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<span>Process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuprammonium_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuprammonium_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cuprammonium methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuprammonium_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viscose_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viscose_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Viscose method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viscose_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lyocell_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lyocell_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Lyocell method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lyocell_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_modification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_modification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Structural modification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_modification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producers_and_brand_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producers_and_brand_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Producers and brand names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Producers_and_brand_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carbon_disulfide_toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_disulfide_toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Carbon disulfide toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_disulfide_toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Related materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="رايون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رايون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Віскознае валакно – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Віскознае валакно" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Вискоза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вискоза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai%C3%B3" title="Raió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Raió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D0%BA%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95" title="Вискоза чĕлкĕмĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вискоза чĕлкĕмĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visk%C3%B3zov%C3%A1_vl%C3%A1kna" title="Viskózová vlákna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Viskózová vlákna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viskosefaser" title="Viskosefaser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Viskosefaser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viskooskiud" title="Viskooskiud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viskooskiud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%C3%B3n" title="Rayón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rayón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajono" title="Rajono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rajono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rayon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="ابریشم مصنوعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابریشم مصنوعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayonne_(textile)" title="Rayonne (textile) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rayonne (textile)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9%C3%B3n" title="Réón – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai%C3%B3n" title="Raión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Raión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A8" title="레이온 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레이온" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रेयान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेयान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santung" title="Santung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Santung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rayon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rayon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ರೇಯಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೇಯಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%B1selyem" title="Műselyem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Műselyem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rayon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstzijde" title="Kunstzijde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kunstzijde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A8%E3%83%B3" title="レーヨン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レーヨン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82%C3%B3kna_wiskozowe" title="Włókna wiskozowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Włókna wiskozowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiom" title="Raiom – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Raiom" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celofibr%C4%83" title="Celofibră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Celofibră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Вискозное волокно – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вискозное волокно" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rayon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Вискоза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вискоза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viskozna_vlakna" title="Viskozna vlakna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Viskozna vlakna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viskoosi" title="Viskoosi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viskoosi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rayon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="రేయాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రేయాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitkisel_ipek" title="Bitkisel ipek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bitkisel ipek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Віскозне волокно – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віскозне волокно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rayon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AB%98%E7%B8%88" title="嫘縈 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="嫘縈" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rayon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rayon (disambiguation)">Rayon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Rayon_synthesis.webm/220px--Rayon_synthesis.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Rayon_synthesis.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Rayon_synthesis.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Rayon_synthesis.webm/Rayon_synthesis.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Rayon_synthesis.webm/Rayon_synthesis.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Rayon_synthesis.webm/Rayon_synthesis.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Rayon_synthesis.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Rayon_synthesis.webm/Rayon_synthesis.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Rayon_synthesis.webm/Rayon_synthesis.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Rayon_synthesis.webm/Rayon_synthesis.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Rayon_synthesis.webm/Rayon_synthesis.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>When a solution of cellulose in <a href="/wiki/Schweizer%27s_reagent" title="Schweizer's reagent">cuprammonium hydroxide</a> comes into contact with sulfuric acid, the cellulose begins to precipitate from the solution. The acid reacts with a complex compound of copper and dissolves it, and thin blue fibers of rayon are formed. After some time, the acid reacts with the complex compound and washes out the copper salts from the fibers, which become colorless.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rayon</b>, also called <b>viscose</b><sup id="cite_ref-Swicofil_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swicofil-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and commercialised in some countries as <b>sabra silk</b> or <b>cactus silk</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Semi-synthetic_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-synthetic fiber">semi-synthetic fiber</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made from natural sources of regenerated <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_fiber" title="Cellulose fiber">cellulose</a>, such as wood and related agricultural products.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has the same molecular structure as cellulose. Many types and grades of viscose fibers and films exist. Some imitate the feel and texture of <a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">natural fibers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>. The types that resemble silk are often called <a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">artificial silk</a>. It can be woven or knit to make textiles for clothing and other purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Ull_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rayon production involves <a href="/wiki/Solubilizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Solubilizing">solubilizing</a> cellulose to allow turning the fibers into required form. Three common solubilization methods are: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Cuprammonium_rayon" title="Cuprammonium rayon">cuprammonium</a> process (not in use today), using <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammoniacal</a> solutions of copper salts<sup id="cite_ref-schweizers_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schweizers-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The viscose process, the most common today,<sup id="cite_ref-scientificamerican.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scientificamerican.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blanc_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">carbon disulfide</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">Lyocell</a> process, using <a href="/wiki/Amine_oxide" title="Amine oxide">amine oxide</a>, which avoids producing neurotoxic carbon disulfide but is more expensive<sup id="cite_ref-brief_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brief-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thesis_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French scientist and industrialist <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_de_Chardonnet" title="Hilaire de Chardonnet">Hilaire de Chardonnet</a> (1838–1924) invented the first artificial textile fiber, <i>artificial silk</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-crw-bhrcf_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crw-bhrcf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swiss <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Eduard_Schweizer" title="Matthias Eduard Schweizer">Matthias Eduard Schweizer</a> (1818–1860) discovered that cellulose dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Schweizer%27s_reagent" title="Schweizer's reagent">tetraamminecopper dihydroxide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Max_Fremery" title="Max Fremery">Max Fremery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Urban" title="Johann Urban">Johann Urban</a> developed a method to produce <a href="/wiki/Carbon_(fiber)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon (fiber)">carbon fibers</a> for use in <a href="/wiki/Light_bulb" class="mw-redirect" title="Light bulb">light bulbs</a> in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production of <a href="/wiki/Cuprammonium_rayon" title="Cuprammonium rayon">cuprammonium rayon</a> for <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a> started in 1899 in the <a href="/wiki/Vereinigte_Glanzstoff_Fabriken_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Vereinigte Glanzstoff Fabriken AG">Vereinigte Glanzstoff Fabriken AG</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oberbruch_Industry_Park" title="Oberbruch Industry Park">Oberbruch</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Improvement by <a href="/wiki/J._P._Bemberg_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="J. P. Bemberg AG">J. P. Bemberg AG</a> in 1904 made the artificial silk a product comparable to real silk.<sup id="cite_ref-UllCell_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UllCell-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r7_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English chemist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Cross" title="Charles Frederick Cross">Charles Frederick Cross</a> and his collaborators, <a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Bevan" title="Edward John Bevan">Edward John Bevan</a> and Clayton Beadle, patented their artificial silk in 1894. They named it "viscose" because its production involved the intermediacy of a highly viscous solution. Cross and Bevan took out British Patent No. 8,700, "Improvements in Dissolving Cellulose and Allied Compounds" in May, 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-bdht_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bdht-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1893, they formed the Viscose Syndicate to grant licences and, in 1896, formed the British Viscoid Co. Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-crw-bhrcf_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crw-bhrcf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler_1928_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler_1928-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first commercial viscose rayon was produced by the UK company <a href="/wiki/Courtaulds" title="Courtaulds">Courtaulds Fibres</a> in November 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Courtaulds formed an American division, <a href="/wiki/American_Viscose_Corporation" title="American Viscose Corporation">American Viscose</a> (later known as Avtex Fibers), to produce their formulation in the US in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-Owen2010_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "rayon" was adopted in 1924<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, with "viscose" being used for the viscous organic liquid used to make both rayon and <a href="/wiki/Cellophane" title="Cellophane">cellophane</a>. In Europe, though, the fabric itself became known as "viscose", which has been ruled an acceptable alternative term for rayon by the US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> (FTC).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rayon was produced only as a filament fiber until the 1930s, when methods were developed to utilize "broken waste rayon" as <a href="/wiki/Staple_(textiles)" title="Staple (textiles)">staple</a> fiber.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Manufacturers' search for a less environmentally-harmful process for making Rayon led to the development of the lyocell method for producing Rayon.<sup id="cite_ref-chen_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lyocell process was developed in 1972 by a team at the now defunct <a href="/wiki/American_Enka_Company" title="American Enka Company">American Enka</a> fibers facility at <a href="/wiki/Enka,_North_Carolina" title="Enka, North Carolina">Enka, North Carolina</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Textile_Chemists_and_Colorists" title="American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists">American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists</a> (AATCC) awarded Neal E. Franks their Henry E. Millson Award for Invention for lyocell.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966–1968, D. L. Johnson of Eastman Kodak Inc. studied NMMO solutions. In the decade 1969 to 1979, <a href="/wiki/American_Enka_Company" title="American Enka Company">American Enka</a> tried unsuccessfully to commercialize the process.<sup id="cite_ref-chen_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operating name for the fibre inside the Enka organization was "Newcell", and the development was carried through pilot plant scale before the work was stopped. The basic process of dissolving cellulose in <a href="/wiki/N-Methylmorpholine_N-oxide" title="N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide">NMMO</a> was first described in a 1981 patent by Mcorsley for Akzona Incorporated<sup id="cite_ref-chen_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the holding company of Akzo). In the 1980s the patent was licensed by <a href="/wiki/Akzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Akzo">Akzo</a> to Courtaulds and Lenzing.<sup id="cite_ref-merge_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merge-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fibre was developed by <a href="/wiki/Courtaulds" title="Courtaulds">Courtaulds</a> Fibres under the brand name "Tencel" in the 1980s. In 1982, a 100 kg/week pilot plant was built in Coventry, UK, and production was increased tenfold (to a ton/week) in 1984. In 1988, a 25 ton/week semi-commercial production line opened at the <a href="/wiki/Courtaulds,_Grimsby" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtaulds, Grimsby">Grimsby, UK, pilot plant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chen_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process was first<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> commercialized at Courtaulds' rayon factories at <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1990<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>), and at the Grimsby plant (1998)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In January 1993, the Mobile Tencel plant reached full production levels of 20,000 tons per year, by which time Courtaulds had spent £100 million and 10 years on Tencel development. Tencel revenues for 1993 were estimated as likely to be £50 million. A second plant in Mobile was planned.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2004, production had quadrupled to 80,000 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-merge_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merge-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lenzing began a pilot plant in 1990,<sup id="cite_ref-chen_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and commercial production in 1997, with 12 metric tonnes/year made in a plant in <a href="/wiki/Heiligenkreuz_im_Lafnitztal" title="Heiligenkreuz im Lafnitztal">Heiligenkreuz im Lafnitztal</a>, Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-chen_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-merge_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merge-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When an explosion hit the plant in 2003 it was producing 20,000 tonnes/year, and planning to double capacity by the end of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004 Lenzing was producing 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a> [sic, probably metric tonnes].<sup id="cite_ref-merge_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merge-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, Lenzing and Courtaulds reached a patent dispute settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-merge_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merge-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998 Courtaulds was acquired by competitor <a href="/wiki/Akzo_Nobel" class="mw-redirect" title="Akzo Nobel">Akzo Nobel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Europa_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europa-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which combined the Tencel division with other fibre divisions under the Accordis banner, then sold them to private equity firm <a href="/w/index.php?title=CVC_Partners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CVC Partners (page does not exist)">CVC Partners</a>. In 2000, CVC sold the Tencel division to <a href="/wiki/Lenzing_AG" title="Lenzing AG">Lenzing AG</a>, which combined it with their "Lenzing Lyocell" business, but maintained the brand name Tencel.<sup id="cite_ref-merge_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merge-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took over the plants in Mobile and Grimsby, and by 2015 were the largest lyocell producer at 130,000 tonnes/year.<sup id="cite_ref-chen_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cellulosic_fibre_production_(total_of_2.76_million_tonnes)_in_2002.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cellulosic_fibre_production_%28total_of_2.76_million_tonnes%29_in_2002.png/250px-Cellulosic_fibre_production_%28total_of_2.76_million_tonnes%29_in_2002.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cellulosic_fibre_production_%28total_of_2.76_million_tonnes%29_in_2002.png/330px-Cellulosic_fibre_production_%28total_of_2.76_million_tonnes%29_in_2002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cellulosic_fibre_production_%28total_of_2.76_million_tonnes%29_in_2002.png/440px-Cellulosic_fibre_production_%28total_of_2.76_million_tonnes%29_in_2002.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>Cellulosic fibre production (total of 2.76 million tonnes) in 2002</figcaption></figure> <p>Rayon is produced by dissolving cellulose, then converting this solution back to insoluble fibrous cellulose. Various processes have been developed for this regeneration. The most common methods for creating rayon are the <a href="/wiki/Cuprammonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuprammonium">cuprammonium</a> method, the viscose method, and the lyocell process. The first two methods have been practiced for more than a century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuprammonium_methods">Cuprammonium methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cuprammonium methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuprammonium_rayon" title="Cuprammonium rayon">Cuprammonium rayon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cu(NH3)4(OH)2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cu%28NH3%294%28OH%292.png/250px-Cu%28NH3%294%28OH%292.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cu%28NH3%294%28OH%292.png/330px-Cu%28NH3%294%28OH%292.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cu%28NH3%294%28OH%292.png/500px-Cu%28NH3%294%28OH%292.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Aqueous solution of <a href="/wiki/Schweizer%27s_reagent" title="Schweizer's reagent">Schweizer's reagent</a> or cuoxam</figcaption></figure> <p>Cuprammonium rayon has properties similar to viscose; however, during its production, the cellulose is combined with <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schweizer%27s_reagent" title="Schweizer's reagent">Schweizer's reagent</a>). Due to the detrimental environmental effects of this production method, cuprammonium rayon is no longer being produced in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohio_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohio-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process has been described as obsolete,<sup id="cite_ref-schweizers_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schweizers-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but cuprammonium rayon is still made by one company in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-bemberg_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bemberg-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tetraamminecopper(II)_sulfate" title="Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate">Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate</a> is also used as a solvent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viscose_method">Viscose method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Viscose method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viscose_Rayon_spinning_machine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Viscose_Rayon_spinning_machine.JPG/220px-Viscose_Rayon_spinning_machine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Viscose_Rayon_spinning_machine.JPG/330px-Viscose_Rayon_spinning_machine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Viscose_Rayon_spinning_machine.JPG/440px-Viscose_Rayon_spinning_machine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2255" data-file-height="1887" /></a><figcaption>A device for spinning viscose rayon dating from 1901</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xanthation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Xanthation.png/220px-Xanthation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Xanthation.png/330px-Xanthation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Xanthation.png/440px-Xanthation.png 2x" data-file-width="2620" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Simplified view of the xanthation of cellulose<sup id="cite_ref-Ull_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The viscose process builds on the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> with a strong base, followed by treatment of that solution with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">carbon disulfide</a> to give a <a href="/wiki/Xanthate" title="Xanthate">xanthate</a> derivative. The xanthate is then converted back to a cellulose fiber in a subsequent step. </p><p>The viscose method can use <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> as a source of cellulose, whereas other routes to rayon require <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>-free cellulose as a starting material. The use of woody sources of cellulose makes viscose cheaper, so it was traditionally used on a larger scale than the other methods. On the other hand, the original viscose process generates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. Newer technologies use less water and have improved the quality of the wastewater. </p><p>The raw material for viscose is primarily <a href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">wood pulp</a> (sometimes <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">bamboo pulp</a>), which is chemically converted into a soluble compound. It is then dissolved and forced through a <a href="/wiki/Spinneret_(polymers)" title="Spinneret (polymers)">spinneret</a> to produce filaments, which are chemically solidified, resulting in fibers of nearly pure cellulose.<sup id="cite_ref-fibersource_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fibersource-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unless the chemicals are handled carefully, workers can be seriously harmed by the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">carbon disulfide</a> used to manufacture most rayon.<sup id="cite_ref-blancbook_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blancbook-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monosson_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monosson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To prepare viscose, pulp is treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide (typically 16–19% <a href="/wiki/Mass_fraction_(chemistry)" title="Mass fraction (chemistry)">by mass</a>) to form "<a href="/wiki/Mercerisation" title="Mercerisation">alkali cellulose</a>", which has the approximate formula [C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>9</sub>O<sub>4</sub>−ONa]<sub><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span></sub>. This material is allowed to <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">depolymerize</a> to an extent. The rate of depolymerization (ripening or maturing) depends on temperature and is affected by the presence of various inorganic additives, such as metal oxides and hydroxides. Air also affects the ripening process, since oxygen causes depolymerization. The alkali cellulose is then treated with carbon disulfide to form sodium cellulose <a href="/wiki/Xanthate" title="Xanthate">xanthate</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Ull_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent">[C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub>−ONa]<sub><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span></sub> + <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span>CS<sub>2</sub>  →  [C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub>−OCS<sub>2</sub>Na]<sub><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span></sub></div> <p>Rayon fiber is produced from the ripened solutions by treatment with a mineral acid, such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>. In this step, the xanthate groups are hydrolyzed to regenerate cellulose and carbon disulfide: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573" /><div class="block-indent">[C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub>−OCS<sub>2</sub>Na]<sub>2<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span></sub> + <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span>H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>  →  [C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub>−OH]<sub>2<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span></sub> + 2<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span>CS<sub>2</sub> + <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span>Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></div> <p>Aside from regenerated cellulose, acidification gives <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> (H<sub>2</sub>S), sulfur, and carbon disulfide. The thread made from the regenerated cellulose is washed to remove residual acid. The sulfur is then removed by the addition of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfide" title="Sodium sulfide">sodium sulfide</a> solution, and impurities are oxidized by bleaching with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">sodium hypochlorite</a> solution or <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> solution.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler_1928_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler_1928-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Production begins with processed cellulose obtained from wood pulp and plant fibers. The cellulose content in the pulp should be around 87–97%. </p><p>The steps:<sup id="cite_ref-fibersource_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fibersource-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Immersion: The cellulose is treated with <a href="/wiki/Caustic_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Caustic soda">caustic soda</a>.</li> <li>Pressing. The treated cellulose is then pressed between rollers to remove excess liquid.</li> <li>The pressed sheets are crumbled or shredded to produce what is known as "white crumb".</li> <li>The "white crumb" is aged through exposure to <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. This is a depolymerization step and is avoided in the case of polynosics.</li> <li>The aged "white crumb" is mixed in vats with carbon disulfide to form the xanthate. This step produces "orange-yellow crumb".</li> <li>The "yellow crumb" is dissolved in a caustic solution to form viscose. The viscose is set to stand for a period of time, allowing it to "ripen". During this stage the molecular weight of the polymer changes.</li> <li>After ripening, the viscose is filtered, degassed, and then extruded through a spinneret into a bath of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, resulting in the formation of rayon filaments. The acid is used as a regenerating agent. It converts cellulose xanthate back to cellulose. The regeneration step is rapid, which does not allow proper orientation of cellulose molecules. So to delay the process of regeneration, <a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfate" title="Zinc sulfate">zinc sulfate</a> is used in the bath, which converts cellulose xanthate to zinc cellulose xanthate, thus providing time for proper orientation to take place before regeneration.</li> <li><i>Spinning.</i> The spinning of viscose rayon fiber is done using a wet-spinning process. The filaments are allowed to pass through a coagulation bath after extrusion from the spinneret holes. The two-way mass transfer takes place.</li> <li><i>Drawing.</i> The rayon filaments are stretched, in a procedure known as drawing, to straighten out the fibers.</li> <li><i>Washing.</i> The fibers are then washed to remove any residual chemicals from them.</li> <li><i>Cutting.</i> If filament fibers are desired, then the process ends here. The filaments are cut down when producing staple fibers.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lyocell_method">Lyocell method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lyocell method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">Lyocell</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patagonia,_OutDoor_2018,_Friedrichshafen_(1X7A0346).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Patagonia%2C_OutDoor_2018%2C_Friedrichshafen_%281X7A0346%29.jpg/220px-Patagonia%2C_OutDoor_2018%2C_Friedrichshafen_%281X7A0346%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Patagonia%2C_OutDoor_2018%2C_Friedrichshafen_%281X7A0346%29.jpg/330px-Patagonia%2C_OutDoor_2018%2C_Friedrichshafen_%281X7A0346%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Patagonia%2C_OutDoor_2018%2C_Friedrichshafen_%281X7A0346%29.jpg/440px-Patagonia%2C_OutDoor_2018%2C_Friedrichshafen_%281X7A0346%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3884" data-file-height="4855" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">Lyocell</a> shirt</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">lyocell</a> process relies on dissolution of cellulose products in a solvent, <a href="/wiki/N-Methylmorpholine_N-oxide" title="N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide">N-methyl morpholine N-oxide</a> (NMMO). </p><p>The process starts with cellulose and involves <a href="/wiki/Spinning_(polymers)#Wet_spinning" title="Spinning (polymers)">dry-jet wet spinning</a>. It was developed at the now defunct <a href="/wiki/American_Enka_Company" title="American Enka Company">American Enka Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Courtaulds" title="Courtaulds">Courtaulds</a> Fibres. Lenzing's Tencel is an example of a lyocell fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-UllCell_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UllCell-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the viscose process, the lycocell process does not use highly toxic carbon disulfide.<sup id="cite_ref-brief_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brief-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thesis_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Lyocell" has become a genericized trademark, used to refer to the lyocell process for making cellulose fibers.<sup id="cite_ref-thesis_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the lyocell process is not widely used, because it is still more expensive than the viscose process.<sup id="cite_ref-thesis_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brief_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brief-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rayon_closeup_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rayon_closeup_1.jpg/250px-Rayon_closeup_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Rayon_closeup_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>A close-up of rayon from a skirt</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rayon_closeup_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rayon_closeup_2.jpg/250px-Rayon_closeup_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Rayon_closeup_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Another skirt with a different texture</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rayon_closeup_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Rayon_closeup_3.jpg/220px-Rayon_closeup_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Rayon_closeup_3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>A blouse with a texture similar to the second</figcaption></figure> <p>Rayon is a versatile fiber and is widely claimed to have the same comfort properties as natural fibers, although the <a href="/wiki/Drapery" title="Drapery">drape</a> and slipperiness of rayon textiles are often more like <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>. It can imitate the feel and texture of <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>. The fibers are easily <a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">dyed</a> in a wide range of colors. Rayon fabrics are soft, smooth, cool, comfortable, and highly absorbent, but they do not always insulate body heat, making them ideal for use in hot and humid climates, although also making their "hand" (feel) cool and sometimes almost slimy to the touch.<sup id="cite_ref-LaBat_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaBat-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The durability and appearance retention of regular viscose rayons are low, especially when wet; also, rayon has the lowest elastic recovery of any fiber. However, HWM rayon (high-wet-modulus rayon) is much stronger and exhibits higher durability and appearance retention. Recommended care for regular viscose rayon is dry-cleaning only. HWM rayon can be machine-washed.<sup id="cite_ref-Kadolph_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kadolph-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regular rayon has lengthwise lines called <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/striation" class="extiw" title="wikt:striation">striations</a> and its cross-section is an indented circular shape. The cross-sections of HWM and cupra rayon are rounder. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filament" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:filament">Filament</a> rayon <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarns</a> vary from 80 to 980 filaments per yarn and vary in size from 40 to 5000 <a href="/wiki/Denier_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Denier (unit)">denier</a>. <a href="/wiki/Staple_(textiles)" title="Staple (textiles)">Staple fibers</a> range from 1.5 to 15 denier and are mechanically or chemically crimped. Rayon fibers are naturally very bright, but the addition of delustering <a href="/wiki/Pigments" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigments">pigments</a> cuts down on this natural brightness.<sup id="cite_ref-Kadolph_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kadolph-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structural_modification">Structural modification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structural modification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The physical properties of rayon remained unchanged until the development of high-tenacity rayon in the 1940s. Further research and development led to high-wet-modulus rayon (HWM rayon) in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-Kadolph_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kadolph-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research in the UK was centred on the government-funded <a href="/wiki/British_Rayon_Research_Association" title="British Rayon Research Association">British Rayon Research Association</a>. </p><p><i>High-tenacity rayon</i> is another modified version of viscose that has almost twice the strength of HWM. This type of rayon is typically used for industrial purposes such as tire cord.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohio_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohio-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Industrial applications of rayon emerged around 1935. Substituting cotton fiber in tires and belts, industrial types of rayon developed a totally different set of properties, amongst which tensile strength and elastic modulus were paramount. </p><p><i><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Modal"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Modal</span></span></b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Genericized_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Genericized trademark">genericized trademark</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lenzing_AG" title="Lenzing AG">Lenzing AG</a>, used for (viscose) rayon which is stretched as it is made, aligning the molecules along the fibers. Two forms are available: "polynosics" and "high wet modulus" (HWM).<sup id="cite_ref-undershirts_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-undershirts-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spruce_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spruce-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>High-wet-modulus rayon</i> is a modified version of viscose that is stronger when wet. It can be <a href="/wiki/Mercerized" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercerized">mercerized</a> like cotton. HWM rayons are also known as "polynosic".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles"><span title="This text contradicts material elsewhere on this page. (August 2021)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup> Polynosic fibers are dimensionally stable and do not shrink or get pulled out of shape when wet like many rayons. They are also wear-resistant and strong while maintaining a soft, silky feel. They are sometimes identified by the trade name Modal.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohio_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohio-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modal is used alone or with other fibers (often cotton or <a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">spandex</a>) in clothing and household items like pajamas, underwear, bathrobes, towels, and bedsheets. Modal can be <a href="/wiki/Clothes_dryer" title="Clothes dryer">tumble-dried</a> without damage.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fabric has been known to <a href="/wiki/Pill_(textile)" title="Pill (textile)">pill</a> less than cotton due to fiber properties and lower surface friction.<sup id="cite_ref-spruce_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spruce-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trademarked Modal is made by spinning beech-tree cellulose and is considered a more eco-friendly alternative to cotton, as the production process uses on average 10–20 times less water.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Producers_and_brand_names">Producers and brand names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Producers and brand names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, viscose fiber production in the world was approximately 5.8 million tons, and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> was the largest producer with about 65% of total global production.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">Trade names</a> are used within the rayon industry to label the type of rayon in the product. Viscose rayon was first produced in Coventry, England in 1905 by Courtaulds. </p><p><i>Bemberg</i> is a trade name for <a href="/wiki/Cuprammonium_rayon" title="Cuprammonium rayon">cuprammonium rayon</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/J._P._Bemberg" title="J. P. Bemberg">J. P. Bemberg</a>. Bemberg performs much like viscose but has a smaller diameter and comes closest to silk in feel. Bemberg is now only produced in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-bemberg_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bemberg-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fibers are finer than viscose rayon.<sup id="cite_ref-r7_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Modal</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tencel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tencel">Tencel</a></i> are widely used forms of rayon produced by <a href="/wiki/Lenzing_AG" title="Lenzing AG">Lenzing AG</a>. Tencel, generic name <i>lyocell</i>, is made by a slightly different solvent recovery process, and is considered a different fiber by the US FTC. Tencel lyocell was first produced commercially by <a href="/wiki/Courtaulds,_Grimsby" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtaulds, Grimsby">Courtaulds' Grimsby plant</a> in England. The process, which dissolves cellulose without a chemical reaction, was developed by Courtaulds Research. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Grasim_Industries" title="Grasim Industries">Birla Cellulose</a> is also a volume manufacturer of rayon. They have plants located in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/AkzoNobel#Fibres" title="AkzoNobel">Accordis</a> was a major manufacturer of cellulose-based fibers and yarns. Production facilities can be found throughout Europe, the U.S. and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Visil rayon</i> and HOPE FR are <a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">flame retardant</a> forms of viscose that have <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silica</a> embedded in the fiber during manufacturing. </p><p><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rayon_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Rayon Corporation">North American Rayon Corporation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> produced viscose rayon until its closure in the year 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Tennessee_encyclopedia_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tennessee_encyclopedia-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> is one of the largest producers of rayon in the world, and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Rayon" title="Asia Pacific Rayon">Asia Pacific Rayon</a> (APR) of the country has an annual production capacity of 0.24 million tons.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradability</a> of various fibers in soil burial and sewage sludge was evaluated by Korean researchers. Rayon was found to be more biodegradable than cotton, and cotton more than <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">acetate</a>. The more water-repellent the rayon-based fabric, the more slowly it will decompose.<sup id="cite_ref-biodegrade1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biodegrade1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent experiments have shown that wood-based fibres, like Lyocell, biodegrade much more readily than <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Silverfish" title="Silverfish">Silverfish</a>—like the <a href="/wiki/Firebrat" title="Firebrat">firebrat</a>—can eat rayon, but damage was found to be minor, potentially due to the heavy, slick texture of the tested rayon.<sup id="cite_ref-Austin-Richardson-1941_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austin-Richardson-1941-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study states that "artificial silk [...] [was] readily eaten" by the <a href="/wiki/Ctenolepisma_longicaudata" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenolepisma longicaudata">grey silverfish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindsay-1940_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindsay-1940-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2014 ocean survey found that rayon contributed to 56.9% of the total fibers found in <a href="/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">deep ocean</a> areas, the rest being polyester, <a href="/wiki/Polyamides" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyamides">polyamides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">acetate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">acrylic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-biodegrade2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biodegrade2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 study found a discrepancy in the ability to identify natural fibers in a marine environment via <a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform_infrared_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy">Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later research of oceanic microfibers instead found cotton being the most frequent match (50% of all fibers), followed by other cellulosic fibers at 29.5% (e.g., rayon/viscose, linen, jute, kenaf, hemp, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further analysis of the specific contribution of rayon to ocean fibers was not performed due to the difficulty in distinguishing between natural and man-made cellulosic fibers using FTIR spectra. </p><p>For several years, there have been concerns about links between rayon manufacturers and deforestation. As a result of these concerns, <a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programm_for_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification_Schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Programm for Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes">PEFC</a> came on the same platform with CanopyPlanet to focus on these issues. CanopyPlanet subsequently started publishing a yearly Hot Button report, which puts all the man-made cellulosics manufacturers globally on the same scoring platform. The scoring from the 2020 report scores all such manufacturers on a scale of 35, the highest scores having been achieved by <a href="/wiki/Grasim_Industries" title="Grasim Industries">Birla Cellulose</a> (33) and <a href="/wiki/Lenzing_AG" title="Lenzing AG">Lenzing</a> (30.5). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_disulfide_toxicity">Carbon disulfide toxicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Carbon disulfide toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carbon disulfide is <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide#Health_effects" title="Carbon disulfide">highly toxic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is well documented to have seriously harmed the health of rayon workers in developed countries, and emissions may also harm the health of people living near rayon plants<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-court_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-court-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rates of disability in modern factories (mainly in China, Indonesia, and India) are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Monosson_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monosson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scientificamerican.com_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scientificamerican.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has raised ethical concerns over viscose rayon production.<sup id="cite_ref-Blanc_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scientificamerican.com_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scientificamerican.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brief_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brief-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blancbook_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blancbook-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, production facilities located in developing countries generally do not provide environmental or worker safety data.<sup id="cite_ref-FakeSilk_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FakeSilk-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most global carbon disulfide emissions come from rayon production, as of 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2004<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, about 250 g of carbon disulfide is emitted per kilogram of rayon produced.<sup id="cite_ref-large-scale_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-large-scale-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Control technologies have enabled improved collection of carbon disulfide and reuse of it, resulting in a lower emissions of carbon disulfide.<sup id="cite_ref-Ull_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These have not always been implemented in places where it was not legally required and profitable.<sup id="cite_ref-court_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-court-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carbon disulfide is <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a> and is lost before the rayon gets to the consumer; the rayon itself is basically pure <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blancbook_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blancbook-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies from the 1930s show that 30% of American rayon workers experienced significant health impacts due to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">carbon disulfide</a> exposure. <a href="/wiki/Courtaulds" title="Courtaulds">Courtaulds</a> worked hard to prevent this information being published in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Blanc_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, political prisoners in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> were made to work in appalling conditions at the Phrix rayon factory in <a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nazis used <a href="/wiki/Zwangsarbeiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwangsarbeiter">forced labour</a> to produce rayon across occupied Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Blanc_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, viscose rayon producers faced lawsuits for negligent <a href="/wiki/Environmental_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental pollution">environmental pollution</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emissions_abatement_technologies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emissions abatement technologies (page does not exist)">Emissions abatement technologies</a> had been consistently used. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon-bed_recovery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbon-bed recovery (page does not exist)">Carbon-bed recovery</a>, for instance, which reduces emissions by about 90%, was used in Europe, but not in the US, by Courtaulds.<sup id="cite_ref-court_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-court-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pollution_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution control">Pollution control</a> and worker safety started to become <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cost-limiting_factors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cost-limiting factors (page does not exist)">cost-limiting factors</a> in production. </p><p>Japan has reduced carbon disulfide emissions per kilogram of viscose rayon produced (by about 16% per year), but in other rayon-producing countries, including China, emissions are uncontrolled. Rayon production is steady or decreasing except in China, where it is increasing, as of 2004<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-large-scale_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-large-scale-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rayon production has largely moved to the developing world, especially China, Indonesia and India.<sup id="cite_ref-scientificamerican.com_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scientificamerican.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blanc_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rates of disability in these factories are unknown, as of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-Monosson_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monosson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scientificamerican.com_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scientificamerican.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and concerns for worker safety continue.<sup id="cite_ref-FakeSilk_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FakeSilk-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies have found the production of rayon can be harmful to the health of factory workers.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers in factories utilizing the viscose process may be exposed to high levels of carbon disulfide, which can cause coronary heart disease, retinal damage, behavioral changes, impaired motor function, and various fertility and hormonal effects.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_materials">Related materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Related materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Related materials are not regenerated cellulose, but <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a> of cellulose.<sup id="cite_ref-ester_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ester-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">Nitrocellulose</a> is a derivative of cellulose that is soluble in organic solvents. It is mainly used as an explosive or as a <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquer</a>. Many early plastics, including <a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">celluloid</a>, were made from nitrocellulose. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">Cellulose acetate</a> shares many traits with viscose rayon and was formerly considered the same textile. However, rayon resists heat, while acetate is prone to melting. Acetate must be laundered with care either by hand-washing or dry cleaning, and acetate garments disintegrate when heated in a <a href="/wiki/Tumble_dryer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumble dryer">tumble dryer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two fabrics are now required to be listed distinctly on USA garment labels.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cellophane" title="Cellophane">Cellophane</a> is generally made by the viscose process, but dried into sheets instead of fibers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F458.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/28px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/42px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/56px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Clothing" title="Portal:Clothing">Clothing portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellophane" title="Cellophane">Cellophane</a> – Thin, transparent sheet made of cellulose</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_de_Chardonnet" title="Hilaire de Chardonnet">Hilaire de Chardonnet</a> – French engineer, inventor of artificial silk (1839–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">Nitrocellulose</a> – Highly flammable compound</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroplastic_effects_of_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroplastic effects of pollution">Neuroplastic effects of pollution</a> – Effects of pollution on the brain<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_P._Dinsmore" title="Ray P. Dinsmore">Ray P. Dinsmore</a> – Polymer scientist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Swicofil-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swicofil_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swicofil.com/commerce/products/viscose/278/introduction.html">"Viscose CV Introduction"</a>. <i>www.swicofil.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.swicofil.com&rft.atitle=Viscose+CV+Introduction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swicofil.com%2Fcommerce%2Fproducts%2Fviscose%2F278%2Fintroduction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928145111/https://www.franklintill.com/journal/weaving-a-story">"WEAVING A STORY → Franklin Till"</a>. <i>www.franklintill.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.franklintill.com/journal/weaving-a-story">the original</a> on 2023-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.franklintill.com&rft.atitle=WEAVING+A+STORY+%E2%86%92+Franklin+Till&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.franklintill.com%2Fjournal%2Fweaving-a-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCamille" class="citation web cs1">Camille. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naturalclothing.com/synthetic-semi-synthetic-natural/">"3 Basic Types of Fabric: Synthetic Fiber, Semi-Synthetic Fiber, & Natural Fiber Defined"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Woodings Consulting Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nonwoven.co.uk/reports/History%20of%20Cellulosics.html">the original</a> on 22 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Regenerated+Cellulosic+Fibres&rft.pub=Woodings+Consulting+Ltd.&rft.aulast=Woodings&rft.aufirst=Calvin+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nonwoven.co.uk%2Freports%2FHistory%2520of%2520Cellulosics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322020858/http://www.industriepark-oberbruch.de/publish/en/location/history/historie.html">"Over 100 years old and still going strong From Glanzstoff (artificial silk) factory to industry park"</a>. <i>industriepark-oberbruch.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.industriepark-oberbruch.de/publish/en/location/history/historie.html">the original</a> on 2009-03-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=industriepark-oberbruch.de&rft.atitle=Over+100+years+old+and+still+going+strong+From+Glanzstoff+%28artificial+silk%29+factory+to+industry+park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.industriepark-oberbruch.de%2Fpublish%2Fen%2Flocation%2Fhistory%2Fhistorie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Verinigte Glanstoff Fabriken</i> merged with the <i>Nederlandse Kunstzijdefabrieken</i> in 1929 to form the <i>Algemene Kunstzijde Unie</i>, <a href="/wiki/AkzoNobel" title="AkzoNobel">AkzoNobel</a>'s predecessor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UllCell-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UllCell_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UllCell_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrässigSchurzSteadmanSchliefer2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Krässig, Hans; Schurz, Josef; Steadman, Robert G.; Schliefer, Karl; Albrecht, Wilhelm; Mohring, Marc; Schlosser, Harald (2002). "Cellulose". <i><a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a></i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a05_375.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a05_375.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2"><bdi>978-3-527-30673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cellulose&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a05_375.pub2&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%A4ssig&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=Schurz%2C+Josef&rft.au=Steadman%2C+Robert+G.&rft.au=Schliefer%2C+Karl&rft.au=Albrecht%2C+Wilhelm&rft.au=Mohring%2C+Marc&rft.au=Schlosser%2C+Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r7-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r7_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r7_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>J. 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"Toxic textiles". <i>Science</i>. <b>354</b> (6315): 977. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Sci...354..977M">2016Sci...354..977M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aak9834">10.1126/science.aak9834</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27884997">27884997</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45869497">45869497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Toxic+textiles&rft.volume=354&rft.issue=6315&rft.pages=977&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aak9834&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45869497%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27884997&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Sci...354..977M&rft.aulast=Monosson&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaBat-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaBat_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaBat,_Karen_L.Salusso,_Carol_J.2003" class="citation book cs1">LaBat, Karen L. & Salusso, Carol J. (2003). <i>Classifications & Analysis of Textiles: A Handbook</i>. University of Minnesota.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classifications+%26+Analysis+of+Textiles%3A+A+Handbook&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=2003&rft.au=LaBat%2C+Karen+L.&rft.au=Salusso%2C+Carol+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kadolph-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kadolph_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadolph_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadolph_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKadolphLangford2001" class="citation book cs1">Kadolph, Sara J. & Langford, Anna L. (2001). <i>Textiles</i> (9 ed.). Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-025443-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-025443-6"><bdi>978-0-13-025443-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textiles&rft.edition=9&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-13-025443-6&rft.aulast=Kadolph&rft.aufirst=Sara+J.&rft.au=Langford%2C+Anna+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-undershirts-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-undershirts_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.undershirts.co.uk/blogs/research/viscose-vs-modal-vs-lyocell">"Viscose vs. Modal vs. Lyocell – Difference?"</a>. Robert Owen Undershirts Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Viscose+vs.+Modal+vs.+Lyocell+%E2%80%93+Difference%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.undershirts.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Fresearch%2Fviscose-vs-modal-vs-lyocell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spruce-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spruce_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spruce_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespruce.com/how-to-wash-modal-clothes-2145794">"How to Wash Modal Clothes"</a>. <i>The Spruce</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spruce&rft.atitle=How+to+Wash+Modal+Clothes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespruce.com%2Fhow-to-wash-modal-clothes-2145794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.undershirts.co.uk/blogs/research/viscose-vs-modal-vs-lyocell">"Viscose vs. Modal vs. Lyocell – Difference?"</a>. <i>Robert Owen Undershirts Co</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Robert+Owen+Undershirts+Co&rft.atitle=Viscose+vs.+Modal+vs.+Lyocell+%E2%80%93+Difference%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.undershirts.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Fresearch%2Fviscose-vs-modal-vs-lyocell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lavenderhillclothing.com/pages/what-is-modal">"What is Modal fabric? Discover the eco-friendly fabric modal"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Modal+fabric%3F+Discover+the+eco-friendly+fabric+modal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavenderhillclothing.com%2Fpages%2Fwhat-is-modal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/brandfeatures/venture-capital/article?id=107974">"Global Viscose Fiber Market Share, Size, Key Players Analysis, Revenue, Growth Rate and Future Outlook to 2025"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Global+Viscose+Fiber+Market+Share%2C+Size%2C+Key+Players+Analysis%2C+Revenue%2C+Growth+Rate+and+Future+Outlook+to+2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbrandfeatures%2Fventure-capital%2Farticle%3Fid%3D107974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090923204603/http://www.colbond.us/history.htm">"Colbond History"</a>. <i>colbond.us</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colbond.us/history.htm">the original</a> on 2009-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=colbond.us&rft.atitle=Colbond+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colbond.us%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span> Acordis was a spinoff by <a href="/wiki/AkzoNobel" title="AkzoNobel">AkzoNobel</a> in 2000 after it had acquired <a href="/wiki/Courtaulds" title="Courtaulds">Courtaulds</a>. It was through <a href="/wiki/AkzoNobel" title="AkzoNobel">AkzoNobel</a>'s original parent company's, the <i>Nederlandse Kunstzijdefabriek</i> (ENKA), a joint venture with <i>Rento Hofstede Crull</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <i>De Vijf</i>, named <i>De Internationale Spinpot Exploitatie Maatschappij</i> (<i>ISEM</i>) that the commercial production of rayon was made viable. Hofstede Crull had supplied the solution for the problem of manufacturing rayon with his <i>Driving Device For A Centrifugal Spinning Machine</i> in 1925 (1931 <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1798312">U.S. patent 1,798,312</a></span>). The <i>ISEM</i> was fully integrated with the <i>Algemene Kunstzijde Unie</i>, the Nederlandse Kunstzijdefabriek's successor, with the death of Hofstede Crull in 1938. (See <a href="/wiki/AkzoNobel" title="AkzoNobel">AkzoNobel</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Enka_Company" title="American Enka Company">American Enka Company</a>, and also <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rento_Hofstede_Crull" class="extiw" title="nl:Rento Hofstede Crull">Rento Hofstede Crull</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tennessee_encyclopedia-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tennessee_encyclopedia_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=1005">"North American Rayon Corporation and American Bemberg Corporation in the Tennessee Encyclopedia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+American+Rayon+Corporation+and+American+Bemberg+Corporation+in+the+Tennessee+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftennesseeencyclopedia.net%2Fentry.php%3Frec%3D1005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">North American Rayon Corporation of Tennessee was an American subsidiary of <i>J. P. Bemburg A.G.</i> which was part of the <i>Vereinigte Glanstoff Fabriken</i> that were absorbed into the Dutch <i>AKU</i>, <a href="/wiki/AkzoNobel" title="AkzoNobel">AkzoNobel</a> today</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jakartaglobe.id/context/textile-indonesias-new-export-darling">"Textile: Indonesia's New Export Darling"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Globe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Globe&rft.atitle=Textile%3A+Indonesia%27s+New+Export+Darling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjakartaglobe.id%2Fcontext%2Ftextile-indonesias-new-export-darling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biodegrade1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biodegrade1_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParkKangIm2004" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Chung Hee; Kang, Yun Kyung; Im, Seung Soon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fapp.20879">"Biodegradability of cellulose fabrics"</a>. <i>Journal of Applied Polymer Science</i>. <b>94</b>: 248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fapp.20879">10.1002/app.20879</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Polymer+Science&rft.atitle=Biodegradability+of+cellulose+fabrics&rft.volume=94&rft.pages=248&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fapp.20879&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Chung+Hee&rft.au=Kang%2C+Yun+Kyung&rft.au=Im%2C+Seung+Soon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fapp.20879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoyerWigginKoglerDeheyn2021" class="citation journal cs1">Royer, Sarah-Jeanne; Wiggin, Kara; Kogler, Michaela; Deheyn, Dimitri D. (2021-10-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2021.148060">"Degradation of synthetic and wood-based cellulose fabrics in the marine environment: Comparative assessment of field, aquarium, and bioreactor experiments"</a>. <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>. <b>791</b>: 148060. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ScTEn.79148060R">2021ScTEn.79148060R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2021.148060">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148060</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-9697">0048-9697</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34119782">34119782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Degradation+of+synthetic+and+wood-based+cellulose+fabrics+in+the+marine+environment%3A+Comparative+assessment+of+field%2C+aquarium%2C+and+bioreactor+experiments&rft.volume=791&rft.pages=148060&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2021.148060&rft.issn=0048-9697&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34119782&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021ScTEn.79148060R&rft.aulast=Royer&rft.aufirst=Sarah-Jeanne&rft.au=Wiggin%2C+Kara&rft.au=Kogler%2C+Michaela&rft.au=Deheyn%2C+Dimitri+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.scitotenv.2021.148060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Austin-Richardson-1941-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Austin-Richardson-1941_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAustinRichardson1941" class="citation journal cs1">Austin, Jean; Richardson, C. 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"A review of health effects of carbon disulfide in viscose industry and a proposal for an occupational exposure limit". <i>Critical Reviews in Toxicology</i>. <b>39</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F10408440903133770">10.3109/10408440903133770</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19852562">19852562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Toxicology&rft.atitle=A+review+of+health+effects+of+carbon+disulfide+in+viscose+industry+and+a+proposal+for+an+occupational+exposure+limit&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F10408440903133770&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19852562&rft.aulast=Gelbke&rft.aufirst=Heinz-Peter&rft.au=G%C3%B6en%2C+Thomas&rft.au=M%C3%A4urer%2C+Mathias&rft.au=Sulsky%2C+Sandra+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ester-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ester_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalserHoppeEicherWandel2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Balser, Klaus; Hoppe, Lutz; Eicher, Theo; Wandel, Martin; Astheimer, Hans‐Joachim; Steinmeier, Hans; Allen, John M. (2004). "Cellulose Esters". <i><a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a></i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a05_419.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a05_419.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783527303854" title="Special:BookSources/9783527303854"><bdi>9783527303854</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cellulose+Esters&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a05_419.pub2&rft.isbn=9783527303854&rft.aulast=Balser&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.au=Hoppe%2C+Lutz&rft.au=Eicher%2C+Theo&rft.au=Wandel%2C+Martin&rft.au=Astheimer%2C+Hans%E2%80%90Joachim&rft.au=Steinmeier%2C+Hans&rft.au=Allen%2C+John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUrbanski1965" class="citation book cs1">Urbanski, Tadeusz (1965). <i>Chemistry and Technology of Explosives</i>. Vol. 1. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+and+Technology+of+Explosives&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Urbanski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCenteno2010" class="citation web cs1">Centeno, Antonio (21 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realmenrealstyle.com/rayon-acetate-synthetics-menswear/">"Synthetic Fabrics and Menswear – Rayon and Acetate"</a>. <i>Real Men Real Style</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105094921/http://www.realmenrealstyle.com/rayon-acetate-synthetics-menswear/">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Real+Men+Real+Style&rft.atitle=Synthetic+Fabrics+and+Menswear+%E2%80%93+Rayon+and+Acetate&rft.date=2010-09-21&rft.aulast=Centeno&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.realmenrealstyle.com%2Frayon-acetate-synthetics-menswear%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fabriclink.com/university/acetate.cfm">"Fiber Characteristics: Acetate"</a>. <i>Fabric Link</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925164412/http://www.fabriclink.com/university/acetate.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fabric+Link&rft.atitle=Fiber+Characteristics%3A+Acetate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fabriclink.com%2Funiversity%2Facetate.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19520212&id=MsgiAAAAIBAJ&pg=4809,4203421">"Rayon and Acetate Fabrics to be Separately Labelled in Future"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Southeast_Missourian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Southeast Missourian">The Southeast Missourian</a></i>. February 12, 1952<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Southeast+Missourian&rft.atitle=Rayon+and+Acetate+Fabrics+to+be+Separately+Labelled+in+Future&rft.date=1952-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1893%26dat%3D19520212%26id%3DMsgiAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4809%2C4203421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlanc2016" class="citation book cs1">Blanc, Paul David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300204667/fake-silk"><i>Fake silk : the lethal history of viscose rayon</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300204667" title="Special:BookSources/9780300204667"><bdi>9780300204667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fake+silk+%3A+the+lethal+history+of+viscose+rayon&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780300204667&rft.aulast=Blanc&rft.aufirst=Paul+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyalebooks.yale.edu%2Fbook%2F9780300204667%2Ffake-silk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARayon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gupta, VB; Kothari, VK and Sengupta, AK eds. (1997) <i>Manufactured Fibre Technology</i>. Chapman & Hall, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780412540301" title="Special:BookSources/9780412540301">9780412540301</a>.</li> <li>For a review of all rayon production methods and markets see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woodheadpublishing.com/en/book.aspx?bookID=76">"Regenerated Cellulose Fibres"</a> (book – Edited by C R Woodings) Hardback 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85573-459-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85573-459-1">1-85573-459-1</a>, Woodhead Publishing Ltd.</li> <li>For a description of the production method at a factory in Germany in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Humbert" title="Agnès Humbert">Agnès Humbert</a> (tr. Barbara Mellor) <i>Résistance: Memoirs of Occupied France</i>, London, Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-9597-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-9597-7">978-0-7475-9597-7</a> (American title: <i>Resistance: A Frenchwoman's Journal of the War</i>, Bloomsbury, USA, 2008) pp. 152–155</li> <li>For a complete set of photographs of the process see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202182804/http://www.lyocell-development.com/2012/01/the-story-of-rayon-20th-c.html">"The Story of Rayon" published by Courtaulds Ltd (1948)</a></li> <li>Arnold Hard, the textile journalist, produced two books documenting the experiences of some of the pioneers in the early British rayon industry the Hard, Arnold. H. (1933). <i>The Romance of Rayon</i>. Whittaker & Robinson, Manchester and Hard, Arnold (1944) <i>The Story of Rayon</i>, United Trade Press Ltd, London</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rayon" class="extiw" title="wikt:rayon">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rayon" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Rayon">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194" class="extiw" title="d:Q910194">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/viscose" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:viscose"><i>viscose</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fibers284" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fibers" title="Template:Fibers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fibers" title="Template talk:Fibers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fibers284" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fibers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fique" title="Fique">Fique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">Flax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra" title="Ceiba pentandra">Kapok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaf" title="Kenaf">Kenaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_silk" title="Lotus silk">Lotus silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">Raffia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_fiber" title="Animal fiber">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">Byssus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_hair" title="Camel hair">Camel hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">Catgut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiengora" title="Chiengora">Chiengora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco#Guanaco_fiber" title="Guanaco">Guanaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama#Fiber" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina_(material)" title="Pashmina (material)">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiviut" title="Qiviut">Qiviut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_hair" title="Rabbit hair">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a_wool" title="Vicuña wool">Vicuña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak_fiber" title="Yak fiber">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Chemical" title="Fiber">Synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regenerated_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerated fiber">Regenerated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">Artificial silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_fiber" title="Milk fiber">Milk fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-synthetic_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-synthetic fiber">Semi-synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">Acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_diacetate" title="Cellulose diacetate">Diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">Lyocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal (textile)">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1atex" title="Piñatex">Piñatex</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">Triacetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_fiber" title="Boron fiber">Boron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt_fiber" title="Basalt fiber">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallic_fiber" title="Metallic fiber">Metallic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Polymer_fibers" title="Fiber">Polymer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">Aramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technora" title="Technora">Technora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modacrylic" title="Modacrylic">Modacrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">UHMWPE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectran" title="Vectran">Vectran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylon" title="Vinylon">Vinylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyon" title="Vinyon">Vinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylon" title="Zylon">Zylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fibers" title="Category:Fibers">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fibers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fibers">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fabric391" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile" title="Template:Textile"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Textile" title="Template talk:Textile"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Textile" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Textile"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fabric391" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Fabric</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Woven_fabric" title="Woven fabric">Woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Textiles" title="Abacá">Abacá cloth</a> (Medriñaque)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aertex" title="Aertex">Aertex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armazine" title="Armazine">Armazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADan_silk" title="Almerían silk">Almerían silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barathea" title="Barathea">Barathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">Barkcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiste">Batiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_cord" title="Bedford cord">Bedford cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengaline" title="Bengaline">Bengaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_cloth" title="Beta cloth">Beta cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombazine" title="Bombazine">Bombazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)" title="Brilliantine (fabric)">Brilliantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcloth" title="Broadcloth">Broadcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckram" title="Buckram">Buckram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunting_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunting (textile)">Bunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_fabric" title="Hessian fabric">Burlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrd_Cloth" title="Byrd Cloth">Byrd Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_change" title="C change">C change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico" title="Calico">Calico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Cambric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">Canvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Chambray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Capilene">Capilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challis_(fabric)" title="Challis (fabric)">Challis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_cloth" title="Char cloth">Char cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmeuse" title="Charmeuse">Charmeuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)" title="Charvet (fabric)">Charvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesecloth" title="Cheesecloth">Cheesecloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)" title="Chiffon (fabric)">Chiffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chino_cloth" title="Chino cloth">Chino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintz" title="Chintz">Chintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9" title="Cloqué">Cloqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_of_gold" title="Cloth of gold">Cloth of gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordura" title="Cordura">Cordura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_duck" title="Cotton duck">Cotton duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coutil" title="Coutil">Coutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)" title="Crêpe (textile)">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretonne" title="Cretonne">Cretonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">Denim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimity" title="Dimity">Dimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegal_tweed" title="Donegal tweed">Donegal tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornix" title="Dornix">Dornix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowlas" title="Dowlas">Dowlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_(fabric)" title="Drill (fabric)">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugget" title="Drugget">Drugget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eolienne" title="Eolienne">Eolienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flannel" title="Flannel">Flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foulard" title="Foulard">Foulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabardine" title="Gabardine">Gabardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauze" title="Gauze">Gauze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazar" title="Gazar">Gazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgette_(fabric)" title="Georgette (fabric)">Georgette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghalamkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghalamkar">Ghalamkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingham" title="Gingham">Gingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadine_(cloth)" title="Grenadine (cloth)">Grenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenfell Cloth">Grenfell Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosgrain" title="Grosgrain">Grosgrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habutai" title="Habutai">Habutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haircloth" title="Haircloth">Haircloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_tweed" title="Harris tweed">Harris tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himroo" title="Himroo">Himroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodden" title="Hodden">Hodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_linen" title="Irish linen">Irish linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerseymere" title="Kerseymere">Kerseymere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Khādī">Khādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaki_drill" title="Khaki drill">Khaki drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%8Dka-bash%C5%8Dfu" title="Kijōka-bashōfu">Kijōka-bashōfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kente_cloth" title="Kente cloth">Kente cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)" title="Lamé (fabric)">Lamé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_cloth" title="Lawn cloth">Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linsey-woolsey" title="Linsey-woolsey">Linsey-woolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loden_cape" title="Loden cape">Loden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longcloth" title="Longcloth">Longcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth" title="Mackinaw cloth">Mackinaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madapollam" title="Madapollam">Madapollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_(cloth)" title="Madras (cloth)">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moleskin" title="Moleskin">Moleskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainsook" title="Nainsook">Nainsook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankeen" title="Nankeen">Nankeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oilskin" title="Oilskin">Oilskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organdy" title="Organdy">Organdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organza" title="Organza">Organza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnaburg" title="Osnaburg">Osnaburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_(textile)" title="Ottoman (textile)">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)" title="Oxford (cloth)">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduasoy" title="Paduasoy">Paduasoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percale" title="Percale">Percale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetuana" title="Perpetuana">Perpetuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongee" title="Pongee">Pongee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplin" title="Poplin">Poplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakematiz" title="Rakematiz">Rakematiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayadillo" title="Rayadillo">Rayadillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rep_(fabric)" title="Rep (fabric)">Rep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripstop" title="Ripstop">Ripstop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_cord" title="Russell cord">Russell cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_Nishiki" title="Saga Nishiki">Saga Nishiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samite" title="Samite">Samite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sateen" title="Sateen">Sateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">Satin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saye" title="Saye">Saye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(cloth)" title="Scarlet (cloth)">Scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seerhand_muslin" title="Seerhand muslin">Seerhand muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seersucker" title="Seersucker">Seersucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendal" title="Sendal">Sendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_(fabric)" title="Serge (fabric)">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrim_(material)" title="Scrim (material)">Scrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_silk" title="Shot silk">Shot silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuff_(cloth)" title="Stuff (cloth)">Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taffeta" title="Taffeta">Taffeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tais" title="Tais">Tais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticking" title="Ticking">Ticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toile" title="Toile">Toile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucuyo" title="Tucuyo">Tucuyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweed" title="Tweed">Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">Twill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasuede" title="Ultrasuede">Ultrasuede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Vegetable flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventile" title="Ventile">Ventile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_coated_polyester" title="Vinyl coated polyester">Vinyl coated polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viyella" title="Viyella">Viyella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voile" title="Voile">Voile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadmal" title="Wadmal">Wadmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffle_fabric" title="Waffle fabric">Waffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan_(fabric)" title="Wigan (fabric)">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipcord" title="Whipcord">Whipcord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Zephyr cloth">Zephyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorbeez" title="Zorbeez">Zorbeez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figured <br />woven</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">Brocade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camlet" title="Camlet">Camlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampas" title="Lampas">Lampas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rinzu" title="Rinzu">Rinzu</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pile_(textile)" title="Pile (textile)">Pile woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baize" title="Baize">Baize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenille_fabric" title="Chenille fabric">Chenille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimplene" title="Crimplene">Crimplene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockado" title="Mockado">Mockado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moquette" title="Moquette">Moquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plush" title="Plush">Plush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_fleece" title="Polar fleece">Polar fleece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrycloth" title="Terrycloth">Terrycloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velours_du_Kasa%C3%AF" title="Velours du Kasaï">Velours du Kasaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velveteen" title="Velveteen">Velveteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibeline" title="Zibeline">Zibeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knitted_fabric" title="Knitted fabric">Knitted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiled_wool" title="Boiled wool">Boiled wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolmax" title="Coolmax">Coolmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting_machine" title="Knitting machine">Machine knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milliskin" title="Milliskin">Milliskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)" title="Jersey (fabric)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velour" title="Velour">Velour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Net_(textile)" title="Net (textile)">Netted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobbinet" title="Bobbinet">Bobbinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh" title="Mesh">Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlerun_net" title="Needlerun net">Needlerun net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle_netting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulle netting">Tulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_textile" title="Technical textile">Technical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_nylon" title="Ballistic nylon">Ballistic nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban-Lon" title="Ban-Lon">Ban-Lon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductive_textile" title="Conductive textile">Conductive textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlexx" title="Darlexx">Darlexx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-textiles" title="E-textiles">E-textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gannex" title="Gannex">Gannex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore-Tex" title="Gore-Tex">Gore-Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fabric" title="Lenticular fabric">Lenticular fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silnylon" title="Silnylon">Silnylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stub-tex" class="mw-redirect" title="Stub-tex">Stub-tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SympaTex" class="mw-redirect" title="SympaTex">SympaTex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windstopper" title="Windstopper">Windstopper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patterns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)" title="Argyle (pattern)">Argyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizarre_silk" title="Bizarre silk">Bizarre silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_(pattern)" title="Check (pattern)">Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Chiné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_plaid" title="Glen plaid">Glen plaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houndstooth" title="Houndstooth">Houndstooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsch_d%27Alsace" title="Kelsch d'Alsace">Kelsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_(design)" title="Paisley (design)">Paisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinstripes" title="Pinstripes">Pinstripes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polka_dot" title="Polka dot">Polka dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweshwe" title="Shweshwe">Shweshwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan or plaid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)" title="Tattersall (cloth)">Tattersall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Textile fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a> (Manila hemp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisengarn" title="Eisengarn">Eisengarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashmina">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">Sea silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">Finishing</a> and<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">printing</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androsia" title="Androsia">Androsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beetling" title="Beetling">Beetling</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bingata" title="Bingata">Bingata</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2g%C3%B2lanfini" title="Bògòlanfini">Bògòlanfini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatising" title="Decatising">Decatising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Devoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">Finishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">Fulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heatsetting" title="Heatsetting">Heatsetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indienne" title="Indienne">Indienne</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Katazome" title="Katazome">Katazome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercerised_cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercerised cotton">Mercerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moire_(fabric)" title="Moire (fabric)">Moire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nap_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nap (textile)">Nap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchmentising" title="Parchmentising">Parchmentising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogan_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogan printing">Rogan printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome" title="Rōketsuzome">Rōketsuzome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_printing_on_textiles" title="Roller printing on textiles">Roller printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanforization" title="Sanforization">Sanforization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenterhook" title="Tenterhook">Tenterhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsutsugaki" title="Tsutsugaki">Tsutsugaki</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Warp printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxed_cotton" title="Waxed cotton">Waxed cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_on_textiles" title="Woodblock printing on textiles">Woodblock printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen" title="Yūzen">Yūzen</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fabric mills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Barbera" title="Carlo Barbera">Carlo Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanificio_Fratelli_Cerruti" title="Lanificio Fratelli Cerruti">Cerruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormeuil" title="Dormeuil">Dormeuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Thomas" title="E. Thomas">E. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_%26_Sherry" title="Holland & Sherry">Holland & Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larusmiani" title="Larusmiani">Larusmiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loro_Piana" title="Loro Piana">Loro Piana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fratelli_Piacenza" title="Fratelli Piacenza"> Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reda_(fabric_mill)" title="Reda (fabric mill)">Reda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabal" title="Scabal">Scabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitale_Barberis_Canonico" title="Vitale Barberis Canonico">Vitale Barberis Canonico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zegna" title="Zegna">Zegna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_performance" title="Textile performance">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing" title="Glossary of textile manufacturing">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">History of textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">History of silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulling mill">Pandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkage (fabric)">Shrinkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_sample" title="Textile sample">Swatches and strike-offs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic fabric">Synthetic fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Clothing_materials_and_parts136" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing_materials_and_parts" title="Template:Clothing materials and parts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clothing_materials_and_parts" title="Template talk:Clothing materials and parts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing_materials_and_parts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing materials and parts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Clothing_materials_and_parts136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Clothing materials and parts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Garment structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armscye" title="Armscye">Armscye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_(clothing)" title="Collar (clothing)">Collar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_collar" title="Clerical collar">Clerical collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_stays" class="mw-redirect" title="Collar stays">Collar stays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachable_collar" title="Detachable collar">Detachable collar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuff" title="Cuff">Cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(sewing)" title="Dart (sewing)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_(sewing)" title="Facing (sewing)">Facing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_(clothing)" title="Fly (clothing)">Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel" title="Lapel">Lapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_(segment)" title="Gore (segment)">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hem" title="Hem">Hem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lining_(sewing)" title="Lining (sewing)">Lining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placket" title="Placket">Placket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleat" title="Pleat">Pleat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket" title="Pocket">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revers" title="Revers">Revers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruffle_(sewing)" title="Ruffle (sewing)">Ruffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_pads_(fashion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder pads (fashion)">Shoulder pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_strap" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder strap">Strap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve" title="Sleeve">Sleeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_(clothing)" title="Train (clothing)">Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waistband" title="Waistband">Waistband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(clothing)" title="Yoke (clothing)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Textiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">Fur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synthetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_leather" title="Artificial leather">Artificial leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">Elastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">Animal hides</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calfskin" title="Calfskin">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckskin_(leather)" title="Buckskin (leather)">Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goatskin_(material)" title="Goatskin (material)">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_leather" title="Kangaroo leather">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich_leather" title="Ostrich leather">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealskin" title="Sealskin">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheepskin" title="Sheepskin">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakeskin" title="Snakeskin">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagreen" title="Shagreen">Stingray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fastener" title="Fastener">Fasteners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back_closure" title="Back closure">Back closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_hook" title="Belt hook">Belt hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckle" title="Buckle">Buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Button" title="Button">Button</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttonhole" title="Buttonhole">Buttonhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_(fastening)" title="Frog (fastening)">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shank_(sewing)" title="Shank (sewing)">Shank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook-and-eye_closure" title="Hook-and-eye closure">Hook-and-eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook-and-loop_fastener" title="Hook-and-loop fastener">Hook-and-loop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velcro" class="mw-redirect" title="Velcro">Velcro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_fastener" title="Snap fastener">Snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipper" title="Zipper">Zipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seam_(sewing)" title="Seam (sewing)">Seams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neckline" title="Neckline">Neckline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustline" title="Bustline">Bustline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waistline_(clothing)" title="Waistline (clothing)">Waistline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemline" title="Hemline">Hemline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wood_products534" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wood_products" title="Template:Wood products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wood_products" title="Template talk:Wood products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wood_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wood products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wood_products534" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">Lumber</a>/<br />timber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batten" title="Batten">Batten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Lumber_Standard" title="Canadian Lumber Standard">CLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruck" title="Cruck">Cruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flitch_beam" title="Flitch beam">Flitch beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flooring" title="Wood flooring">Flooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">Joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lath" title="Lath">Lath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">Log cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_house" title="Log house">Log house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panelling" title="Panelling">Panelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_(wood)" title="Plank (wood)">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_plate" title="Wall plate">Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_(structural)" title="Post (structural)">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purlin" title="Purlin">Purlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">Rafter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie#Wooden" title="Railroad tie">Railroad ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shingle" title="Wood shingle">Shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_(construction)#Wood_siding" title="Siding (construction)">Siding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_stud" title="Wall stud">Stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_roof_truss" title="Timber roof truss">Timber truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treenail" title="Treenail">Treenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered<br />wood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glued laminated timber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminated_veneer_lumber" title="Laminated veneer lumber">LVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallam">parallel strand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-joist" title="I-joist">I-joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberboard" title="Fiberboard">Fiberboard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonite" title="Masonite">Masonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">Oriented strand board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_structural_straw_board" title="Oriented structural straw board">Oriented structural straw board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_insulated_panel" title="Structural insulated panel">Structural insulated panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%E2%80%93plastic_composite" title="Wood–plastic composite">Wood–plastic composite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_lumber" title="Composite lumber">lumber</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuelwood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firelog" title="Firelog">Firelog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">Pulpwood</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rayon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch-tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch-tar">Birch-tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanocellulose" title="Nanocellulose">nano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">Cellulosic ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_smoke" title="Liquid smoke">Liquid smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">Lye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroligneous_acid" title="Pyroligneous acid">Pyroligneous acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">By-products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkdust" title="Barkdust">Barkdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">Black liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramial_chipped_wood" title="Ramial chipped wood">Ramial chipped wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">Sawdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_oil" title="Tall oil">Tall oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood flour">Wood flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_wool" title="Wood wool">Wood wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchips" title="Woodchips">Woodchips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe ties">Axe ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavin_(wood)" title="Bavin (wood)">Bavin (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billet_(wood)" title="Billet (wood)">Billet (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapboard_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clapboard (architecture)">Clapboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">Potash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust_brandy" title="Sawdust brandy">Sawdust brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-rail_fence" title="Split-rail fence">Split-rail fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Wooden masts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Certified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">Destructive distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">Dry distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_bamboo" title="Engineered bamboo">Engineered bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">List of woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">Mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a 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