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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv" class=""><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Hindi" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt" class=""><span>Skapa konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Hindi" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Utbredning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utbredning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Utbredning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Utbredning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Utbredning</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Utbredning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Område" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Område"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Område</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Område-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antal_talare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antal_talare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Antal talare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antal_talare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Historia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Före_kolonialtiden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Före_kolonialtiden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Före kolonialtiden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Före_kolonialtiden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindi_efter_1857" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindi_efter_1857"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hindi efter 1857</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindi_efter_1857-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardhindi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardhindi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Standardhindi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardhindi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skillnader_mellan_hindi_och_urdu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skillnader_mellan_hindi_och_urdu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Skillnader mellan hindi och urdu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skillnader_mellan_hindi_och_urdu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialekter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialekter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dialekter</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialekter-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Dialekter</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialekter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Västhindidialekter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Västhindidialekter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Västhindidialekter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Västhindidialekter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Östhindidialekter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Östhindidialekter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Östhindidialekter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Östhindidialekter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ljud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ljud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ljud</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ljud-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Ljud</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ljud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vokaler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vokaler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vokaler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vokaler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konsonanter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsonanter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Konsonanter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konsonanter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stavelsestruktur_och_betoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stavelsestruktur_och_betoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Stavelsestruktur och betoning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stavelsestruktur_och_betoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Grammatik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammatik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Grammatik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammatik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genus_och_numerus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genus_och_numerus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Genus och numerus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genus_och_numerus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kasus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Kasus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronomen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronomen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Pronomen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronomen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordföljd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordföljd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Ordföljd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordföljd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tempus,_aspekt_och_modus_i_verbsystemet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tempus,_aspekt_och_modus_i_verbsystemet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Tempus, aspekt och modus i verbsystemet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tempus,_aspekt_och_modus_i_verbsystemet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Källor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Källor</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hindi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 182 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-182" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">182 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Хиндубзэ – kabardinska" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хиндубзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardinska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%85%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B2" title="ህንዲ – amhariska" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ህንዲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दी भाषा – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हिन्दी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Hindisc sprǣc – fornengelska" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hindisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="fornengelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الهندية – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الهندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_hindi" title="Idioma hindi – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma hindi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="হিন্দী ভাষা – assamesiska" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হিন্দী ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_hindi" title="Idioma hindi – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma hindi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="हिन्दी – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="हिन्दी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Hindi ñe'ẽ – guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hindi ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_dili" title="Hind dili – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hind dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="هیند دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیند دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="হিন্দি ভাষা – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিন্দি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Hindia" title="Basa Hindia – banjariska" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Hindia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="banjariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-g%C3%AD" title="Hindi-gí – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hindi-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Һинд теле – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һинд теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Хіндзі – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хіндзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Гіндзі – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гіндзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिंदी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हिंदी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="རྒྱ་གར་སྐད། – tibetanska" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱ་གར་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindski_jezik" title="Hindski jezik – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hindski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindeg" title="Hindeg – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hindeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Indi" title="Pinulongang Indi – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Indi" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C5%A1tina" title="Hindština – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hindština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihindi" title="Chihindi – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chihindi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9)" title="هندية (لغة) – marockansk arabiska" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هندية (لغة)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marockansk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindigiella" title="Hindigiella – nordsamiska" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Hindigiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="nordsamiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8B%DE%A9" title="ހިންދީ – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހިންދީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Hindišćina – lågsorbiska" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Hindišćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="lågsorbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="हिन्दी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हिन्दी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_keel" title="Hindi keel – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hindi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Χίντι – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χίντι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – erjya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erjya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_hindi" title="Idioma hindi – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma hindi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindia_lingvo" title="Hindia lingvo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hindia lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زبان هندی – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان هندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Fiji-hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji-hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindy" title="Hindy – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hindy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Hiond%C3%BAis" title="An Hiondúis – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Hiondúis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindish" title="Hindish – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hindish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – skotsk gäliska" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gäliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_hindi" title="Lingua hindi – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua hindi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E" title="印地語 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="印地語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="હિંદી ભાષા – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હિંદી ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="हिंदी – Goa-konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="हिंदी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goa-konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-ng%C3%AE" title="Hindi-ngî – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hindi-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%8C%EB%94%94%EC%96%B4" title="힌디어 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="힌디어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Hindu" title="Harshen Hindu – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Hindu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_%CA%BB%C4%AAnia" title="ʻŌlelo ʻĪnia – hawaiiska" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo ʻĪnia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB" title="Հինդի – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հինդի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="हिन्दी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिन्दी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Hindišćina – högsorbiska" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hindišćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="högsorbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindski_jezik" title="Hindski jezik – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hindski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-linguo" title="Hindi-linguo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hindi-linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="হিন্দী ঠার – bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="হিন্দী ঠার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hindi" title="Bahasa Hindi – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Hindi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%A6%E1%90%83%E1%93%90%E1%91%8F" title="ᐦᐃᓐᑏ – inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐦᐃᓐᑏ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – ossetiska" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C3%AD" title="Hindí – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hindí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_hind%C4%AB" title="Lingua hindī – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua hindī" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="הינדי – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הינדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Hindi" title="Basa Hindi – javanesiska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Hindi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Hindi kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hindi kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಹಿಂದಿ ಭಾಷೆ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಂದಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჰინდი ენა – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰინდი ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%90%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہِندی زَبان – kashmiriska" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہِندی زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihindi" title="Kihindi – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kihindi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – kome" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="kome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihindi" title="Kihindi – kikongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kihindi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kikongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_hind%C3%AE" title="Zimanê hindî – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê hindî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Хинди тили – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хинди тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_indiana" title="Lingua indiana – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua indiana" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Hindica" title="Lingua Hindica – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Hindica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – luxemburgiska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_hindi" title="Lengua hindi – liguriska" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua hindi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – limburgiska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_hindi" title="Lengua hindi – lombardiska" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua hindi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_nyelv" title="Hindi nyelv – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hindi nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दी भाषा – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हिन्दी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_hind%E1%BB%B3" title="Fiteny hindỳ – malagassiska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny hindỳ" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF" title="ഹിന്ദി – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിന്ദി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_H%C4%ABni" title="Reo Hīni – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Hīni" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिंदी भाषा – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिंदी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჰინდი ნინა – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰინდი ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="هندى – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="هندی زوون – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هندی زوون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hindi" title="Bahasa Hindi – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Hindi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯍꯤꯟꯗꯤ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯤꯟꯗꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хинди хэл – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хинди хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဟင်ဒီဘာသာစကား – burmesiska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟင်ဒီဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दी भाषा – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिन्दी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दी भाषा – newariska" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हिन्दी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="ヒンディー語 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒンディー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindjan" title="Hindjan – napolitanska" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Hindjan" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="ХӀинди мотт – tjetjenska" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ХӀинди мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tjetjenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – nordfrisiska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indi_(lenga)" title="Indi (lenga) – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Indi (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%80" title="ହିନ୍ଦୀ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହିନ୍ଦୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_tili" title="Hind tili – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hind tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਹਿੰਦੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿੰਦੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ہندی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہندی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="هندي – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هندي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indii" title="Indii – jamaikansk engelsk kreol" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Indii" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamaikansk engelsk kreol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8" title="ភាសាហិណ្ឌី – kambodjanska" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាហិណ្ឌី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="kambodjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – pikardiska" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_hindi" title="Lenga hindi – piemontesiska" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga hindi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – lågtyska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_hindi" title="Język hindi – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język hindi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_hindi" title="Língua hindi – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua hindi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_tili" title="Hindi tili – krimtatariska" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Hindi tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimtatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_(Sprooch)" title="Hindi (Sprooch) – kölniska" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Hindi (Sprooch)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_hindi" title="Limba hindi – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba hindi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinri_simi" title="Hinri simi – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hinri simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Гінді – rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гінді" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – jakutiska" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="हिन्दी – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हिन्दी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ہندی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ہندی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – skotska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="හින්දි භාෂාව – singalesiska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හින්දි භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="ھندي – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھندي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C4%8Dina" title="Hindčina – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hindčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindij%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Hindijščina – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hindijščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زمانی ھیندی – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ھیندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Хинди (језик) – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хинди (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindski_jezik" title="Hindski jezik – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hindski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Hindi" title="Wikang Hindi – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Hindi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="இந்தி – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_tele" title="Hind tele – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Hind tele" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%80" title="హిందీ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హిందీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษาฮินดี – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาฮินดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Забони ҳиндӣ – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони ҳиндӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಹಿಂದಿ ಬಾಸೆ – tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಹಿಂದಿ ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hint%C3%A7e" title="Hintçe – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hintçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Гінді – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гінді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہندی زبان – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہندی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ھىندى تىلى – uiguriska" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھىندى تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahyindi" title="Vahyindi – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vahyindi" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Hindi" title="Tiếng Hindi – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Hindi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindiy" title="Hindiy – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hindiy" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E" title="印地語 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="印地語" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_H%C3%ADnd%C3%AC" title="Èdè Híndì – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Híndì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%87" title="印地文 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="印地文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindki" title="Hindki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hindki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – samogitiska" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="印地语 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印地语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hindi" title="Bahasa Hindi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Hindi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_zyvon" title="Hindi zyvon – talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Hindi zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1568#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Hindi" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ändra språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">svenska</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visningar"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hindi"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=history" title="Tidigare versioner av sidan [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktyg" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktyg</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Fler alternativ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Åtgärder </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hindi"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=history"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allmänt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:L%C3%A4nkar_hit/Hindi" title="Lista över alla wikisidor som länkar hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sidor som länkar hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_relaterade_%C3%A4ndringar/Hindi" rel="nofollow" title="Visa senaste ändringarna av sidor som den här sidan länkar till [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterade ändringar</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Specialsidor" title="Lista över alla specialsidor [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Specialsidor</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&oldid=54238233" title="Permanent länk till den här versionen av sidan"><span>Permanent länk</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=info" title="Mer information om denna sida"><span>Sidinformation</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citera&page=Hindi&id=54238233&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information om hur den här artikeln kan användas som referens"><span>Använd som referens</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHindi"><span>Hämta förkortad url</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHindi"><span>Ladda ner QR-kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut/exportera </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Bok&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Hindi"><span>Skapa en bok</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hindi&action=show-download-screen"><span>Ladda ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvänlig version av den här sidan [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvänlig version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andra projekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hindi_language" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1568" title="Länk till anslutet databasobjekt [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-objekt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r53696904">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em;padding:.2em;float:right;clear:right;width:22em;text-align:left;font-size:88%;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th{border:0;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography{border:1px solid #ccd2d9;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:3px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; font-size:130%;background:#c9ffd9;">Hindi</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%;background:#c9ffd9;"><a href="https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:हिन्दी">हिन्दी</a><br /><i>Hindī</i></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Talas i</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordindien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nordindien [inte skriven än]">Nordindien</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Region</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Sydasien" title="Sydasien">Sydasien</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Antal talare</th><td class="" style="">260 miljoner (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />120 miljoner (<a href="/wiki/Andraspr%C3%A5k" title="Andraspråk">andraspråk</a>, 1999)</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Status</th><td class="" style="">Världsspråk</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Språkfamilj</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Indoeuropeiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoeuropeiska språk">Indoeuropeiska</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indoiranska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoiranska språk">Indoiranska</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indoariska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoariska språk">Indoariska</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_zon_(Hindi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central zon (Hindi) [inte skriven än]">Central zon (Hindi)</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4sthindi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Västhindi [inte skriven än]">Västhindi</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani">Hindustani</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khariboli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khariboli [inte skriven än]">Khariboli</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Hindi</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><div style="white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Skriftsystem" title="Skriftsystem">Skriftsystem</a></div></div></th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" title="Devanāgarī">Devanāgarī</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#c9ffd9;">Officiell status</th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Officiellt språk i</th><td class="" style=""><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien"><img alt="Indien" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a></div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanerna_och_Nikobarerna" title="Andamanerna och Nikobarerna">Andamanerna och Nikobarerna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_och_Nagar_Haveli" title="Dadra och Nagar Haveli">Dadra och Nagar Haveli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_och_Diu" title="Daman och Diu">Daman och Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li></ul></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Språkmyndighet</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Hindi_Directorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Hindi Directorate [inte skriven än]">Central Hindi Directorate</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#c9ffd9;">Språkkoder</th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>‐1</th><td class="" style=""><kbd><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=hi">hi</a></span></kbd></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>‐2</th><td class="" style=""><kbd><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=188">hin</a></span></kbd></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>‐3</th><td class="" style=""><kbd><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hin" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hin">hin</a></kbd></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Hindustani_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hindustani_map.png/220px-Hindustani_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hindustani_map.png/330px-Hindustani_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hindustani_map.png/440px-Hindustani_map.png 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="814" /></a></span> <div style="text-align:center;">Områden (rött) där <a href="/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani">hindustani</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khariboli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khariboli [inte skriven än]">khariboli</a>/kauravi) är modersmål, jämfört med alla <a href="/wiki/Indoariska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoariska språk">indoariska språk</a> (mörkgrått)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hindi</b> (hindi: <span lang="hi">हिन्दी</span>, ibland <span lang="hi">हिंदी</span>) är det mest talade <a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5k" title="Språk">språket</a> i <a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a> och därmed ett av <a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_v%C3%A4rldens_st%C3%B6rsta_spr%C3%A5k_efter_antal_talare" title="Lista över världens största språk efter antal talare">världens största språk</a>. Hindi talas mestadels i norra och centrala Indien. Det är det viktigaste <a href="/wiki/Officiellt_spr%C3%A5k" title="Officiellt språk">officiella språket</a>. Hindi utgör del av ett <a href="/wiki/Dialektkontinuum" title="Dialektkontinuum">dialektkontinuum</a> inom de <a href="/wiki/Indoariska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoariska språk">indoariska språken</a>, avgränsat i nordväst och väst av <a href="/wiki/Punjabi" title="Punjabi">punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi" title="Sindhi">sindhi</a> och <a href="/wiki/Gujarati" title="Gujarati">gujarati</a>, i söder av <a href="/wiki/Marathi" title="Marathi">marathi</a>, i sydöst av <a href="/wiki/Oriya" title="Oriya">oriya</a>, i öster av <a href="/wiki/Bengali" title="Bengali">bengali</a> och i norr av <a href="/wiki/Nepali" title="Nepali">nepali</a>. </p><p>Hindi syftar också på en standardiserad stilart av <a href="/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani">hindustani</a>, benämnd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khari_boli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khari boli [inte skriven än]">Khari boli</a>, som uppstod som standarddialekten av hindi. </p><p>Hindi kontrasteras ofta med <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">urdu</a>, en annan standardiserad form av hindustani som är det officiella språket i <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. De huvudsakliga skillnaderna mellan dessa två är att standardhindi skrivs med <a href="/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" title="Devanāgarī">devanāgarī</a> och har tagit upp ord från <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">sanskrit</a> i sitt ordförråd, medan urdu skrivs med en variant av det <a href="/wiki/Persiska#Det_persisk-arabiska_alfabetet" title="Persiska">arabiska alfabetet</a>, och har hämtat en del lånord från persiska och punjabi. Bortsett från dessa skillnader, dock, brukar lingvister räkna hindi och urdu som samma språk. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utbredning">Utbredning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Utbredning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Utbredning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Område"><span id="Omr.C3.A5de"></span>Område</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Område" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Område"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hindi är det största språket i <a href="/wiki/Indiens_administrativa_indelningar" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiens administrativa indelningar">staterna och unionsterritorierna</a> <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> och <a href="/wiki/Chattisgarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattisgarh">Chattisgarh</a>. Utanför dessa områden talas hindi i stor utsträckning i städer som <a href="/wiki/Bombay" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> och <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, som alla har egna inhemska språk men som har stora befolkningsgrupper från andra delar av Indien. </p><p>Lokala varieteter av hindi räknas som minoritetsspråk i flera länder, däribland <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surinam" title="Surinam">Surinam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydafrika" title="Sydafrika">Sydafrika</a> och <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_och_Tobago" title="Trinidad och Tobago">Trinidad och Tobago</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antal_talare">Antal talare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Antal talare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Antal talare"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hindi är ett av de största språken i världen, på grund av Indiens stora befolkning. Enligt Indiens folkräkning från 1991<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (som innefattar alla hindidialekter, däribland sådana som kan anses vara särskilda språk av språkforskare, till exempel <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri" title="Bhojpuri">bhojpuri</a>), är hindi modersmål för omkring 337 miljoner indier, eller omkring 40 % av Indiens dåvarande befolkning. Enligt <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL Internationals</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uppfattar omkring 180 miljoner människor i Indien standardhindi (<i>Khari Boli</i>) som sitt modersmål. Utanför Indien utgör hinditalare omkring 8 miljoner personer i <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, 890 000 i Sydafrika, 685 000 i <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, 317 000 i <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 233 000 i <a href="/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen">Jemen</a>, 147 000 i <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, 30 000 i <a href="/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland">Tyskland</a>, 20 000 i <a href="/wiki/Nya_Zeeland" title="Nya Zeeland">Nya Zeeland</a> och 5000 i <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. Även <a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">Storbritannien</a> och <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6renade_Arabemiraten" class="mw-redirect" title="Förenade Arabemiraten">Förenade Arabemiraten</a> har betydande grupper hinditalare. Enligt <i>SIL ethnologue</i> (data för 1999) är hindi/urdu det femte mest talade språket i världen. Enligt <i>Comerie</i> (data för 1998) är hindi-urdu det näst mest talade språket i världen, med 330 miljoner modersmålstalare. </p><p>På grund av hindis nära likhet med urdu kan talare av de två språken vanligen förstå varandra, om båda sidor avstår från att använda specialiserat ordförråd. Urdu har lånord från persiska, turkiska och arabiska. Hindi har lånord från sanskrit. Språkforskare räknar dessa språk som delar av samma språkliga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diasystem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diasystem [inte skriven än]">diasystem</a>. Hindi och urdu är dock sociopolitiskt olika, och personer som beskriver sig själva som urdutalande skulle ifrågasätta att bli räknade som modersmålstalare av hindi och vice versa. </p><p>I vissa fall kan de båda ha svårt att förstå varandra. Till exempel kan inte Pakistans nationalsång förstås av indier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historia"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Före_kolonialtiden"><span id="F.C3.B6re_kolonialtiden"></span>Före kolonialtiden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Före kolonialtiden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Före kolonialtiden"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hindi utvecklades från <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">sanskrit</a>, via de <a href="/wiki/Medelindoariska" class="mw-redirect" title="Medelindoariska">medelindoariska</a> <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">prakritspråken</a> och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apabhramsha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apabhramsha [inte skriven än]">Apabhramsha</a> under <a href="/wiki/Medeltiden" title="Medeltiden">medeltiden</a>. Det finns ingen konsensus om någon bestämd tidpunkt då de moderna nordindiska språken som hindi framträdde, men cirka år 1000 e.Kr. är vanligen accepterad.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Över nästan tusen år av muslimskt inflytande, som då muslimska härskare styrde över stora delar av norra Indien under <a href="/wiki/Mogulriket" title="Mogulriket">Mogulriket</a>, upptog hindi många persiska och arabiska lånord. </p><p>Då <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">muslimerna</a> från början av <a href="/wiki/700-talet" title="700-talet">700-talet</a> fattade fast fot i Indien, blev <a href="/wiki/Persiska" title="Persiska">persiskan</a> deras officiella språk. Den inhemska indiska <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">prakritdialekten</a>, bhakha ("landsmålet"), påverkades, i synnerhet i städerna, av persiskan. </p><p>På <a href="/wiki/1400-talet" title="1400-talet">1400-talet</a> inträngde <a href="/wiki/Mongolerna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolerna">mongolerna</a> i Indien, och <a href="/wiki/1526" title="1526">1526</a> grundlades deras välde definitivt av sultan <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a>. Från denna tid räknar man, att det indiska landsmålet gradvis undanträngde persiskan och blev det rådande språket inom de härskande (muslimska) klasserna. Detta hade emellertid själv blivit så starkt påverkat av persiskan och därigenom även av <a href="/wiki/Arabiska" title="Arabiska">arabiskan</a>, att det framträdde som ett nytt indomuslimskt språk och fick efter det kejserliga hovet eller "lägret" (<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">urdu</a>), varifrån det framgått, namn avseban-i-urdu, "lägerspråket", eller helt enkelt urdu. Men bland den stora massan av <a href="/wiki/Befolkning" title="Befolkning">befolkningen</a> och i de bildade kretsar, som höll sig främmande för muslimskt inflytande, bibehöll sig det indiska landsmålet, nu kallat hindi, renare och utvecklade sig, om än ej i samma grad som det förnämare urdu. Sålunda uppstod två riktningar inom samma språks utveckling, och denna skillnad har fortgått ända till våra dagar.<sup id="cite_ref-Ugglan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ugglan-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Hindi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Hindi.svg/250px-Hindi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Hindi.svg/375px-Hindi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Hindi.svg/500px-Hindi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption><i>Hindi</i> skrivet med <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari">devanagari</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindi_efter_1857">Hindi efter 1857</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Hindi efter 1857" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Hindi efter 1857"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ända till tiden för det stora <a href="/wiki/Sepoyupproret" title="Sepoyupproret">indiska upproret</a> (<a href="/wiki/1857" title="1857">1857</a>) var urdu i alla avseenden (språkets tidiga utbildning och elegans, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rfattare" title="Författare">författarnas</a> talrikhet, de litterära alstrens betydenhet och spridning) sin rival avgjort överlägset, men från denna tid har en strid pågått för att rena det ursprungliga hindi, khari boli, "det rena språket", från alla främmande tillsatser och ersätta de persiska lånorden med sanskritiska. Fastän denna purism ofta gått mycket långt, då de oförmedlat upptagna sanskritorden är för den stora massan av befolkningen mera obegripliga än de sedan århundraden gängse persiska orden, så har dock både den allmänna meningen och de administrativa myndigheterna understött detta <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationella</a> strävande. <a href="/wiki/Brittiska_Indien" title="Brittiska Indien">Britterna</a> medverkade förut på allt sätt till att i de nya provinserna urdu trädde i stället för persiskan, som var de inhemska hovens, diplomatins och det finare umgängets språk, liksom det ännu i dag bland muslimer från alla delar av Indien spelar samma roll som <a href="/wiki/Franska" title="Franska">franskan</a> i <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardhindi">Standardhindi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Standardhindi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Standardhindi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Efter Indiens självständighet arbetade Indiens regering på att standardisera hindi, och införde de följande förändringarna: </p> <ul><li>standardisering av hindis grammatik: 1954 upprättade regeringen en kommitté för att utarbeta en hindigrammatik. Kommitténs rapport publicerades 1958 som "A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi"</li> <li>standardisering av hindis stavning</li> <li>standardisering <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari">devanagariskriften</a> av utbildnings- och kulturministeriets centrala hindidirektorat för att åstadkomma enhetlighet i skrift och förbättra utformningen av vissa devanagaritecken.</li> <li>vetenskaplig metod att transkribera devanagariskriften</li> <li>införande av <a href="/wiki/Diakritiska_tecken" class="mw-redirect" title="Diakritiska tecken">diakritiska tecken</a> för att uttrycka ljud från andra språk.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skillnader_mellan_hindi_och_urdu">Skillnader mellan hindi och urdu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Skillnader mellan hindi och urdu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Skillnader mellan hindi och urdu"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r51224235">.mw-parser-output table.ambox{margin:0 10%;border-collapse:collapse;background:#fbfbfb;border:1px solid #aaa;border-left:10px solid #608ec2}.mw-parser-output table.ambox th.ambox-text,.mw-parser-output table.ambox td.ambox-text{padding:.25em .5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.ambox td.ambox-image{padding:2px 0 2px .5em;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.ambox td.ambox-imageright{padding:2px 4px 2px 0;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #608ec2}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-delete,.mw-parser-output table.ambox-serious{border-left:10px solid #b22222}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #f4c430}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-merge{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox{border-top-width:0}.mw-parser-output .messagebox{border:1px solid #aaaaaa;background-color:#f8f9fa;width:80%;margin:0 auto 1em auto;padding:.2em}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.merge{border:1px solid #c0b8cc;background-color:#f0e5ff;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.cleanup{border:1px solid #9f9fff;background-color:#efefff;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.standard-talk{border:1px solid #c0c090;background-color:#f8eaba}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.nested-talk{border:1px solid #c0c090;background-color:#f8eaba;width:100%;margin:2px 4px}</style><table class="metadata ambox ambox-content" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="ambox-image"> <div style="width:52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Commons-emblem-issue.svg/40px-Commons-emblem-issue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Commons-emblem-issue.svg/60px-Commons-emblem-issue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Commons-emblem-issue.svg/80px-Commons-emblem-issue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td> <td class="ambox-text">Den här sidan eller avsnittet <b>innehåller <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifierbarhet" title="Wikipedia:Verifierbarhet">ifrågasatta faktauppgifter</a></b>. <small>(2023-03)</small> <br />Motivering: <i>Texten i detta avsnitt är motsägelsefull och förmodligen delvis felaktig, se diskussion</i><br /><small>Hjälp gärna Wikipedia med att <b><a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit">åtgärda problemet</a></b> om du kan, eller diskutera saken på <a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Hindi" title="Diskussion:Hindi">diskussionssidan</a>.</small></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Termen urdu uppkom 1645. Till dess, och även efter 1645, användes termen hindi (som bokstavligen betyder språket i Hind, det vill säga Indien) eller <a href="/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani">hindustani</a> i allmän betydelse för dialekterna i nordvästra Indien. </p><p>Efter <a href="/wiki/Ghaznaviderna" title="Ghaznaviderna">ghaznavidernas</a> erövring av Sydasien där man talade dialekten <i>khari boli</i> kom språket att influeras av andra dialekter från den norra delen av den indiska subkontinenten och det kom en massiv tillströmning från de <a href="/wiki/Persiska" title="Persiska">persiska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkiska" title="Turkiska">turkiska</a> och <a href="/wiki/Arabiska" title="Arabiska">arabiska</a> ordförråden, samt meningar och ordbildningar från dessa språk. Språket kom att kallas <i>Zaban-e-Urdu-e-Mualla</i>, senare urdu. Inom rättsväsendet använder man persiska ännu idag i Pakistan. Språket växte när persisk- och turkisktalande soldater beblandades med ursprungsbefolkningen.<sup id="cite_ref-Urdu-Persian-Hindi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urdu-Persian-Hindi-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lånorden inom urdu består av 70 procent persiska ord. Resten av dem är en blandning av arabiska och turkiska ord. Men det finns också spår av franska, portugisiska och nederländska i urdu.<sup id="cite_ref-urdu11_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urdu11-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Språket har berikats till största delen genom <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A5nord" title="Lånord">lånord</a> från <a href="/wiki/Persiska" title="Persiska">persiska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">dari</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-iranian1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranian1-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tadzjikiska" title="Tadzjikiska">tadzjikiska</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-books826_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books826-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabiska" title="Arabiska">arabiska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkiska" title="Turkiska">turkiska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grekiska" title="Grekiska">grekiska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arameiska" title="Arameiska">arameiska</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-books353_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books353-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baluchiska" title="Baluchiska">baluchiska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdiska" title="Kurdiska">kurdiska</a><sup id="cite_ref-ummah5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ummah5-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och <a href="/wiki/Armeniska" title="Armeniska">armeniska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loan1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loan1-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det finns också en hel del lånord från chagatai (<a href="/wiki/Tjagataiska" title="Tjagataiska">tjagataiska</a>), <a href="/wiki/Portugisiska" title="Portugisiska">portugisiska</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Portuguese_loanwords_in_Urdu_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portuguese_loanwords_in_Urdu-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grekiska" title="Grekiska">grekiska</a>, och på senare tid <a href="/wiki/Engelska" title="Engelska">engelska</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grekiskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Grekiskan">Grekiskan</a> har influerat många språk i Pakistan under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_den_store" title="Alexander den store">Alexander den stores</a> tid, urdu är bland de språken.<sup id="cite_ref-academia1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia1-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dienekes1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dienekes1-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Även om urdu består av 70% persiska, så har även turkiska haft kraftigt påverkan på urdu även det.<sup id="cite_ref-urdu11_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urdu11-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urdu har sedan början nära koppling till persiska och dari när det gäller litteratur och poesi. Dessa språk kan förstås av varandra och kallas för Rekhta (Rekhti) i poesins värld. Persiska talades i nuvarande Pakistan i flera sekler och hade hög status. Det var erkänt officiellt språk av landets befolkning. Både innan och efter Islam nådde riket. Ända tills Pakistan bildades och britterna gav urdu (med engelskan) status som officiellt språk av landet. Därav är det bara 7 procent av landets befolkning som har urdu som modersmål.<sup id="cite_ref-oocities1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oocities1-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eftersom det bor olika folkslag och att det talas olika språk i Pakistan, så kommunicerar man genom urdu nu istället för persiska och dari. I <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> talar 7 procent av befolkningen urdu.<sup id="cite_ref-asia06_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asia06-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urdu talas även i <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6renade_Arabemiraten" class="mw-redirect" title="Förenade Arabemiraten">Förenade Arabemiraten</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-oasis1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oasis1-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-map1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map1-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-prof1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prof1-21"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-omanhist_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omanhist-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I vissa fall klassas urdu bland <a href="/wiki/Iranska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Iranska språk">Iranska språk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iran12_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iran12-23"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urdu har sina rötter från persiska, turkiska och arabiska. Urdu skrivs med persisk-arabiska alfabetet. Hindi har sina rötter från sanskrit och skrivs med devangari. Därför är de två helt olika språk. </p><p>Det finns två grundläggande skillnader mellan standardurdu och standardhindi som gör att de bedöms som två olika språk: </p> <ul><li>källan till inlånat ordförråd (persiska och arabiska för urdu och sanskrit för hindi), och</li> <li>det skriftsystem som används för att skriva dem (en variant av det persisk-arabiska alfabetet för urdu och en variant av devanagari för hindi).</li></ul> <p>I vardagligt tal och lingvistiskt sett är åtskillnaden mellan urdu och hindi i det närmaste meningslös. Detta är fallet i en stor del av norra delen av Indiska halvön, i de fall varken lärt ordförråd eller skrift används. Utanför Delhidialektens område kan ordet <i>hindi</i> syfta på den lokala dialekten, som kan skilja sig mycket från både hindi och urdu. </p><p>Ordet <i>hindi</i> används på många olika sätt, och sammanblandning av dessa är en av de huvudsakliga orsakerna till att urdus identitet är omstridd. Några användningar av ordet är: </p> <ol><li>standardiserad hindi som den lärs ut i skolor runtom i Indien,</li> <li>formell eller officiell hindi som det förespråkades av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Purushottam_Das_Tandon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purushottam Das Tandon [inte skriven än]">Purushottam Das Tandon</a> och inrättades av Indiens regering efter självständigheten, med stark påverkan av sanskrit,</li> <li>de talade dialekterna av hindustani/hindi-urdu som de talas i stora delar av Indien och Pakistan,</li> <li>den neutraliserade form av språket som används i TV och filmer, eller</li> <li>den mer formella neutraliserade form av språket som används i nyhetssändningar och tryckta nyhetstexter.</li></ol> <p><i>Hindi</i> används ofta som samlande begrepp för de språkvarieteter i det nordindiska dialektkontinuumet som inte är erkända som särskilda språk skilda från språket i Delhiområdet. Rajasthani, bihari och chhatisgarhi räknas ibland som egna språk, men anses ofta vara dialekter av hindi. Många andra lokala språkvarieteter, såsom bhilispråken, som inte har någon distinkt identitet definierad av en etablerad litterär tradition, bedöms ofta som dialekter av hindi. Gränserna för <i>hindi</i> har alltså inte mycket att göra med ömsesidig förståelse, utan beror i stället på sociala uppfattningar om vad som utgör ett språk. </p><p>Den andra användningen av ordet <i>hindi</i> är som beteckning för standardhindi, <i>khari boli</i>-stilarten av Delhidialekten av hindi (hindustani) med dess direkta lånord från sanskrit. Standardurdu är också en standardiserad form av hindustani. Ett sådant förhållande, med två standardiserade varianter av vad som i stort sett är ett språk kallas ett <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diasystem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diasystem [inte skriven än]">diasystem</a>. </p><p>Urdu kallades tidigare <i>Zabān-e-Urdū-e-Mu’allah</i>, bokstavligen "Lägrets sköna språk". Tidigare användes termerna hindi och urdu omväxlande även av urdupoeter som Mir och <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghalib" title="Mirza Ghalib">Mirza Ghalib</a> under början 1800-talet. </p><p>En skillnad mellan de bägge språkriktningarna är deras olika <a href="/wiki/Prosodi" title="Prosodi">prosodi</a>: hindis är liksom sanskrits byggd på hemistika med lika' många stavelser (vritta), men har dock även upptagit <a href="/wiki/Rim" title="Rim">rimmet</a> (tuk); urdu har däremot upptagit och lyckats på hindi tillämpa nästan alla de talrika arabiska på <a href="/wiki/Rytm" title="Rytm">rytm</a> och rim byggda <a href="/wiki/Versm%C3%A5tt" title="Versmått">versmåtten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ugglan_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ugglan-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialekter">Dialekter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Dialekter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Dialekter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hindi i den bredare bemärkelsen (tidigare benämnt "hindustani", numera ofta kallat "hindi-urdu") är ett <a href="/wiki/Dialektkontinuum" title="Dialektkontinuum">dialektkontinuum</a> utan klara gränser. Till exempel anses både <a href="/wiki/Nepali" title="Nepali">nepali</a> och <a href="/wiki/Punjabi" title="Punjabi">punjabi</a> ibland vara hindi (grundat på den höga nivån av ömsesidig förståelighet), men de anses oftare vara särskilda språk. Hindi indelas ofta i <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4sthindi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Västhindi [inte skriven än]">västhindi</a> och <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96sthindi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Östhindi [inte skriven än]">östhindi</a>, och dessa har i sin tur vidare indelningar. Det följande är en lista över viktigare hindidialekter. <b>Fetstil</b> anger dem som klassificeras som särskilda språk av vissa forskare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Västhindidialekter"><span id="V.C3.A4sthindidialekter"></span>Västhindidialekter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Västhindidialekter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Västhindidialekter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khariboli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khariboli [inte skriven än]">Khariboli</a> eller <i>sarhindi</i>, som talas i västra <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> och <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhiområdet</a>, är den dialekt som bildar grunden för standardhindi. Den förstås och talas över hela Indiska halvön, från Afghanistan (urdu), vid gränserna till Iran (urdu), till Burmas gränser, och är förstådd i Sri Lanka i söder. Den är Indiska halvöns <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i>, oberoende av politiska gränser eller officiella politiska beslut. Denna dialekt, som har många lånord från sanskrit, används i hindispråkig radio och nyheter.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajasthani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajasthani [inte skriven än]">Rajasthani</a></b>, som mestadels talas i delstaten <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, består av flera nämnvärda underdialekter: <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Marwari_(spr%C3%A5k)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marwari (språk)">Marwari</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagri [inte skriven än]">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mewati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mewati [inte skriven än]">Mewati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mewari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mewari [inte skriven än]">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhundhari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhundhari [inte skriven än]">Dhundhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati" title="Shekhawati">Shekhawati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braj_Bhasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braj Bhasha [inte skriven än]">Braj Bhasha</a>, i ett vagt definierat område i nordcentrala Indien med centrukm i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathua [inte skriven än]">Mathua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundeli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundeli [inte skriven än]">Bundeli</a>, som mestadels talas i <a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundelkhandområdet</a> och <a href="/wiki/Jhansi" title="Jhansi">Jhansidistriktet</a> i Uttar Pradesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariyanvi" title="Hariyanvi">Hariyanvi</a>, <i>bangaru</i> eller <i>jatu</i>, som främst talas i delstaten <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanauji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanauji [inte skriven än]">Kanauji</a>, som främst talas i <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> i Uttar Pradesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambaiya_hindi" title="Bambaiya hindi">Bambaiya hindi</a>, dialekten i staden <a href="/wiki/Bombay" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> (Mumbai), är grunden för språket i många populära <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood">Bollywoodfilmer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Östhindidialekter"><span id=".C3.96sthindidialekter"></span>Östhindidialekter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Östhindidialekter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Östhindidialekter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="font-style:italic; ;"> <dl><dd>Se även: <a href="/wiki/Bihari" title="Bihari">Bihari</a></dd></dl></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purabia [inte skriven än]">Purabia</a></b>, den östhindidialekt som har sitt centrum i den <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">hinduiska</a> heliga staden <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> i Uttar Pradesh, har starkt inflytande på det sanskritiserade lärda ordförrådet i standardhindi.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi" title="Chhattisgarhi">Chhattisgarhi</a></b> (ibland stavat "Chattisgarhi" och även känt som lahariya eller khalwahi), som främst talas i den nyligen bildade delstaten <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagheli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagheli [inte skriven än]">Bagheli</a> (eller baghelkhandi), som främst talas i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghelkhand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baghelkhand [inte skriven än]">Baghelkhandområdet</a> i delstaten <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Awadhi" title="Awadhi">Awadhi</a></b>, som främst talas i centrala Uttar Pradesh, det område som tidigare utgjorde kungariket <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a> eller "<b>Oudh</b>" <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fijiansk_hindustani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fijiansk hindustani [inte skriven än]">Fijiansk hindustani</a>, en form av awadhi som talas av <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">fijianer</a> av indisk härkomst</li></ul></li> <li><b>Bihari</b>, som främst talas i delstaten <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, är i sin tur indelad i flera huvudsakliga dialekter: <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angika [inte skriven än]">Angika</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri" title="Bhojpuri">Bhojpuri</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarnami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarnami [inte skriven än]">Sarnami</a> - en form av bhojpuri med inflytande från awadhi, som talas av <a href="/wiki/Surinam" title="Surinam">surinamier</a> av indisk härkomst</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maithili" title="Maithili">Maithili</a></b>, nu ett officiellt språk i Bihar</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Magahi" title="Magahi">Magahi</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajjika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vajjika [inte skriven än]">Vajjika</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Dessa dialekter uppvisar en mångfald influenser, däribland från de angränsande <a href="/wiki/Iranska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Iranska språk">iranska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravidiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Dravidiska språk">dravidiska</a> och <a href="/wiki/Tibetoburmanska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Tibetoburmanska språk">tibetoburmanska språken</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ljud">Ljud</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Ljud" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Ljud"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hindi skrivs med <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari">devanagari</a>-alfabetet som även används för <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">sanskrit</a>. Detta alfabet kan transkriberas på olika sätt; det vanligaste kanske är <a href="/wiki/IAST" title="IAST">IAST</a> (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration), ett system som är avsett för att transkribera sanskrit men som alltså även används för hindi. Några av IAST-symbolerna har ett lite annorlunda ljudvärde i sanskrit; i denna artikel beskrivs hindiuttalet.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vokaler">Vokaler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitt: Vokaler" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Vokaler"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hindi har följande vokalfonem: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>IAST</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Internationella_fonetiska_alfabetet" title="Internationella fonetiska alfabetet">IPA</a></th> <th>beskrivning </th></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>ə</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schwa" title="Schwa">Schwa</a> (ö-liknande vokalmummel. Uttalas i hindi ofta svagt eller inte alls.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>ɑː</td> <td>Långt a-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>Kort i-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td>iː</td> <td>Långt i-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>Kort o-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>Långt o-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ṛ</td> <td>ɻˌ</td> <td>Som engelskt <i>r</i>, men stavelsebildande. </td></tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td>eː</td> <td>Långt e-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ai</td> <td>æː</td> <td>Långt ä-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>o</td> <td>οː</td> <td>Långt slutet å-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>au</td> <td>ɔː</td> <td>Långt öppet å-ljud. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konsonanter">Konsonanter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitt: Konsonanter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Konsonanter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hindi, liksom sanskrit och många andra indiska språk, är lite speciellt därigenom att man skiljer på både tonande/tonlösa och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oaspirerade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oaspirerade [inte skriven än]">oaspirerade</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aspirerade" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirerade">aspirerade</a> <a href="/wiki/Klusiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Klusiler">klusiler</a>. Av exempelvis bilabiala klusiler finns alltså både p, ph, b och bh. Ett annat typiskt indiskt drag är att man har en särskild uppsättning <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retroflexa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retroflexa [inte skriven än]">retroflexa</a> konsonanter som uttalas med tungspetsen böjd uppåt mot gommen, och dessa konsonanter ska skiljas från de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dentala [inte skriven än]">dentala</a> som är ganska lika men som liksom på svenska uttalas med tungspetsen mot framtändernas baksida. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>IAST</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Internationella_fonetiska_alfabetet" title="Internationella fonetiska alfabetet">IPA</a></th> <th>beskrivning </th></tr> <tr> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>Oaspirerat k-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>kh</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">k<sup>h</sup></span></td> <td>Aspirerat k-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>Oaspirerat g-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>gh</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">g<sup>ɦ</sup></span></td> <td>Aspirerat g-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ṅ</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ŋə</span></td> <td>Äng-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>c</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">tʃ</span></td> <td>Oaspirerat palatalt t-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ch</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">tʃ<sup>h</sup></span></td> <td>Aspirerat palatalt t-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>j</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">dʒ</span></td> <td>Oaspirerat palatalt d-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>jh</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">dʒ<sup>ɦ</sup></span></td> <td>Aspirerat palatalt d-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ñ</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ɲ</span></td> <td>Palatalt n-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ṭ</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ʈ</span></td> <td>Oaspirerat retroflext t-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ṭh</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ʈ<sup>h</sup></span></td> <td>Aspirerat retroflext t-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ḍ</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ɖ</span></td> <td>Oaspirerat retroflext d-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ḍh</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ɖ<sup>ɦ</sup></span></td> <td>Aspirerat retroflext d-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ṇ</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ɳ</span></td> <td>Retroflext n-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>t</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">t</span></td> <td>Oaspirerat t-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>th</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">t<sup>h</sup></span></td> <td>Aspirerat t-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>Oaspirerat d-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>dh</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">d<sup>ɦ</sup></span></td> <td>Aspirerat d-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>N-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>Oaspirerat p-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ph</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">p<sup>h</sup></span></td> <td>Aspirerat p-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>Oaspirerat b-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>bh</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">b<sup>ɦ</sup></span></td> <td>Aspirerat b-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>M-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>y</td> <td>j</td> <td>J-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td>Drillande r-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>L-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>v</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ʋ</span></td> <td>Mellanting mellan <i>v</i> och <i>w</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ś</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ʃ</span></td> <td>Tje-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ṣ</td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ʂ</span></td> <td>Sje-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>S-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>H-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ṃ</td> <td></td> <td>Stumt, men anger att föregående vokal nasaleras. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ḥ</td> <td>h</td> <td>Bakre h-ljud i slutet av ord. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>I lånord från persiska, arabiska och andra språk förekommer dessutom följande konsonanter: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>IAST</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Internationella_fonetiska_alfabetet" title="Internationella fonetiska alfabetet">IPA</a></th> <th>beskrivning </th></tr> <tr> <td>q</td> <td>q</td> <td>Tonlös uvular klusil. </td></tr> <tr> <td>kh</td> <td>χə eller xə</td> <td>Tonlös velar frikativa. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ġ</td> <td>ʁə eller ɤə</td> <td>Tonande velar frikativa. </td></tr> <tr> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>Tonande s-ljud. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ṛ</td> <td>ɽ</td> <td>Oaspirerad tonande retroflex flapp. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ṛh</td> <td>ɽɦ</td> <td>Aspirerad tonande retroflex flapp. </td></tr> <tr> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>F-ljud. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stavelsestruktur_och_betoning">Stavelsestruktur och betoning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Redigera avsnitt: Stavelsestruktur och betoning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=15" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Stavelsestruktur och betoning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hindi har <a href="/w/index.php?title=Betoningsaccent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betoningsaccent [inte skriven än]">betoningsaccent</a>, men den är inte lika viktig som i till exempel engelskan. Stavelser i hindi kan vara korta (K)V, långa (K)VX, eller överlånga (K)VXX (där X=konsonant eller vokal, och lång vokal och konsonant betecknas VV och KK). Om ordet innehåller en eller flera överlång(a) stavelse(r) faller trycket på den sista överlånga stavelsen. Om inte faller trycket på den långa stavelse som är längst till höger (sista stavelsen ej inräknad). Om ordet bara har lätta stavelser faller trycket på den sista stavelsen. Schwa-ljudet / ə / har en stark tendens att försvagas till intet (synkoperas) i tonsvag stavelse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammatik">Grammatik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Redigera avsnitt: Grammatik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=16" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Grammatik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hindi är ett <a href="/wiki/Subjekt-objekt-verb-spr%C3%A5k" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjekt-objekt-verb-språk">subjekt-objekt-verb-språk</a>, det vill säga att <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verben</a> vanligen kommer sist i <a href="/wiki/Sats_(lingvistik)" title="Sats (lingvistik)">satsen</a>. Hindi är delvis <a href="/wiki/Ergativ" title="Ergativ">ergativt</a>, vilket innebär att verb i vissa fall <a href="/wiki/Kongruensb%C3%B6jning" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongruensböjning">kongruerar</a> med <a href="/wiki/Objekt_(satsdel)" title="Objekt (satsdel)">objektet</a> i stället för med <a href="/wiki/Subjekt_(grammatik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjekt (grammatik)">subjektet</a>. Hindi har ingen <a href="/wiki/Best%C3%A4md_artikel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestämd artikel">bestämd artikel</a>. <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4kneord" title="Räkneord">Räkneordet</a> <i>ek</i> kan användas som <a href="/wiki/Obest%C3%A4md_artikel" class="mw-redirect" title="Obestämd artikel">obestämd artikel</a> i <a href="/wiki/Singular" class="mw-redirect" title="Singular">singular</a> om denna behöver betonas. </p><p>Hindi använder <a href="/wiki/Postposition" title="Postposition">postpositioner</a>. Det direkta och indirekta objektet bildas med <i>ko</i>: बच्चे को दूध दीजिए | Bacce ko dūdh dījie. (ordagrant: Barn-till mjölk ge.) Ge barnet mjölk. </p><p>Överhuvudtaget använder hindi postpositioner i stället för prepositioner: </p><p>मकान में सात कमरे हैं | Makān meṃ sāt kamare haiṃ. (ordagrant: Hus-i sju rum finns.) I huset finns sju rum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genus_och_numerus">Genus och numerus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Redigera avsnitt: Genus och numerus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=17" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Genus och numerus"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hindi har två <a href="/wiki/Genus_(spr%C3%A5kvetenskap)" title="Genus (språkvetenskap)">genus</a> för <a href="/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv">substantiv</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maskulinum" title="Maskulinum">maskulinum</a> och <a href="/wiki/Femininum" title="Femininum">femininum</a>. Det finns två <a href="/wiki/Numerus" title="Numerus">numerus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Singular" class="mw-redirect" title="Singular">singular</a> och <a href="/wiki/Plural" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural">plural</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kasus">Kasus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kasus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=18" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kasus"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hindi använder <a href="/wiki/Kasus" title="Kasus">kasusböjning</a> i begränsad omfattning och substantivs roll i en sats anges vanligtvis genom postpositioner. För substantiv och adjektiv finns två kasus, <b>direkt kasus</b>, som används för substantiv som inte följs av postpositioner, <b><a href="/wiki/Oblikt_kasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblikt kasus">oblikt kasus</a></b>, som används för substantiv so följs av postposition. Adjektiven kongruerar med substantiven till kasus. Vissa substantiv har dessutom <a href="/wiki/Vokativ" title="Vokativ">vokativkasus</a>. </p><p>Det är typiskt för hindi att man bildar genitiv med possessivartkeln ka (maskulinum)/ ki (femininum)/ ke (plural): </p><p>उस आदमी का बेटा विद्यार्थी है | Us ādamī kā beṭā vidyārthī haiṃ. (ordagrant: denne mans hans son student är) Denne mans son är student. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronomen">Pronomen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Redigera avsnitt: Pronomen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=19" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Pronomen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hindis <a href="/wiki/Pronomen" title="Pronomen">pronomen</a> i första, andra och tredje person har ingen genusåtskillnad. Pronomenet i tredje person är egentligen det samma som det <a href="/wiki/Demonstrativt_pronomen" title="Demonstrativt pronomen">demonstrativa pronomenet</a>. Verbets böjning visar vanligen skillnaden i genus. Pronomen har fler kasus än substantiv, nämligen även <a href="/wiki/Ackusativ" title="Ackusativ">ackusativ</a> och <a href="/wiki/Genitiv" title="Genitiv">genitiv</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ordföljd"><span id="Ordf.C3.B6ljd"></span>Ordföljd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Redigera avsnitt: Ordföljd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=20" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Ordföljd"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standardordföljden i hindi är subjekt-objekt-verb, men för att åstadkomma ändrad betoning eller mer komplex struktur kan denna regel lätt åsidosättas. </p><p>Den vanliga ordföljden i en sats är <br />1. Subjekt <br /> 2. Adverb (i deras standardföljd) <br /> 3. Indirekt objekt med eventuell bestämning <br /> 4. Direkt objekt med eventuell bestämning <br /> 5. Eventuell negationsterm eller interrogativ, och slutligen <br /> 6. Verb med eventuella hjälpverb. (Snell, s.93) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tempus,_aspekt_och_modus_i_verbsystemet"><span id="Tempus.2C_aspekt_och_modus_i_verbsystemet"></span>Tempus, aspekt och modus i verbsystemet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tempus, aspekt och modus i verbsystemet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=21" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tempus, aspekt och modus i verbsystemet"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hindis verbstruktur fokuserar på <a href="/wiki/Aspekt" title="Aspekt">aspekt</a> och distinktioner grundade på <a href="/wiki/Tempus" title="Tempus">tempus</a> uttrycks vanligen med verbet <i>honā</i> (att vara) som <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lpverb" title="Hjälpverb">hjälpverb</a>. Det finns tre aspekter: imperfektiv, progressiv och perfektiv. Det finns tre enkla tempus: presens, dåtid, futurum och <a href="/wiki/Konjunktiv" title="Konjunktiv">konjunktiv</a> (som beskrivs som ett <a href="/wiki/Modus" title="Modus">modus</a> av många lingvister).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verben böjs inte bara efter numerus och person utan även efter genus. Hindi har dessutom <a href="/wiki/Modus" title="Modus">modus</a> <a href="/wiki/Imperativ" title="Imperativ">imperativ</a> och <a href="/wiki/Konditionalis" title="Konditionalis">konditionalis</a>. Verben böjs ofta med hjälpverb. Exempelvis bildas pågående form med hjälpverbet <i>rahna</i> (att vara i färd med). Hjälpverbet står efter huvudverbet: </p> <dl><dd>लड़के बग़ीचे में खेल रहे हैं</dd> <dd><i>Laṛke baġīce meṃ khel rahe haiṃ</i></dd> <dd>”Pojkarna leker i trädgården”</dd> <dd>Ordagrant: ”Pojkar trädgård-i leka är i färd med”</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=22" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindis_litteraturhistoria" title="Hindis litteraturhistoria">Hindis litteraturhistoria</a></li></ul> <div class="floatright metadata"> <table style="font-size: 90%; width: 22em; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; color: black; margin: .5em 0 .5em 1em; border-spacing: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 40px; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0.5em;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia</figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> har en <i><b><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="hi:">upplaga på <span style="text-transform: lowercase;">hindi</span></a></b></i>. </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=23" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span class="plainlinks"><i><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png/20px-Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png/30px-Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png/40px-Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="99" /></a></span>Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från <a href="/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok" title="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbk/0379.html">Hindi</a>, 1904–1926.</i></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi&action=edit&section=24" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/hin/">”Hindi”</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/hin/">http://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/hin/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 26 juli 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hindi&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2F19%2Flanguage%2Fhin%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hindi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.net/cendat/language/lang1.html">Census of India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060713211054/http://www.censusindia.net/cendat/language/lang1.html">Arkiverad</a> 13 juli 2006 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=HND">Hindi i Ethnologue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901083233/http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=HND">Arkiverad</a> 1 september 2006 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-29.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Shapiro, M: <i>Hindi</i>, refererad i engelskspråkiga Wikipedia, artikeln <i>Hindi</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ugglan-6">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Ugglan_6-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ugglan_6-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbk/0382.html">Hindustani</a> i <i><a href="/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok" title="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok</a></i> (andra upplagan, 1909)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urdu-Persian-Hindi-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Urdu-Persian-Hindi_7-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFKachru">Kachru, Yamuna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ooH5VfLTQEQC&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=urdu+heavy+persian&source=bl&ots=dG3qgmaV95&sig=WivP7AW9eRlTcp4oscBoHCBFEE0&hl=en&ei=9sp8SqzpLI6y-AaM5vxG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#v=onepage&q=urdu%20heavy%20persian&f=false">”Urdu-Persian”</a>. <i><span>Hindi</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ooH5VfLTQEQC&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=urdu+heavy+persian&source=bl&ots=dG3qgmaV95&sig=WivP7AW9eRlTcp4oscBoHCBFEE0&hl=en&ei=9sp8SqzpLI6y-AaM5vxG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#v=onepage&q=urdu%20heavy%20persian&f=false">https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ooH5VfLTQEQC&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=urdu+heavy+persian&source=bl&ots=dG3qgmaV95&sig=WivP7AW9eRlTcp4oscBoHCBFEE0&hl=en&ei=9sp8SqzpLI6y-AaM5vxG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#v=onepage&q=urdu%20heavy%20persian&f=false</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Urdu-Persian&rft.atitle=Hindi&rft.aulast=Kachru&rft.aufirst=Yamuna&rft.au=Kachru%2C+Yamuna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DooH5VfLTQEQC%26pg%3DPA2%26lpg%3DPA2%26dq%3Durdu%2Bheavy%2Bpersian%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DdG3qgmaV95%26sig%3DWivP7AW9eRlTcp4oscBoHCBFEE0%26hl%3Den%26ei%3D9sp8SqzpLI6y-AaM5vxG%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D9%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Durdu%2520heavy%2520persian%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hindi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urdu11-8">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-urdu11_8-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urdu11_8-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130306230424/http://typesofbeauty.over-blog.com/article-urdu---the-origin-and-history-of-the-language-114546219.html">”Urdu - The Origin and History of the Language - Beauty Tips In Urdu”</a>. <i><span>web.archive.org</span></i>. 6 mars 2013. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://typesofbeauty.over-blog.com/article-urdu---the-origin-and-history-of-the-language-114546219.html">originalet</a> den 6 mars 2013<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130306230424/http://typesofbeauty.over-blog.com/article-urdu---the-origin-and-history-of-the-language-114546219.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20130306230424/http://typesofbeauty.over-blog.com/article-urdu---the-origin-and-history-of-the-language-114546219.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 februari 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Urdu+-+The+Origin+and+History+of+the+Language+-+Beauty+Tips+In+Urdu&rft.atitle=web.archive.org&rft.date=6+mars+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20130306230424%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Ftypesofbeauty.over-blog.com%2Farticle-urdu---the-origin-and-history-of-the-language-114546219.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hindi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranian1-9"><a href="#cite_ref-iranian1_9-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iranian.com/Opinion/2002/June/Urdu/">Language of the armies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402162155/http://iranian.com/Opinion/2002/June/Urdu/">Arkiverad</a> 2 april 2015 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books826-10"><a href="#cite_ref-books826_10-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFWindfuhr2013">Windfuhr, Gernot (2013-05-13) (på engelska). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=C7au4-y3Q-AC&pg=PA826&lpg=PA826&dq=urdu+influence+tajiki&source=bl&ots=ZY8at9s-cP&sig=ZdPexP2pnXHlyW1RWMw0-anjJ-I&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=7zm4VMOCFoeAywP2qYHQCQ&ved=0CG8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=urdu%20influence%20tajiki&f=false">The Iranian Languages</a></i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-1-135-79703-4" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-1-135-79703-4">ISBN 978-1-135-79703-4</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=C7au4-y3Q-AC&pg=PA826&lpg=PA826&dq=urdu+influence+tajiki&source=bl&ots=ZY8at9s-cP&sig=ZdPexP2pnXHlyW1RWMw0-anjJ-I&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=7zm4VMOCFoeAywP2qYHQCQ&ved=0CG8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=urdu%20influence%20tajiki&f=false">https://books.google.se/books?id=C7au4-y3Q-AC&pg=PA826&lpg=PA826&dq=urdu+influence+tajiki&source=bl&ots=ZY8at9s-cP&sig=ZdPexP2pnXHlyW1RWMw0-anjJ-I&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=7zm4VMOCFoeAywP2qYHQCQ&ved=0CG8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=urdu%20influence%20tajiki&f=false</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 februari 2021</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iranian+Languages&rft.aulast=Windfuhr&rft.aufirst=Gernot&rft.au=Windfuhr%2C+Gernot&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79703-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.se%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC7au4-y3Q-AC%26pg%3DPA826%26lpg%3DPA826%26dq%3Durdu%2Binfluence%2Btajiki%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DZY8at9s-cP%26sig%3DZdPexP2pnXHlyW1RWMw0-anjJ-I%26hl%3Dsv%26sa%3DX%26ei%3D7zm4VMOCFoeAywP2qYHQCQ%26ved%3D0CG8Q6AEwCQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Durdu%2520influence%2520tajiki%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hindi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books353-11"><a href="#cite_ref-books353_11-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFKhan2006">Khan, Abdul Jamil (2006) (på engelska). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=nH1HBxdA1UIC&pg=PA353&lpg=PA353&dq=aramaic+words+urdu&source=bl&ots=6Kbu2x_sJm&sig=zXw9qGH-8O_m6hdx5RWFPFqJNME&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=4j64VMD8EIexygOT8ICQCQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=aramaic%20words%20urdu&f=false">Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide: African Heritage, Mesopotamian Roots, Indian Culture & Britiah Colonialism</a></i>. Algora Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-87586-438-9" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-87586-438-9">ISBN 978-0-87586-438-9</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=nH1HBxdA1UIC&pg=PA353&lpg=PA353&dq=aramaic+words+urdu&source=bl&ots=6Kbu2x_sJm&sig=zXw9qGH-8O_m6hdx5RWFPFqJNME&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=4j64VMD8EIexygOT8ICQCQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=aramaic%20words%20urdu&f=false">https://books.google.se/books?id=nH1HBxdA1UIC&pg=PA353&lpg=PA353&dq=aramaic+words+urdu&source=bl&ots=6Kbu2x_sJm&sig=zXw9qGH-8O_m6hdx5RWFPFqJNME&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=4j64VMD8EIexygOT8ICQCQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=aramaic%20words%20urdu&f=false</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 februari 2021</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu%2FHindi%3A+An+Artificial+Divide%3A+African+Heritage%2C+Mesopotamian+Roots%2C+Indian+Culture+%26+Britiah+Colonialism&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Jamil&rft.au=Khan%2C+Abdul+Jamil&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-438-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.se%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnH1HBxdA1UIC%26pg%3DPA353%26lpg%3DPA353%26dq%3Daramaic%2Bwords%2Burdu%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3D6Kbu2x_sJm%26sig%3DzXw9qGH-8O_m6hdx5RWFPFqJNME%26hl%3Dsv%26sa%3DX%26ei%3D4j64VMD8EIexygOT8ICQCQ%26ved%3D0CC8Q6AEwAg%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Daramaic%2520words%2520urdu%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hindi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ummah5-12"><a href="#cite_ref-ummah5_12-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415041136/https://www.ummah.com/forum/forum/general/the-lounge/93687-kurdish-urdu">”Kurdish - Urdu”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>Ummah.com - Muslim Forum</span></i>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ummah.com/forum/forum/general/the-lounge/93687-kurdish-urdu">originalet</a> den 15 april 2021<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415041136/https://www.ummah.com/forum/forum/general/the-lounge/93687-kurdish-urdu">https://web.archive.org/web/20210415041136/https://www.ummah.com/forum/forum/general/the-lounge/93687-kurdish-urdu</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 februari 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Kurdish+-+Urdu&rft.atitle=Ummah.com+-+Muslim+Forum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210415041136%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.ummah.com%2Fforum%2Fforum%2Fgeneral%2Fthe-lounge%2F93687-kurdish-urdu&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hindi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loan1-13"><a href="#cite_ref-loan1_13-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/etymology/loanwords-in-armenian.html">”Loanwords in Armenian”</a> (på amerikansk engelska). <i><span>Languages Of The World</span></i>. 30 januari 2012<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/etymology/loanwords-in-armenian.html">https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/etymology/loanwords-in-armenian.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 februari 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Loanwords+in+Armenian&rft.atitle=Languages+Of+The+World&rft.date=30+januari+2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagesoftheworld.info%2Fetymology%2Floanwords-in-armenian.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hindi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Portuguese_loanwords_in_Urdu-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Portuguese_loanwords_in_Urdu_14-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFParekh">Parekh, Rauf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pakistanpressfoundation.org/portuguese-loanwords-in-urdu/">”Portuguese loanwords in Urdu”</a> (på engelska). Pakistan Press Foundation<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pakistanpressfoundation.org/portuguese-loanwords-in-urdu/">http://www.pakistanpressfoundation.org/portuguese-loanwords-in-urdu/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 17 november 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Portuguese+loanwords+in+Urdu&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Parekh&rft.aufirst=Rauf&rft.au=Parekh%2C+Rauf&rft.pub=Pakistan+Press+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistanpressfoundation.org%2Fportuguese-loanwords-in-urdu%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hindi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-academia1-15"><a href="#cite_ref-academia1_15-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/1898458/Greek_influence_on_Sanskrit">Greek influence on Sanskrit</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dienekes1-16"><a href="#cite_ref-dienekes1_16-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2006/10/greek-origins-of-some-pathans-but-not.html">”Dienekes’ Anthropology Blog: Greek origins of some Pathans but not other Pakistanis”</a>. <i><span>Dienekes’ Anthropology Blog</span></i>. 19 oktober 2006<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2006/10/greek-origins-of-some-pathans-but-not.html">http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2006/10/greek-origins-of-some-pathans-but-not.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 februari 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Dienekes%E2%80%99+Anthropology+Blog%3A+Greek+origins+of+some+Pathans+but+not+other+Pakistanis&rft.atitle=Dienekes%E2%80%99+Anthropology+Blog&rft.date=19+oktober+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdienekes.blogspot.com%2F2006%2F10%2Fgreek-origins-of-some-pathans-but-not.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hindi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oocities1-17"><a href="#cite_ref-oocities1_17-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oocities.org/paklanguage/opinion.html">”Persian, Urdu, English, or Arabic language in Pakistan?”</a>. <i><span>www.oocities.org</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.oocities.org/paklanguage/opinion.html">http://www.oocities.org/paklanguage/opinion.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 februari 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Persian%2C+Urdu%2C+English%2C+or+Arabic+language+in+Pakistan%3F&rft.atitle=www.oocities.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oocities.org%2Fpaklanguage%2Fopinion.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hindi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asia06-18"><a href="#cite_ref-asia06_18-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141014212617/http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/AGsurvey06.pdf">”AFGHANISTAN IN 2006 A Survey of the Afghan People”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/AGsurvey06.pdf">originalet</a> den 14 oktober 2014<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141014212617/http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/AGsurvey06.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20141014212617/http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/AGsurvey06.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 4 mars 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=AFGHANISTAN+IN+2006+A+Survey+of+the+Afghan+People&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20141014212617%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fasiafoundation.org%2Fresources%2Fpdfs%2FAGsurvey06.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hindi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oasis1-19"><a href="#cite_ref-oasis1_19-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collegescholarships.org/scholarships/country/uae.htm">”Study Abroad in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) - Scholarships”</a>. <i><span>www.collegescholarships.org</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.collegescholarships.org/scholarships/country/uae.htm">http://www.collegescholarships.org/scholarships/country/uae.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 februari 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Study+Abroad+in+the+United+Arab+Emirates+%28UAE%29+-+Scholarships&rft.atitle=www.collegescholarships.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collegescholarships.org%2Fscholarships%2Fcountry%2Fuae.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hindi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-map1-20"><a href="#cite_ref-map1_20-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapsofworld.com/country-profile/qatar.html">”Qatar”</a>. <i><span>www.mapsofworld.com</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mapsofworld.com/country-profile/qatar.html">http://www.mapsofworld.com/country-profile/qatar.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 februari 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Qatar&rft.atitle=www.mapsofworld.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapsofworld.com%2Fcountry-profile%2Fqatar.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hindi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prof1-21"><a href="#cite_ref-prof1_21-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/bahrain-country-profile.html">Bahrain - Language, Culture, Customs and Business Etiquette</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526070314/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/bahrain-country-profile.html">Arkiverad</a> 26 maj 2011 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-omanhist-22"><a href="#cite_ref-omanhist_22-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150107032251/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/oman/history-language-culture">”Oman History, Language and Culture”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtravelguide.net/oman/history-language-culture">originalet</a> den 7 januari 2015<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150107032251/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/oman/history-language-culture">https://web.archive.org/web/20150107032251/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/oman/history-language-culture</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 4 mars 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Oman+History%2C+Language+and+Culture&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150107032251%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtravelguide.net%2Foman%2Fhistory-language-culture&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hindi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iran12-23"><a href="#cite_ref-iran12_23-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100328171756/http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/articles/language_of_armies.php">Language of Armies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Från tyska, engelska och nynorska Wikipedia februari 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Shapiro, M: "Hindi"</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindi&oldid=54238233">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindi&oldid=54238233</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" title="Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Indoariska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Kategori:Indoariska språk">Indoariska språk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Spr%C3%A5k_i_Indien" title="Kategori:Språk i Indien">Språk i Indien</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Hindi" title="Kategori:Hindi">Hindi</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Dolda kategorier: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artiklar_med_text_p%C3%A5_hindi" title="Kategori:Artiklar med text på hindi">Artiklar med text på hindi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Faktakoll_2023-03" title="Kategori:Faktakoll 2023-03">Faktakoll 2023-03</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Alla_artiklar_som_beh%C3%B6ver_faktakollas" title="Kategori:Alla artiklar som behöver faktakollas">Alla artiklar som behöver faktakollas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Ugglan" title="Kategori:Ugglan">Ugglan</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sidan redigerades senast den 16 december 2023 kl. 17.41.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv">Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 4.0 Unported</a>. 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