse provincie)">Sicilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica"> et Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Citerior" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispania Citerior">Hispania Citerior</a> en <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Ulterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispania Ulterior">Hispania Ulterior</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bleicken1981_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bleicken1981-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sinds <a href="/wiki/327_v.Chr." title="327 v.Chr.">327 v.Chr.</a>/<a href="/wiki/326_v.Chr." title="326 v.Chr.">326 v.Chr.</a> werd de <i>prorogatio imperii</i> ("verlenging van het <i>imperium</i>"), waartoe in de regel door de <a href="/wiki/Senaat_(Rome)" title="Senaat (Rome)">senaat</a> en het volk werd besloten, toegekend. Hierdoor kreeg men het <i>imperium pro consule</i> ("<i>imperium</i> voor een consul"; <i><a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a></i>) en het <i>imperium pro praetore</i> ("<i>imperium</i> voor een praetor"; <i><a href="/wiki/Propraetor" title="Propraetor">propraetor</a></i>). De dragers van een <i>imperium pro consule</i> of <i>praetore</i> mochten niet binnen het <i><a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">pomerium</a></i> komen. Opdat men toch een <a href="/wiki/Triomftocht" title="Triomftocht">triomftocht</a> kon houden, werd het een <i>imperium</i>drager door een <i><a href="/wiki/Plebiscitum" title="Plebiscitum">plebiscitum</a></i> (volksbesluit) voor één dag toegestaan mét zijn <i>imperium</i> in het bereik <i>domi</i> (van thuis) te komen<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_republiek">Late republiek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Late republiek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Late republiek"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In de late republiek werd het <i>imperium</i> bijgeschaafd onder de <i><a href="/wiki/Dictator_(Rome)" title="Dictator (Rome)">dictator</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Lucius Cornelius Sulla</a> en het <a href="/wiki/Tweede_Triumviraat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweede Triumviraat">Tweede Triumviraat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla">Lucius Cornelius Sulla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Lucius Cornelius Sulla" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Lucius Cornelius Sulla"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Sulla_Glyptothek_Munich_309.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sulla_Glyptothek_Munich_309.jpg/150px-Sulla_Glyptothek_Munich_309.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sulla_Glyptothek_Munich_309.jpg/225px-Sulla_Glyptothek_Munich_309.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sulla_Glyptothek_Munich_309.jpg/300px-Sulla_Glyptothek_Munich_309.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1645" data-file-height="2508" /></a><figcaption>De zogenaamde Sulla (Augusteïsche kopie van buste uit - 2e eeuw, Glyptothek München).</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dictator_(Rome)" title="Dictator (Rome)">Dictator</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Lucius Cornelius Sulla</a> liet de reguliere magistraten <i>cum imperio</i> hun ambtstermijn in Rome zelf uitoefenen (<i>domi</i>), terwijl <a href="/wiki/Promagistraten" class="mw-redirect" title="Promagistraten">promagistraten</a> buiten Rome hun <i>imperium pro consulare vel praetore</i> uitoefenden (<i>militae</i>). Na hun ambtstermijn kregen ze als promagistraat een <i>imperium militae</i> (<i>imperium</i> voor het "buitenland"). Tussen <a href="/wiki/80_v.Chr." title="80 v.Chr.">80 v.Chr.</a> en <a href="/wiki/49_v.Chr." title="49 v.Chr.">49 v.Chr.</a> werd het militaire commando steeds meer gescheiden van het civiele gezag. Door een <i><a href="/wiki/Senatusconsultum" class="mw-redirect" title="Senatusconsultum">senatusconsultum</a></i> uit <a href="/wiki/53_v.Chr." title="53 v.Chr.">53 v.Chr.</a> en een <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Pompeia" title="Lex Pompeia">lex Pompeia</a></i> werd er een interval van vijf jaar tussen de magistratuur en promagistratuur ingesteld, waardoor de promagistratuur niet langer een verlenging van een <i>imperium</i> was, maar eerder een nieuwe ambtsvorm met een <i>imperium militae</i>. Onder <a href="/wiki/Imperator_Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperator Caesar Augustus">Augustus</a> zou Sulla's hervorming pas echt worden afgesloten<sup id="cite_ref-Bleicken1993_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bleicken1993-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tweede_Triumviraat">Tweede Triumviraat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Tweede Triumviraat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Tweede Triumviraat"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het <i>imperium pro consulare</i> van de <i>triumviri</i> van het <a href="/wiki/Tweede_Triumviraat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweede Triumviraat">Tweede Triumviraat</a> paste in het rijtje van de <i>imperia extraordinaria</i> of <i>infinita</i> die toegekend waren aan <i>promagistrati</i> of <i>privati</i> (privaatpersonen) (o.a. <a href="/wiki/Gnaius_Pompeius_Magnus_maior" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaius Pompeius Magnus maior">Gnaius Pompeius Magnus maior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Gaius Julius Caesar</a>). Het ging hierbij om <i>imperia militae</i> (dus enkel geldend in de <i>provinciae</i>), dat concurreerde met dat van de promagistraten in een <i><a href="/wiki/Provincia" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia">provincia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero">Cic.</a>, <i>ad Att.</i> IV 1,7; <i>Phil.</i> XI 30.)<sup id="cite_ref-Bleicken1993_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bleicken1993-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>De <i><a href="/wiki/Triumviri_Rei_Publicae_Constituendae_Consulari_Potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae Consulari Potestate">triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae Consulari Potestate</a></i> zouden op grond van de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lex_Titia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lex Titia (de pagina bestaat niet)">lex Titia</a></i> uitzonderlijk ambtenaren zijn naast de consuls met zowel een <i>imperium pro consulare</i> over meerdere <i>provinciae</i> als de bevoegdheden van een magistraat binnen het <i><a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">pomerium</a></i>. Hiermee was de opdeling van het <i>imperium</i> door Sulla in een <i>imperium domi</i> en een <i>imperium militae</i> definitief, daar zelfs het triumviraat zich hield aan deze scheiding (zij het wel dat ze deze twee cumuleerden)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principaat">Principaat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Principaat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Principaat"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Plaat_van_Vespasianus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Plaat_van_Vespasianus.jpg/260px-Plaat_van_Vespasianus.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Plaat_van_Vespasianus.jpg/390px-Plaat_van_Vespasianus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Plaat_van_Vespasianus.jpg/520px-Plaat_van_Vespasianus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="1175" /></a><figcaption>De <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_de_imperio_Vespasiani" title="Lex de imperio Vespasiani">lex de imperio Vespasiani</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In de praktijk hadden de hoge ambtenaren onder het <i><a href="/wiki/Principaat" title="Principaat">principaat</a> de facto</i> geen militair bevel meer<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Het <i>imperium consulare</i> en <i>imperium proconsulare</i> (voor het eerst aangetroffen bij <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Val. Max.</a>, VI 9 § 7, VIII 1 <i>amb.</i> 2.) vormde samen met de <i><a href="/wiki/Tribunicia_potestas" title="Tribunicia potestas">tribunicia potestas</a></i> het fundament van de <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a></i> zijn macht. In <a href="/wiki/23_v.Chr." title="23 v.Chr.">23 v.Chr.</a> werd het dit <i>imperium</i> toegestaan ook in Rome zelf zich te laten gelden (Cass. Dio, LIII 32.5.). Omdat de volgende <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">principes</a></i> dit <i>imperium</i> door de <a href="/wiki/Senaat_(Rome)" title="Senaat (Rome)">senaat</a> (en later vooral door het leger) werd toegekend, werd zijn regeringsaantreding <i>dies imperii</i> genoemd. </p><p>Het was onder het <i>principaat</i> dat het <i>imperium maius</i> zich ontwikkelde, dat was gebaseerd op een <i>potestas maior</i> ten opzichte van een <i>proconsul</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De <i>princeps</i> zou zich tot <a href="/wiki/Nero_(keizer)" title="Nero (keizer)">Nero</a> of zelfs Traianus geen <i>proconsul</i> noemen. Het <i><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">praenomen</a> <a href="/wiki/Imperator_(Rome)" title="Imperator (Rome)">imperatoris</a></i> (toegekend aan <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Gaius Julius Caesar</a>, zijn adoptiezoon <a href="/wiki/Imperator_Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperator Caesar Augustus">Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus</a>, en vele andere keizers na hem.) en het uitroepen van de <i>princeps</i> tot <i>imperator</i> na een overwinning (die vaak door een ander werd behaald) toonden het militaire karakter van dit <i>imperium</i>. </p><p>Het geheel van bevoegdheden van de <i>princeps</i> zou de <i>imperatoria potestas</i> worden genoemd in de <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_de_imperio_Vespasiani" title="Lex de imperio Vespasiani">lex de imperio Vespasiani</a></i> (cf. <i><a href="/wiki/CIL" class="mw-redirect" title="CIL">CIL</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+06%2C+00930&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">VI 930</a>.) die <a href="/wiki/Vespasianus" title="Vespasianus">Vespasianus</a> in <a href="/wiki/69" title="69">69</a> zijn bevoegdheden als <i>princeps</i> schonk<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dominaat">Dominaat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Dominaat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Dominaat"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Door het verlies van de militaire bevoegdheid van het <i>imperium</i> onder <a href="/wiki/Imperator_Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperator Caesar Augustus">Augustus</a> werd er door de juristen in de 3e eeuw het <i>imperium merum</i> (zuiver <i>imperium</i>) en het <i>imperium mixum</i> (gemengd <i>imperium</i>) onderscheiden, waarbij de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iurisdictio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iurisdictio (de pagina bestaat niet)">iurisdictio</a></i> als belangrijkste element werd gezien van het <i>imperium</i> van hoge magistraten (<i><a href="/wiki/Digesta" class="mw-redirect" title="Digesta">Dig.</a></i> 1 <i>tit.</i> 21 § 5.1, 2 <i>tit.</i> 1 § 3-4, 50 <i>tit.</i> 1 § 26.)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Rond dezelfde periode werd de <i>imperatoria potestas</i> niet langer door de senaat toegekend, maar bij <i><a href="/wiki/Acclamatio" title="Acclamatio">acclamatio</a></i> tot <i>imperator</i> door het leger<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Voortaan zou de keizer worden verkozen door het leger en moest de senaat hier slechts mee instemmen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curulische_zetel" title="Curulische zetel">Curulische zetel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator_(Rome)" title="Imperator (Rome)">Imperator (Rome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potestas" title="Potestas">Potestas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Rijk" title="Romeinse Rijk">Romeinse Rijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipio_(staf)" title="Scipio (staf)">Scipio (staf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toga_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toga (Rome)">Toga (Rome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">Translatio imperii</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noten">Noten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Noten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Noten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bleicken1981-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Bleicken1981_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bleicken1981_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bleicken1981_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bleicken1981_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">J. Bleicken</span>, <i>Zum Begriff der römischen Amtsgewalt; auspicium - potestas - imperium</i>, Göttingen, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vroegere visie: <span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">T. Mommsen</a></span>, <i>Römisches Staatsrecht</i>, I, Leipzig, 1871, pp. 22-, 116-; nieuwe visie: <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">A. Heuß</span>, <i>Gedanken und Vermutungen zur frühen römischen Regierungsgewalt</i>, Göttingen, 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">W. Kunkel - R. Wittman</span>, <i>Staatsordnung und Staatspraxis der römischen Republik. Zweiter Abschnitt. Die Magistratur</i>, München, 1995. <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/3406338275" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3406338275</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">J. Martin</span>, Die Provokation in der klassischen und späten Republik, in <i>Hermes</i> 98 (1970), pp. 72-96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">J. Bleicken</span>, <i>Die Verfassung der Römischen Republik. Grundlagen und Entwicklung</i>, Paderborn, 1995<sup>7</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Voor een discussie over de functie van de <i>praetor maximus</i>, zie <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">T.J. Cornell</span>, <i>The Beginnings of Rome: Italy From the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (Circa 1,000 to 264 B.C.)</i>, Londen - New York, 1995, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=EAEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA227&vq=praetor+maximus&dq=The+Beginnings+of+Rome&hl=nl&source=gbs_search_s&sig=Zw-Rc2qrweuOI2kl3L0IM4C56hc">227</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=EAEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA228&vq=praetor+maximus&dq=The+Beginnings+of+Rome&hl=nl&source=gbs_search_s&sig=r0sEvz2JIuF3fd92BWNvxxM8C7o">-</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=EAEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA229&vq=praetor+maximus&dq=The+Beginnings+of+Rome&hl=nl&source=gbs_search_s&sig=qo6WYLHQFCHCupvkwn4raKhD2MA">-</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=EAEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA230&vq=praetor+maximus&dq=The+Beginnings+of+Rome&hl=nl&source=gbs_search_s&sig=nNmkKFiMZK4UdHd6xGgiQ1DBA6k">230</a> (n. 41<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=EAEOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Beginnings+of+Rome&ei=StEYSNLIC6iUyQTCmrCCDQ&hl=nl&sig=dsVkbWraCWbZ8cwmexzffVwsiwo#PPA442,M1">-47</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">W. Kunkel - R. Wittman</span>, <i>Staatsordnung und Staatspraxis der römischen Republik. Zweiter Abschnitt. Die Magistratur</i>, München, 1995, pp. 15-21; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">W.F. Jashemski</span>, <i>The Origins and History of the Proconsular and Propraetorian Imperium to 27 B.C.</i>, Chicago, 1950.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bleicken1993-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Bleicken1993_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bleicken1993_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">J. Bleicken</span>, Imperium consulare / proconsulare im Übergang von der Republik zum Prinzipat, in <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">J. Bleicken</span> (ed.), <i>Colloquium aus Anlaß des 80. Geburtstages von Alfred Heuß</i> (Frankfurter Althistorische Studien 13), Kallmünz, 1993, pp. 117-133; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">A. Giovannini</span>, <i>Consulare Imperium</i> (Schweizerische Beiträge zur Altertumswissenschaft 16), Basel, 1983. <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/3796516823" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3796516823</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">J. Bleicken</span>, <i>Zwischen Republik und Prinzipat. Zum Charakter des Zweiten Triumvirates</i>, Göttingen, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">J. Bleicken</span>, Imperium consulare / proconsulare im Übergang von der Republik zum Prinzipat, in <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">J. Bleicken</span> (ed.), <i>Colloquium aus Anlaß des 80. Geburtstages von Alfred Heuß</i> (Frankfurter Althistorische Studien 13), Kallmünz, 1993, pp. 117-133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">W. Eck - A. Caballos - F. Fernández</span> (edd.), <i>Das Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone Patre</i>, München, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">P.A. Brunt</span>, <i>Lex de imperio Vespasiani</i>, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Roman_Studies" title="The Journal of Roman Studies">JRS</a></i> 67 (1977), pp. 95-116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">W. Kunkel - R. Wittman</span>, <i>Staatsordnung und Staatspraxis der römischen Republik. Zweiter Abschnitt. Die Magistratur</i>, München, 1995, pp. 27-.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">F. De Martino</span>, <i>Storia della Costituzione romana</i>, 4.1, Napels, 1974², pp. 460-; 5, Napels, 1975², pp. 228-.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenties">Referenties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Referenties" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&action=edit&section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Referenties"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fofweb.com/Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=HLAR0199"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">L. Adkins - R.A. Adkins</span>, art. imperium and potestas, in <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">L. Adkins - R.A. Adkins</span>, <i>Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome</i>, New York, 1994.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fofweb.com/Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=ROME0805"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">M. Bunson</span>, art. imperium, in <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">M. Bunson</span>, <i>Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire</i>, New York, 1994.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fofweb.com/Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=ROME0806"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">M. Bunson</span>, art. imperium maius, in <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">M. Bunson</span>, <i>Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire</i>, New York, 1994.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fofweb.com/Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=ROME0807"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">M. Bunson</span>, art. imperium proconsularis, in <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">M. Bunson</span>, <i>Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire</i>, New York, 1994.</a></li> <li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">L. De Libero</span>, art. Imperium, in <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Neue_Pauly" title="Der Neue Pauly">NP</a></i> 5 (1998), klm. 955 - 958.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Imperium.html"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">G. Long</span>, art. Imperium, in <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">W. Smith</span> (ed.), <i>A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</i>, Londen, 1875, pp. 628‑630.</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&oldid=64241021">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(Rome)&oldid=64241021</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Romeins_leger" title="Categorie:Romeins leger">Romeins leger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Romeinse_politiek" title="Categorie:Romeinse politiek">Romeinse politiek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Romeins_recht" title="Categorie:Romeins recht">Romeins recht</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Verborgen categorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Pagina%27s_die_ISBN_magische_links_gebruiken" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Pagina's die ISBN magische links gebruiken">Wikipedia:Pagina's die ISBN magische links gebruiken</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 2 mei 2023 om 14:16.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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